Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

YGHRI]_HKCK OC[ßFHOC KI
_CG[C LC]ÌC

I_OYIFC U]DBI_HDGCF KI HGJIGHI]HC KI LHGC_

Likhohdgis i Hgoirtkulmri.
Urãothoc G¾ 3

Hgtijrcgtis>

3. TTTTTTTCoacaucgod Xcttd ]dgcfkdTTTTTTTTTTT 

=. TTTTTTTT Odgkdrh _cgtds Kiyvh LcyirTTTTTTTTT 

?. TTTTTTTNufh Xupcgquh OrahsthcgTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 

;. TTT_crcy
TTT_crcycsh
csh Aucrhffdoffc Naircfk ]cufTTTTTTTTTTT 
]cufTTTTTTTTTTT 
9. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 

Gþlird ki Jrupd> TTTTT=ITTTTTT 

Adrcrhd> Kìc> Tlcrtis-vhirgisTTT Adrc> TTT8>55-33>5
TTT8>55-33>55TT
5TT

3
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

Urcothoc Grd. 3
LIKHOHDGI_ I HGOI][HKYLM]I
C. ODL
ODLUI[
UI[IGO
IGOHC
HC

Hkigt
Hkigthb
hbho
hocc y
rispitcgkd fcs od
odlp
lpri
rigki
gdrlcsgki fds
fds odgoi
odgodg
istcmfiohkcs oipt
ptds
ds ri
rifc
fcoh
ohdgc
dgckd
kdssy sijurhkck.
rispdgscmhfhkck c likh
likhoh
ohdgi
dgiss i hg
hgoi
oirt
rthk
hkul
ulmri
mri,,

M. [I
[ID]
D]ÌC
ÌC
Likhr is if odgnugtd ki dpircohdgis qui thigi pdr dmnitd kitirlhgcr if vcfdr ki ugc
lcjghtuk.

Ixhstig kds thpds ki likhohÿg>

- Likhohÿ
Lik hohÿg
g khri
khriotc
otc>> si ricfhzc odlpcrcgkd fc lcjghtuk qui hgtirisc likhr odg ug
 pctrÿg.
- Likhohÿg
Likhohÿ g hgkhrio
hgkhriotc>
tc>   si ri
ricf
cfhz
hzcc us
uscgk
cgkd
d ug oã
oãfo
fouf
ufd
d d bd
bdrl
rluf
ufcc qu
quii th
thig
igii od
odld
ld
 pcrãlitrds ki igtrckc likhohdgis khriotcs.

Ig if prdoisd ki likhohÿg hgtirvhigig>

 Fc prdphikck bìshoc qui si quhiri likhr 

 If hgstruligtd d shstilc ki likhohÿg
 Fc ughkck qui istã hgofuhkc ig if hgstruligtd y
 If dpirckdr 

Oucgkd if ixpirhligtckdr ricfhzc if prdoisd ki likhohÿg kimi riodgdoir if odgoiptd ki

hgoirthkulmri, priohshÿg y ixcothtuk.

Hgoirthkulmri> is if jrckd ki kukc d bcffc ki ugc likhkc

Uriohshÿg> si ilpfic pcrc hgkhocr fc riprdkuothmhfhkck ki fds risuftckds ki ugc likhohÿg,
cftc priohshÿg shjghbhoc jrcg prdxhlhkck igtri fds risuftckds ki ugc lhslc likhkc y mcnc
 priohshÿg shjghbhoc ugc clpfhc khspirshÿg ki fds lhslds.
lhslds.

Ixcothtuk> si uthfhzc pcrc siócfcr fc prdxhlhkck igtri if

i f vcfdr likhkd y if vcfdr ricf.

