Cebu Institute of Technology - University 𝑊𝐶 =

1.28−1
Cebu City 1.28 𝑚3 970 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.28
(85 𝑘𝑃𝑎) (1.8648 𝑥 10−3 ) [( ) − 1]
1.28−1 𝑠 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑾𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟔𝒌𝑾
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
2. A 2-stage, double acting air compressor 16” x
MECC486 – P1
10” x 7”, 600 rpm has a free-air unloader at each
end for capacity control. It is driven thru V-belts

Name: Paredes, Harry Date: April 04, 2021 by a 160 hp electric motor, 460 V, 3 phase, 60
Hz, 1200 rpm. Barometer is 14.7 psia and
Course and Year: BSME-4
temperature is 80 F; discharge pressure is 480
Instructor: Engr. Rodulfo R. Navarro, Jr. psi, gage. Calculate the piston displacement in
m3 per hour.
1. A single-acting reciprocating air compressor
Solution:
has a clearance volume of 13 %. Air is received 𝜋
𝑉𝐷 = 4 𝐷 2 𝐿𝑁
at 90 Kpa, 30 C and is discharged at 960 KPa.
𝜋
The compression and re-expansion are 𝑉𝐷1 = 𝐷1 2 𝐿𝑁 =
4
𝜋 0.0254𝑚 2 0.0254𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
polytropic with n=1.28. The pressure drop is 5 [(16𝑖𝑛) ( )] [(7𝑖𝑛) ( )] (2) (600 )( )
4 1𝑖𝑛 1𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 1ℎ𝑟
KPa at the suction and 10 KPa at the discharge 𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝑫𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟔
𝒉𝒓
port. The compressor piston displacement is 480
𝜋
cm3 when operating at 900 rpm. Determine the 𝑉𝐷2 = 𝐷1 2 𝐿𝑁 =
4
𝜋 0.0254𝑚 2 0.0254𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
required compressor power. [(10𝑖𝑛) ( )] [(7𝑖𝑛) ( )] (2) (600 )( )
4 1𝑖𝑛 1𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 1ℎ𝑟
𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝑫𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
Solution: 𝒉𝒓
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊𝐶 = 𝑃𝑉 [( ) − 1]
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1
3. An air compressor is to compress 22 m3/min

𝑃1 = 90 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎 from 98.56 Kpa to 480 KPa. Assuming

𝑃2 = 960 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 970 𝑘𝑃𝑎 conditions ideal and with n = 1.3, what will be

𝑉𝐷 = (𝑉)(𝑁) = the saving in work due to two staging?

1𝑚 3 𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
(480 𝑐𝑚3 ) ( ) (900 )( )=
100𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠 Solution:
𝑚3
7.2 𝑥 10−3
𝑠 𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑊1 − 𝑊2
1
𝑃 𝑛
𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( 2) = 1 + 0.13 −
1
𝑃1 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔:
970 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.28 𝑛−1
0.13 ( ) = 0.2590 𝑛 𝑃 𝑛
85 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊1 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 [( 2) − 1] =
𝑛−1 𝑃1

𝑚3
𝑉1 = 𝑒𝑣 𝑉𝐷 = (0.2590) (7.2 𝑥 10−3
1.3−1
)= 1.3 22𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3
𝑠 (98.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( )( ) [( ) − 1]
𝑚3 1.3−1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠 98.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1.8648 𝑥 10−3
𝑠
𝑊1 = 69.0606 𝑘𝑊
 cm3 when operating at 900 rpm. Determine the
𝐹𝑜𝑟 2 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔: free air capacity at 101.325 KPa and 20 C.
𝑃𝐼 = √𝑃1 𝑃2 = √(98.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(480 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = Solution:
𝑃 𝑇
𝑉𝑜 = ( 1 ) ( 𝑜) (𝑉1 )
217.5059 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑜 𝑇1

