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Accelerated Real-Time Simulations for Testing
a Reactive Power Flow Controller in Long-Term
Case Studies
Katja Sirviö, Student Member, IEEE, Mike Mekkanen, Kimmo Kauhaniemi, Member, IEEE, Hannu
Laaksonen, Member, IEEE, Ari Salo, Felipe Castro, Davood Babazadeh
 connected in DSOs grids. The flexibility services from DER for
Abstract— This paper presents research related to the
development of an accelerated real-time co-simulation and testing
platform, especially for the long-term simulations. The platform is
planned to be utilized for the development and testing of active
network management functions for microgrids and smart grids.
The long-term simulations are needed in order to study, for
example, the potential weekly, monthly, or yearly usage of
distribution network connected distributed energy resources for
different technical flexibility services. In order to test new
algorithms in long-term study cases the real-time simulations or
hardware-in-the-loop tests should be accelerated. In this paper,
the reactive power flow control was studied between different
voltage levels (HV and MV) in Sundom Smart Grid in Vaasa,
Finland. The control of reactive power flow between HV and MV
networks is realized with the reactive power window control
algorithm by 3.6 MW MV network connected wind turbine with a
full-scale power converter. The behavior of the reactive power
controller during long-term simulations is studied by offline and
real-time simulations. Moreover, the real-time simulations are
performed with both software-in-the-loop and controller-
hardware-in-the-loop. This paper analyses the possibilities and
challenges of the accelerated long-term simulations in studying the
potential use of large-scale wind turbine for reactive power flow
control between DSO and TSO networks. In the future, the
developed platform could be also used for the development and
testing of other future active network management and microgrid
functionalities.
Index Terms— Control systems, Microgrids, Power system
simulation, Testing, Standards
I. INTRODUCTION
U TILIZATION of the distribution network connected
distributed energy resources (DER), i.e., flexibilities is
increasingly important to improve local and system-wide grid
resiliency and provide the technical flexibility services needed
by distribution system operators (DSOs) and transmission
system operators (TSOs). Flexibilities can consist of active (P)
and reactive (Q) power control of flexible resources like
controllable distributed generation (DG) units, energy storages
(ESs), controllable loads and electric vehicles (EVs) which are
The research has been performed using the ERIGrid Research Infrastructure
and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research
and innovation Programme under the Grant Agreement No. 654113. The
support of the European Research Infrastructure ERIGrid and its partner OFFIS
e.V. is very much appreciated.
K. Sirviö, M. Mekkanen, K. Kauhaniemi and H. Laaksonen are with
University of Vaasa, Wolffintie 34, 65200 Vaasa, FINLAND (e-mail:
katja.sirvio@uva.fi).
1
DSOs and TSOs can be realized, e.g., as part of active network
management (ANM) functions for grid-connected microgrids.
Currently, the standards for microgrids, especially IEEE and
IEC, for the control and management are under development,
and only a few standards for microgrids have been published so
far [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]. However, for the
development of microgrid control and management functions,
different simulation studies and tests have been performed like
[11], [12]. Different kind of vendor-defined microgrid
controllers have already been developed and tested [13]. The
challenge with vendor-defined solutions is at least that they
might not meet interoperability and grid-code requirements.
Fig.1 presents the traditional impact of standardization on
product development, illustrating the product life-time cycle
and standardization phases [14]. Because of the phase of the
standardization, it can be concluded that microgrid controllers
are in the stage “need for product standards to resolve issues”.
Despite the situation of the standardization, the different
solutions for microgrid management are increasing globally.
However, the software upgradeability of new products
becomes more important as requirements (e.g., grid codes and
standards) change. Standardization takes more time as things
get complicated and at the same time, the technology
development and the need for new solutions are coming out
faster. Especially the start-ups will probably not wait for the
final standards. Therefore, many standards could be obsolete
when they come out and require an immediate upgrade process.
The standardization of microgrid control system is intended
to define the requirements for microgrids “regardless of
topology, configuration or jurisdiction and to present the
control approaches required from the distribution system
operator and the microgrid operator [1]”. The IEEE Standard
2030.7 defines the functions that a microgrid control system has
to perform, and the IEEE Standard 2030.8 presents the testing
procedures for adopting the functional specification of
microgrid control systems. According to [1], a microgrid
control system is defined as: “a system that includes the control
A. Salo is with Vaasan Sähköverkko, Kirkkopuistikko, 65100 Vaasa,
FINLAND (e-mail: ari.salo@vaasansahkoverkko.fi).
