WOLAITA SODO

UNIVERSITYCOLLAGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM OF POWER
SEMESTER PROJECT ON
AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING TRANSFORMER USING
MICRO CONTROLLER
ADVISOR NAME, LIULSEGED. E

Name of student Id No
1. LEUL MEKONNEN……………………..ENG./R/216/10
2. ABEBAW SNTAYEHU ………………….ENG./R/119/10
3. TEWACHEW MOLLA ……………………ENG./R/584/10
4. MINASE MONICHA………………………ENG/RT/1013/10

DATE; March 17, 2022

WOLAYITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

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DECLARATION

The undersigned, declare that this project is our work, the objective of the research
this project to understanding how to do research work provides their full support
and advice for a successful completion of my project work
NAME OF STUDENT ID NO
1 Leul mekonnen ………………………… ………… Eng/r/216/10
2 Abebaw sntayehu …………………………………Eng/r/119/10
3 Tewachew molla ……………………………………Eng/r/584/10
4 minasie monicha……………………………………Eng/r/1013/11

Advisor name, Liulseged .E ………………………………….sig ……………

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all we would like to express our deepest gratitude to God who has made everything all
possible. Next we would and like to thank, our advisor, mr Liulseged, for the successful completion
of this project for their help on each every part of the project especially

We would like to peeress gratitude to our head of the department electrical and computer
engineering assistant professor sirak g.hewote and dean of college engineering tsegaye.

Who helped us to finales our project.

Lastly we offer our regards to all of those who supported us in any respect during the
completion of the project.

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ABSTRACT
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The
aim of the Project is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing. Due to
overload on transformer, the Efficiency drops, windings get overheated and may get burnt. Thus
by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting
another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller. The microcontroller compares the
load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value,
the second transformer will share the extra load. Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently
and damage is prevented. The advantages of the project are transformer protection,
uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection. When designing low-voltage power
system to the supply large load currents, paralleled lower-current modules are often preferred
over a single, large power converter for several reasons. These include the efficiency of
designing and manufacturing standard modular converters which can be combined in any
number necessary to meet a given load requirement and the enhanced reliability gained through.
KEYWORDS: Transformers, Short circuit, Microcontroller, Reliable power supply

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................... iii
LEST OF TABLE .................................................................................................................................................vi
LIEST OF FEGUR ............................................................................................................................................. vii
ACRONOMY .................................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................................... 0
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 0
1.1 Background of study .................................................................................................................................... 0
1.2 Objective of the Project ............................................................................................................................... 0
1.2.1 General Objective ................................................................................................................................. 0
1.2.2 Specific objective .................................................................................................................................. 0
1.4 Significant of the project .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.5 Scope and limitation of the project .............................................................................................................. 1
1.5.1 Scope of the project............................................................................................................................... 1
1.5.2 Limitation of the project........................................................................................................................ 1
1.5.3 Field survey on transformer overload ................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPETER TWO ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPETER THREE ............................................................................................................................................. 6
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Design of Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer..................................................................................... 6
3.2 Power supply ................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Current Transformer .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Operation of Current Transformer ............................................................................................................... 9
3.4.1 Power Transformer ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.4.2 Operation of power transformer .......................................................................................................... 10
3.4.3 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two transformers ........................................................... 10
3.5 Interfacing of Microcontroller PIC16F877A with LCD LM016L ............................................................. 20
3.5.1 Microcontroller PIC16F877A ................................................................................................................. 20

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3.5.2 The Important Features of PIC16F877AGeneral Features .................................................................. 21
3.5.3 Special function registers of each port .................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2 Oscillator characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.5.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Interface ................................................................................................. 24
3.5.5 LCD pin description ................................................................................................................................ 24
3.5.6 Analog to Digital Converter Interfacing ................................................................................................. 25
3.5.7 Application of ADC ................................................................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................................ 26
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 26
4.1 Simulation and result ................................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.1 Software design ................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.2 MikroC PRO for PIC .......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.3 Schematic Explanation and discussion .................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Results and ................................................................................................................................................. 28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 31
5.2 Recommendation ....................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3 Feature work .............................................................................................................................................. 34
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 35
APPENDIX:......................................................................................................................................................... 36