𝑛−1

𝑊2 =
2𝑛 𝑃
𝑃1 𝑉1 [( 𝐼 )
𝑛
− 1] = 𝑃1 = 90 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑛−1 𝑃1 𝑃2 = 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 810 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1.3−1
2(1.3) 22𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 217.5059 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3 𝑉𝐷 = (𝑉)(𝑁) =
(98.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( )( ) [( ) − 3
1.3−1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠 98.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
(320 𝑐𝑚3 ) ( ) (900 )( )=
100𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠
3
−3 𝑚
1] 4.8 𝑥 10
𝑠

1
𝑊2 = 62.7705 𝑘𝑊 𝑃 𝑛
𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( 2) = 1 + 0.13 −
𝑃1
1
810 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.28
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 69.0606 𝑘𝑊 − 62.7705 𝑘𝑊 0.13 ( ) = 0.3734
85 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑾𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑾 𝑚3
𝑉1 = 𝑒𝑣 𝑉𝐷 = (0.3734) (4.8 𝑥 10−3 )=
𝑠
𝑚3
1.7923 𝑥 10−3
4. The piston displacement of a double-acting 𝑠

compressor is 1.6 m3/sec, delivers gas from 𝑉𝑜 =

85 𝑘𝑃𝑎 20+273.15 𝐾 𝑚3
101.325 KPa and 300 K to 800 KPa at a rate of ( )( ) (1.7923 𝑥 10−3 )
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 30+273.15 𝐾 𝑠
0.166 m3/sec at 150 rpm. Find the compressor
𝒎𝟑
percent clearance if n = 1.33. 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 =
𝒔
𝒎𝟑
Solution: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟗
𝒔
1

𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( )
𝑃2 𝑛
→
𝑉1
= 6. A single-stage, single cylinder air compressor
𝑃1 𝑉𝐷
1
is rated at 13 m3/min of air. Suction conditions
𝑃 𝑛
1+𝑐− 𝑐 ( 2) are 1 atm and 27 C and discharge pressure of
𝑃1

𝑚3 1 800 KPa. The compression process follows the

0.166 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.33
𝑠
𝑚3
= 1+𝑐−𝑐( ) equation PV1.35 = C. If the compressor is to run
1.6 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠
two-stage at optimum intercooler pressure with
𝑐 = 0.240383 𝑥 100%
perfect intercooling, what will be the percentage
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑%
of power saved?
Solution:
5. A single-acting reciprocating air compressor
𝑊1 −𝑊2
has a clearance volume of 13%. Air is received %𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑊1

at 90 KPa, 30 C and is discharged at 800 KPa. 𝑛−1

𝑛 𝑃 𝑛
𝑊1 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 [( 2 ) − 1] =
The compression and re-expansion are 𝑛−1 𝑃1
1.35−1
1.35 13𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.35
polytropic with n=1.28. The pressure drop is 5 (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( )( ) [( ) − 1]
1.35−1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

KPa at the suction and 10 KPa at the discharge 𝑊1 = 60.0073 𝑘𝑊

port. The compressor piston displacement is 320
 𝑃𝐼 = √𝑃1 𝑃2 = 8. A dryer is to deliver is to deliver 640 kg/hr of
√(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(800 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 284.7104 𝑘𝑃𝑎 palay with a final moisture content of 10%. The
𝑛−1
2𝑛 𝑃𝐼 𝑛
𝑊2 = 𝑃 𝑉 [( ) − 1] = initial moisture content in the feed is 13% at
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1

2(1.35) 13𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 284.7104 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1.35−1
1.35
atmospheric condition with 32 C dry bulb and 21
(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( )( ) [( ) −
1.35−1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
C wet bulb(W = 0.0111; v = 0.915 m3/kg). The
1] dryer is maintained at 45 C while the relative
𝑊2 = 52.0185 𝑘𝑊 humidity of the hot humid air from the dryer is
60.0073 𝑘𝑊−52.0185 𝑘𝑊 80%(W = 0.0515). If the steam pressure to the
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
60.0185 𝑘𝑊
heater is 2.7 MPa, determine the air supplied to
%𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟔 %
the dryer in m3/hr.