F. Castro and D. Babazadeh are with Offis e.V., Escherweg 2, 26121
Oldenburg, GERMANY, (e-mail: felipe.castro@offis.de,
davood.babazadeh@offis.de).
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functions that define the microgrid as a system that can manage
itself, operate autonomously, and connect to and disconnect
from the main distribution grid for the exchange of power and
the supply of ancillary services; it includes the functions of the
Microgrid Energy Management System (MEMS); it is the
microgrid controller if implemented in the form of a centralized
system”. [1], [2]
One requirement for microgrid controller function is to
provide flexibility services, i.e. ancillary services (AS) [1],
which can be realized with a technical or market-based
approach. Technical AS can be related, for example, to control
of reactive power (Q) flow between the DSO’s and the TSO’s
network.
The testing approach of microgrid controllers should include
definitions for the test scenarios, the performance metrics, and
the testing environment that can range from a fully simulated
environment to real equipment installed in the field [2], [15].
Fig. 2 presents the coverage and fidelity of the different testing
methods [16]. Pure simulation is utilized in the research stage
and in a very early stage of product development. In controller-
hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) simulation, the controller is a real
device, but everything else is simulated. In power-hardware-in-
the-loop (PHIL) simulations, there are real power devices (e.g.,
photovoltaic unit, loads, storage) in addition to the controller.
Consequently, it is essential to build up comprehensive test
platforms for microgrid controllers that can perform the CHIL
and further PHIL simulations and tests for different types of
required functionalities [1], [2] to verify the proper operation of
the developed microgrid controller functions. Besides, the test
platform should be flexible so that it can serve different kinds
Fig. 1. Product sales and standards cycle. [14]
Fig. 2. The coverage and fidelity of the different testing methods. Applied
from [16].
2
of microgrids [4] with the purpose of:
 improve electricity supply reliability and network
resilience by intentional islanding,
 provide power to remote areas with lower cost,
 reduce energy cost for microgrid users in grid-
connected mode, or
 provide disaster-preparedness.
The focus in this paper is on research related to the
development of an accelerated real-time co-simulation and
testing platform and setup, especially for the long-term
simulations. The platform is planned to be utilized for the
development and testing of microgrid controller ANM
functions for microgrids during the grid-connected mode,
particularly for long-term case studies. The long-term
simulations are needed in order to study, for example, the
potential weekly, monthly or yearly usage and operation of
distribution network connected distributed energy resources for
different technical flexibility services. The developed
simulation setup consists of the real measurement data from a
living lab Sundom Smart Grid (SSG), a simulated power grid,
communications, control functions, and a controller.
In Section II, the SSG and the different requirements for the
reactive power flow are presented. Next, Section III presents
the real-time co-simulation platform. The different simulations,
executed tests, and experiments with the developed platform are
presented in Section IV. Finally, the conclusions and the
discussions are presented in Section V.
II. SUNDOM SMART GRID (SSG)
Fig. 3. presents the outline of the SSG, which is a local MV
network-based smart grid pilot created in co-operation by ABB,
Vaasan Sähköverkko (DSO), Elisa (communications) and
University of Vaasa [17]. The SSG enables the development of
AS solutions for future grids over the traditional boundaries
from the HV level to the LV level. In the SSG, there are four
MV feeders, and one (J08) is only for the wind turbine (WT).
Real-time IEC 61850 generic object oriented substation event
(GOOSE) and sampled value (SV) measurements are gathered
online from all the four feeders at the HV/MV substation as well
as from three MV/LV substations with 20 measurement points.
For the future research purposes, the measurement data is
collected to servers.
The different requirements for reactive power flow between
the MV and HV networks in the studied SSG, with several
requirements and targets are presented in [18]. In Europe,
European Network of Transmission System Operators for
Electricity, ENTSO-E, sets grid code requirements, for
example, for connection of demand and generators [19], [20].
Moreover, the national TSO has set requirements to the DSOs
reactive power flow by “Reactive Power Window” [21] at the
point of interconnection (POI), i.e. between the TSO and DSO
networks. The reactive power window (RPW) specifies the
amount of reactive power that can be exported to the HV
network and imported from the HV network without separate
compensation. This RPW requirement and related
compensation tariff aim to optimize the reactive power flow
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Fig. 3. Simpified one-line diagram of the used SSG simulation model.
from the transmission network point of view, for example,
related to capacity. In addition, reliable and future-proof
islanding detection as well as possibility to make the stable
transition to islanded operation can be considered
simultaneously with the reactive power flow control between
HV and MV networks [22], [23], [24], [25].
