Mechanics of Materials

EE 602 – Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects

Lecture Modules Prepared by: Michael John Paul I. Salazar, REE

 Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a branch of science that deals with the
elastic behavior of load bearing engineering materials. It is also known
as strength of materials.
The foundations of this reside in three basic topics:
1. Internal equilibrium (stress concepts)
2. Geometry of deformation (strain concepts)
3. Mechanical and thermal properties (which stress and strain are
related)
 Normal Stress
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit
strength. It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the
force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on

the other hand will tend to lengthen the member.
 Normal Stress
1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube
if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2

Ans. 119.35 mm
 Normal Stress
2. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable
as shown in Fig. 2. Calculate the smallest area of the bronze cable if the
stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Ans. 43.6 mm2

 Normal Stress
3. A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches
diameter wooden post and a concrete footing. Determine the
maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi
and that in concrete to 650 psi.

Ans. 90 478 lb
 Shear Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It
differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also
known as tangential stress.
 Shear Stress
4. What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate
that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Ans. 549.8 kN
 Shear Stress
5. A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is
used as a compression block. Determine the axial force P that can be
safely applied to the block if the compressive stress in wood is limited
to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to the grain is limited to
5MN/m2. The grain makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal.

Ans. 77.79 kN
 Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It
differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by
compressive forces.
 Bearing Stress
6. Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each
110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the
plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine the
minimum thickness of each plate.

Ans. 7.85 mm
 Bearing Stress
7. The lap joint is fastened with four 3/4-in.-diameter rivets. The
working stresses are 14 ksi for the rivets in shear and 18 ksi for the 7/8-
in.-thick plates in bearing. Find the maximum safe axial load P that can
be applied to the joint. Assume that the load is equally distributed
among the rivets.

Ans. 24.74 kips

 Strain
Strain is a description of deformation in terms of relative displacement
of particles in the body that excludes rigid-body motions. Different
equivalent choices may be made for the expression of a strain field
depending on whether it is defined with respect to the initial or the
final configuration of the body and on whether the metric tensor or its
dual is considered.
Simple Strain, also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the
change in length caused by the applied force, to the original length.
Strain
 Strain
Plotting the stress against the strain, we obtain a curve that is
characteristic of the properties of the material and does not depend
upon the dimensions of the particular specimen used. This curve is
called a stress-strain diagram.
From the origin to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the
axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is
directly proportional to strain
Strain
 Strain
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable
elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength.
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also
known as the breaking strength.
 Strain
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as
the force is gradually increased from O to P, in N·m/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O to
up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of
the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as
the force is gradually increased from O to R, in N·m/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to
R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.
 Strain
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a
given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is
termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited
to values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since
proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable
tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a
factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to
allowable strength is called the factor of safety.
 Axial Deformation
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a
uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the
proportional limit.
If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial
deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and
applying integration.
Axial Deformation
 Axial Deformation
For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total
elongation due to its own weight
 Axial Deformation
8. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of
150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load
of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E
= 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Ans. 54.33 mm
 Axial Deformation
9. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb.
Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if
the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to
exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

Ans. 0.1988 in
 Shearing Deformation
Shearing Deformation
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to
shear does not change in length but undergoes a change in shape.
 Poisson’s Ratio
When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in
length of the bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is also a
decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio of
the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or
strain) is called the Poisson's ratio and is denoted by ν.
Poisson’s Ratio
10. A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its
change in diameter is 4Pν / πEd.
 Poisson’s Ratio
11. A 500-mm-long, 16-mm-diameter rod made of a homogenous,
isotropic material is observed to increase in length by 300 mm, and to
decrease in diameter by 2.4 mm when subjected to an axial 12-kN load.
Determine the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the material.

Ans. 99.5 GPa, 0.25

 Thermal Stress
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or
stress will be induced in the structure. In some cases where
temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is created.
The internal stress created is termed as thermal stress.
 Thermal Stress
12. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched
between two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will
be the stress at 0°F?

Ans. 18 ksi
 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to
tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and
transverse sections.
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
13. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall
thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2.
Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.

Ans. σt = 45MPa, σl=22.5MPa

 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
14. A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are
1/2 in. thick. Find the maximum height to which the tank may be filled
if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of
water is 62.4 lb/ft3.

Ans. 52.45 ft
 Torsion
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the
other end by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which
is applied perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as shown in the figure.
Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
 Torsion
For a solid cylindrical shaft:
16𝑇 𝜋 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
;𝐽 = 𝐷
𝜋𝐷 32
For a hollow cylindrical shaft:
16𝑇𝐷 𝜋 4 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 4
; 𝐽 = (𝐷 − 𝑑 )
𝜋 𝐷 −𝑑 32
Angle of twist:
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
 Torsion
15. A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in is subjected to a
torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the
angle of twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.

Ans. 14.3 ksi, 1.23o

 Torsion
16. A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long is
used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi, determine the
maximum shearing stress.

Ans. 3094.6 psi

 Flanged Bolt Coupling
In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings, the torque is
transmitted by the shearing force P created in he bolts that is assumed
to be uniformly distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque
capacity of the coupling is
 Flanged Bolt Coupling
17. A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the
torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress in the
bolts is 40 MPa.

Ans. 8π KN-m
 Helical Springs
When close-coiled helical spring, composed of a wire of round rod of
diameter d wound into a helix of mean radius R with n number of
turns, is subjected to an axial load P produces the following stresses
and elongation:
 Helical Springs
18. Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical
steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean
radius of 90 mm when the spring is supporting a load of 1.5 kN. Use G
= 83 GPa.
 Helical Springs
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
+ 0.615𝑚
𝜋𝑑 4𝑚 − 4
16(1500)(90) 4(9) − 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
+ 0.615(9)
𝜋(20 ) 4(9) − 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 99.87 𝑀𝑃𝑎
64𝑃𝑅3 𝑛 64 1500 903 20
𝛿= 4
=
𝐺𝑑 83000 204
𝛿 = 105.4 𝑚𝑚