Course: Professional Graduate Programme In Civil

Engineering
Subject: Structural Analysis - I
Subject Code: GPCE7001
Module Code: GPCE700101
Category: Civil Engineering
Topic: Steel section
Faculty Name: Kushagra Rawal
 Structural Analysis - I

 Learning Outcome:
You will learn about different types of steel sections.

 INTRODUCTION
SECTIONS OF ROLLED STEEL

One of the objectives of the design process discussed earlier—and the primary
focus of this topic—is the selection of appropriate cross-sections for the
different parts of the structure to be designed. Rather than requiring the creation
of a form with unique dimensions and qualities, this selection will usually
include choosing a conventional cross-sectional shape that is readily available.
Hot-rolled shapes are by far the most common type of standard shape. Molten
steel is collected from the furnace and placed into a continuous casting system
where it solidifies but is never allowed to cool entirely during the production
process, which takes place in a rolling mill. The hot steel is squeezing through a
series of rollers to get the correct cross-sectional form.
Rolling the steel while it is still hot allows it to be deformed without losing its
ductility, which would occur if it were cold-worked. During the rolling process,
the member lengthens and is cut to standard lengths, which are then cut to the
length necessary for a specific construction (in a fabrication shop).

Steel may be rolled into a variety of shapes and sizes. Sections with bigger
section moduli in relation to their cross-sectional areas are usually favoured.
The cross-sectional shape of steel sections is generally used to identify them.
The shapes of today's rolled steel sections have been created to fulfil structural
requirements. A variety of elements influence cross-section and size: Material
selection for maximum structural efficiency: functional needs (easy-to-connect
surfaces, flat surfaces appropriate for supporting other materials, etc. ); rolling
mill dimensions and weight capacity; and material properties that, for example,
prevent the hot rolling of wide thin parts due to excessive warping or cracking.

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 Structural Analysis - I
The Bureau of Indian Standards' I.S. Hand Book No. 1 lists the dimensions,
weights, and geometrical features of various sections. The weight of sections in
the Hand Book is expressed in kilogrammes per metre of length. However, in
order to use this data in SI units, the weights have been changed to N/m length
throughout the text, solved examples, and exercises by multiplying the weights
by a factor of 9.81. For usage in drawings, specifications, and designs, structural
shapes are shortened using a system outlined in the Hand Book.
Angle sections were most likely the first shapes rolled and manufactured in
America in 1819. In 1849, Zores of France introduced the I-beam design. By
1870, Chan nels and Tees had been created. Wrought iron was used to create all
of these early forms.

In 1884, the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago became the first
real skeletal frame structure.
Appendix 1 lists the designations for several types of rolled steel sections.

An I-Section is identified by its depth and weight, for example, I.S.L.B. 500 @
735.8 N/m denotes a 500 mm deep I-Section with a self weight of 735.8 N per
metre length. The depth and weight of a channel section are used to identify it.
L.S.L.C. 350 @380.6 N/m, for example, denotes a channel segment that is 350
mm deep and has a self weight of 380.6 N per metre length. Note The inside
face of the flange of all conventional I-beams and channels has a slope.

162 percent of the total The depth and weight of a T-Section are shown by the
letters L.S.N.T. 150 @ 223.7 N/m, which means the Tee-Section is 150 mm
deep and the self weight is 223.7 N per metre length. The leg lengths and
thickness of an angle-section define it.

Note Bulb angles deserve special attention because they are commonly
employed in shipbuilding but not in constructions. These have been frequent in
small depth gantry girders, where the bulb aids in stiffening the outstanding leg,
particularly when the angle is compressed along its length. The bending motion
that occasionally happens when the crane guy, instead of using, uses a small

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 Structural Analysis - I
depth horizontal girder, whose flanges are the bulbs, is counteracted by a small
depth horizontal girder, whose flanges are the bulbs.

The load is dragged across the shop floor in a direction normal to the girder
length by a direct lift and cross travel.

The outside diameter and self weight of steel tubes are used to identify them.
Rolling steel bars can be round or square, and are identified by their diameter or
side, for example, I.S.SQ. I.S.RO. 10 mm denotes a round bar with a diameter
of 10 mm and 10 mm denotes a square bar with a 10 mm side.
The flat is 30 mm broad and 10 mm thick if it is 10 mm thick. Steel plates are
labelled with their length, width, and thickness, for example, L.S.PL. 2000 mm
x 1000 mm x 8 mm denotes a plate that is 2000 mm long, 1000 mm wide, and 8
mm thick.
Steel sheets are labelled with their length, width, and thickness, such as I.S.SH.
2000 mm. x 600 mm. x 4 mm, which denotes a sheet that is 2000 mm long, 600
mm broad, and 4 mm thick.

Steel strips are labelled with their width and thickness, such as I.S.ST. 200 mm
x 2 mm denotes a strip with a width of 200 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. In the
vast majority of circumstances, one of the common shapes indicated above will
suffice. A built-up portion may be required if the needs are very server-related.
When none of the normal rolled shapes are large enough, a situation like this
emerges.
When cover plate(s) is (are) joined to one/both flange(s) of the section , a
standard shape is sometimes augmented by additional cross-sectional features.
Attaching two or more regular rolled forms to each other can also result in built-
up shapes. Double angles or double channels set back to back and joined at
intervals along their length are the most common combinations. There are other
additional options, some of which are depicted in this book.

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 Structural Analysis - I

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 Structural Analysis - I

Section Selection

The cross-sectional area and section modulus determine the design of steel
sections. Although a variety of steel sections are rolled, only a handful are
available due to the constraints of rolling mills. Also, if a piece is in high
demand, it is rolled on a regular basis, and if it is in low demand, it is rolled
only on demand, which costs more. As a result, the design is influenced not
only by sectional features, but also by the availability of the section in the
market, which becomes a crucial factor. The simplicity with which portions can
be joined is another element that influences the decision.
 REFERENCES

1. Limit State Design of Steel Structures by S.K.Duggal

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