Based on the results presented in [26] there would be 80 k€
yearly costs for the DSO caused by capacitive reactive power
flow generated by cables in the SSG. In [27], the use cases and
the future scenarios for reactive power management are
developed further to study and develop the RPW controller. The
studied scenarios are Scenario 2018, Scenario 2028, and
Scenario 2035.
III. THE REAL-TIME CO-SIMULATION PLATFORM
The utilized real-time simulation platform is based on
OPAL-RT’s system consisting of power system simulations
with ePHASORSIM (transient stability, phasor mode) as well
as control and communications with eMEGASIM
(electromagnetic transients, discrete type). Communication
between the controller and the simulated power system
interfaces is implemented with IEC 61850 GOOSE messages
on Ethernet. Fig. 4 presents an outline of the platform.
In the previous research [27] [28], for software-in-the-loop
(SIL) simulations a GOOSE publisher block is implemented to
the real-time simulation model for publishing (sending) the
measured active power (Pmeas) and the measured reactive power
(Qmeas) from the target (OP5600 simulator) as well as the
GOOSE subscriber block is implemented for subscribing
(receiving) the Pmeas and Qmeas values from Ethernet network.
For the CHIL tests, a GOOSE subscriber and publisher are
implemented on the hardware under test in addition to the RPW
control algorithm. The implementation process is presented in
[28], where the simulation time step (Ts) is 0.01 s for the real-
time SIL and CHIL simulations. The results gathered to the
real-time target are hourly average active and reactive power
(PHVavg and QHVavg), instantaneous active and reactive power
(PHV and QHV), active and reactive power from WT (PWT and
QWT) and bus voltages. The CHIL tests are performed for the
BagleBoneBlack (BBB) as well as for the field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) controllers. The IEC 61850 GOOSE
message packets traveling over the network are captured by
Wireshark software (.pcap files) from the traffic between the
controller and the target. The results in [28] show that FPGA is
more efficient for future microgrid controller studies.
3
Fig. 4. The real-time co-simulation platform. [27]
IV. EXECUTED TESTS AND EXPERIMENTS
In this research, parameters to perform accelerated real-time
simulations reliably are defined and analyzed by testing the
improved RPW control algorithm [27]. The SIL offline, SIL
real-time, as well as the CHIL tests, are performed with the
defined parameters in the developed [28] real-time co-
simulation platform in order to find out how the real-time
simulation could be accelerated, what kind of phenomena can
occur, and when the results are reliable. The SIL and CHIL real-
time the test results should correspond to the SIL offline results
in consideration of possible communication and hardware
processor delays.
I this study, the simulations are performed with the controller
limits set according to Fig 5. The limits for the controlled values
are set ± 50 kVAr tighter except QD1 = Qi + 200 kVAr for the
controller of the WT converter. In other words, the controller
operation (trigger to calculate a setpoint value for WT
converter) limits are the TSO limits (the red limits), but the set-
up limits for the WT converter are set tighter (the blue limits).
The SIL offline simulations, as well as the real-time SIL and
CHIL tests, are presented in the following. In order to run long-
term power flow simulations, one-year period in this case, the
simulations are accelerated by implementing the input data
reading step from the “OpFromFile” block. This block reads
from a Matlab file (.mat) and outputs the samples from the file.
Further, the time factor, coefficient Td, for reading a data row
from the input data (in this case 1 h average values from SSG)
or the look-up table is set in different values to correspond the
reading step of one-hour input data. The aim is to test different
values for Td to find a value that does not distort the results, i.e.,
answering how much the real-time simulation could be
accelerated. Now for the one-year simulation, hourly average
values of one year measurement as input data generate 8760
rows of data, and the coefficient Td is set mutually to find the
initial range where the results are reliable.
Table 1 presents the equivalency of Td selection to real-time
where Td=1 represents 1 s data reading time step. For example,
in Option 1, by selecting Td = 0.1 means that one year
accelerated real-time simulation will take 876 s (around 15
min). Further, now the simulation time step Ts = 0.01 s is
equivalent 360 s compared to the real world time, which means
that the power flow of the system is known in 360 s intervals.