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LEST OF TABLE
table 3. 1 overall parallel transformer connection summary ................................................................................... 20

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LIEST OF FEGUR
Figure 1. 1Methodology flow………………………………………………………………………….4

Figure 3. 1 block diagram of power supply……………………………………………………………. 7

Figure 3. 2 Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer………………………………………………….10

Figure 3. 3Microcontroller pic16f877a………………………………………………………………..22

Figure3.4 Crystal oscillator………………………………………………………………………………23

Figure 3. 5 LCD display…………………………………………………………………………………25

Figure 4. 1Simulation block diagram of the whole scheme of the project ………………………….27

Figure 4. 2Simulation block diagram of the normal load of the project…………………………………29

Figure 4. 3Simulation block diagram of the over load of the projec .............................................................. 30

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ACRONOMY
A AMPERE

AC ALTERNATING CURRENT

ADC ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTER

CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

EMF ELECTRO MOTIVE FORECE

EHV EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE

HVDC HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT

HZ HERTZ

KA KILO AMPERE

KV KILO VOLT

KVA KILO VOLT AMPERE

L INDUCTANCE

LCD LIQUIED CRISTIYAL DISPLAY

LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LV LOW VOLTEGE

MV MEDIUM VOLTAGE

MVA MEGAA VOLT AMPERE

P REAL POWER

S APPARENT POWER

SF6 SULPHUR HEXA FLUORIDE

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VDC DRICT CURRENT VOLTAGE

VL LINE VOLTAGE

VT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

X REACTANCE

Z IMPEDANCE

ZB BASE IMPEDANCE

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever-growing role in our
modern industrialized society. So, the demand for electrical energy is over increasing. This
project is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload on the
transformer, the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets over heated and it may also
burn. So, by reducing the load on the transformer, the transformer is protected. To minimize
these problems, the structures of the transformer have to be modified. This will be done by
arranging another transformer through a micro- controller. The microcontroller compares the
load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value
(rated value), the second transformer will share the extra load. Therefore, the two transformers
work efficiently under overload condition and the damage is prevented. In this project three
major components are used to control the load current. The first is sensing unit, which is used to
sense the current load, the second is control unit which is Electromagnetic relay is the main
role, and its function is to change position with respect to the control signal and The last one is
microcontroller, which will read the digital signal and perform some calculation and finally
gives control signal to the relay. When designing low-voltage power systems to supply large
load currents, paralleled lower-current modules are often preferred over a single, large power
converter.

1.2 Objective of the Project

1.2.1 General Objective
The main objective of this project is To design automatic load sharing of power transformer
using microcontroller-based relay scheme

1.2.2 Specific objective

 To test unwanted conditions (over current or overload) and when suchconditions arise to share
overload condition in the shortest time possible

 To Develop suitable protection and control of Power transformer

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1.3 To create a simulation model and consequently carryout a study of the proposed
technology and its operation Statement of the Problem

The system presently is done manually by technician this result in damage of transformer. This
is a heavy loss to any grid or industries, there are even chances for the equipment to get
damaged and power interruption. Transformer failures are particularly critical at sites where the
environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as universities, hospitals, sewage
treatment plants, mines, industry and the like will usually have backup power sources such as
standby generators, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Monitoring
and controlling of transformer is an important task for supplying healthy power to the
consumers in this automated era. The risk of blackouts, brownouts and fire are rapidly
increasing. The transformer fluid leaks or internal insulation breakdown cause overheating that
leads to failures [2]. The traditional method includes periodic manual checking of the system
which is time consuming and with very low accuracy. But there is a need for an optimal
solution or technique for this problem is design automatic load sharing of power transformer
using microcontroller- based relay scheme.

1.4 Significant of the project

 It used to control the components of the substation

 To verify how microcontroller send information to the transformer

 To verify Automatic Load Sharing by Transformer will supply power in overheating and
overload condition

 Highly sensitive low cost and reliable circuit

1.5 Scope and limitation of the project

1.5.1 Scope of the project
The scope of this project is to design the simulation circuit of the system based on the required
components by using Adriano software.

1.5.2 Limitation of the project

The limitation of this project is The site of foundation is not load canted.
The system does not show the location of the fault.

