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Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System: DC Genera
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System: DC Genera
BIET/2019 Page I
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
Submitted in
Submitted by
Guided by
Mr.HIMESH NANDA
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF ELECRICAL
ENGINRRING BALAJI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINRRING & TECHNOLOGY,
JUNAGADH, GUJRAT, INDIA
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CERTIFICATE
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Project work prescribed for the said diploma.
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
Date: -
Signature of candidate
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INDEX
Sr. No. Title page no.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 PRINCIPAL 2
3 CONSTRUCTION 3
5 EFFICIENCY 7
6 ENERGY LOSSES 8
7 USE OF TRANSFORMERS 9
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1.INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for highvoltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits
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2.PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
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3.CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from
the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of
the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.
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Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the resistance o, p1p2
I =E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = I p R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
=K
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In a step up transformer
If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t And I s =value of sec. current at this
instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant
= Es I s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we
gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
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5. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power
i.e.
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6. ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
below.
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7.USES OF TRANSFORMER
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.
A Big Transformer
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