Force “+ Mass and Weight Rk B Me oe Und ‘and weigh Is the boy in the picture correct? Massis the amount of matter in an object. We measure mass in units such as grams and kilograms. The boy's mass is 35 kg, but what is his weight? weigh ‘5 klograms Mass and weight are not the same. To understand what weight is, you need to think about the force of gravity. What happens when you drop a book’ All objects are attracted to the Earth by gravity. The bigger the mass of the objec, the_bigger is the force of yyy Gitraction towards the Earth. Weight \s the amount of mt weg attraction on an object caused by gravity. Objects with 4 bigger mass therefore have a bigger weight. We measure weight using a unit called the newton Measuring mass and weight Mass and weight are diferent, so we measure them in Se. + We use seales to measuremass and Use force meters to measure weight © Mass is the amount of matter in an object. 2 Weight is the amount of farce that pulls objects towards the Earth. > We measure mass in kilograms and weight in newtons I 4 > lo ® One kilogram of mass has a force of ten newtons on Earth.“ Forces ‘Are there any forces acting on the objects in the pictures? How do you know? Forces are everywhere — but what do we call them? ne ~ ‘s S v spre aes _ a a Z cate Force and movement. A FORCE is a PU: PULL. Force is measured in NEWTONS (N). Forces can speed up or slow down objects. The diagrams below show how different forces can affect up or slow down objects. The diagrams below show how different forces can affect Force from the engine 2. As the car s he force 3. The car reaches a steady speed Gap Ss unbalanced force unbalanced force balanced force When the force pushing against the car is the same size as the force from the engine. the car stops accelerating and travels at a steady speed.Force diagrams We can show the direction of forces on an object in a drawing called a force diagram. Each force is shown as a force arrow. When the forces are equal, the force arrows are the same ped length =e b Downward force ‘of book on table Forces always act in pairs. In the picture, the book exerts a downward force on the table and the table exerts an upward force on the book. The two forces act in opposite directions. Questions 1 a Copy the drawing and add arrows to show the direction in which each of the forces act. b Is one force bigger than the other? Say why or why not 2 When you stand stil, why don’t you sink into the ground? Draw a force diagram to explain your answer. Remember that forces act in pairs. When Yyou are holding a book, you use an upward force to hold up the book. The book exerts a downward force, caused by gravity pulling the book downwards. The forces are the same size but in opposite directions. When both forces are the same size the object does not move. We say the forces are balanced. ‘When forces are unbalanced and one force is greater than the other, we say there is a net force. When forces are balanced we say there is no net force. Forces can also make objects change direction. The diagram below shows this. EERILY 2. The racket gives a force to SEA. the shuttlecock and causes it to chonge direction 1. Shuttlecock moving in ‘one direction hits the racket with a force.The important rules from this are : l<1. Unbalanced forces change the speed and/or direction of moving objects. l:2. Balanced forces produce no change in the movement of an object. @ Newton's first law ‘An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a net external force. \@+ Newton's third law All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction. <—-—» Exercise Force from engine Force of air resistance When rockets are launched nto space they need o escape te karts is 5OON. is 300N. agit. Mey We aor called fhuso dois ele ) 1) The car will Zz — ° Force from engine Force of air resistance is SOON. is 500N. Soe 2) The car will , {2 Label he forces acting onthe rocket inthe drawing. Which fore puthos the rocket upwards? Force fromengine Force of air resistance is SOON is ZOON_ © Which force pulse rocke! Back owas he Earth? Se Wen he rocket moves upwards, ae the forces bolanced o¢ no? Explcin ‘your answer. DS unbolonced 3) The car will balanced Work out the direction that this flying saucer will goin.‘A book is pulled down with a force of 5N. b= |Table pushes up < 7 with a force of 5N. aan oa 4) The book will not Z ml NES BONY] | oy Friction. Friction is a force that stops two.surfaces sliding past each other. It is caused by ‘tiny bumps on the surfaces which catch together. Friction only acts on moving objects and it cannot make objects move. Friction slows down moving objects. Friction changes the energy of moving objects into heat energy as the objects slow down. 1, Friction gives grip for shoes and tyres. We could not move over the ground without friction, 2, Brakes on bicycles and cars use friction to slow down the wheels. brake pad bicycle tyre ster brake 2a < block blocks grip wheel rim to slow it down3. Air resistance is a type of friction that slows down parachutes. VY Prsy Problems caused by friction. 1, Friction slows down moving machinery, It can also make machinery over heat. Grease and oil must be used to reduce friction, 2. Air resistance is a type of friction that slows down vehicles. The faster the vehicle travels the greater the air resistance becomes. Car bodies are designed so that the air slips smoothly over the bonnet. Poor design - air hits against bonnet and slows the car down. The engine must work hard to keep at a high speed. —BSas— _ a cae ~s oO Good design - air slips smoothly over the bonnet. The air resistance is low and the car travels at high speed easily. Turning forces.Forces can cause objects to turn around a pivot. ‘The lever exerts o large upward force on the heavy rock. Ol A small downward force on the LEVER (plank) quite easily lifts the heavy rock —! re ‘A logis the PIVOT (urning point), The important rule from this is: ‘The size of the turing force can be increased by increasing the length of the lever. ‘Some examples of how we use turning fore son ci frce ay ate 2 a L va Using soar asen ot. Using conbar ofc cies pe Dorn fre pivot Ou Toad Using a wheelbarrow to carry heavy leads. Pressure. Presieis he ain of Fre that spent a cetin aren ressne im) = faucet rer) Ls» AREA (m2) IN/m? = 1Pa‘Small pressure, A force is spread over a large area. ‘Snow shows ‘These spread a person's ‘weight over a large area hich prevents them From ‘sinking ito soft snow Washers ‘A wosher spreads the force from the nut which stops it being pulled into ‘wood, Large pressure, A force is concentrated over a small oreo ee ees Knife edo - large pressure to cut into materia. Stiletto hee! When all of the women's weight is resting on the heel it produces a very large pressure. This eon cause damage to floors with soft sufoces. Exercise 1) A man weighs BOON, The area of BOTH of his boots is 0.08m®. What pressure does he place on the ground when he stands still? FORCE(N) = 800N AREA (m2) 0.08 me PRESSURE (N/m?) [asco N/m? 2) A woman weighs 500N. The area of ONE of her stiletto heels is 0,0002m2. What pressure does she place on the ground when she puts her weight onto one heel? PRESSURE (N/m?) = EORCE(N) = SOON = _28009°> N/m? AREA (m?) 9.0792, 3) The base of a suitcase has an area of O.2mé, It places a pressure of ZOON/m? on ‘the ground, What must the weight of the suitcase be? force is pressure xarea(PxA) = 7OON/m?x 0-2 me = /4o N)_ Use the formula to work out the following pressure problems. 4) Astone statue has a weight of 3 000 N and its base has an area of 0.6 m?. What fs the pressure exerted by the statue on the floor? 200 &. {i) Acar weighs 5 000 N. Each tyre supports one quarter of the weight of the car. The pressure each tyre exerts on the road is 5.000 N/m?, What is the area of each tyre in contact with the ground? on von: