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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A RAIN SENSOR AS A PROTECTIVE

SYSTEM

Thesis · July 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34760.47366/1

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 DESIGN AND IMPLENTATION OF A RAIN SENSOR AS A PROTECTIVE
SYSTEM

BY

OKAFOR JOHNPAUL UZOZIE 2013 115 009

UMEZULIKE OBINNA LINUSE 2013 115 015

OKEKE CHIKWENDU PASCHAL 2013 115 016

OMONIYI OLUFEMI JOHNSON 2011 115 019

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, ULI

i
JULY, 2018

ii
 TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND IMPLENTATION OF A RAIN SENSOR AS A PROTECTIVE

SYSTEM

BY

OKAFOR JOHNPAUL UZOZIE 2013 115 009

UMEZULIKE OBINNA LINUSE 2013 115 015
OKEKE CHIKWENDU PASCHAL 2013 115 016
OMONIYI OLUFEMI JOHNSON 2011 115 019

A PROJECT THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING,
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU UNIVERSITY, ULI
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING

i
 JULY, 2018

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project thesis “Design and implementation of
a rain sensor as a protective system” is a prototype work carried out by
Okafor Johnpaul Uzozie, Umezulike Obinna Linuse, Okeke Chikwendu
Paschal and Omoniyi Olufemi Johnson and the literature used in the
work were properly referenced; under the supervision of Engr Chidi
Muoghalu, in partial fulfilment of the prerequisites of the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical/Electronic Engineering,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojujwu University, Uli.
Date/ signature

OKAFOR JOHNPAUL UZOZIE 2013 115 009 ________________

UMEZULIKE OBINNA LINUSE 2013 115 015 ________________
OKEKE CHIKWENDU PASCHAL 2013 115 016 ________________
OMONIYI OLUFEMI JOHNSON 2011 115 019 ________________

Date/ signature

ENGR. CHIDI N. MUOGHALU

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR) ………………….

ENGR. DR. J.P ILOH

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) ………………….

ii
EXTERNAL EXAMINER ………………….

DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for the grace of and
inspiration to carry out this research successfully.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We use this medium to acknowledge those who contributed immensely
to the achievement of this project work.
We are very grateful to our supervisor Engr. Chidi N. Muoghalu who
contributed immensely to the success of this work with the corrections
and encouragement. We also owe big appreciation to the head of
department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering and other lecturers of
the department who in one way have helped in the course of this project
work.
We say a big thank you.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF PLATES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION x

ABSTRACT xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1

1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATION 4

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 4

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 6

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 6

1.6.1 SCOPE OF STUDY 6

1.6.2 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 6

1.7 OUTLINE OF PROJECT 7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 INTRODUCTION 8

2.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RAIN SENSING DEVICES 9

2.3 RELATED WORKS 9

v
 2.4 GAP IN LITERATURE 10

2.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 10

2.6 COMPONENTS USED AND THEIR DEFINITIONS 12

2.6.1 THE SENSOR 12

2.6.2 THE TRANSISTORS 13

2.6.3 THE 89S52 CHIP 14

2.6.4 RELAYS 18

2.6.5 LCD SCREEN 18

2.6.6 THE VERO BOARD 21

2.6.7 THE CRYSTAL 22

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM 23

3.2 SYSTEM FLOW CHART 24

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND OPERATION 25

3.4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY 27

3.5 THE ASM CODE 27

3.6 THE HEXADECIMAL CODE/ HEX FILE GENERATED 28

3.7 THE 89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING PROCESS 29

3.8 DIAGRAM OF THE CONSTRUCTION 31

CHAPTER FOUR 32

4.1 TEST AND RESULT 32

4.1.1 TABLE OF TEST RESULTS 32

4.1.2 LINE CHART OF RELIABILITY/FUNCTIONALITY OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM

33

vi
 4.2 DICUSSION OF RESULTS 33

4.3 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION 34

CHAPTER FIVE 35

5.1 CONCLUSION 35

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 35

REFERENCES 36

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2.1: Pin configuration of 89s52 chip 15

Fig. 2.2: LCD Pin Description 20
Fig. 3.1: System block diagram
23
Fig. 3.2: Flow chart of the system 24
Fig. 3.3: Circuit diagram of the system 25
Fig. 4.1: Line chart of reliability/functionality of the designed system
33

vii
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate 2.1: A Resistive Rain Sensor 13

Plate 3.1: Circuit design on Vero board 31

Plate 3.2: Complete project arrangement 31

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Pin Description of a 16x2 LCD 

21
Table 4.1: Test results 32

Table 4.2: Bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME)

34

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

MOV move
CJNE compare and jump if not equal

DJNZ decrement and jump if not zero

SETB set bit

CLR clear

CPL compliment

RL Rotate left

RR Rotate Right.

RLC Rotate left via Carry-bit

RRC Rotate Right via carry-bit.

JNB Jump if not bit.

JB Jump if bit.

Org start of ASM code.

End End of an ASM code.

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

ASM Assembly Language

GUI graphic user interface

x
 ABSTRACT
This work focuses on using rain sensors to activate protectors using the agricultural
sector as a case study. The intent of this work is to use rain sensor as a protector
for valuable items that are rains sensitive to reduce over employment especially in
the agricultural sector of the Nigerian economy. Thereby saving cost of labour to
the employers and saving time and energy. The objective was to use original
components and equipment in the construction, the programming language was
also put into consideration. During the construction process, the rain sensor circuit
was tested on a bread board before it was transferred to the Vero board and lastly
the rain sensor was constructed. This was to get rid of excess cost resulting from
errors in the implementation of the circuit design. The implementation procedure
adopted in this work was first designing the circuit with the use of Proteus. The
second step was to implement the circuit on a breadboard. The third step was to
implement the circuit on a Vero board, test and run. Then extensive ranges of tests
were performed to determine the reliability and functionality of the device for 10
days. This achieved desired results in the time it takes the protector to respond to
the signal produced from the output of the sensor. Possible recommendations were
highlighted aimed at improving it the more. The possible recommendations pointed
out were the implementation of usage of the device to areas of the economy
whether domestically, commercially or industrially, and the future researchers
should follow up with a microcontroller like PIC or ARDUINO which has internal
EEPROM and the more advance EEPROM technology/ data logger. This design can
be controlled by a simple incorporation of a voltage or current control machine/
induction system. And with the EEPROM, the operational settings of this dryer
controller and its logged data can then be permanently stored on non-volatile
registers/ ROM that preserve the logged data/ settings even when battery has being
removed.