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1.5.3 Field survey on transformer overload

What Is Over Current
Over current is any current in excess of the rated current of equipment or the capacity of a
conductor. It may result from overload, short c.uit, or ground fault. Current flow in a
conductor always generates heat. The greater the current flow, the hotter the conductor.
Excess heat is damaging to electrical com

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Transformers in sub stations may be damaged due to different reason. Some of the major
reasons for these damages are:

Overload: As the city is on fast growing and its population increase rapidly from time to time.
This is due to establishment of different industries, and hotels resorts and public services. All
mentioned above need reliable and sustainable power to run their function properly. However,
the transformer mounted in the substation cannot capable of carrying the over increasing load of
the outgoing feeders to different cities.

Line-line or ground: This happened due to short circuit of the line in distribution network. Most
of the city‟s network exposed for this fault. Since there are less trimming, saggingand animal
and wind protection in the network. On other hand, lightening is also the cause to this damage in
the case of surge failure.

Insulation failure: The two reasons explained so far is the causes for the insulation failure. This
occurred when internal temperature of the transformer increased and transformer over heated
result in the breakdown of dielectric strength (insulation) of the transformer.

Oil level decrease: Most of the time oil level of transformer checked by distribution technicians
and filled. But sometimes due to a number of transformers some transformers may not checked.
As a result, the transformer oil level drop and the cooling system fail.so, the transformer over
heated easily and insulation break down that result in transformer internal damage. The
transformer to function properly, without any defect its phases, boxes and pillar must be equally
loaded (balanced) i.e. IR=IS=IT. The current in neutral line also have to be zero (no current flow
in the neutral line i.e. IN=0). If each phases of transformer carrying different value of current
and the two boxes of the transformers are unbalanced. So, the neutral line forced to carry the
current due to unbalanced phase. Consequently, this is resulted in over load of transformer that
causes for the burning of the transformer

1.6 Methodology
The methodology used to work this project are, case study analysis automatic load sharing
power transformer, simulation of automatic load sharing using PROTEUS and MiKro C PRO.
The present system is designed around two transformers. One transformer (TF1) is used as the
main supply and the other transformer (TF2) is used as a sharing transformer these two
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transformers are connected with the relay which is controlled by the embedded controller

Searching and Studying of

Related Literature

Study and Selecting of the

required material

Design the circuit based on

their specification

Determine the specification of

selected material

Design the simulation for the

system

figure 1. 1 Methodology flow

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CHAPETER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Automatic transformer load sharing issues and remedies are relevant project topics and a lot of
advanced researches are being carried out in this area. These issues are mainly due to increased
usage of power system utility and unbalanced loads occur in power system. Dynamic loads
cause power quality problems usually by voltage or current variations such as voltage dips,
fluctuations, momentary interruptions. Various publications define transformer load sharing in
different aspects. The project entitled "power transformer protection using microcontroller
designed with peripheral interface controller (pic 16f877a)".This project is mainly used to
protect transformer from getting worn out due to electrical disturbances. The electrical
parameters like current, voltage of the transformer are fed as base values, using a keypad to the
peripheral interface controller and the output signal is provided to operate a relay comparing the
base value with the operation electrical parameters[1]. "Transformer protection and monitoring"
this project uses the distance protection function which is used as back-up protection for faults
within the transformer. This solution provides efficient protection and control in facts
installations. The distance protection function can also be used as back-up protection for faults
in the connected lines. The parameters related to line distance protection are mostly set as
primary ohms, which significantly reduce the need to re-calculate the current and voltage
values. This allows the IEDs to be quickly taken into operation[2]. Furthermore in 2007

S.M. Bashi et al, ―designed and built a microcontroller based system for power transformer
protection‖. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal fault current and
magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection has been included.
The performances of the proposed system have been examined and from the experimental
readings and observation, it was understood that the proposed system monitors and controls the
transformer when there is any fault[3].

