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 4

 An OAN consists of the following three parts;

 Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
 Optical Distribution Network (ODN)
 Optical Network Unit (ONU)/ Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
 OLT and ONU/ONT are active components of the OAN while ODN is the passive
network for the OAN. In the case of FTTH, the ONU/ONT is the optical modem at
the customer premise. For FTTB or FTTC, the ONU may be considered as the xDSL
equipment at the Curb or at the Customer ‘s building.
 No matter what type of FTTx is deployed, the ODN is the key element of the FTTx
architecture.


 ODN is the optical fiber link between the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical
Network Terminal (ONT) . It consists of 2 points and 3 sections.
 The 2 points are : Optical distribution point & Customer access point.
 The 3 section are: Feeder cable, distribution cable and drop cable.

4
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 FTTH: Fiber to the home

 FTTH is a deployment scenario where the fibers are being laid from the Exchange to every
single house (Single Dwelling Unit ,SDU or Single Family Unit,SFU) or apartment.
 FTTH is suitable for the following scenarios:
 New Network Operator (e.g. 2nd Network Operator) who is awarded a license for offering
broadband services to the customers.
 Low, Medium and High Rise building for developed countries where demand for
bandwidth is high.
 New villas
 6

 FTTB: Fiber to the building .

 Fiber To The Building is a scenario where the fiber is laid directly from the Exchange to an
Office / private apartment building with multiple business tenants or homes. Such tenants
or apartment units are frequently described as Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU). The
advantage of FTTB is that existing copper cable network in the customer building can be
used.
 FTTB is suitable for the following scenarios:
 Network Operator having an existing copper cable network who wants to upgrade the
network but at the same time minimize the Capital Expenditure.
 Low, Medium and High Rise building in underdeveloped countries/cities.
 Network migration for old community area where Network Operator does not have
adequate penetration for the drop cable .
 Commercial buildings
 7

 FTTC: Fiber to the curb.

 FTTC is a deployment scenario where fiber is laid from the Exchange to an ONU/ONT that
is located 300~500m from office building or home. Connection to the customer will be
through the existing underground twisted copper cable pair.
 The FTTC scenario is depicted in Figure 1.3.
 FTTC is suitable for the following scenarios:
 Network Operator having an existing copper cable network who wants to upgrade the
network but at the same time minimize the Capital Expenditure
 Low and medium rise buildings in under-developed countries/cities.
 Network migration for old community area where Network Operator does not have
adequate penetration for the fiber drop cable.
 Customers in rural areas where provision of FTTH is considered to be too expensive.
8
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 Three basic network topologies can be considered when designing an ODN. These
topologies are Star (Tree) , the Ring (Loop) and the Bus topology.

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 Star topology is the most cost effective network topology for ODN of FTTx deploying PON.
Because of its ease of flexibility in network expansion, ODN designer can carry out the high
level design of the ODN for the proposed service area and commence the low level design
until the development of the area is confirmed. This will enable the Network Infrastructure
Provider to minimize the initial investment cost. Star topology is suitable for new built ODN
in rural area where customer distribution is uncertain or in existing area where customers
are scattered populated.

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 The ring topology features a ring configuration of the physical cable network without
reducing the fibre-count in the “feeder” cable.High count feeder cable terminated on the
ODF of the Exchange is split into two other feeder cables at the splice closure just outside
the Exchange. The size of each split cable is equal to half of that terminated on the ODF.
 The first feeder cable is installed along a dedicated cable route. The second feeder cable is
installed along another route away from the first one. The two cables are jointed together
at an appropriate point, forming a ring topology.

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 This figure shows a ring topology of the feeder cable.

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 This figure shows how the fibre are connected to the branch cables in the ring topology.
 The main feature of the ring topology is that it provides a resilience path for the feeder
cable network. Each customer building ( in which ONU are installed) is served by fibres
coming from two separate cable routes. Any fibre breakdown in one path will have the
fibres from the diversified path as backup.

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 Similar to the ring counterpart, the Bus topology adopts a high count fibre cable as the
feeder cable linking two exchanges to form a bus-like configuration. This topology has the
following advantages:
 Fibres can be provided to the same customer building from two different
exchanges, thus providing resilience path for the customer building.
 There is flexibility in the provision of both trunk fibre (junction fibres) and
distribution fibres for FTTx.

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 The main feature of the Bus topology is that dual set of exchange equipment (e.g. OLT,
Internet Switch ) are installed in the Exchanges in order to provide the protection. The
OLTs between the two Exchanges cannot synchronize so even if there is breakdown of
service due to cable cut, manual change-over is required. As such this topology is not
suitable for residential FTTx customers.
 If route diversity is of top priority, the bus network topology can be considered because it
provides flexibility in fibre assignment and enhances the completed diversity requirement.
This type of layout is particularly suitable for strategic customers such as large corporate
data centres, international finance investment banks or Government buildings where direct
fibres are used for the ODN.