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A rain sensor is a switching device activated by rainfall.
The rain detector is a self-contained electronic device that generates a
signal when its sensor is in contact with water. It can be used near
washing machines, water heaters, toilets, sump pumps, bathtubs,
dishwashers and high-efficiency furnace pumps.
This device have the ability to detect leaks from toilets that have the
noumenon to cause mould growth.
Crevices from appliances and plumbing fixtures often go unidentifiable.
Excess moisture and standing water resulting from a slow leak can
cause destruction of the floors and walls of your home. The potentiality
for a mold growth is very high. You will know if there is a moisture
problem from the signal generated by a rain detector.
Humankind have controlled the elements of nature for the following
intentions:

Sun for drying, heating and cooking especially when reflected on the
exact point.

Wind for wind mill used for many applications ranging from turning
turbines that produce electricity to quarry for grinding stones.

1
Water for irrigation and Electricity generation (Hydroelectricity).

From the onset, humankind used the sun as a natural agent to

dehydrate many things; a procedure tagged sun drying. Sun drying is
carried out in the home, farm, laboratory, hospitals, industries and other
institutions for quite some number of reasons. These reasons range
from totally dehydrating the things being dried, outright drying like
clothes and some farm produce, during building work and in sculpture
to exposing certain electronic materials/components directly to the sun
so that the ultra- violet rays from the sun can cause some changes in
the component and in pharmaceutical/chemical industries where
certain plants used for pharmaceutical purpose/chemicals are exposed
to direct sunlight for a little while to cause some chemical changes in
them and even at home sometimes when we open our windows to
allow the sun rays to fall into our rooms to eliminate dampness and
allows for proper aeration.

When rain falls it becomes an obstacle to all the reasons for sun-drying
specified above especially when the materials being sun dried cannot
easily be retrieved. The idea of designing and constructing a device
which closes your windows and bring in possession is not only in order
but also very imperative. Also, since it can rain at any time without any
warning, clothes in a clothes line outside the house that are almost
dryied up may get wet if we do not quickly realize it is raining. Thus this

2
work will also help users to protect the clothes or items from the effect
of the rainfall.
For many years till date, lots of work on Rain water detection have been
done by electronic designers/engineers. These works ranges from
applying rain detector circuit/device in irrigation, collecting rain water
for domestic and industrial use using a method categorized as rain
water harvesting to using rain detector/Sensor in automobiles to control
the power windows and roof whenever it senses moisture. A design
known as automatic rain sensing windows. Automatic Rain sensing
windows worked to create a device that enables car windows to slide
up automatically when rain falls, thereby preventing the interior from
getting damaged. The design was mainly used for automobiles [1].
Campbell built a rain detector which was used to detect whether it is
raining or snowing and the output used to trigger another circuit [1].
Mohammed incorporated a rain detector in his work that was used to
trap rain water automatically and store in reservoir for use domestically.
Other electronic engineers designed one form of rain detector/sensor in
the past but the main objective of this work which is to use rain detector
as a protective device was never considered [1].
Nowadays, so many highly effective equipment are used to make life
more comfortable. Those equipment are interwoven with varieties of
the engineering field (electrical, mechanical etc.) In the bid to save the
household in rainy seasons, this device has been designed. This work is
mechatronics in nature; a combination of electronic and mechanical has
created advancement recently. Mechatronics is implementing in this

3
work to achieve a commercial window that can be controlled
automatically. Hashim made efforts to develop a new wiper system tin
a bid to wipe rain water from vehicle’s windscreen. In older system,
wiper was manually used to control and pulling up the wiper was quite
hard. The objective of their work was to make the system automatic. An
automatic control system was developed by them using a Peripheral
interface controller and water sensor. Their system managed to
eventually achieve the aim as it could remove rain water automatically
from outside the car. The rain sensing automatic power window has a
rain sensor a motor operating circuit, a pair of motors and a driver
mechanism for sliding type windows. Powered by 12V DC, transformer
motors have enough torque to move the windows as required. When
rain falls on the sensor, it signals the circuit. The microcontroller is
programmed with MATLAB which acts as a switch for the circuit that
signals the motor driver which induces power to the motors. The
windows are sliding windows with smooth bearings to reduce drag and
friction for proper sliding movement. The aim of this work was to
develop a rain sensing automatic window mechanism for use
domestically. This work has been manipulated for the introduction
automatic rain sensing windows of luxury cars and has been modified
for application commercially. The principle is applicable to both of
them[2].

1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATION

4
The persistent amount of heavy rainfall and the difficulty people
encounter in protecting their items from rainfall especially those of high
precision gave the researchers the impetus to embark on this project.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Some of the hurdles needed to be eliminated especially in agricultural
sector of the economy are:
1. Farmers have to take the stress and risk of entering the rain to
cover their products that are been sundried.
2. Disabled people that are alone can’t get their valuable items inside
the house unless someone is there to help.
3. Sudden noise from devices can cause heart attack if care is not
taken.
In this project, the device was designed to solve these problems
comfortably.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A rain sensor activates a protector that prevents your valuable items

that are being sun dried and cannot be easily taken in every time it rains.
It is quite a cheap device that can save up to 40 percent of your water
bills, conserve water and protect the environment.