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CHAPETER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Design of Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer

Automatic load sharing of transformers is an integral part of the power system control process,
allowing smooth and immediate transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and the
load. Automatic load sharing of power Transformers is designed with two transformers. One
transformer TF1 is used as the main supply and the other transformer TF2 is used as sharing
transformer. These two transformers are connected with the relay which is controlled by the
embedded controller. The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well as to the TF2
through relay. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. If the load on
TF1 is increase beyond its rating then controller will find out that and it will connect the sharing
transformer parallel to the main transformer, then controller will continuously monitor the
current flowing in the load and

n the load current decreases below the TF1 rating it will turn off the sharing transformer. Here
we are using current transformer CT for measuring and protecting the load current, and the
output of CT is given to ADC for converting analog output of CT into digital data. That ADC
output is given to microcontroller for monitoring purpose. When currents are beyond certain
limit then we are going to sharing transformer.

3.2 Power supply

Power supply circuit design is one of the important parts of this project, without a power supply
the electronic devices such as microcontroller, relay, ADC, LCD display will not function. The
main power supplies needed for this project is 5V DC in order to power on the relay and other
electronic devices such as microcontroller, LCD and ADC etc. The design is done using a
transformer, bridge rectifiers, filter capacitor and a voltage regulator. Most of the power supply
is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for
electronic circuits and other devices

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figure 3. 1 block diagram of power

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3.3 Current Transformer

Current Transformers (CT) are instrument transformers that are used to supply a reduced value
of current to meters, protective relays, and other instruments. Current transformer in this project
plays an important role by sensing the current through the load and sending feedback signal to
the microcontroller. Microcontroller is so programmed that as soon as the load exceeds a
particular current limit it will soon generate a control signals and the signal is fed to the
electromagnetic relay. The switching process occurs in the Relay which automatically connects
the transformer in parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT. we can see that the
current of the transformer rises as load increases, whenever theload current goes above the
transformer rated current, and the microcontroller detects an over current and it sends a trip
signal to relay thereby the load shared automatically by transformer two and protecting the
transformer one from burning.

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3.4 Operation of Current Transformer

In this project, the current sensor is capable of measuring up to 50A.The monitored current
values are displayed on the LCD display and as soon as the power transformer is overloaded the
current transformer sends the information to the microcontroller and the microcontroller
energizes the relay, thereby the load is shared by transformer 2. An ammeter cannot be used in
measuring the load current in this project because an analogue signal most be fed into the ADC
of the microcontroller for monitoring the load current. A current sensor was found to be the
suitable current sensing device for this purpose.

3.4.1 Power Transformer

Power transformers are used for conversion of voltage and current from high to low and vice
versa. A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors of the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. For transmission and distribution networks to transfer large amounts of
alternating current electricity over long distances with minimum losses and less cost, different
voltage levels are required in the various parts of the networks. For example, the transfer of
electricity efficiently over a long transmission line requires the use of high voltages. At the
receiving end where the electricity is used, the high voltage has to be reduced to the levels
required by the consumer. Transformers enable these changes in voltage to be carried out easily,
cheaply and efficiently. transformer consists of two coils electrically separate but linked by a
common magnetic circuit of low reluctance formed by a laminated soft iron core. If

one coil (the primary coil) is connected to an AC supply, an alternating magnetic flux is set up
in the iron core. This alternating magnetic flux passes through the secondary coil and induces
and alternating voltage in the secondary coil. The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly
proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in thesecondary and primary windings and to the
primary voltage.

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3.4.2 Operation of power transformer

The present system is designed by two transformers. TF1 is used as the main supply and TF2 is
used as sharing transformer. They are connected with the relay which is controlled by the
embedded controller. The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well as to the TF2
through relay. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power.

 In order to connect these two Transformers, the following conditions must be satisfied:

 The voltage ratio must be the same.

 The per unit impedance of each must be the same.

 The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating currentbetween the transformers.

 The phase sequence must be the same

3.4.3 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two

transformers
Let us consider the following two cases:
Case1: Equal voltage ratios.

Case2: Unequal voltage ratios.

Case1: Equal Voltage Ratios

Assume no-load voltages EA and EB are identical and in phase. Under these conditions if the
primary and secondary are connected in parallel, there will be no circulating current between
them on no load.

figure 3. 2 Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer

The Figure shows two impedances in parallel. Let RA, XA and ZA be the total equivalent

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resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer A and RB, XB and ZB be the total
equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer B.