Cf ricfhzcr ugc likhohÿg khriotc fc hgoirthkulmri si ocfoufc bãohfligti puis si puiki fiir 
khriotcligti kif hgstruligtd, jigircfligti si suifi odgshkircr odld fc lìghlc khvhshÿg
kif hgstruligtd. Udr inilpfd, c odgthgucohÿg, si lhki fc fdgjhtuk ki ug riotãgjufd, ig if
oucf pdkilds dmsirvcr qui fc hgoirthkulmri is 5.3ol y if vcfdr oigtrcf ki fc likhkc is
;.:ol

=
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

Bhjurc 3. Likhohÿg ki ug fãphz uscgkd ugc rijfc.

Dmtighègkdsi odld vcfdr ki fc likhkc>  F<( ;.: ³ 5.3 ) ol

[clmhèg si puiki riprisigtcr fc likhkc uscgkd fc hgoirthkulmri rifcthvc pdroigtucf>

λ  x
   H % < 355%  (3)
»
 Q 

Dmtighègkdsi odld likhkc fc shjuhigti riprisigtcohÿg>

 x < x» ³ H  %
 %   (=)

Hgoirthkulmri ig likhkcs hgkhriotcs

Ui
Uird
rd cf ricf
ricfhz
hzcr
cr ug
ugcc likh
likhkckc hgkh
hgkhri
riot
otcc is gi
gioi
oisc
scrh
rhd
d ac
acoir
oir ugc pr
prdp
dpcj
cjcoh
cohÿg
ÿg ki fc
fcss
hgoirthkulmris qui hgtirvhigig ig fc likhohÿg, istc prdpcjcohÿg si ricfhzc likhcgti fcs
bÿrlufcs ldstrckcs ig fc tcmfc 3>

[cmfc 3. Cfjugcs ixprishdgis lctilãthocs pcrc fc hgoirthkulmri.

Ixprishÿg Ixprishÿg kif Ix
Ixprishÿg Ixpr
pris
ishhÿg pcrc
pcrc Bÿrlufc pcrc ocfoufcr fc
lctilãthoc risuftckd ocfoufc
ocfoufcrr if vc
vcfd
fdr 
r  hgoirthkulmri
oigtrcf

 z < x + y + w  z < z» ³ ❓ z    z» < x» + y» + w

» ❓ z <∞  x x= + y= + =w
 z < x ∝ y ∝w  z» < x» ∝ y» ∝w
»
 z <o xyw  z» <o »
 x »
 y  w
»
∞(  ) (  ) (  )
❓ z ❓ x = ❓ y = ❓w =

 < + +
 z < z» ³ ❓ z  z»  x»  y» »
w

 x    x»
 z <o  z» <o
 yw »  »w
 y

∞(  ) (  )
❓ z ❓ x = ❓ =

 < c + m  y
c
 z <o x  y
m
 z < z» ³ ❓ z    z» <o »
 x  y»
c m  z»  x»  y»

 z <ox   z < z» ³ ❓ z    z» <o  x»   ❓ z <|o|❓ x

?
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

Kdgki  x y  y  sdg vcrhcmfis y c , m  y o sdg odgstcgtis.

 x  y  y sdg

Likhc crhtlèthoc y likhkcs ki khspirshÿg

Ig cfjugds lètdkds ki likhohÿg is gioiscrhd ripithr fc likhohÿg G viois, ig istds ocsds>

If vcfdr oigtrcf ki fc likhohÿg istcrã kckd

k ckd pdr if prdlikhd ki fds kctds.
 G 

 
∓
<
 x
h 3   h
(?)
 x» <
 G 

y fc hgoirthkulmri csdohckc c istc khspirshÿg istckìsthoc puiki sir ixprisckc odld fc

kisvhcohÿg istãgkcr 

∞
 G 

∓
<
h 3
»)
( Q  ∝ Q   
h
=
(;)
λ khspirshdg< λ  x x <
 G 

Dmtighègkdsi

   x < x» ³ λ khspirshdg  (9)

Odlpcrcohÿg igtri ug vcfdr ixpirhligtcf y ug vcfdr tiÿrhod d mhmfhdjrãbhod.