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Option 25 (Td = 40) presents the set-up where the power flow
would be calculated every 1.8 s, but the accelerated real-time
simulation would take 49 hours. In addition, the time-step for
the controller action, Tc, can be selected, and it is also presented
in numbers in Table 1. Selection of Tc mimics the situation how
often the WT control can calculate a new setpoint if required,
Fig. 5. The set-up for controller limits.
and according to the Ts the probable new setpoint value takes in
effect in WT control. In the following sections, the evaluation
of the suitable initial coefficients is presented with the results
of the offline simulations.
A. SIL offline tests
Several SIL offline tests are performed to define the initial
coefficient Td for the accelerated real-time simulations. The
comparisons of the results between Option 1 and Option 4, as
well as between Option 4 and Option 22 are presented in Fig. 6.
It can be noticed that there is a difference in both comparison
cases due to the different Td values, which means that the
smaller values (0.1 and 1) are not suitable. The next trial, the
comparisons of the results between Option 16 and Option 22 as
well as Option 13 and Option 16 are shown in Fig. 7, and it can
be seen that no difference exists between the results. The latter
result indicates that suitable initial Td coefficient is ≥ 4.
By examining the results more closely, one can see that a
difference in results emerge at the moment around 4000 h and
further. Fig. 8 shows that moment in more detail with different
Td. When Td is 0.1 or 1, and even when Td is 5 or 10 the QWT
was “oscillating” between the hours 4031 and 4032. The
oscillation form, the amplitude of the oscillation is increasing,
illustrates that the system is in an unstable region in that hour.

accelerated

time [s and
simulation
One-year

min or h]
real-time
Td [1/s]
Option

1 0,1 876
2 0,1 876
3 0,1 876
4 1 8760
5 1 8760
6 1 8760
7 2 17520
8 2 17520
9 2 17520
10 3 26280
11 3 26280
Fig. 6. SIL offline simulation results. Comparison of the reactive power of
12 3 26280
the WT converter when Td was 0.1 or 1 as well as Td was 1 or 10.
13 4 35040
14 4 35040
15 4 35040
16 5 43800
17 5 43800
18 5 43800
19 7 61320
20 7 61320
21 7 61320
22 10 87600
23 10 87600
24 10 87600
25 20 175200
26 40 350400
27 80 700800
The total number of data rows is 8760, where a data row equivalency in real
world time is 3600 s. Fig. 7. SIL offline simulation results. Comparison of the reactive power of
1 equivalency: time representation in real wold time the WT converter when Td was 5 or 10 as well as Td was 4 or 5.
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Fig. 8. SIL offline simulation results. Reactive power of WT converter when
Td was 1, 0.1, 10 or 5. The possible “oscillation” moment.
Fig. 9. Oscillation investigation when Td = 1.
Also, when the Td is smaller, the value of QWT after this
oscillating hour is differing. When Td = 0.1, QWT = -0.2213
MVAr and when Td = 1, QWT = -0.2305 MVAr. Aforesaid
explains the difference in downstream results (after hour 4032).
In the situation when Td is 5 or 10, the oscillation happens also,
but now the resulting QWT is the same (-0.3103 MVAr).
This oscillation phenomenon is presented in Fig. 9 more
closely. At the moment t = 403100 the point (QHV, PHV) is inside
the window (0.7982 MVAr, 4.9824 MW) consuming active and
reactive power, while the reactive power of the WT converter
is capacitive, QWTset = QWTmeas = -0.1869 MVAr. In the next
time-step t = 403101, the “measured” (QHV, PHV) point is out of
the window QHV = 0.9620 MVArind. (the limit is QD = 0.83
MVAr), PHV = 5.399 MW, when QWTmeas = -0.1869 MVAr.
Now a new setpoint of the WT converter is calculated QWTset (t
= 403101) = -0.1820 MVAr that is realized in the control at the
next step, the moment t = 403102. However, in that moment,
the QWTset is not enough, and (QHV, PHV) is outside of the
window (0.9994 MVAr, 5.4718 MW) again, while the
QWTmeas(t=403102) = QWTset (t = 403101) = -0.1820 MVAr. This
5
Fig. 10. Flow chart of the RPW controller.
phenomenon occurs over a period of time depending on the
selected Td.
After all, the aim of a new setpoint is to affect to the reactive
power QHV by correcting the output of the WT converter the
way that the next (QHV, PHV) point should be inside the window.
However, the RWP control is lagging a simulation step
according to Fig. 10, i.e., the new setpoint is calculated based
on the last measurement of (QHV(ti-1), PHV(ti-1)). In this
particular time, it is found out that there is a possibility to have
oscillation in the controlled system due to the delay of the
control. This delay is dependent on two issues; the selection of
Td as well as the delay of the I or PI controller. The I or PI
controller was used to prevent algebraic loop in controlled
system.