From the Figure we have

EA=V2 + IAZ (3.1)

EB=V2+IBZB

IAZA=IBZB since they are in parallel IA/IB=ZB/ZA

ZA = RA + XAZB = RB + XB

IA/IB = (RB +XB) / (RA + XA (3.2)

Suppose that if two transformers with different KVA rating are connected in parallel, the total
load will be divided in proportional to their KVA rating and their equivalent impendence are
inversely proportional to their respective rating.

IA/IB = ZB/ZA

IA/IL = ZB/ZL by current division formulaIA / (IA +IB) = ZB / (ZA + ZB)

IA = IL (ZB / (ZA + ZB)) (3.3)

IB = IL (ZA / (ZA + ZB)) (3.4)

Substituting for ZA and ZB above by KVAA/ %ZA and KVAB/ %ZB into equations (3) and (4)
produces the following equations

IA=(KVAA/%ZA)×IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) (3.5)

IB=(KVAB/%ZB) x IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) (3.6)

Similarly, the load share of the main transformer (TRA)SA = V2IA x 103 KVA

=V2I(ZB/ (ZA +ZB)) x 103 KVA (3.7)

The capacity of load sharing transformerSB = V2IB x 103 KVA

=V2I(ZA/(ZA + ZB)) x 103 KVA (3.8)

Therefore, the total load will beS = SA + SB

S=𝑉2I× 103 KVA (3.9)

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Case 2: Unequal Voltage Ratios

For unequal voltage turns ratio, if the primary is connected to the supply, a circulating current
will flow in the primary even at no load. The circulating current will be

Superimposed on the currents drawn by the load when the transformers share a load. Let V1 be
the primary supply voltage, a1 be the turns ratio of transformer A, a2 be the turns ratio of
transformer B, ZA be the equivalent impedance of transformer A (= RA + jXA) referred to as
secondary, ZB be the equivalent impedance of transformer B (= RB + jXB) referred to as
secondary, IA be the output current of transformer A and IB be the output current of transformer
B.

The induced EMF in the secondary of transformer A is

EA=V1/a1=V2 +IAZA (3.10)

The induced EMF in the secondary of transformer B is

EB=V1/a2=V2+I (3.11)

Again, V2 = IZL where ZL is the impedance of the load V2=(IA+IB)

(3.12)

From Equations 7, 8 and 9 we have

EA=IAZA+ (IA+IB) ZL (3.13)

And

EB =IBZB+ (IA+IB) ZL (3.14)

EA - EB = IAZA – I (3.15)

IA = ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA (3.16)

Substituting IA from equation (16) in to equation (14), we have EB =IBZB + ((EA –EB)
+IBZB)/ZA *ZL +IBZL

Z𝐵 𝐸𝐵Z𝐴−(𝐸𝐴−𝐸𝐵)Z𝐿
IB[𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐿 + × 𝑍𝐿] =

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Z𝐴 Z𝐴

IB = (EBZA – (EA -EB) ZL)/ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) (3.17)

IA = (EAZB + (EA -EB) ZL)/ ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB (3.18)

Case Study Analysis for power transformers in substation: - This part provides a case study
for two power transformers load sharing in substations. The following assumption parameters
for each transformer are considered.

Case 1: Equal Impedances-Equal Voltage Ratios- Different kVA

Although it‟s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different kVA and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be
no circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same. In this

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project, the capacity of the two transformers in woreta substation is Capacity of T1 (main
transformer) = 600 - 800 kVA and each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating. If each
transformer have equal impedance and each with the same turn ratios, since current has a direct
relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation (5) and (6) above

kVA1= KVA1 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVALkVA2= KVA2 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVAL

Although it„s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different KVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same. Let

Capacity of T1= 800 kVA and capacity of T2= 600 kVA,

Each transformer with 5.75% impedance and each with the same turn ratios, the total load
connected to a common is 1400 kVA.

Since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation

(5) and (6) above

kVA1= 800 / (800 + 600) x 1400 = 800

kVA kVA2= 600 / (800 + 600) x1400 =

600 kVA

It can be seen in the calculations that even though there are different kVA ratings on
transformers connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to
only be loaded to its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent impedances are the same.

Case 2: Unequal Impedances-Equal Ratios-Different kVA

Transformers in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with
different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where
two single-ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage
support when starting large motors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different,
care should be taken when loading these transformers.