Kispuès
Kispuès ki ricfhz
ricfhzcr
cr ugc likhoh
likhohÿg
ÿg istc
istc puiki
puiki odlpcr
odlpcrcrs
crsii odg if vcfdr
vcfdr mhmfhd
mhmfhdjrã
jrãbho
bhod
d
likhcgti fc shjuhigti bdrlufc, fc oucf gds hgkhoc fc khsoripcgohc d if irrdr ki guistrc
likhkc odg rispiotd cf vcfdr mhmfhdjrãbhod.

Odlpcrcohdg ( % ) < |Rcfdr mhmfhdjrcbhod ∝vcfdr ixpirhligtcf

Rcfdr mhmfhdjrcbhod
  xx 355%     | (2)

[clmhèg si puiki odlpcrcr uscgkd fc rijhÿg ki hgoirtizc, odld si luistrc c odgthgucohÿg.

Irrdr shstilãod Irrdr coohkigtcf

;
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

 x» ∝λ  x  x»  x» + λ  x

_h if vcfdr mhmfhdjrãbhod d tiÿrhod si umhoc kigtrd ki fc rijhÿg ki hgoirtizc if irrdr si

kigdlhgc coohkigtcf ki fd odgtrcrhd si kigdlhgc irrdr shstilãthod.

O. U]DOIK
U]DOIKHLHIG
HLHIG[D
[D X CGÃFH_
CGÃFH_H_
H_ KI KC[D_

3) Ucrc
Ucrc likh
likhrr if vdfuli
vdfuligg ki ug fìquh
fìquhkd
kd si uscg kds lètdkd
lètdkdss qu
quii c od
odgt
gthg
hguco
ucohÿ
hÿg
g si
kisorhmig hkigthbhqui qui thpds ki likhohÿg si ricfhzc ig ockc ocsd>

c) Yg hgji
hgjigh
ghir
ird
d C us
uscg
cgkd
kd ug
ugcc prdm
prdmit
itcc ki
kiti
tirl
rlhg
hgcc if vdfu
vdfuli
lig
g ki ug fì
fìqu
quhk
hkd>
d>
Likhohÿg Khriotc
 m) Yg hgjighird M uscgkd ugc rijfc lhki if khãlitrd y fc cfturc kif fìquhkd y pdr 
likhd ki fc bÿrlufc kif ohfhgkrd kitirlhgc if vdfulig> Likhohÿg Hgkhriotc

=) Yg hgjighird
hgjighird si igouigtrc
igouigtrc kiscrlcgk
kiscrlcgkd
d ug ldtdr ifèotrho
ifèotrhod
d ig if oucf igouigtrc
igouigtrc kds thpds
thpds
ki ocmfis, uscgkd ug lhorÿlitrd kitirlhgc qui fcs likhkcs ki fds khãlitrds ki fds
ocmfis sdg>

k < ( ;.25 ³ 5.59 ) ll

k < (3.39 ³ 5.59 ) ll

Kitirlhgi fc hgoirthkulmri pdroigtucf ki ockc ugc ki iffcs.

Ocmfi gijrd>

9
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

λ  x 5.59
 H % < 355% <  x 355% <3.58% ll
»
 Q  ;.25

Ocmfi virki>
λ  x 5.59
 H % < 355% <  x 355% <;.?9% ll
»
 Q  3.39

?) Yg hgjighird
hgjighird istã prdmcgkd
prdmcgkd kds istubcs
istubcs ifèotrho
ifèotrhocs
cs qui trcmcncg
trcmcncg c odrrhigti
odrrhigti cftirgc
cftirgc pcrc
iffd acoi fcs shjuhigtis likhohdgis hgstcgtãgics>

Ocfibcotdr ki coihti

R < ( ==5 ³ 3 ) R 
 U<( =95 ³ 9 ) Z 

Ocfibcotdr ki oucrzd
R < ( ==; ³ 3 ) R  
R  
 U<( ?55 ³ 9 ) Z 

Ig ockc ocsd kitirlhgi fc hgtigshkck ki odrrhigti qui odgsuli ockc ocfibcotdr.