Above we stated that the total oscillation time is dependent
on Td. The effect of Td selection to the oscillation time is studied
further in order to find a relationship. Fig 11. presents the results
of the oscillation time in simulations by different values of T d.
The effect of the increasing the value of Td seems to decrease
the total oscillation time 𝜏 𝑇𝑑,𝑖 . Further, two results are
presented, one with an I controller and one with a PI controller.
With all the cases, for the I controller, TI = 99.5 is used, and Tc
= 0.01. For comparison a PI controller KP = 1.2 and TI = 99.5,
as well as Tc = 0.02 is investigated. The results are presented in
Table 2. Based on these both results, in the case of suitable
initial values or greater (this case T d ≥ 4), it can be derived that
the total oscillation time decreases in both cases linearly, in the
ratio:
1
𝜏 𝑇𝑑,𝑖 = 𝜏 (1)
𝑇𝑑,𝑖
Based on this correlation the oscillation time would be 1.3 s
in the I controller case and 3 ms in the PI controller case in the
real world time.
The above oscillation phenomenon occurs in accelerated
simulations. However, it was presented that the duration of the
oscillation is decreasing when the selection of Td is increasing
or gets closer to real-time. The evaluation of P and I parameters
depending to the accelerated real-time simulation could be one
future research problem.
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Td Oscillation duration [s]

Case Tc=0.01, I=99.5
0,1 3600
1 3708
5 2822,4
10 1414,8
20 702
40 342
50 282,888
60 236,4
80 166,5
160 83,25*
320 41,625*
640 20,8125*
1280 10,40625*
2560 5,203125* Fig. 12. SIL offline and SIL real-time simulation results. Reactive power
5120 2,6015625*flow of WT converter when Td = 0.1 and 1. The RPW controller was set
up to the TSO limits ± 50 kVAr, except QD1 =Qi + 200 kVAr.
8760 1,30078125*
*calculated

Fig. 11. Duration of oscillation.

B. SIL real-time tests

The first SIL real-time tests are performed with Td = 0.1 and
Td = 1. The results are presented in Fig. 12 by comparing them
to the corresponding SIL offline simulation results. It can be
noticed that there are slight differences again in both cases. This
due to the delay in the communications.
Next, it is studied if increasing Td decreases the difference Fig. 13. SIL offline and SIL real-time simulation results. Reactive power
between SIL offline and SIL real-time results i.e. eliminate the flow of WT converter when Td = 5, Td = 7, and Td = 10. The RPW
effect of the communication delay. Based on the offline results, controller was set up to the TSO limits ± 50 kVAr, except QD1 =Qi +
200 kVAr.
Td  4 could be the suitable value. The reactive power flows at
the WT converter are presented in Fig. 13 when Td = 5, Td = 7,
and Td = 10. It can be noticed that the results between the SIL
offline and SIL real-time simulations are differing when Td =
0.1, 1, 4 and 5, while the results look similar when Td = 7 or 10.
Based on the above, a suitable factor for real-time simulations
could be Td ≥ 7. Fig. 14 presents a comparison of the real-time
simulation result when Td = 7 and Td = 10. It can be noticed Fig. 14. SIL real-time simulation results. Reactive power flow of WT
that now the results converge. converter when Td = 7 and Td = 10. The RPW controller was set up to the
Further, the oscillating hour 4031 was investigated from the TSO limits ± 50 kVAr, except QD1 =Qi + 200 kVAr.
communications point of view. Fig. 15 presents the situation
when Td = 1, Td = 5, Td = 7 and Td = 10. It can be noticed that C. CHIL tests
the oscillation occurs when Td = 1 and Td = 5, but instead there The long-term CHIL tests were made with T d = 7. Now the
were not any more oscillations when Td was 7 or 10. coefficient Tc is dependent on the processor capacity of the used
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Fig. 15. SIL real-time test results. Reactive power flow at WT converter
between hours 4029 and 4031 when Td = 1.
Fig. 16. SIL real-time simulation and CHIL results. Reactive power
flow of WT converter when Td = 7. The RPW controller was set up to the
TSO limits ± 50 kVAr, except QD1 =Qi + 200 kVAr.
hardware. The hardware used for the CHIL tests is FPGA that
has Dual-Core ARM Cortex™-A9 (925 MHz) processor as well
as 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet with the high-speed bus to
exchange data between the hard processor system (HPS) and
FPGA.