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 Both OLT and ONT provide two GPON interfaces. The GPON interfaces on OLT work in the
1:1 mode.
 One port stays in the idle state all the time, causing low bandwidth utilization.
 When the primary PON port on the ONT or the user line fails, ONT automatically transfers
the services to the secondary PON port. In this way, services go upstream through the
secondary line and secondary port on the OLT. Basically, service interruption will not occur.

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 OLT provides two GPON interfaces. The GPON interfaces work in the 1 + 1 mode.
 This type is a type of whole-network protection. Two routes are provided between OLT
and ONT, ensuring recovery of various faults, including faults occurring on optical splitters
or the line.

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 This protection mode is different from preceding four protection schemes of an ODN. The
preceding protection schemes are implemented through different PON ports of the OLT.
The OLT dual-homing protection mode, however, is implemented through the PON pots of
different OLTs. Therefore, if one OLT is faulty, the system still works normally. This
protection mode is generally used for P2P users.
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 Optical Splitter deployment strategy is critical in ODN design for FTTx network. Using
splitting strategy in planning for an area would greatly affect the efficient deployment of
the passive equipment network and the scalability of the system.
 Depending on the types of FTTx deployed, different splitting stages can be used to cover
areas in different strategies. In general, maximum of two (2) stages of optical splitting is
recommended for Optical Distribution Network (ODN) for all FTTx architectures. Three (3)
stages of optical splitting is not recommended.

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 Only one optical splitting for each optical link.

 Link loss is relatively small.
 One stage splitting is simple and more reliable.
 As far as for the management of optical network is concerned , one stage optical splitting
is easier and simple for maintenance and fault location.
 Because the ONUs are directly connected to optical distribution points, OLT ports can be
fully utilized.
 Use more feeder fibres than two stage splitting.

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 Centralized optical splitting is particularly suitable for FTTx architectures where the feeder
and distribution fibre resources are sufficient enough for the optical links between the OLT
and ONUs. It is also suitable for FTTx where bandwidth for each ONU may be quite large.

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 The advantage of this design is that the outputs of the splitter is fully utilized as service
provision will only be provided upon receiving service request from customer.
 The disadvantage is that there is a limitation of the length of the drop cable to be pulled.
Thus the number of storey recommended for this kind of design is recommended not more
than 10-storey.

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 The following factors needed to be considered when designing the location of the
centralized optical splitter :
 If the optical splitter is located close to the customer, more feeder and
distribution fibres can be saved, hence cost of provision per customer is less.
 If the optical splitter is getting close to the Exchange, the area to be served by the
ODN is larger, hence the coverage of FTTx is larger. This will help to increase the
utilization of the resources , especially at the initial stage of FTTx provision.

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 Characteristics of Two-Stages Optical Splitting

 Use less feeder fibre than one-stage splitting. Thus provision cost of outside plant
per customer is less than one–stage splitting.
 Have a larger coverage of service provision.
 Maximize use of OLT ports.
 Difficult for fault location as fibre defect beyond 1st optical splitter is unable to be
detected by most OTDR.
 Link loss is larger implying that distance of optical link is shorter.

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 The 1st optical splitter in the Exchange is usually 1:4 and that the 2nd optical splitter is
usually 1:8 or 1:16.The 2nd optical splitter can be located on the pole–mounted
distribution box or splice closure (underground or aerial) close to the customer.
 This design is widely adopted in Japan for the provision of FTTH.

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 FAT will be the fibre termination box installed in the telephone room of the customer
building. TB will be the Terminal box installed on various floors of the customer building.

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 The FAT is a roadside fibre cross-connected cabinet while the FAT may be an
underground or aerial splice closure. It may also be a small fibre termination box at the
ground floor of a low rise building.
 The 1st stage optical splitter may be a 1:4 splitter and the 2nd stage optical splitter may be
1:8 splitter.
 Due to the flexibility of the FDT, its area of coverage is large as compared with other
design. Service provision can be offered upon receiving customer’s request. This means
that the last mile of drop cable ( underground/ aerial) can be installed upon receiving firm
customer order.
 Typical deployment of this design is in Malaysia.

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 In some case Network Provider may want to monitor the stability of the OLT at the
Exchange. In this case an uneven optical splitter can be used for this monitoring
application. The splitting ratio of this uneven optical splitter should be configured in such
as a way that that minimum output power of the OLT should be used for this monitoring
purpose. A typical example is to use 3% ~5% of the output power of the OLT for
monitoring and the remaining 95%- ~97% of the output power of the OLT is for normal
use.
 This special splitter is not a common product in the market and has to be special ordered
from the manufacturer.

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 Before selecting the type of optical splitter, ODN Designer should realize that the closer the
optical splitter is located to the customer, the more fibre resource can be saved. However,
ODN designer need to consider the maximum utilization of the OLT ports. He should take
into account the density of the customers and its distribution of the area he planned for
the provision of FTTx. He should select the best combination of optical splitting.

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 It greatly improves GPON Port utilization.

 It facilitates network upgrading to cascading splitting.
 Lower trouble point, convenient to locate the trouble point and do link detecting.
 It facilitates network maintenance and management to centralize location.
 Comparatively lower attenuation, longer the transmit distance.