For efficiency, the rain sensor is mounted outdoors; away from trees
and roofs so that it can harvest rain water.

Below are the five advantages of using a rain sensor:

5
1. Conservation of Water

Large amount of water can be saved using a rain sensor. Turning off
your lawn irrigation system automatically at every occasion of rainfall,
the conserved water can be used for other essential purposes such as
fire fighting and other industrial, commercial or domestic purposes.

2. Prevention of diseases, damages and nutrient loss

Vulnerability to diseases is caused by Over-watering which prevents the

roots of your plants from reaching deep into the ground. It is also one of
the major cause of nutrient loss in plants as excessive watering clears
the nutrients of the soil leaving your plants unhealthy and eventually
damaged.

3. Conserving expenses made on Fertilizer

A rain sensor prevents you from overwatering your plants and lawn.
Overwatering the plants causes the nutrients from the turf to wash off
into the drainage system. You have to add more fertilizers to
compensate the loss of nutrients in your lawn and plants; by so doing,
spending lots of money on fertilizers. With an effective rain sensor, your
lawn and plants are prevented from overwatering. Your garden turf will
still be the best environment for your plants in concordance with the
fertilizer that you applied.

4. Increasing the Life cycle of your Irrigation System

6
Application of a rain sensor prevents unnecessary wear and tear of your
lawn irrigation system since it reduces the amount of time that your
lawn irrigation is in use. This is especially required during the rainy
season where rain comes and goes unpredictably.

5. Preventing Groundwater and Waterways Pollution

When a lawn irrigation system is equipped with a rain sensor, wasteful
runoff such as pesticides, motor oil, fertilizer, pet waste and sediments
are highly prevented from reaching your waterways. It also reduces the
quantity of garden pollutants such as herbicides and fertilizers getting
into your groundwater system.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of this project is to use rain sensor as a protector for valuable
items that are rains sensitive.
In order to achieve the aim of this project, the actual components were
used, the programming language was also put into consideration,
during the construction process, the rain sensor circuit was tested on a
bread board before it was transferred to the Vero board and lastly the
rain sensor was constructed.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

1.6.1 SCOPE OF STUDY

In this work, major components of the rain sensor circuit were
discussed. There are different types of rain sensors but the study was
limited to the resistive type, its working principle and applications.
Some electronic components were made use of which includes BJTs,

7
6Vdc relays, 7805 voltage regulator, PCB, 24MHz crystal oscillator and
others. The transistors used are the BJTs because they are slightly
easier to understand. The relays used are 6Vdc because it is compatible
with the power supple used. The microcontroller and programming
language used were suitable for the researchers because its principles
are much understandable to them.

1.6.2 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

During the course of this work, the following constraints were
experienced;

1. Financial constraints: There was a massive increase in price of

most of the components and also payments were made for some
of the materials used for the thesis.
2. Scarcity of related materials: compiling this thesis was not easy
because materials on related works were not available in the
library and also the ones found online were mostly not free.
3. Transportation: transportation was another difficult task because
all the components used were gotten from Onitsha and due to the
fact that motorcycles have been banned from operating, trekking
was a better option to reduce cost of transportation.
4. The laboratory wasn’t fully equipped. The researches create a
suitable environment for the work.
At the end of the day, the researchers were able to achieve the aim of
the project.

8
1.7 OUTLINE OF PROJECT

The various stages involved in the development of this project have

been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and
concise reading. In this project thesis the project is organized
sequentially as follows:

1. Chapter one of this work is basically the introduction to rain

sensor. In this chapter; the background, motivation, aim,
significance of study etc was discussed.
2. Chapter two was based on the literature review of rain alarm. In
this chapter, all the literature relating to this work was surveyed.
3. Chapter three describes the methodology and the architectural
aspect aspect of the rain sensor.
4. Chapter four itemizes the test analysis and results therein.
5. In Chapter five, the conclusion and recommendation of the work
was given.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

A rain sensor is a rainfall triggered device. Some applications of rain

sensors are; first, connecting the device to automatic irrigation system
to make the system shut down by sensing rain drop. The second is a
device used to shield the interior of automobiles from rain and to
support the automatic mode of windscreen wipers. An additional
application in professional satellite communications, antennas are used
to trigger a rain blower on the aperture of the antenna feed to remove
water droplets from the Mylar cover that keeps pressurized and dry air
inside the wave-guides [3].

Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in both wireless and
hard-wired versions most employing hygroscopic disks that swell in the
presence of rain and shrink back down again as they dry out — an
electrical switch is in turn depressed or released by the hygroscopic
disk stack and the rate of drying is typically adjusted by controlling the
ventilation reaching the stack. However, some electrical type sensors
are also marketed that use tipping bucket or conductance type probes
to measure rainfall. Wireless and wired versions both use similar
mechanisms to temporarily suspend watering by the irrigation controller
— specifically, they are connected to the irrigation controller's sensor

10
terminals or installed in series with the solenoid valve common circuit
such that they stop the valve from opening when rain has been
sensedsense [5].

Where irrigation systems are still used over the winter, some irrigation
rain sensors also contain a freeze sensor to keep the system from
operating in freezing temperatures [5].

2.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RAIN SENSING DEVICES

One of the oldest type of rain sensor still in use today has a water
collecting basin that performs the work of a rain guage. Once the basin
collects a pre-set amount of water, the weight of the water trips a
switch and triggers the irrigation system off. The challenge with this
type of rain sensor is that the basin doesn't discriminate between rain
and debris which can fill the container and interrupt the watering cycle
untimely. Some of the wider basin types allow wind to blow rain water
out of the container which delays the shut-off [4].

Conductivity is the principle of the second generation of rain sensor.