7. A two-cylinder single acting air compressor is

Solution:
directly coupled to an electric motor running at
𝑉 = (𝑚𝑎 )(𝑣)
1000 rpm. The cylinder is 125 mm x 200 mm
having a clearance of 13%. Calculate the 𝐹−𝑃
𝑚𝑎 =
𝑊2 −𝑊1
volume rate of air delivery in terms of standard
𝑘𝑔
𝑃(1−𝑥𝑝 ) 640 (1−0.10)
air for a delivery pressure 2 times ambient 𝐹= = ℎ𝑟
=
(1−𝑥𝐹 ) (1−0.13)
conditions of 300 K and 1 bar. The expansion is 𝑘𝑔
662.0690
polytropic with n = 1.36. ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Solution: 662.0690 − 640 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 = 546.2624
0.0515 −0.0111 ℎ𝑟
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
=
𝑇2 𝑇1

𝜋
𝑉𝐷 = ( ) (𝐷2 )(𝐿)(𝑁)(𝑛𝑐 ) = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
4 𝑉 = (546.2624 ) (0.915 )
𝜋 1𝑚 2 1𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
( ) [(125𝑚𝑚) ( )] [(200𝑚𝑚) ( )] (1000 )( ) (2)
4 1000𝑚𝑚 1000𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60𝑠
𝑚3 𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝐷 = 0.0818 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟏
𝑠 𝒉𝒓

1
9. Copra enters a dryer containing 20% water
𝑃 𝑛
𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( 2) = 1 + 0.13 − and 80% of solids and leaves with 5% water and
𝑃1
1
2 𝑃1 1.36 95% solids. Find the weight of water removed
0.13 ( ) = 0.9136
𝑃1
based on each pound of original product.
𝑚3 Solution:
𝑉1 = 𝑒𝑣 𝑉𝐷 = (0.9136) (0.0818 )=
𝑠
𝑚3 𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
0.07473
𝑠
𝑚1 𝑥1 = 𝑚2 𝑥2
(𝑚1 𝑥1 )
𝑚2 =
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑃2 = 𝑥2
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 = 21.11 ℃: (1 𝑙𝑏)(0.2)
𝑚2 = (0.95)
𝑚3
(101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎)(𝑉2 ) (100𝑘𝑃𝑎)( 0.07473 )
=
𝑠 𝑚2 = 0.2105 𝑙𝑏
21.11+273.15 𝐾 300 𝐾
𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 1 𝑙𝑏 − 0.2105 𝑙𝑏
𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑 𝑴𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒍𝒃
𝒔
10. A 20 kg slab contains originally 22% 12. A rotary dryer produces 22 metric tons per
moisture is 600 mm x 500 mm x 75 mm thick. hour of dried sand containing 0.5% moisture
The drying rate is found to be 4.9 kg/m2.hr. How from a wet feed containing 13% moisture.
long will it take to dry the slab to 10% moisture if Temperature of wet sand is 30 C(hf = 125.79
drying is from both faces. KJ/kg) and that of dried sand is 115 C(hf =
482.48 Kj/kg). Specific heat of sand is 0.21
Solution: Btu/lb.F. Calculate the total heat needed to dry
𝜌𝑠 𝑦
𝑇= (𝑥1− 𝑥2 ) this sand. Use hg = 2676.1 KJ/kg at 100 C.
𝑅

1 1 1𝑚 Solution:
𝑦 = (𝑡) = (75 𝑚𝑚) ( )
2 2 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑞 = 𝐵𝐷𝑀(𝐶𝑝𝑠 )(𝑡𝑃 − 𝑡𝐹 ) + (𝑚𝐹 −
𝑦 = = 0.0375 𝑚
𝑚𝑃 )(𝐶𝑃𝑣 )(𝑡𝑃 − 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝑚𝑝 (𝐶𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡𝑃 − 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