C) Hgtigshkck ki odrrhigti>
 U
 H <
R 

Ocfibcotdr ki coihti>

=95
 H < <3,3? C
==5

Ocfibcotdr ki oucrzd>

2
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

?55
 H < <3,?; C
==;

M) Hgoirthkulmri

∞(  ) (  )
❓ p = ❓v =
❓h< + Ú H 
»
 U »
R 

Ocfibcotdr ki coihti>

∞ ( ) +( )
= =
 9  3
❓h< Ú 3.3;  < 5.5= C
=95 ==5

Ocfibcotdr ki oucrzd>

∞ ( ) +( )
= =
 9  3
❓h< Ú 3.?;   < 5.5= C
?55 ==;

 
Ocfibcotdr ki coihti> (3.3; ³ 5.5=) C
  Ocfibcotdr ki oucrzd> (3.?; ³ 5.5=) C

:
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

;) Yg piquiód
piquiód ilprigkikdr
ilprigkikdr odlprc
odlprc ug fdti ki rishsti
rishstigohcs
gohcs ki ocrmÿg
ocrmÿg ki cftc
cftc priohshÿg
priohshÿg ki
99 ™ c ugc ilprisc Oahgc y pcrc csijurcrsi kif vcfdr ki fcs rishstigohcs odgtrctc ugc
odgsuft
odgs uftdrì
drìcc ki hgjigh
hgjighird
irdss _.C.
_.C. dmtigh
dmtighègk
ègkdsi
dsi kispuè
kispuèss ki 35 likhoh
likhohdgi
dgiss cf czcr
czcr fds
shjuhigtis kctds>

Kitirlhgi> c) if vcfdr oigtrcf y su hgoirthkulmri ki isti odgnugtd ki kctds, m) qui thpd ki

irrdr si dmthigi cf odlpcrcr odg if vcfdr mhmfhdjrãbhod.

  ሾ െሰ
   ̵
െ
]ishstdr(™)   ](™)   ](™)- (](™)-)=
3   9= 99,2 -?,2 3=,82
=   91 99,2 =,; 9,:2 ?,222525992
?   98 99,2 ?,; 33,92
;   2= 99,2 2,; ;5,82
9   ;8 99,2 -2,2 ;?,92
2   9: 99,2 3,; 3,82
:   9; 99,2 -3,2 =,92
1   9? 99,2 -=,2 2,:2
8   91 99,2 =,; 9,:2
35   9; 99,2 -3,2 =,92
99,2 ³?,22
_YLC   992 U ]DLIKHD 5 3?;,;

I]]D] COOHKIG[IG
COOHKIG[IG[CF
 
[CF

9) Ig thilpds
thilpds ki fc pcgkilhc
pcgkilhc ki Odvhk-38
Odvhk-38 if sirvhohd
sirvhohd ki hgtirgi
hgtirgitt si ac vhstd
vhstd sdmriocrjckd,
sdmriocrjckd,
odmrcgkd luoac hlpdrtcgohc fc ocgthkck ki lijcmht pdr sijugkd (Lmps) qui si thigi
khspdghmfi. Yg usucrhd odgtrctd ug sirvhohd ki hgtirgit ki ;5 Lmps y pcrc odlprdmcrfd
ahzd fcs shjuhigtis likhohdgis.

Kitirlhgi> c) if vcfdr oigtrcf y su hgoirthkulmri ki isti odgnugtd ki kctds, m) qui thpd ki

irrdr si dmthigi cf odlpcrcr odg if vcfdr mhmfhdjrãbhod.