Two electrodes are positioned a certain distance from the bottom of the
basin. When the water level reaches the electrodes, a circuit is
completed and the switch is triggered. The weight of debris will not
trigger the switch but displaces water causing the untimely switching of
the trip during a brief shower [4].

The open container is the liability with either of the first two rain sensor
types.

11
The third and currently most popular sensor discards the old catch
basin. A hygroscopic disk made of a synthetic material similar to cork
expands when it gets wet. The more it gets, the more it expands. The
expanded disk triggers the switch after a preset amount of rain has
fallen. There is a continuous expansion as more rain fall. Until the disk
dries out and returns to normal size, the system will not resume
schedule. The sensor keeps preventing water as more rain fall [4].

2.3 RELATED WORKS

For quite some years ago till date, many works on Rain water detection
have been done by electronic engineers. These works range from
collecting rain water for domestic and industrial use a process known
as rain water harvesting, the application of rain detector circuit/device
in irrigation to using rain detector/Sensor in automobiles to serve as a
control for the power windows and roof whenever it senses moisture, a
design known as automatic rain sensing windows.
P. Campbell [10] in his work described that Automatic Rain sensing
windows worked to create a device that will allow car windows to roll up
automatically when it rains thereby preventing the interior from getting
damaged. The design was essentially used with automobiles.
Campbell scientific built a rain detector which functions to sense
whether it is raining or snowing, and [11] the output used to trigger
another circuit on or off.
Mohammed inserted a rain detector in his work [12] designed to gather
rain water automatically and store same in reservoir for domestic use.
Prabhakar Hegade, Sunil Nayak, Parashuram Alagundi and Kiran M R

12
designed a device. [13] In their project, there are trays which opens &
closesbbased on sun rays. Tray is fixed on roof and controlled through
8 bit microcontroller which recognizes this status of weather.
Imran Ahmed Khan and Khushboo Gupta worked on a device and the
purpose of the device is to create a system that will allow car windows
to roll up automatically when it rains, to prevent interior damages and to
make device conducive for users. The aim is developing a reliable
automatic rain detection system that is commercially available to a
large market of automobile users.

2.4 GAP IN LITERATURE

This work is unique in the sense that it does the work of the user
whether he/she is present or not. It doesn’t even need alarm to inform
people or the users of rainfall and it does a general job. The
microcontroller is delayed by some seconds to enable the motors delay
before moving the protector open or close to save the life of the device.
The project was designed to solve the problems stated.

2.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

(1)MOV = move e.g. moving a register content into another register or
moving a desired binary/ digital number to a register.

(2)CJNE = compare and jump if not equal e.g. in comparing content of

two registers or in comparing the content of a register with a
desirable number or a processed/ process generated binary/ digital

13
 value/ number(s).

(3)DJNZ = decrement and jump if not zero e.g. for one time decrease
of the content of a desired register and jumping to a desired code
label if the decremented content is not yet zero value.

(4)SETB = make an external pin of the 8051 chip to have a High or a 1

or a +ve voltage signal. Note that each bit outputted from the 8051
chip comes from an internal register address.

(5) CLR = clear the content of a register to a zero binary/ digital value
or clear the bit status of an external 8051 pin (or of a bit in an
internal register) to a zero or –ve voltage value.

(6) CPL = compliment a register value especially the “accumulator”

which is the most active special register (the ALU = Arithmetic and
Logic Unit/ register).

(7) RL = Rotate left e.g. rotate content of a register especially of the

“accumulator”/ “A”.

(8) RR = Rotate Right.

(9) RLC = Rotate left via Carry-bit which is the C-bit called the
Carry-flag.

(10)RRC = Rotate Right via carry-bit.

(11)JNB = Jump if not bit.

(12)JB = Jump if bit.

14
 (13)Org = start of ASM code.

(14)End = End of an ASM code.

(15)EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

(16)ASM = ASSSEMBLY LANGUAGE: An assembly (or assembler)

language, abbreviated as ASM, is a low-level programming
language in which there is a very strong correspondence between
the assembly program statements and the architecture's machine
code instructions.

2.6 COMPONENTS USED AND THEIR DEFINITIONS

In this project the following components and materials were used to
implement the resistive rain sensor. They are:

1. 1 x Small Rain Sensor

2. 1 x 89S52 chip

3. 3 x C828 NPN Transistor

4. 1 x 16 by 2 LCD

5. 5V voltage regulator

6. Capacitors

7. IC Socket

8. Switch

9. Resistors

10. 3 x 6v relays

15
 11. 9v battery x 2

2.6.1 THE SENSOR

This is a specially selected zigzag-plates sensor by a small definite
distance for detecting the rain. When water touches it completes the
circuit and reduce the resistance. In this work, zig-zag was drawn
across a PCB to get the sensor to that shape.

Plate 2.1 A Resistive Rain Sensor

2.6.2 THE TRANSISTORS

These are small bipolar junction NPN transistors [5]. They are either
C828 or C1815 small BJT (transistors) used for current amplification

16
from the ports of our 89s52 to switch transistors when necessary as
described in our system flow chart block diagram and ASM code. There
are basically two main types transistor out there: bi-polar junction
known as BJT and metal-oxide field-effect known as MOSFET. In this
project, the BJT was used because it’s slightly easier to understand.
Going further into transistor types, there are actually two versions of the
BJT which are the NPN and PNP (N- Negative, P- Positive). We turned
our focus even sharper by minimizing the discussion pertaining to the
NPN earlier on. Generally, the PNP transistors receive negative current
to their base terminal while receiving positive DC current to their emitter
terminal to allow them switch out that positive DC current from the
rd
emitter terminal to the collector terminal (i.e. the 3 transistor pin/leg
that was formerly hanging internally). So each time this PNP BJT
collects a negative current from a pin of our microcontroller chip or a
sub-circuit (or even from a transistorized oscillator using two NPN
transistor ), the PNP will switch ON (since it has a constant positive
current at its emitter) thereby switching that positive current from its
emitter to its collector. At that same frequency of the incoming positive
current to its base, it will switch a higher positive current from its
emitter to collector. For this project, One BJT is used to amplify the
output signal. Another BJT is used to amplify the voltage and current
output of the 89s52 microcontroller used in driving our 6vdc relay that
drives/ switches 220V to 240VAC power or 9V to 12Vdc power. Each
BJT has an emitter-base collector terminals configuration. Thus we
have basically two types of BJTs which are the NPN and the PNP-types.