𝑚 +𝑚𝐹 (𝐶𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑡𝐹 ) + (𝑚𝐹 −

𝜌𝑠 = =
𝑣
20 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑃 )(ℎ𝑓𝑔 )
1𝑚 2
2 [(600𝑚𝑚)(500𝑚𝑚)]( ) (0.0375𝑚) 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1000𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑚𝑚 𝑃 = 22 ( )( ) = 6.1111
ℎ𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑛 3600𝑠 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠 = 888.8889 𝑃(1−𝑥𝑝 )
𝑚3 𝐹= =
(1−𝑥𝐹 )
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1000𝑘𝑔
22 ℎ𝑟 ( 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ) (1−0.005) 1ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 (1−0.15)
( ) = 7.1536
(888.8889 )(0.0375 𝑚) 3600𝑠 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑇= 𝑘𝑔 (0.22 − 0.10)
4.9 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 .ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑃 = (𝑃)(𝑥𝑃 ) = (6.1111 ) (0.005) =
𝑠
𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒉𝒓𝒔 𝑘𝑔
0.0306
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
/ 𝑚𝐹 = (𝐹)(𝑥𝐹 ) = (7.1536 ) (0.15) =
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
1.0730
𝑠
11. 160 pounds of dry air per hour is saturated 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝐷𝑀 = 𝐹 − 𝑚𝐹 = 7.1536 −
𝑠
at 130 F then heated to 224 F(W = 0.0695), 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
1.0730 = 6.0806
𝑠 𝑠
passed through an adiabatic drier and discharge
at 142 F(W = 0.0885). How much water is 𝑞=
𝑘𝐽
evaporated from the material in the drier? 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑡𝑢 4.187 (𝑘𝑔.𝐾)
(6.0806 ) (0.21 )( 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ) (115 − 30)𝐾
𝑠 𝑙𝑏.℉ 1
𝑙𝑏.℉

𝑘𝑔
Solution: + (1.0730 −
𝑠
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊2 −𝑊1 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
0.0306 ) (1.867 ) (115 − 100)𝐾
𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑏𝑤 𝑠 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
𝑚𝑤 = 160 (0.0885 −
ℎ𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
+ (0.0306 ) (4.187 ) (115 −
𝑙𝑏𝑤 𝑠 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
0.0695 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑙𝑏𝑑𝑎 100)𝐾 + (1.0730 ) (4.187 ) (100 − 30)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝑘𝑔
𝒎𝒘 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 + (1.0730 −
𝒉𝒓 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0306 ) (2676.1 − 125.79 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝒒 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑾
13. A wet solid initially at 22% is feed to a dryer drying is from one face only. The slab measures
at 160 tons/hr. If the product moisture content is 500 x 600 x 75 mm and drying rate is found to
reduced to 10%, how much moisture is be 4.9 kg/m2.hr.
removed? Solution:
𝜌𝑠 𝑦
Solution: 𝑇= (𝑥1− 𝑥2 )
𝑅
𝑀 =𝐹−𝑃 1𝑚
𝑦 = 1(𝑡) = 1 (75 𝑚𝑚) ( )
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1000𝑚𝑚
𝐹(1−𝑥𝐹 ) (160 )(1−0.22)
ℎ𝑟
𝑃= (1−𝑥𝑃 )
= (1−0.10)
= 𝑦 = = 0.075 𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
138.6667
ℎ𝑟
𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝜌𝑠 = =
𝑀 = 160 − 138.6667 𝑣
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
22𝑘𝑔
𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 2
𝑴 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 [(500𝑚𝑚)(600𝑚𝑚)](
1𝑚
) (0.075 𝑚)
𝒉𝒓 1000 𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠 = 977.7778
𝑚3
14. Wet material containing 160% moisture(dry
basis) is to be dried at the rate of 13 kg/sec in a 𝑘𝑔
(977.7778 )(0.075 𝑚)
𝑚3
continuous dryer to give a product containing 𝑇= 𝑘𝑔 (0.30 − 0.15)
4.9 2
𝑚 .ℎ𝑟
5% moisture(wet basis). The drying medium
𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔
consists of air heated to 373 K and containing
16. A 13 kg slab contains originally 50%
water vapor equivalent to a partial pressure of
moisture is 600 mm x 500 mm x 75 mm thick.
1.4 KPa. The air leaves the dryer at 310 K and
The drying rate is found to be 4.9 kg/m2.hr. How
70% saturated(W = 0.0285 kg H2O/kg da).
long will it take to dry the slab to 22% moisture if
Calculate how much air will be required to
drying is from both faces.
remove the moisture.
Solution:
Solution:
𝐹−𝑃
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑇=
𝜌𝑠 𝑦
(𝑥1− 𝑥2 )
𝑊2 −𝑊1
𝑅
1
(1 − 𝑥𝑃 )(𝑃) = ( ) (𝐹) → 1
𝑦 = (𝑡) =
1
(75 𝑚𝑚) (
1𝑚
)
1+𝑥𝐹
2 2 1000𝑚𝑚
1 1 𝑘𝑔
(1+𝑥 )(𝐹)
𝐹
(
1+1.60
)(13 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑦 = = 0.0375 𝑚
𝑃= (1−𝑥𝑃 )
= = 5.2632
1−0.05 𝑠
𝑃𝑣
𝑊1 = 0.622 = 𝜌𝑠 =
𝑚
=
𝑃−𝑃𝑣
𝑣
1.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔
0.622 ( )= 8.7145𝑥10−3 𝑤 13 𝑘𝑔
2
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎−1.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 1𝑚
2 [(600𝑚𝑚)(500𝑚𝑚)]( ) (0.0375𝑚)
1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
13 −5.2632
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔𝑤 𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑠 = 577.7778
0.0285 − 8.7145𝑥10−3 𝑤 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎

𝒌𝒈
/ 𝒎𝒂 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖
𝒔 𝑘𝑔
(577.7778 )(0.0375 𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑇= 𝑘𝑔 (0.50 − 0.22)
4.9 2
𝑚 .ℎ𝑟
15. How long will it take to dry a 22 kg slab
𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝒉𝒓𝒔
containing 30% moisture to 15% moisture if
17. A centrifugal pump designed for a 960 rpm 𝑉22
𝐻= + 𝑧2
2𝑔
operation and a head of 60.9 m has a capacity
𝑄
𝑉2 = =
of 189.3 lps with a power input of 130.6 KW. 𝐴
𝐿 1𝑚3
What effect will a speed reduction to 480 rpm on 40 (
𝑠 1000𝐿
) 𝑚
2 = 49.7359
𝜋 1𝑚 𝑠
the power input of the pump? 4
(32 𝑚𝑚(
1000𝑚𝑚
))

𝑚 2
(49.7359 )
𝑠
𝐻= 𝑚 + 22 𝑚
Solution: 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑃1 𝑃2
= 𝐻 = 148.0784 𝑚
𝑁13 𝑁23
𝑃1
𝑃2 = (𝑁23 )
𝑁13
𝑘𝑁 𝐿 1𝑚3
(9.810 3 )(40 ( ))(148.0784 𝑚)
130.6 𝑘𝑊 𝑚 𝑠 1000𝐿
𝑃2 = (960𝑟𝑝𝑚)3 (480𝑟𝑝𝑚)3 𝑊𝑃 =
0.65

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑾 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑾

18. A DC motor-driven pump running at 1600
rpm delivers 30 lps of water against a total 20. A pump draws water from an open reservoir
pumping head of 27 m with a pump efficiency of A( water elevation at 6 m from pump center) and
60%. What is the speed of the pump to produce lifts it to a reservoir B( water elevation at 25 m
a pumping head of 160 m assuming there is no from pump center). The loss of head at the
change in efficiency? suction of the 15.24 cm pipe is three times the
velocity head and the loss of head in the
Solution: discharge pipe 80 mm diameter is 20 times the
𝐻1 𝐻2 velocity head. The pump discharge rate is 25
=
𝑁12 𝑁22
lps. Determine the pump theoretical power.
𝐻2
𝑁2 = √ 𝐻1 Solution:
2 𝑁1
𝑃= 𝛾𝑄𝐻
160 𝑚 𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑁2 = √ 27 𝑚 + 𝑧1 + 𝐻 = + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿2 → 𝐻
(1600 𝑟𝑝𝑚)2 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22 𝑉12
𝑵𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝒓𝒑𝒎 = + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿2 − − 𝑧1
2𝑔 2𝑔
2

