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ANALYSYS OF DISPERSION EFFECTS IN GAUSSIAN PULSES WITH THE

VARIOUS CHIRP PARAMETERS

Conference Paper · June 2013

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 th Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
15 Conference of Doctoral Students
Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
ELITECH ’13 June 5, 2013

ANALYSYS OF DISPERSION EFFECTS IN GAUSSIAN PULSES WITH THE

VARIOUS CHIRP PARAMETERS

L. Ladányi* – R. Menkyna* – J. Müllerová*

*
Institute of Aurel Stodola,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
University of Žilina,
ul. kpt. J. Nálepku 1390, 03101 Liptovský Mikuláš,
Slovak Republic

Abstract: The Gaussian input pulse was used for the analysis of dispersion effects in optical fibers for
optical communications. For the simulation the nonlinear Schrödinger equation modified for dispersion
mode was chosen. Based on the changes of the chirp parameter final shapes of transmitted Gaussian pulses
have been achieved. The main objective was to demonstrate the impact of the broadening factor of the pulse
and also to clarify the correlation between the change in phase and frequency chirp.

Keywords: Gaussian pulse, dispersion, chirp, broadening factor, phase change

the last term represents the nonlinear effects. In our

1 INTRODUCTION
In today's optical communication systems is very
useful to deal with the dispersion effects. In this
article we focused on the change of shape propagated
Gaussian pulses which are affected by broadening due
to various chirp parameters. Knowledge and control
of the chirp parameters is a prerequisite to obtaining
transform limited pulses and to compensate for group
velocity dispersion in fiber. Changing of chirp
parameter may result in a various pulse broadening or
under the certain condition it can result in a pulse
compression.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUNG
investigation   0 , that means the dispersion effects
are dominating. It is useful to introduce the dispersion
length [1] as
T02
LD  . (2)
2
In Eq. (2) T0 represent the pulse width which is set
by parameter FWHM (full-width at the half maximum
intensity point). The term in denominator represents
the dispersion through the dispersion term  2 . In the
next part of this article we will analyse the impact of
this term on the pulse broadening under the various
chirp parameters. A pulse is chirped if its carrier
frequency changes width time [2].

The most useful equation that governs the nonlinear 1.1 Dispersion induced broadening
effects and the effects of dispersion is the nonlinear
Schrödinger equation in the form The effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD) on
optical pulses propagating in a linear dispersive
U i   2U medium are studied by setting
 U U,
2
í  U 2 (1)   0 in pulse propagating equation. If we use the
z 2 2 T 2

normalized amplitude U ( z, T ) , we can write the

where U is the normalized amplitude of the pulse
following linear partial differential equation in the
and T is measured in frame of reference moving
form
width the pulse at the group velocity. The first term
on the right-hand side of Eq. (1) represents the fiber U  2  2U
í  . (3)
losses. Dispersion is governed by the second term and z 2 T 2

-1-
 Equation (2) is readily solved by using the Fourier- where the T0 is the half-width at 1/e- intensity
~
transform method. If U ( z,  ) is the Fourier transform point. If we use Eqs. (7) through (9) and carry out the
of U(z,T) such that integration over  using by Gaussian integration
 formula [3].
1 ~
U ( z, T ) 
2 
 U ( z,  ) exp(iT )d, (4) Gaussian integration is simply integration of the
exponential of a quadratic. We cannot write a simple
then it satisfies an ordinary differential equation expression for an indefinite integral of this form but
~ we can find the exact answer when we integrate from
U 1 ~
í    2 2U , (5)   to  . The basic integral is
z 2 

e
whose solution is given by G x
dx (10)
~ ~ 1
U ( z,  )  U (0,  ) exp(  2  2 z ). (6) 
2 The trick to calculate this is to square this using
Equation (6) shows that GVD change the phase of integration variables x and y for the two integrals
each spectral component of the pulse by an amount and then evaluate the double integral using polar
that depends on the both the frequency and the coordinates. From now on we will simply drop the
propagated distance. Even though such phase changes range of integration for integrals from   to  .
do not affect the pulse spectrum, they can modify the For more details in [3], important is that after making
pulse shape. By substituting Eq. (6) in Eq. (4), the adjustments we get a result
general solution of Eq. (3) is given by
e
 x2
 dx   . (11)
1 ~ i
U ( z, T )  
2 
U (0,  ) exp(  2  2 z  iT )d , (7)
2 For a real constant a  0 a change of variables gives
1 
 
~ G(a)  e  ax dx 
2
d ( a x )e  ( a x ) 
2
where U (0,  ) is the Fourier transform of the . (12)
a a
incident field at z  0 and is obtained using For a general quadratic exponent we simply

~

complete the square and then integrate using a similar
U (0,  )  U (0, T ) exp(iT )dT. (8)
change of variables

b 2 b2 b2
a ( x ) c  c
e 
 ax2  bx c
dx  e 2 a e 4 a dx
(13)  e 4a .
2 ANALYSYS OF PULSE PROPAGATION a
This relationship is very important for the
Gaussian beams are usually considered in situations calculation of integrals and simulating the changes in
where the beam divergence is relatively small, so that pulse shape due to group velocity dispersion effects.
the so–called paraxial approximations can be applied. The amplitude U ( z, T ) at any point z along the fiber
This approximation allows the omission of the term is given by
with the second-order derivative in the propagation T0  T2 
equation, so that a first-order differential equation U ( z, T )  exp . (14)
results. Within this approximation, a Gaussian beam 
T02  i 2 z
1 / 2

 2(T  i z ) 
 0
2
2 
propagating in free space remains Gaussian, except Gaussian pulse maintains its shape on propagation
that of course its parameters evolve. but its width T1 increases width z as
T1 z   T0 [1  ( z / LD ) 2 ]1/ 2 ,
In addition to the Gaussian shape of the intensity
(15)
profile, a Gaussian beam has a transverse phase
profile which can be described with a polynomial of where LD is the dispersion length. Eq. (15) shows
at most second order [2]. A linear phase variation in how GVD broadens a Gaussian pulse. The extent of
one direction describes a tilt, and a quadratic phase broadening is governed by dispersion length LD . For a
variation is associated with divergence or given fiber length, short pulses broaden more because
convergence of the beam. of a smaller dispersion length. At z  LD , a Gaussian
pulse broadens by factor of 2 . During the
2.1 Gaussian Pulses propagation of incident pulse it becomes chirped. This
We can write the incident field in the case of a can be seen from
Gaussian pulse in the form U ( z, T )  U ( z, T ) exp(i ( z, T )), (16)
T2
U (0, T )  exp( 2 ), (9) where
2T0

-2-
 sgn(  2 )(z / LD ) T 2 1 3 MAIN RESULTS
 ( z, T )    tan1 ( z / LD ).
1  ( z / LD ) 2 2
2T0 2
(17)
In this section we have described the results
The phase varies quadratically across the pulse at obtained from simulating the propagation of Gaussian
any distance z . The time dependence of  ( z, T ) [5] pulse in optical fiber. The simulation conditions were
implies that the instantaneous frequency differs across set as a lossless medium. We had neglected losses
the pulse from the central frequency  0 . The   0 in the order to be able investigate dispersive
difference  is just the time derivative   / T and effects. In Figure 1 we can observe the dispersion
inducing pulse broadening. It shows the extent of
is given by
dispersion-induced broadening for Gaussian pulse by
 sgn(  2 )(z / LD ) T 2
 (T )    . (18) plotting U ( z, T ) . The pulse width was set
T 1  ( z / LD ) 2 2T02 to T0  200 ps, that means the dispersion length for
Let us now consider the input Gaussian pulse that  2  20 ps2/km was LD  2000km .We can observe
has been initially chirped. In the case of linearly the pulse broadening at the distance z  2LD , that
chirped Gaussian pulses [4], the incident field can be means z  4000 km and at the z  4LD and that
written as
means z  8000km. According to the sign of  2 , there
 (1  iC ) T 2  are two types of dispersion, as the normal dispersion
U (0, T )  exp  ,
 (19) for  2  0 and anomalous dispersion for  2  0 . GVD
 2 T02 
causes a linear frequency change as we can observe in
where C is the chirp parameter. By using Eq. (16) Figure 2.
one finds that the instantaneous frequency increases
linearly from the leading to the trailing edge (up-
chirp) for C  0 , while the opposite occurs (down-
chirp) for C  0. The numerical value of C can be
estimated from the spectral width of the Gaussian
~
pulse [6]. By substituting Eq. (19) in Eq. (8), U (0,  ) is
given by
1/ 2
~  2T02 
  2T02 
U (0,  )   exp  . (20)
 1  iC 
 2(1  iC ) 
   
