PREHISTORY

The earliest known humans arrived in these

lands around 900,000 years ago.

55-54 BC
Roman General Julius Caesar
invaded Britain, gaining a third of

the country.

43 AD
Emperor Claudius Nero made Britain a part of
the Roman Empire.
47-50 AD
London was settled by the Romans, it was
known as Londonium.

401 AD
The Romans began their withdrawal from Britain.

793 AD
Viking raid on a monastery in Lindisfarne
(Holy Island), signaling the beginning of the

Viking age.

1066
Duke William of Normandy’s resounding victory

over King Harold at the Battle of Hastings

marked the dawn of a new era and the

beginning the Norman conquest of England.

1135
The Anarchy began, a civil war resulting from a
dispute over succession to the throne.

1095-1291
The Crusades to the Holy Land, which were
intended to recover Jerusalem and its

surrounding area from Islamic rule.

1192
King Richard I was an important Christian

commander during the Third Crusade. He was

captured by Duke Leopold V, Duke of Austria

while returning from the Holy Land.

1194
Richard was ransomed and returned to
England.

1237
The Treaty of York was signed, fixing
the border between Scotland and

England. 1328

The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton,
under which England recognized Scottish

independence, was signed

 1337
The Hundred Years' War between France and
England began, which originated from disputed

claims to the French throne between the English

royal House of Plantagenet and the French

royal House of Valois.

1348
The Black Death arrived in
England. It was the most fatal

pandemic recorded in human

history, causing the death of 75-

200 million people.

1373
The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 is
MAY signed, forming an alliance between England

-JUNE 1381 and Portugal; it remains an active treaty.

Peasants' Revolt was a major uprising across

large parts of England led by Wat Tyler, caused

by tensions generated by the Black Death, and 22 MAY 1455

the high taxes from the conflict with France The Wars of the Roses started, a civil war for
during the Hundred Years' War. control of the throne of England between the

House of York in Yorkshire and House of

Lancaster in Lancashire.

16 JUNE 1487
The Wars of the Roses ended with Red
Rose’s victory against White Rose at the Battle

of Bosworth.

1588
The Spanish Armada was sent to
attack England, but it was destroyed

thanks to the efforts of Sir Francis Drake.

1605

Gunpowder Plot: a failed assassination attempt

against King James I by a group of provincial

English Catholics including Guy Fawkes who 1642-1651

sought to restore the Catholic monarchy from
The English Civil War occurred, which was a
the Church of England after decades of
series of civil wars and political machinations
suppression against Catholics.
between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and

Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner

2-5 SEPTEMBER 1666

of England's governance and issues of religious

freedom.

1692-1693
Great Fire of London : A major conflagration Salem Witch Trials, a series of hearings and
that swept through the central parts of London. prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft, more

than 200 people were accused; 20 of which were

1706 executed, most of whom were innocent.

The Treaty of Union was agreed between

representatives of the Parliament of

England and the Parliament of Scotland,

stating that England (which already

included Wales) and Scotland were to be

"United into One Kingdom by the Name of

Great Britain".

 1707
The Acts of Union 1707 were passed in the
Parliament of England and Parliament of

Scotland, ratifying the Treaty of Union.

1760-1840
The Industrial Revolution, which
was the transition to new

manufacturing processes

1775
The War of American Independence
officially started with the battles of Lexington

1789 and Concord.

The War of American Independence ended

1859
with America's independence.

"On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin

is published.

10 JULY–31 OCTOBER 1940

Battle of Britain: Royal Air Force
defended the United Kingdom against

attack from Nazi Germany air force

during the Second World War.

2016
Brexit: Voters of the United Kingdom voted to

leave the European Union.