19. What power is required to pump 40 lps of 𝑄

(𝜋 )
𝑄 𝑄 𝑉 2 𝐷2
water through a 32 mm pipe from a pump to an 𝑉= = → = 4
𝐴 𝜋 𝐷2 2𝑔 2𝑔
open tank 22 m above the pump. Assume an 4
2
over-all efficiency of 65%, neglect losses and
𝐿 1𝑚3
25 ( )
suction is an open reservoir. 𝑠 1000𝐿
2
𝜋 1𝑚
(15.24𝑐𝑚 ( ))
𝑉12 ( 4 100𝑐𝑚 )
Solution: = 𝑚 = 0.0957 𝑚
2𝑔 2 (9.81 2 )
𝑊𝑃 =
𝛾𝑄𝐻 𝑠
𝑒𝑜
 2
𝑓𝑡 2
𝐿 1𝑚3 (10.8889
𝑠
)
25 ( ) 𝐻=
𝑠 1000𝐿
2 𝑓𝑡
𝜋 1𝑚 2 (32.2 2 )
(80𝑚𝑚 ( )) 𝑠
𝑉22 (4 1000𝑚𝑚 ) 𝑙𝑏
= 𝑚 = 1.2607 𝑚 62.4 3
2𝑔 2 (9.81 2 ) 1𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑠 + 3 𝑖𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 ( )( )
12𝑖𝑛 0.075 𝑙𝑏
𝐻 = 1.2607 𝑚 + 25 𝑚 + 𝑓𝑡 3
20(1.2607 𝑚) − 0.0957 𝑚 − 6 𝑚 𝐻 = 209.8411 𝑓𝑡
𝐻 = 45.370 𝑚 𝑃
𝑘𝑁 𝐿 1𝑚3
𝑃 = (9.810 ) (25 ( )) (45.370 𝑚) 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 1ℎ𝑝
𝑚3 𝑠 1000𝐿 = (0.075 ) (7840 ) (209.8411 𝑓𝑡) ( )
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
33000
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑾 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑷 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝟗 𝒉𝒑

21. A DC motor-driven pump running at 100 rpm 23. An industrial fan develops a fan power of 22

delivers 320 gpm of water against a total KW and a head of 80 mm water gage when

pumping head of 22 ft with a pump efficiency of delivering at a pressure of 101.521 KPaa and 25

60%. What motor horsepower is required? C. What will be the fan head if this fan delivers

Solution: at 101.855 KPaa and 32 C at the same speed?

𝛾𝑄𝐻
𝑊=
𝑒𝑃
Solution:
𝑊= ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ1
= → ℎ2 = (𝜌2 )
𝑙𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝑓𝑡3 1ℎ𝑝
𝜌1 𝜌2 𝜌1
(62.4 3 )(320𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒)(7.481𝑔𝑎𝑙)(22𝑓𝑡)( 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 )
𝑓𝑡 33000
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
0.6
𝑃1
𝑃1 = 𝜌1 𝑅𝑇1 → 𝜌1 = =
𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒑 𝑅𝑇1
101.521 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 = 1.1864
(0.287 )(25+273.15)𝐾 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
22. Find the air horsepower of an industrial fan
𝑃2
that delivers 7840 cfm of air through a 3 ft by 4 ft 𝑃2 = 𝜌2 𝑅𝑇2 → 𝜌2 = =
𝑅𝑇2

outlet. Static pressure is 2 in WG, air 101.855 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽 = 1.1630
(0.287 )(32+273.15)𝐾 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
temperature is 70 F and barometric pressure is
29.92 in Hg.
𝜌𝑤 ℎ𝑠
ℎ1 = ( )𝑚 =
𝜌𝑎 1000
Solution: 𝑘𝑔
1000 3
𝑚 80
𝑘𝑔 ( ) 𝑚 = 65.3061 𝑚
𝑃= 𝛾𝑄𝐻 1.225 3 1000
𝑚
𝑉22 𝜌
𝐻= + ℎ𝑤 ( 𝑤 )
2𝑔 𝜌𝑎
65.3061 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 ℎ2 = 𝑘𝑔 (1.1630 )
𝑉2 = = 1.1864 3 𝑚3
𝐴 𝑚