17
Each still have its three terminals/ pins being “base collector and
emitter” respectively. For a typical NPN transistor it will switch an
available battery negative voltage at its emitter to its collector pin only
when it receives a weak positive signal to its base terminal/ pin via a
small resistor.
For a typical PNP transistor it will switch an available battery positive
voltage at its emitter to its collector pin only when it receives a weak
negative signal to its base pin via a small resistor. However these
transistors work simultaneously as switches and as amplifiers that
replicate our signals at higher voltages and currents with the help of the
9VDC power supply that powers the entire electronic circuit.

2.6.3 THE 89S52 CHIP

The AT89S52 has a high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory but uses low power.
The production of the device is done using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. Combining a versatile
8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip
makes the Atmel AT89S52  a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective remedy to many embedded control
applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features:
128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, 4K bytes of Flash, two

18
data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a clock circuitry, a full duplex serial port and an on-chip
oscillator. Furthermore, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, stopping all other chip functions until the next
external interrupt or hardware reset [12].

Fig 2.1: pin configuration of 89S52 chip [https://www.robomart.

com/atmel-at89s52-microcontroller]

FEATURES:

• Six Interrupt Sources

19
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory –

Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Power-off Flag

• Fast Programming Time

• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

SPECIFICATIONS:

· Package: PDIP

· Data Bus Width: 8 bit      

· Maximum Clock Frequency: 33 MHz

20
 · Program Memory Size: 8 KB      

· Program Memory Type: Flash     

· RAM Size: 256 B    

· ADC: No                                         

· Core Processor: 8051

No matter the programming language used all of them (compilers) will

produce similar/ the same hex file for programming our 89s52
microcontroller (µC) chip to do exactly the same things or perform
exactly in the same way for all of them. Thus the µC uses an external
24MHz crystal electronics component for stabilizing its clock speed
together with two 30pf paper capacitors. At these conditions an 89s52
µC working with 24MHz crystal will have an operational frequency given
by:

T=

T = 0.5 µSec which means that the microcontroller will be performing

two data processing or two instruction execution tasks in each one
microsecond which will accumulate to two million tasks in each one
second. Though this 0.5µ Second is the time the microcontroller spends
in executing each line of its average code/ instructions some of these
instructions may consume two to three µseconds like the compare and
jump if not equal (i.e. CJNE) decrement and jump if not zero (DJNZ) etc.

21
Steps to burn program on microcontroller:
Step1: Firstly, clear the previously written or inserted program in the
chip.
Step2: Then blank the memory inside the chip.
Step3: The program must be loaded from hex file.
Step4: After loading from the hex file burn the program into the
microcontroller chip.

2.6.4 RELAYS
This is a 6vdc relay. [6]A relays are electromagnetic switches operated
by relatively small electric current that can turn on or off a much larger
electric current. The main component of a relay is an electromagnet (a
coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows
through it). A relay can be imagined as a kind of electric lever: switch it
on with a tiny current and it switches on ("leverages") another appliance
using a much bigger current. Why is that useful? As the name suggests,
many sensors are incredibly sensitive pieces of electronic equipment
and produce only small electric currents. But often we need them to
control larger pieces of apparatus that use bigger currents. Relays
bridge the gap, making it possible for small currents to activate larger
ones. That means relays can work either as switches (with the ability to
turn things on and off) or as amplifiers (with the ability of converting
small currents into larger ones). Thus the transistor requires much
small dc voltage or current from the pin 33 (P0.6) of the µC to be
switched ON whenever it is desirable based on the internal hex code
running inside the µC. When the 6v relay is switched ON it supplies a

22
strong available dc (battery) or AC voltage from the “Rest” to the “Bell”
terminal or from the “Bell” to “Rest” terminal of the relay which is used
to power the DC/ AC motor of our rain sensor.

2.6.5 LCD SCREEN

LCD (fully called the Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic

display module found in most gadgets today. A 16x2 LCD display is a
very basic module and is commonly used in various devices and circuits.
These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons arel that LCDs are cheaper, easily
programmable, have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

As the name implies, 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per
line and there are 2 of such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely;
Command and Data.

The command register saves the command instructions given to the

LCD. A command is a set of instructions given to LCD to perform a
predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor
position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD [7].
The LCD screens are actually made of very tiny/ miniaturized matrix

23
array of liquid crystals which each change could colour to white blue or
black etc when a dc voltage passes through it. The actual colour will
depend on the degree of voltage/ current they receive. These liquid
crystals are actually arranged in rows and columns like our electronic
dot matrix display LEDs which makes the LCD capable of displaying the
over 26 plus alphanumeric characters of the English Language which
include the ten basic numbers from 0 to 9 plus more of some of the
special characters of the Roman system and others like the & % * ^ # etc.
Thus an LCD is a miniaturized dot matrix display system that use liquid
crystals that changes colour once energized by the presence of a
forward electrical current or once de-energized by the presence of a
backward electrical current. The miniaturization enables us to have
more number of rows of its dot matrix system unlike in our LED dot
matrix system thereby making it much possible for us to display many
standard symbol(s) alphabets and numbers. The energizable liquid
crystal concept and the embedded microprocessor inside the LCD
enables us to eliminate the challenges of refreshing the displayed
message. This enables us to display the names of the inventors, their
Department, Supervisor names etc.
Some other LCD screen use in GSM phones TVs etc are the
plASMa-membrane (i.e. using the plASMa membrane to replace the
liquid crystal but still ensuring a change of colour at the dc voltage
passage) CCFL backlit LED backlit Non-LEDs screens plASMa HD OLED
(Organic Light Emitting Diode) etc. However the liquid crystal display
used in this project work has its pins 7 to 14 connected to pin1 to 8 (i.e.