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 Originally, the 1:2 splitter unit is cascaded with the 1:32 splitter unit in the FDT. When the
user demands the higher bandwidth, the 1:2 splitter unit can be removed from the FDT,
but the 1:32 module is reserved. In this case, the former pigtail which splices with the
feeder cable can plug in the 1:32 rack-mounted splitter unit as its input. Therefore, the
conversion between the former 64-channel share one GPON port to now 32-channel share
one is implemented, and the bandwidth upgrade is implemented.
 Attention points are listed as follows:
 Feeder cables should be reserved twice as many as actually needed, and the 1:2
splitter unit should be removed when upgrading. In addition, twice feeder cables
are needed according to the number of users.
 The FDT remain unchanged, the splicing tray need to be added, and the number of
the needed splicing trays can be calculated according to the number of the
increased feeder cables.
 The distribution section, FAT, and drop cable remain unchanged.

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 Use 1:16 instead of 1:32 in FDT

 Attention points as follows:
 Feeder cable also added, as twice as former.
 Based on the same users, 1:2 splitter unit should added as twice as exists, the
quantity for 1:16 splitter unit should be as twice as 1:32 one.
 Splicing tray also be added, the increased number according to the quantity of
increased users.
 Should consider of the FDT space whether available as splitter unit all added, if not,
should adding FDT cabinet.
 Distribution segment, DP, drop cable no change.

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 Adding other small ratio splitter unit from far away (FAT)
 Attention points as follows:
 Feeder cable need as twice as former, if want to upgrade in future.
 Need adding 1:2 splitter unit according to the quantity of higher bandwidth
requirement users.
 Splicing tray no great change, as once use 1:16 instead of 1:32, the space of FDT
will be saved, splicing tray can be reused.
 Quantity for distribution cable will be reduced, saving fiber can used for
redundancy.
 DP use 1:16 outdoor splitter unit instead of the former division box. Needs higher
cost for splicing or mechanical splicing, labor cost and project difficulty also added.

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 59

Equipment selection-OLT site location

1. Priority to consider customer recommended places to do some review.

2. Large capacity , less location so as to reduce backbone cable requirement ; also reduce mini
OLT active points.

3. Select existing OLT locations as far as possible.

4. If new location is selected, check for room spaces, duct route spaces .

5. The OLT location best can provide coverage to 10km, (theoretically can reach 20km).

6. In case space is a constraint , OLT can be put in the outdoor cabinet.

7. For high density user region (>1k users), consider installing OLT equipment outside CO and
close to the customer to save feeder cables.
 60

 There are four choices to locate the splitter,

 1/put the splitter in the central office, we can easily to management maintenance, but the
lots of cable are needed than other solutions, and the cost is higher than others.
 2/put the splitter in resident central office, in the high density scenario, the cost will be
saved , the net work is simplified.
 3/ put the splitter in outdoor cabinet, need more drop cable, the advantage: good at
network flexibility/low cost in residential distribution network/higher utilization rate.
 4/put the splitter in basement, usually be used in the high-storey scenario.
 61

Equipment selection-ODF site location

1. It is the termination point for both external fibre cable and indoor cable from exchange
equipment, usually placed in the same room in the CO.

2. In remote user site, it is the termination point for both lead-in cable and in-building cable.
Jumper function can be provided.

Equipment selection-FDT site location

1. Shall close to the existing copper cable cabinet, can share use the existing duct route

resources.

2. It is proper to cover a radius of 1km.

3. FDT can support about 500 users.

4. FDT should be placed in the center of covered area to save construction cost.

5. Better close to the feeder cable routing, so as easily get access to the main cable and duct
 62

To select a device, consider the following:

 Equipment functions
 Equipment features
(such as humidity and temperature)
 Equipment capacity
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 Optical Power Budget

 Optical power budget is a key element in designing an ODN. The following factors should
be taken into consideration during power budget calculation:
 fiber cable attenuation
 fiber length
 splitter attenuation loss
 splice attenuation
 connector attenuation
 The common model for signal loss is calculated as below:
Total loss of an ODN =
 fiber attenuation × (length of cable) + splitter attenuation loss + splice
attenuation × (number of splices) + connector attenuation × (number of
connectors) + safety margin


 Power budget of an ODN = OLT Tx Power – ONU Rx power sensitivity

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 You can see that underground optical fiber cable length of this design configuration is 6
Km radius coverage. The design configuration is suggested to include one more S0 uneven
splitter (97% / 3% with 0.5dB insertion loss) for O&M consideration. If the broadband
circuit (ONT) service demand in one residential building (or site) is near to, or greater than
64, Splitter S1 should be skipped in design case. Splitter S2 can be installed inside building
TBE room and /or Splitter S3 installed at vertical cable raiser duct room of upper floors for
first or second stage splitting.

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 Practice
 Calculate the link attenuation on 1490nm wavelength

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 Above figure has indicated the power budget calculation methodology. It is a simply
calculation method by adding insertion loss of each network component per ODN design.
Total optical path length can be changed by (a) selection of different splitter ratio (b)
splitter installation location (c) number of Splitter stage.
 No redundancy loss is included. The result is in theory.

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