𝑓𝑡3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒎

7840𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒( ) 𝑓𝑡
60𝑠
(3 𝑓𝑡)(4𝑓𝑡)
= 10.8889
𝑠
24. A fan delivers 22 m3 per sec at a static 𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(22 ) −(13 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝐻= 𝑚 +
pressure of 5.08 cm of water operating at a 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
speed of 320 rpm. The input required is 2.963 1000 3 1𝑚
𝑚
( 𝑘𝑔 ) [(7.62𝑐𝑚 − 2.5𝑐𝑚) ( )]
KW. If 7.05 m3 per sec are delivered in the 1.2 3 100𝑐𝑚
𝑚

same fan and installation, find the pressure in 𝐻 = 58.7217 𝑚

cm of water. 𝑃=
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1𝑘𝑊
(1.2 ) (9.81 2) (9.45 ) (58.7217 𝑚) ( )
𝑚3 𝑠 𝑠 1000𝑊
Solution:
𝑃 = 6.5325 𝑘𝑊
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻1
= → 𝐻2 = (𝑁22 ) 6.5325 𝑘𝑊
𝑁12 𝑁22 𝑁12
𝑒= 𝑥 100%
13 𝑘𝑊
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄2
= → 𝑁2 = 𝑄 = 𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 %
𝑁1 𝑁2 ( 1)
𝑁1

𝑚3
7.05
𝑠
𝑚3
= 102.5455 𝑟𝑝𝑚 26. What horsepower is supplied to air moving
22
( 𝑠 )
320 𝑟𝑝𝑚
at 80 fpm through a 2x3 ft duct under a pressure
5.08 𝑐𝑚 of 5 in water gage?
𝐻2 = (102.5455 𝑟𝑝𝑚)2
(320𝑟𝑝𝑚)2

𝑯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎
Solution:
𝑃= 𝛾𝑄𝐻
25. Air enters a fan through a duct at a velocity
𝑄 =𝐴𝑉 =
of 13 m/sec and an inlet static pressure of 2.5
𝑓𝑡
(2𝑓𝑡)(3𝑓𝑡) (80 )
cm of water less than the atmospheric pressure. 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

The air leaves the fan through a duct at a 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑄 = 480
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
velocity of 22 m/sec and a discharge static
pressure of 7.62 cm of water above the 𝛾𝑤
𝐻= (ℎ𝑠 ) =
𝛾𝑎
atmospheric pressure. If the specific weight of
𝑙𝑏
62.4 3 1𝑓𝑡
the air is 1.2 kg/m3 and the fan delivers 9.45 𝑓𝑡
(5𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝑙𝑏 12𝑖𝑛
0.0765 3
m3/sec, what is the efficiency when the power 𝑓𝑡

input to the fan is 13 KW at the coupling? 𝐻 = 339.8693 𝑓𝑡

𝑃=

Solution: 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 1ℎ𝑝
(0.0765 ) (480 ) (339.8693 𝑓𝑡) ( 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 )
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 33000
𝑃 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑒= 𝑥 100%
𝐵𝑃
𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟐 𝒉𝒑
𝑃= 𝛾𝑄𝐻
27. A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a
𝑉22 −𝑉12
𝐻= + capacity of 32000 ft3/hr at 60 F and barometer
2𝑔