24
P1.0 to P1.7 i.e. port1) of the 89s52 microcontroller (µC) chip. Pins 45 and 6
of the LCD are connected to port3 pins of the 89s52 microcontroller
(µC) chip. For the LCD its pin 1 is –ve input line (ground or GND or Earth
line) its pin 2 is Vcc or +Ve input line). Its pin3 is the display contrast
line for controlling the brightness of the display.

FIG 2.2 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION

Table 2.1 Pin Description of a 16x2 LCD 

Pin No  Function  Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground

25
2 Supply voltage; 5V (+or- 0.3V)  Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor  VEE
Selects command register when low; and data Register
4
register when high Select
Low writes to the register; High reads from the
5 Read/write
register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low
6 Enable
pulse is given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

2.6.6 THE VERO BOARD

This is the fibre reinforced copper boards used in interconnecting our
electronics circuit components together with the aid of the molten
soldering Lead and the red hot soldering iron. [8] Veroboard is a type of
stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on an
insulating bonded paper board which was prototyped and manufactured

26
in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision
Engineering Ltd (VPE). It was introduced as a general-purpose material
for use in constructing electronic circuits - differing from
purpose-designed printed circuit boards (PCBs) in that a variety of
electronic circuits may be constructed using a standard wiring board.

2.6.7 THE CRYSTAL

This is a 24MHz external crystal oscillator used between pin 18 and 19
of our 89S52 microcontroller to set the operational speed of our
microcontroller by setting the time it will take the chip to execute each
machine cycle of the ASM code loaded into it. For this 24MHz crystal
this 89s52 chip (having 30pF capacitors between pin 19 and 20 (GND)
and pin 18 and 20) the speed of its machine.
[9]In the original 8051, a complete machine cycle lasts for 12 oscillator
periods. Therefore, in calculating the machine cycle for the 8051, we
take one-twelfth of the crystal frequency, then take its inverse cycle will
be:
T=

for executing each instruction line of the ASM code. This means that a
24MHz crystal will make this chip to perform 2 million operations in
every 1 second but a 12MHz crystal will make the chip to be slow in its
operations as it will be performing only 1 million operations in every 1
second.

27
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

The block diagram of the system in fig 3.1 shows the link or

interconnection between the basic blocks of the system.

5VDC LCD 6V Relays

FROM
Screen
7805
9VDC Voltage
Battery Regulator
Input 89s52 Chip

Zig Zag
Internal
Resistive RAM/Registers
BJT (Transistor)
Rain Sensor

Fig 3.1 System block diagram

28
3.2 SYSTEM FLOW CHART

START

INITIALIZE MAJOR
REGISTERS

INITIALIZE
MINOR

READ RAM (MEMORIES/ REGISTERS) LIKE SIM CARD FOR

ALL USER DEFINED PROCESS SETTINGS
CONTINUE
NORMAL DISPLAY
IS RAIN,
WATER OR
No
TOUCHES
NO DETECTED ?
IS RAIN, WATER OR
TOUCH DETECTED? Yes
YES

DISPLAY PROJECT STATUS

IS RAIN, WATER
YES NO
OR TOUCHES
STILL
DETECTED?

END

29
Fig 3.2 Flow chart of the system

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND OPERATION

30
Fig 3.3 Circuit diagram of the system

CIRCUIT OPERATION

31
The 89s52 microcontroller of the 8051 family was used in this design.
The port 1 of the IC is connected to the lcd. A 24MHz crystal oscillator
is used between pin 18 and 19 of our 89s52 microcontroller to set the
operational speed of our microcontroller by setting the time it will take
the chip to execute each machine cycle of the ASM code loaded into it.
The basic principle of operation is when you switch on the device, it
comes on and the LCD displays some items and it boots completely. If
water or any conductor touches the sensor, the microcontroller reads
the data and sends signal to the relays to come on and open the
protector. Once the water or conductor is still there the protector
remains open but when there is no more water it closes.
There are three relays here the first two does the work of reversing of
polarity of the motor. The third relay de-energizes the power line after
operation. The protector can’t move if the third relay is off. The two
relays must be put on or off at the same time.
The sensor is depicted as a switch in the circuit diagram. When it is
open, it means no water on the sensor. When it is closed, it means there
is water on the sensor. The sensor is a PCB demarcated by scrapping of
the copper across it in a ziz-zag manner as shown in plate 3.1 making it
to have two sides which can be electrically continuous when a
conductor comes in contact with both sides. The sensor must be put in
the right direction so that when rain touches it, the circuit is closed and
voltage flows through the R2 triggers on the Q3 transistor. As the Q3 is
triggered, the collector of T3 feeds a negative signal to pin 15 of the

32
microcontroller. The microcontroller is constantly scanning the pin 15 to
know if there is a negative voltage using JNB. The microcontroller
constantly send a positive signal because the sensor is normally
opened. When it senses negative in pin 15, it delays to actually confirm
if it is water; it checks again and if it sees negative, it powers the relays
which switches the motor on and opens the protector. The protector
remains open as far as water is still on the sensor. When the water
dries, the microcontrollers delays and check if it is actually true, then it
reverses polarity and moves the protector back with the help of the
relays that powers the motor.
The crystal oscillator is used to set the operational speed of our
microcontroller by setting the time it will take the chip to execute each
machine cycle of the ASM code loaded into it.
The voltage regulator used here is a 5v regulator which just requires 5v
and powers it to the IC (89S52 chip used in this work) and also the LCD.
The switch is used to turn of the device entirely to conserve power
supply.
The work of the LCD here is just to make the entire device user friendly
and also to display the names of the project team in style.
The IC used here is 89s52 from the 8051 family. Its work is to tell the
LCD what to display and also to tell the relays when to rotate forward or
backward.