Capacity of transformer 1 800 kVA (kVA1) with 0.571 per unit impedance
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Capacity of transformer 2 600 kVA (kVA2) with 0.428 per unit impedance,

Each transformer with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 1400 kVA load. Using
equations (5) and (6):

kVA1= 800 / (800 + 450) x 1400

= 896 kVA

kVA2= 450 / (800 + 450) x 1400

= 504 kVA

The load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their rated kVA. As
similar to ―case1 because, it is overloaded with a less than combined rated load.

Case 3: Unequal Impedances-Unequal ratios- Different kVA

Although it appears highly unlikely that all of these parameters would be different in practice,
we will address this situation by looking at circulating currents. Unequal impedances equal
ratios different kVA addressed different kVA, but ignored the X/R ratios of the transformer. If
both the ratios and the impedances are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal
ratio) should be combined with each transformer's share of the load current to obtain the actual
total current in each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn
ratios) results in only half percent to the total current.

At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically.The effect of having
parallel transformers with different percent impedances, along with different turn and X/R ratios
connected to one common load.

Consider two transformers connected in parallel:

Transformer A has 5500 V, equivalent impedance (0.4 + j4) ohm

Transformer B has 5400 V, equivalent impedance (0.1 + j 1.5) and supply a common load. The
load impedance is (10 + j 6) ohm. The current supplied by each transformer.

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By using equation 17 and 18 we can get the current of each transformer IA = (5500(0.1 + j1.5) +
(5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6))

((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))

= 1550 + j8850

= (101.31 – j84.58) A

IB = 5400(0.4 + j4) - (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6)

((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))

= 1160 + j2100

-33.96 + j59

= (258.85 –j168.66) A

To calculate the circulating currents, the difference in ratios must be expressed in the percentage
of the normal ratio. The circulating current is obtained by dividing this value by the sum of the
impedances of the two transformers.

This would be the total impedance through which the circulating current is flowing.

%IC = %e x 100

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((%R' + K%R'') 2+ (%Z' + K%Z'') 2)

Where,

%IC= circulating current in the transformers in percentage of the rated current.

%R', %Z', %R", and %Z" are the percentage resistances and reactance based on the X/R
ratio on units kVA' and kVA".

k = kVA' / kVA"

%e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal.

So we consider another two transformers connected in parallel:

Capacity of transformer 1 800 kVA1 with 5.71% impedance, X/R ratio of 8,

Capacity of transformer 2 600 kVA2with 4.28% impedance, X/R ratio of 5 and 800 kVA1 with
tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 600 kVA2 tapped at nominal. The percent circulating
current (%IC)

By using the above equation we can solve % of circulating current:Z' = 5.71, therefore %R'

= %Z' / [(X/R) 2+ 1)] 1/2

%R' = 5.71 / ((8)2+ 1)1/2

%R' = 0.708

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Solving for %X':

%X'= %R x (X/R)

%X' = 0.708 x 8 = 5.66

%Z" = 4.28, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2

%R" = 4.28 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2

%R" = 0.839

Solving for %X":

%X" = %R x (X/R)

%X" =0.784 x 5 = 4.19

% IC = 2.5 x 100

((.713 + (800/600) x 0.784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2)

%IC= 250 / 13.73 = 18.21

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This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000
= 546 kVA)] 2454 kVA before a load is connected.

We summarize our case study as follows:-

When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load
division will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same,
but the percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true
for unequal percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn
ratios do not match on each transformer.

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table 3. 1 overall parallel transformer connection summary

3.5 Interfacing of Microcontroller PIC16F877A with LCD LM016L

3.5.1 Microcontroller PIC16F877A
The microcontroller is the heart of the frequency controller. There are several types of
microcontrollers used in embedded control systems.

The microchip PIC16F877A has 40-pin IC. The pin 11and pin32 are connected to input voltage
(VDD) 5V dc. Pin12 and pin31 pins of the controller are connected to VSS grounded. A8 MHZ
crystal oscillator is connected to 13th and 14th pins of the PIC16F877A micro controller and
two 20pf capacitors are connected to ground from 13th and 14th pins. The pin1is Reset pin.
PIC16F877A is one of the most advanced microcontrollers from Microchip. This controller is
widely used for experimental and modern applications because of its low price, wide range of
applications, high quality, and ease of availability. Thus, microchip PIC16F877A
microcontroller is selected. The PIC16F877A features all the components which modern
microcontrollers normally have.