This scenario aims to compare the CHIL test results to the
SIL real-time test results. The RPW controller is set up to the
TSO limits ± 50 kVAr, except QD1 = Qi + 200 kVAr. Fig. 16
presents the results from the tests with FPGA against to the SIL
real-time test results when Td = 7. Now it can be noticed that
the results are equal.
7
V. CONCLUSION
The accelerated real-time co-simulation platform prove to be
useful and efficient in one-year power flow simulations. This
research demonstrate how to accelerate the long-term
simulations by the different setups of the input data. Also, this
paper clarify how the input data processed in the long-term
simulations or tests affect the results.
The SIL offline and SIL real-time simulations show that it is
possible to set a data reading cycle, coefficient Td, to accelerate
the long-term real-time simulations. With a certain value of T d
(and bigger) the simulation results do not differ even increasing
Td, and consequently, that value seems to be a suitable initial
value for investigating the coefficient of the accelerated real-
time simulations. In addition, it is found that by increasing the
value of Td the possible oscillation period is shorter. Further,
based on the result it can be derived a suitable I or PI controller
in accelerated real-time tests that enables the adaptive closed
loop control preventing the oscillation of controlled system.
Finally, even carrying CHIL tests with FPGA with the
evaluated coefficient Td, the SIL real-time and CHIL test results
do not differ. The performance of FPGA point out to be suitable
hardware for the algorithm testing in long-term simulations.
Our suggestion for long-time simulation run is to carry out
SIL offline simulations by the real-time simulation models with
different time factors and verify that the results are equal. Then
the time factor for the SIL real-time simulations can be selected,
and the results would be expected to be close to offline results,
only the communication time delay would affect. This method
could be utilized for defining the test procedure, for example,
for CHIL applications as microgrid controller development.
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Katja H. Sirviö was born in Vaasa,
Finland, in 1973. She received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from
VAMK Ltd, University of Applied
Sciences, Vaasa, in 1998 and the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from
University of Vaasa, in 2012. She is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering at University of Vaasa. From 1998 to
8
2007 she was an entrepreneur and a Managing Director (to
2003) with the KHS-Sähkö Ltd that was in electrical planning
and installations company. Thereafter she was R&D Project
Manager with the ABB. Presently she is employed in
University of Vaasa as a Laboratory Engineer, but leave-of-
absence for carrying out her doctoral studies. Her research
interest includes Smart Grids and microgrids, currently the
evolution and the management of the future low voltage
distribution networks.
Mike Mekkanen received B.S. degree in
Electrical Engineering from the University
of Technology, town, country in year. He
received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
2010, 2015 Industrial Automation from the
University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland.
Currently he is an Assistant Professor at the
School of Technology University of Vaasa.
Prior to joining Vaasa University, he
worked at the different positions and with the international
companies, the Ministry of defiance, the Mandor Co Iraq, and
the Eagle Co. The Ministry of higher education Libya he
directed a diverse program that included systems level design,
test and implementation in the electrical networks. At
University of Vaasa he established a DEMVE laboratory and
training program. His special interests are Smart Grid, Digital
SAS, FPGA, embedded system and communication systems.
Kimmo T. Kauhaniemi received his M.S.
degree in 1987 and Ph.D. degree in 1993 in
electrical engineering from Tampere
University of Technology, Finland.
He has been employed by ABB
Corporate Research, and VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland. Currently he is
with University of Vaasa, where he is a
Professor of electrical engineering. His special interest areas
include the power system transient simulation, protection of
power systems, grid integration of distributed generation and
microgrids.
Hannu Laaksonen was born 1977 in
Vaasa, Finland and he received his M.Sc.
(Tech) degree (2004) in Electrical Power
Engineering from Tampere University of
Technology and Dr. Tech. degree (2011) in
Electrical Engineering from University of
Vaasa. His employment experience
includes working as a research scientist at
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
and at University of Vaasa. Previously he has worked as a
Principal Engineer at ABB Oy in Vaasa. Currently he works as
a professor in Electrical Engineering (especially Smart Grids)
at the University of Vaasa. He is also manager of the Smart
Energy Master’s Programme. His field of interests are
protection of low-inertia power systems (incl. microgrids),
active management of distributed and flexible energy resources
in future smart energy systems as well as future-proof
technology and market concepts for smart grids.