3.4 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

33
 1. Assemble the circuit on a good quality bread board.

2. For assembling the sensor cut a 2×2 printed circuit board. Create a

demarcation across the board (ziz-zag) pattern was used in this
design as shown in plate 3.4). Sensor ready.

3. Rebuild the circuit now on the Vero board.

4. To test the circuit make all connections and power up. Place a drop
of water on the sensor so that two wires become shorted through
water. Now the cover opens. Dry the water from the sensor and the
cover closes.

5. Now case the circuit and the work is ready.

3.5 THE ASM CODE

The hexadecimal files/codes are the machine (programming) language
but the assemble language are next to the hexadecimal/ machine
language which we develop for this project. This ASM code is written
using MIDE51 service pack compiler (installed in our computer) which
could be developed with VB.Net GUI or Java GUI (J-frames) to have
buttons menus labels forms etc. This MIDE51 is actually programmed
using the VB.Net to enable it to understand the 8051 instruction sets
like MOV DJNZ DEC INC CJNE JZ JNC JC DPTRCALLJUMPSUBDIVMUL
RR RRC RL RLC SWAP CPL AND ADD JNB JB SET B CLR ORG EQU RET
NOPPOP PUSH C END etc. Each of these instructions have a binary
representation in hexadecimal form and each has a definite positioning
pattern in hexadecimal form like any other human language that have
nouns vowels proverb pronoun adjectives operators operands etc. A

34
page of the assemble language is usually refered as an ASM code and
is save as an “.ASM” file. The MIDE-51 is developed to understand all
the abbreviational short names given to all the general and special
registers of our 8051 chip. And it interprets all the 8051 ASM language
instructions/ instruction sets/ vocabularies into their equivalent
hexadecimal file/ code. For instance the MIDE.51 will generate a
definite hexadecimal equivalent of the instruction MOV p1 #OFFH. Thus
Org 000h is the beginning of the ASM code. Note semicolon is end of
sentence/ from comma. MOV p1 #OFFH; meaning move into port 1 (8
bits size) #255 being #11111111B or #0ffH. The H means it is a
hexa-decimal number. All reliable and well developed software
compiller that run on different programming software language
platforms like ASM JAVA C++ C-Sharp (C#) VB.net etc give rise to the
same hexadecimal file/ code which we have to use our microcontroller
programmer (connected externally to our computer) to program into the
microcontroller.

3.6 THE HEXADECIMAL CODE/ HEX FILE GENERATED

As stated earlier this is purely 8 bits byte size that is written in base 16
called Hexadecimal. It could be a half page data one page data or set
page data that is made of combination of binary data and A to F
alphabets. It is a base 16 equivalent of the ASM code written by us or
automatically generated by our computer compiler for programming our
microcontroller since it will not understand English language or any
other except 1s and 0s.
It is also purely binary numbers of 1s and 0s (ones and zeros i.e. high

35
and low i.e. positive and negative battery currents) written in base 16
(hexadecimal) for instructing microcontroller on exactly how to operate
at any point in time by our use of ISOPROG programmer interface being
a VB.Net software interface which enables us to load/ programming the
89s52. Like we said earlier the microcontroller do not actually
understand ASM JAVA VB.Net C# C++ Q – basic android e.t.c but it only
understands the same hexadecimal file generated from any of these
programming languages for a given micro operation. This method
converts all the ASM sentences vocabularies positions directions etc
into unique arrangement of 1s and 0s in base 16 formate using
numbers 0 to 9 (as 1st to 10th count position) and A to F (as 11th to 16th
count position). Base 16 is used because the numeric-binary counting
(using two sets of binary numbers) gets filled at the base 16 and an
over flow occur at next count. For instance after counting 0000 1110B =
0E16 = 0EH =14D next number will be 0000 1111B = 0F16 = 0FH =15D and
next count will be 0001 0000B = 1016 = 10H =16D. So counting from
00000000B (i.e. 00H) to 00001111B (i.e. 0FH) the 16th count is the 0FH
and the next count is the over flow (10H = 1610 =1016 but not = 1010).
However:
MOV P1 #76H = mov p1 #76h = 759076 all in hexa-decimal
MOV P2 #90H = mov p2 #90h = 75A090 all in hexa-decimal
MOV A #0BH = mov a #0bh = 740b all in hexa-decimal
MOV P3 A = mov p3 a = ? all in hexa-decimal
MOV P0 #5FH = mov p0 #5fh = 75805f all in hexa-decimal

3.7 THE 89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING PROCESS

36
After writing the ASM or Java code etc. or the available compiler, the
build button was clicked in the MIDE-51 interface to generate the
required hexadecimal file in the same folder containing our ASM or
JAVA or C++ code etc. Then we have to open another software GUI
interface called the ISOPROG to use it to load the hexadecimal file into
the microcontroller plugged into our computer parallel port via our
ISOPROG computer aided programmer.
The ISOPROG will first have to detect and recognize the microcontroller
plugged delete its necessary memories/ registers before it then
programme the chip and also report to us if the chip programming is
successful/ not or if any error occurs. If it is successful we can then
unplug the chip from the programmer and then plug it into the project
circuit already built to operate according to that ASM or Java code we
wrote with the compiler. Before programming the chip we must design
and simulate our project circuit with another VB.Net or Java software
GUI interface/ programme called Proteus. Proteus is dedicated for
building all kinds of electronic circuits with all the possible electronics
components tools equipment power supplies and actuators existing in
their virtual form in Proteus. Proteus enables us to still build any
microcontroller project load the hex file we generate from the compiler
into the chip and then play the circuit to test its possible final real life
performances and possible error occurrences. Sometimes our real life
circuit performance defers from the virtual proteus performance
because of the extreme creative advances of our electronics designs
beyond the imaginations of most of the international electronics

37
designers and or proteus designers whose minds and understandings
are virtually mimic in proteus.