~
To obtain the transmitted field, U (0,  ) from Eq.
(20) is substituted in Eq. (7). The integration can
again be performed analytically using Eq. (13) with
the result
T0  (1  iC )T 2 
U ( z, T )  exp  .
T 
2
1/ 2  2(T 2  i z (1  iC))  Fig. 1. Normalized intensity U as a function of T /T 0
0
2
 i 2 z (1  iC)  0 2 
for a Gaussian pulse at z  2LD and z  4LD , dashed line
(21)
for z  0 .
The chirp parameter of the pulse also changes from
C to C1 such that
C1 ( z)  C  (1  C 2 )(  2 z / T02 ) .
(22) The linear frequency change in the normal
When  2C  0 , a chirped Gaussian pulse broadens dispersion regime depends on the propagated
monotonically at a rate faster than that of unchirped distance. We can also observed frequency change for
pulse. The reason is related to the fact that the the anomalous dispersion regime, depending on the
dispersion-induced chirp adds to the input chirp propagated distance in our case z  2LD , z  4LD and
because the two contributions have the same sign. for z  0 . In our simulation, we selected parameter 
The situation change for  2 C  0 . In this case, the to be negative  2  20 ps2/km, which is why we
contribution of the dispersion-induced chirp is of kind observe a linearly decreasing frequency chirp in time.
opposite to that of the input chirp.

-3-
 Figure 4. shows how the chirp parameter going to
change for input chirped Gaussian pulse. These
curves are for anomalous dispersion regime, but the
same curves can be obtained for normal dispersion
regime  2  0. In these case the anomalous
dispersion coefficient was set to  2  20 ps2/km.

Fig. 2. Frequency chirp  T0 as a function of T /T 0 for

Gaussian pulse at z  2LD , z  4LD and dashed line for
z0

Figure 3. shows the broadening factor as a function

of distance z / LD in the case of anomalous
dispersion  2  20 ps2/km. An unchirped pulse Fig. 4. Chirp parameter as function of distance. Dashed
C0 broadens monotonically by a factor curve correspond to the case of an unchirped Gaussian

 
pulse.
of 1  z / LD 2 . Chirped pulses may broaden or
1/ 2

Figure 5. shows the shape of propagating Gaussian

compress depending on whether  2 and C have the
pulse at the initial chirp is C  0 . The pulse width was
same opposite sings. In our simulation we choose for T0  200 ps and we can observe the change in the
C one opposite value and one negative value. In the
intensity corresponding to the course of broadening
case, when C  0 we can observe no dramatically
factor in the case of C  0 .
broadening of the input pulse. The situation change
for  2 C  0 . In this case, the contribution of the
dispersion-induced chirp is of kind opposite to that of
the input chirp.

Fig. 5. Gaussian pulse with no chirp C  0 propagating at

the distance z / LD

Figure 6. shows how the shape of the input pulse

going to change in the case with the chirp parameter
Fig. 3. Broadening factor as functions of distance for a is set C  2 .We can observe the change in the
chirped Gaussian pulse propagating in the anomalous- intensity corresponding to the course of broadening
dispersion regime. factor in the case of C  2 .

-4-

Fig. 6. Gaussian pulse with no chirp C  2 propagating at
the distance z / LD
At the propagating distances, where the z / LD  7 it
can be clearly observed the pulse compression and the
change in the intensity of the pulse. After crossing
this section the pulse broadening and also the
decreasing of the intensity occur again. The behaviour
of the input pulse with chirp C  2 can be seen on
the Figure 7. There the same parameters of the input
pulse like before were used.
Fig. 7. Gaussian pulse with no chirp C  2 propagating
at the distance z / LD
-5-
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5 CONCLUSION
In this article we describe the propagation of the
Gaussian pulse by including the dispersion effects. In
the first case we simulate the propagation without
including the chirp parameter. We have verified the
behaviour of broadening factor width by the used
value of chirp parameter. In the second case we have
verified the impact of including the negative and
positive chirp and the impact of this chirp on the
pulse broadening. The behaviour of the broadening
factor for the selected value of chirp parameter well
corresponds to the intensity change of a propagated
chirped Gaussian pulse.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was partly supported by the Slovak Grant
Agency under the project No.1/1271/12.
REFERENCES
[1] Paul L. Kelley, Ivan P. Kaminow, Govind P. Agrawal
(1995), Nonlinear Fiber Optics, third edition,
academics press , Book Number: 0-12-045143-3
[2] Paschotta, R. (2008), Encyclopedia of Laser Physics
and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 844 Pages,
ISBN 978-3-527-40828-3
[3] http://www.dur.ac.uk/mathematical.sciences/(20.4.13)
[4] Govind P. Agrawal(2002),Fiber–Optic communication
Systems, third edition, a John Wiley & sons, INC.,
publication, ISBN 0-471-22114-7
[5] Quin, B. at all (2009), A Programmable 1.8pJ/pulse
Gaussian Pulse Generator for Impulse UWB
Transceiver in 90nm CMOS, Inst. of
Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, IEEE
[6] Nguimdo, R.M. at all (2010), Effect of Fiber
Dispersion on Broadband Chaos Communications
Implemented by Electro-Optic Nonlinear Delay Phase
Dynamics, journal of lightwave technology, vol 28.
NO. 18, IEEE