TI7002

Metodologi Penelitian
Minggu 3: Epistemology

Prof. Dr. Abdul Hakim Halim

Kelompok Keahlian Sistem Manufaktur
Program Studi Teknik Industri ITB
©2020 KKSM-ITB
Tujuan
• Memahami epistemologi
• Memahami landasan metoda ilmiah

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Pendahuluan(1)
• Episteme → knowledge, science
• Logos → theory, study
• Epistemology → theory of knowledge
• It concerned with the nature and scope
(limitations) of knowledge
• How knowledge relates to truth, belief, and
justification
• Production of knowledge

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Pendahuluan(2)
• Pertanyaan epistemology:
• What is knowledge?
• What constitutes valid knowledge and how can we
obtain it
• Difference among opinion, knowledge and wisdom?
• What do people know?
• How is knowledge acquired?
• How do we create knowledge?
• How do we know what we know?
• Is human knowledge trustworthy?
• Can our sense be trusted?
• Epistemology concerns with the source of
knowledge

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 Pendahuluan(3)

Theoretical
Ontology Epistemology Methodology Method
perspective

What is What and What What What

reality? how can I approach can procedure techniques
know reality/ we use to get can we use can we use
Knowledge? knowledge? to acquire to find out?
knowledge?
Pendahuluan(4)
• Kant’s philosophy:
Epistemology(7)
• Rationalism by itself does not work
• Empiricism by itself does not work
• Both take ontology as their center
• Ontology is our understanding of objects
• Epistemology is the science of knowledge
• Ontology must come out of epistemology
• We must first understand knowledge. Only then can
we understand objects.
• Objects will conform to our powers of cognition, not
the other way around.
• This science is called Critical Philosophy
Pendahuluan(5)
• Experience without theory is blind, but theory
without experience is mere intellectual play
• A priori knowledge is independent of experience (3+2=5,
all bachelors are unmarried)
• A posteriori knowledge depends on experience or
empirical evidence (science and personal experience)
 Knowledge(1)
• Knowledge is that which is true and that which is believed

Proposition Observations
• Sesuatu dapat benar
tapi tidak dipercaya:
hukum alam yang saat
ini belum ditemukan
Truth Knowledge Beliefs
• Sesuatu dapat dipercaya
tapi tidak benar:
legenda, teori konspirasi
• Observasi adalah
pernyataan yang
• Proposisi adalah sesuatu
kebenarannya terbukti
pernyataan/pemikiran yang
secara langsung dengan
terbukti benar karena konsisten
”inspeksi”
dengan knowledge yang ada
 Knowledge(2)
Deduktif Induktif
Observation(s)

Proposition Observations

2
Truth Knowledge Beliefs
3 3

1: Dengan menggunakan kebenaran

1: Observasi yang berulang menjadikan
matematika (aksioma) dimunculkan
sebuah belief. 2: Belief disimpulkan
proposisi. 2: Propositions terbukti benar
sebagai benar 3: Jadi knowledge baru
karena konsisten dengan knowledge yang
ada. 3: Jadi knowledge (aksioma) baru
Knowledge(3)
• Kondisi perlu dari knowledge:
• True belief
• Kondisi cukup dari knowledge
• Justifiable with a reasonable understanding
• Knowledge = justified true belief (JTB)
• Justified artinya adalah bahwa percaya itu
dengan memiliki argumentasi yang kuat dan
dapat diterima

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Knowledge(4)
• Sumber pengetahuan:
• Wahyu (revealed knowledge)
• Intuisi, perasaan (intuitive knowledge)
• Information dari buku, makalah, ahli, ilmuwan yang
memiliki otoritas (authoritarian knowledge)
• Logical reasoning (logical knowledge)
• Fakta objektif yang mapan dan terbukti (empirical
knowledge)

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 Knowledge(5)
LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE
[Mehrez et al. (1988)] Level 5. STATEMENTS
Theory, inference, explanations, judgement

Level 4. MODEL TO STATEMENT

Verification technique, algorithms, rules
of reasoning

Level 3. MODELS
Representation of reality in the model

Level 2. REALITY TO MODEL

Conditions of similarity, approximation,
assumptions of modelling

Level 1. REALITY
Empirical data on reality, perceptions,
description

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Research(1)
• Research is the process through which new
“knowledge” is generated
• Riset adalah suatu investigasi (inquiry) yang
terorganisasi (organized), sistematis, berbasis
data, kritis dan ilmiah, yang ditujukan untuk
memecahkan suatu masalah tertentu
Research(2)
• Riset dimulai dengan pertanyaan pada diri
peneliti
• Riset memerlukan rencana
• Riset memerlukan pertanyaan yang jelas
mengenai persoalan
• Riset menyelesaikan persoalan utama dengan
menjawab subproblem-subproblem
• Riset mengikuti arahan dari hipotesis
• Riset berkaitan dan fakta dan interpretasi fakta
• Riset itu melingkar
Research(3)
• Knowledge has been expanding at an
exponential rate
• How does one create new knowledge?
• This requires a proper framework
• Riset ilmiah dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah
yang logis, dan menggunakan metoda yang
rigorous dalam mengidentifikasi masalah,
mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data dan
menarik kesimpulan secara valid
Research(4)