38
3.8 DIAGRAM OF THE CONSTRUCTION

Plate 3.1: Circuit design on veroboard

Plate 3.2: Complete project arrangement

39
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 TEST AND RESULT

The reliability and functionality tests of this device was carried out to
know how reliable the system is. Though there is a delay in both the
time taken to open and time taken to close to be able to work efficiently
and prevent the effect of torque on the motor and the device at large.
The test was carried out for 10 days and these results were gotten as
shown in the table below:

4.1.1 TABLE OF TEST RESULTS

Table 4.1: Test results

DAYS TIME OPEN TIME CLOSE

(SECS) (SECS)
1 4.57 2.06
2 4.78 2.19
3 3.54 2.14
4 3.5 2.1
5 4.28 2.38
6 3.36 2.43
7 4.83 2.48
8 4.13 2.71
9 4 2.67

40
10 5.27 2.78

41
4.1.2 LINE CHART OF RELIABILITY/FUNCTIONALITY OF THE DESIGNED
SYSTEM

6
DATA RANGE

5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAYS

TIME OPEN (SECS) TIME CLOSE (SECS)

Fig 4.1: Line chart of reliability/functionality of the designed system

4.2 DICUSSION OF RESULTS

Looking at the table and the graph of reliability/functionality, it can be

deduced that for each of the days it rained, the system signalled the
user first before it actually started to rain thereby giving the user ample
time to retrieve/recover valuable items and preventing them from being
wetted by rain water. The time here referres to recovery time and it is
the foundation of this design. It is deduced that the protector opens
when it confirms that there is water on the board and closes when there
is no more water.

42
4.3 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

Table 4.2: Bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME)

S/N ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT TOTAL PRICE
PRICE (₦) (₦)
1 PCB 1 1000 1000
2 89s52 chip 1 800 800
3 C828 NPN Transistor 3 50 150
4 16 by 2 LCD 1 1000 1000
5 5V voltage regulator 1 100 100

6 Capacitors 2 30 60

7 IC Socket 1 50 50

8 Switch 1 100 100

9 Resistors 5 20 100

10 6v relays 3 200 600

11 9v battery 2 100 200

12 Bread board 1 500 500

43
13 Vero board 1 300 300

14 Disc drive 1 1500 1500

15 Knockout box 1 500 500

16 Soldering iron 1 3000 3000

17 Multi meter 1 4000 4000

18 Screw 12 5 60

19 Connection wires 2 yards 100 200

20 Screw driver 1 100 100

21 Soldering lead 1 roll 200 200

21 Transport 7500

22 Programming 20,000

23 Miscellaneous estimate 10,000

24 Total 51,120

44
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
At the end of this project, a system was designed which could solve the
problem of overemployment and loss of valuable items especially in
rainy season. When Clothes are washed and dried using a washing
machine, there will be wetness in the clothes which results to the
clothes having bad smell and can easily contact infections that will
cause skin problems. Finally, this system avoid above problems and
gives good result. This Project moves carry towards the new technology.
In this project, items are protected in rainy season automatically without
the need of any human interference. So it provides comfortability,
reduces the human effort and saves the time. It can easily be used in
homes, office and wherever it can be used based on our needs. So it
makes life easy to our next generation.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are as follows:

1. This work is basically built for agricultural products, but it can be

extended to other areas of the economy whether domestically,
commercially or industrially.
2. The future researchers should follow up with a microcontroller like
pic, ARDUINO etc which has internal EEPROM and the more
advance EEPROM technology/ data logger. This design can be
controlled by a simple incorporation of a voltage or current control

45
 machine/ induction system. And with the EEPROM, the operational
settings of this dryer controller and its logged data can then be
permanently stored on non-volatile registers/ ROM that preserve
the logged data/ settings even when battery has being removed.

REFERENCES
[1] Oyubu A.O, (2017) d“ esign and implementation of a rain water
detector-alarm system ” International Journal of Advancements in
Research & Technology, Vol 4, Issue 6, June .
[2] Hashim N.M.Z, Husin S.H, Ja’afar A.S & Hamid N.A.A, (2013)
Smart
“ Wiper Control System” International Journal of Application
or Innovation in Engineering & Management Vol. 2 Pp. 409-415.
[3] Rain
“ sensor ” https://www.azosensors.com/equipment-category.
aspx?cat=34. Last retrieved 5-May-2018.
[4] http://www.pic-control.com/rain-sensor, 7-April-2015.
[5] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors, Retrieved
6-May-2018.
[6] https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howrelayswork.html, Last
retrieved 5-May-2018.
[7] https://www.engineersgarage.
com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheet. Last
retrieved 7-May-2018.
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroboard, 2018. Retrieved
8-May-2018.
[9] http://what-when-how.

46
View publication stats

com/8051-microcontroller/time-delay-for-various-8051-chips/.
Retrieved 8-May-2018.
[10] Prabhakar Hegade, Sunil Nayak, Parashuram Alagundi, Kiran M R,
(2016) Automatic
“ Protection of Clothes from Rain ” International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 4.
[11] Imran Ahmed Khan, Khushboo Gupta, (2015) D
“ esign of Rain
Detection System for Power Windows ” International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering
5(4), pp. 1523-1527.
[12] https://www.mepits.
com/product/691/microcontrollers/89s52-atmel-microcontroller-ic.

47