1
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

 െ
 ሾ  ሰ   ̵  ̵ ͻ
 (Lmps)      Qh- (Qh-)=
െ

 

3   =9 ?2,8 - 33,8 3;3, 23

=   ?= ?2,8 - ;,8 =;,53 3=,:?3;9:3
?   ;= ?2,8 9,3 =2,53
;   23 ?2,8 =;,3 915, 13
9   ?2 ?2,8 - 5,8 5, 13
2   =1 ?2,8 - 1,8 :8,=3
:   9? ?2,8 32,3 =98, =3
1   ?9 ?2,8 - 3,8 ?, 23
8   ;= ?2,8 9,3 =2,53
35   39 ?2,8 - =3,8 ;:8, 23
?2,8 ³ 3=,:=
_YLC   ?28 U]DLIKHD 5 32=5,8

I]]D]
I]]D] COOHKIG[I
COOHKIG[IG[CF
G[CF

K. Od
Odgo
gofu
fush
shdg
dgis
is
- _cmilds fc khbirigohc igtri ugc likhohÿg khriotc i hgkhriotc, fc prhlirc is likhcgti
ug pctrÿg y fc sijugkc ig mcsi c fc bdrlufc.
- Ocfoufclds fc hgoirthkulmri pdroigtucf ki fds ocmfis gijrd y virki ki ug ldtdr 
ifèotrhod pdr igki if jrckd ki bcffc kif ocmfi gijrd is ligdr c odlpcrcohÿg kif
ocmfi virki.
- Acffclds fc hgtigshkck ki odrrhigti ki kds ocfibcotdris ugd ki coihti y if dtrd ki
oucrzd shigkd lcydr if ki oucrzd c odlpcrcohÿg kif ki coihti.

8
 

Fcmdrctdrhd ki Bìshoc Ifiotrhohkck y lcjgisld YO_L

I. Oui
Ouisth
sthdg
dgcrh
crhdd bh
bhgcf
gcf

3) Yg istukhcgti
istukhcgti ki hgjighirìc
hgjighirìc lhki
lhki fc hgtigshkck
hgtigshkck ki odrrhigti
odrrhigti ifèotrhoc
ifèotrhoc hgstcgtãgic
hgstcgtãgic qui
ohroufc pdr ugc pcrrhffc ifèotrhoc, H< (1.;³5.=) C, kitirlhgi c) fc rishstigohc ifèotrhoc
ki fc pcrrhffc y m) fc pdtigohc ifèotrhoc khshpckc pdr fc pcrrhffc.

R < ( ==5 ³ = ) R 

C) ]ishstigohc ifèotrhoc ki fc pcrrhffc

∞
= =
λ   = 5.=
<=2 Ψ ( ) +( )
R  ==5 1.;
5.2: Ψ

 H <( =2.3 ³ 5.2 ) Ψ

M) Udtigohc ifèotrhoc khshpckc ig fc pcrrhffc.

 U< H √R 
 U< 1.;√==5
 U< (31;1 ³ 5.2 ) Z 

=) Hgv
Hgvist
isthj
hjui
ui.. ´O
´Ouãf
uãf is if drjc
drjcgh
ghsld
sld d Hgsth
Hgsthtut
tutdd Gc
Gcoh
ohdg
dgcf
cf qui si igoc
igocrj
rjcc ig if
Uirþ ki supirvhscr fcs likhohdgis4 ´Ouãfis sdg sus dmnithvds4
If drjcghsld qui supirvhsc fcs likhohdgis ig if Uirþ is if HGCOCF, is fc

 prhgohpcf igthkck ig if pcìs igocrjckc ki fc litrdfdjìc ouigtc odg khvirsds

Fcmdrc
Fcm drctdr
tdrhds
hds Litrdf
Litrdfÿjh
ÿjhods
ods kimhkcl
kimhkcligt
igtii codgkh
codgkhohd
ohdgck
gckds,
ds, hgstr
hgstruli
uligtd
gtdss ki
likhohÿg ki cftc ixcothtuk y pirsdgcf ocfhbhockd.

If dmnith
dmnithvd
vd prhgoh
prhgohpcf
pcf is prdldv
prdldvir
ir csijur
csijurcr
cr if oulpfh
oulpfhlhi
lhigtd
gtd ki fc Udfìt
Udfìthoc
hoc
 Gcohdgcf pcrc fc Ocfhkck odg lhrcs cf kiscrrdffd y fc odlpiththvhkck ki fcs
cothvhkckis iodgÿlhocs y fc prdtioohÿg kif odgsulhkdr.

35