Identification of Theoretical
problem area framework or
Observation
network of
association

Refinement of theory
(pure research) or Hypotheses
implementation (applied
research)

Concepts
Operational
definitions
Interpretation of
data

Research
design
Analysis Data
of data collection
Research(5)
• Hypothetico-deductive
Mulai dengan kerangka teoritis, formulasi
hipotesis, dan proses deduktif logis
• Metoda inductive
Mulai dengan data (fakta), kemudian proses
pembangkitan hipotesis dan teori
• Logico-hypothetico-verifikatif
Gabungan deduktif-induktif
Research(6)
• Syarat teori (ilmiah)
• Konsisten dengan teori sebelumnya (kriteria
kebenaran koheren)
• Cocok dengan fakta empiris (kriteria kebenaran
korespondensi）

Hakekat rasionalisme adalah pluralistik yang

memungkinkan disusunnya berbagai
penjelasan terhadap suatu obyek pemikiran
tertentu. Alasannya adalah: tersedia beberapa
(banyak) pilihan premis yang dapat digunakan
untuk melakukan penyusunan argumentasi
Research(7)
• Sifat riset
• Purposiveness
• Rigor: cermat, teliti, tepat, konsisten, dan pasti
• Testability
• Replicability
• Precision: seberapa dekat temuan mencerminkan
realitas
• Accuracy: tingkat kepercayaan
• Objectivity
• Generalizability: lingkup keberlakukan
• Parsimony: sederhana dalam menjelaskan
Research(8)
• Riset terapan dan riset murni
• Riset murni (basic/fundamental/pure research)
meningkatkan pengertian mengenai masalah yang
diperkirakan (akan) muncul, dan mencari
pemecahan bagi masalah tersebut; membangun
teori yang berlaku umum (universal) dan
keberhasilan adalah publikasi dalam jurnal ilmiah
dengan norma absolut (scientific rigor)
• Riset terapan (applied research) memecahkan
masalah tertentu yang muncul saat ini, berlaku
spesifik, keberhasilan dilihat dari kegunaan bagi
pengambilan keputusan yang diambil sponsor, dan
norma ditentukan sponsor
Research(9)

Creation Application
PRODUCT PROCESS MARKET

Basic Development Production Quality Application Product

Research Engineering Control Engineering Service

Applied Design Manufacturing Computer

Physical
Research Engineering Engineering Integrated
Distribution
Manufacturing

Fabrication

Innovation
Research(10)
• Research Norms
• Universalism
• Organized skepticism
• Disinterestedness
• Communalism
• Honesty
Research(11)
• Research strategies (Reisman and Kirschnick,
1995)
• Ripple
• Embedding
• Bridging
• Transfer of technology
• Creative application
• Structuring
• Statistical modelling
Research(12)

Available knowledge based on past research

New knowledge encompassed by new research

 Research(13)
The original EOQ model
(minimizing cost)
considers max. profit
per lot, max ROI in the
lot, and ROR of the
Ripple process investment
An incremental extension
of previous theoretical or
applied type of research
in a given discipline or
sub-discipline.
25
 Research(14)
The original EOQ model
considers a more
general → multiproduct,
multi-echelon,
stochastic
Embedding process: Single machine
The development of scheduling → n machine
more generalised
formulation or a more flow shop sched. models
global theory by
embedding several
known models or
theories
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 Research(15)
Bridging inventory
and scheduling
models, Discounted
cashflow and
scheduling models,
Bridging process:
scheduling and
The bridging (tying) of maintenance
known unrelated models
or theories resulting from
the growth of the
contributing and/or some
initially unrelated field of
knowledge.
27
Research(16)
The use of inventory
model to cash
management systems

Transfer Technology
The use of what is
known in one discipline
to model problem
domains falling in some
other, perhaps disparate,
discipline.

28
Research(17)
The application of
OR models to
agriculture or LP to
blending gasoline,
representing creative
Creative application: application,
The direct (not analogous)
application of a known
methodology to a problem
or research question that
was not previously so
addressed.
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Research(18)
OR/MS model to
complex problems. This
has made possible with
supercomputer and
other computing
Structuring process: technology
The process of
organisation and
documentation of the
organisational
phenomena in the
form of models.
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 Research(19)
The use of statistical
model in OR/MS
problems: inventory
control with demand
forecasting models
Statistical modelling
Models that arise from analyses
performed on empirically obtained
data. These models arise from
statistical manipulations such as
regression or cluster analysis
rather than on logical derivations
based on various assumptions.

31
Research(20)
Research(19)
Mono-discipline → multi-discipline → trans-discipline
Divergent disciplines, specialities, sub-, sub-disc. Convergent goals, problems, tasks.
DISCIPLINE ORIENTED GROWTH 1
MISSION ORIENTED
GROWTH
2

A
3

B 4

Disciplinary branching effect Interdisciplinary crystallisation

effect

Knowledge growth as combination of disciplinary branching and interdisciplinary crystallisation

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Tugas(1): Jelaskan masing-masing
paradigma dengan struktur berikut

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Tugas(2): Jelaskan masing-masing
paradigma dengan struktur berikut

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