𝜌
( 𝑤 ) (ℎ𝑠2 − ℎ𝑠1 ) of 30 in Hg and gives a static pressure of 5 in of
𝜌𝑎
water column on full delivery. What size of
electric motor having an efficiency of 99%
should be used to drive this fan?
 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
3200 (2827.9 −762.81 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣1 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Solution: 2768.7 − 719.21
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑃 𝑘𝑔
𝑊= 𝑚𝑣1 =
𝑒𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝛾 𝑄 𝐻𝑠
𝐵𝑃 =
𝑒𝑓𝑠𝑒
𝛾𝑤 𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ𝑔 −
𝐻𝑠 = (ℎ𝑠 ) =
𝛾𝑎 𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ3 −ℎ4 )
ℎ𝑓 ) → 𝑚𝑣2 =
𝑙𝑏 (ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 )
62.4 3 1𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏 (5 𝑖𝑛 ( )) 𝑚𝑣2 =
0.0765 3 12𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
3224.3573 (2768.7 −719.21 )
𝐻𝑠 = 339.8693 𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2733.9 − 589.13
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡3 1ℎ𝑟 1ℎ𝑝 𝑚𝑣2 = 3081.1173
(0.0765 3 )(32000 ℎ𝑟 )(60minutes)(339.8693 𝑓𝑡)( ℎ𝑟
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏.𝑓𝑡 )
33000
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
0.4
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐵𝑃 = 1.0505 ℎ𝑝 3081.1173 ℎ𝑟 (2733.9 𝑘𝑔− 589.13𝑘𝑔)
𝑚𝑣3 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
1.0505 ℎ𝑝 2691.5 −461.3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑊=
0.99
𝒌𝒈
𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒑 𝒎𝒗𝟑 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏
𝒉𝒓

28. A backward feed triple effect water

evaporator is supplied with steam at 1 MPa, 200
C(h = 2827.9 KJ/kg; hsat = 762.81 KJ/kg) at a
rate of 3200 kg/hr. The temperature gradient of
each effect will be maintained at 15 C.
Feedwater is available at 40 C(hf = 167.57
KJ/kg). Determine the evaporation output in
kg/hr. Steam properties: @ 170 C(hg = 2768.7;
hf = 719.21 KJ/kg); @ 140 C(hg =2733.9; hf =
589.13 KJ/kg); @110 C(hg = 2691.5; hf = 461.3
KJ/kg).
Solution:
29. A backward feed triple effect water
evaporator is supplied with steam at 1 MPa, 200
C(h = 2827.9 KJ/kg; hsat = 762.81 KJ/kg) at a
rate of 3200 kg/hr. The temperature gradient of
each effect will be maintained at 20 C.
Feedwater is available at 40 C(hf = 167.57
KJ/kg). Determine the evaporator economy.
Steam properties: @ 170 C(hg = 2768.7; hf =
719.21 KJ/kg); @ 140 C(hg = 2733.9; hf =
589.13 KJ/kg); @110 C(hg = 2691.5; hf = 461.3
KJ/kg).
Solution:

𝑚𝑣3
𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ5 − ℎ6 ) = 𝑚𝑣3 (ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) → 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 =
𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ5 −ℎ6 )
𝑚𝑣3 =
(ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 )
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) →
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 )
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) → 𝑚𝑣1 =
(ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 )
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑣1 = 3200 ℎ𝑟 (2827.9𝑘𝑔−762.81𝑘𝑔)
(ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 ) 𝑚𝑣1 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2768.7 − 719.21
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣1 = 3224.3573
ℎ𝑟

𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ𝑔 −

𝑚𝑣1 (ℎ3 −ℎ4 )
ℎ𝑓 ) → 𝑚𝑣2 =
(ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 )

𝑚𝑣2 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
3224.3573 (2768.7 −719.21 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2733.9 − 589.13
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣2 = 3081.1173
ℎ𝑟

𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ5 − ℎ6 ) = 𝑚𝑣3 (ℎ𝑔 −

𝑚𝑣2 (ℎ5 −ℎ6 )
ℎ𝑓 ) → 𝑚𝑣3 =
(ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 )

𝑚𝑣3 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
3081.1173 ℎ𝑟 (2733.9 𝑘𝑔− 589.13𝑘𝑔)
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2691.5 −461.3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣3 = 2963.0921
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔
2963.0921
ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = 𝑘𝑔
3200
ℎ𝑟

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟗

30. A single-acting air compressor operates with
an initial conditions of air at 320 KPa and 27 C
and discharges the air at 800 KPa to a
cylindrical tank. The bore and stroke are 355
mm and 381 mm, respectively with a percentage
clearance of 15%. If the surrounding air is at 100
KPa and 20 C while the compression process
follows the relation, PVn = C, determine the
compressor power.

Solution:

𝑊𝐶 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝐶 = 1.005 (27 − 20)𝐾
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝑪 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝟓
𝒌𝒈