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3.5.2 The Important Features

of PIC16F877A General
Features

i. high performance RISC CPU.

ii. Only 35 simple word instructions.

iii. All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycles.

iv. Operating speed: clock input (200MHz), instruction cycle (200nS).

v. Pin out compatible to PIC 16C74B, PIC 16C76, PIC 16C77.

vi. Eight level deep hardware stack.

vii. Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources).

viii. Different types of addressing modes (direct, Indirect, relative addressing modes).

Key Features

i. Maximum operating frequency is 20MHz.

ii. Flash program memory (14 bit words), 8KB.

iii. Data memory (bytes) is 368.

iv. EEPROM data memory (bytes) is 256 v. 5 input/output ports.

vi. 3 timers and 2 CCP modules.

vii. 2 serial communication ports (MSSP, USART).

viii. PSP parallel communication port.

ix. Single 5V DC supply for circuit serial programming.

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figure 3. 3Microcontroller pic16f877a

3.5.3 Special function registers of each port
RA0-RA5: RA is a bidirectional port. That is, it can be configured as an input or an output. The
number following RA is the bit number (0 to 5). So, we have one 5-bit directional port where
each bit can be configured as Input or Output. RB0-RB7: RB is a second bidirectional port. It
behaves in exactly the same way as RA, except there are 8 - bits involved. RC0-RC7 & RD0-
RD7: RC & RD are bidirectional ports. They are 8-bit wide pins. RE0-RE2: 3-bit wide,
bidirectional. VSS and VDD: These are the power supply pins. VDD is the positive supply, and
VSS is the negative supply (0V). The maximum supply voltage that we can use is 5 V, and the
minimum is 2 V depends on the design specification of the devices.OSC1/CLK IN and
OSC2/CLKOUT: These pins are where we connect an external clock, so that the
microcontroller has some kind of timing. MCLR: This pin is used to erase the memory
lOccasions inside the PIC (i.e. when we want to re- program it). In normal use, it is connected to
the positive supply rail.INT: This is an input pin which can be monitored. If the pin goes high,
we can cause the program to restart, stop or any other single function we desire. We won't be
using this one much. T0CK1: This is another clock input, which operates an internal timer. It
operates in isolation to the main clock.

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3.5.2 Oscillator characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can
be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in figs. To drive the device from the an
External clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown for
figure. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input
to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and
maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

figure 3. 4Crystal oscillator

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3.5.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Interface

The alphanumeric 16 character X2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals. By
using 2 ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used
as I/O port i.e. it can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is
programmed as output port, suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not
possible. Before reading the data, it is required to make the port as an input port. Data reading
from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of this port5 is
made as input / output port depending on the situation. The control signals are connected to port
3 pins. They are EN bar, RS bar & RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command
write / data read etc. Various signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD
manufacturers. To interface the LCD, to the Micro controller it requires an 8 bit and also three
control signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD. The
Microcontroller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed.
Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the
LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus, all the
character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD.

3.5.5 LCD pin description

VDD, VSS and VEE While VCC and VCC provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used
for controlling LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside
the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command
code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc., If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed
on the LCD. R/W, read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or
read information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. EN, Enable the LCD to
latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data
pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data
present at the data pins. The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or
read the contents of the LCD‟s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send
ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, andnumbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.

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There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or
force the cursor to the home position or blink the instruction command codes. We also use
RS=0 to chew busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.

figure 3. 5 LCD display

3.5.6 Analog to Digital Converter Interfacing
Analog to Digital Converters are most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital
Computers use Binary values, but in the physical world everything is analog in nature.

A physical quantity which is analog in nature is converted to electrical signals using a device
called transducers. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors produce an output that is
voltage or current. Therefore we need an ADC to translate the analog signals to digital numbers
so that micro-controller can read and process them. Microcontroller can only perform complex
processing on digitized signals. When signals are in digital form they are less susceptible to the
deleterious effects of additive noise. ADC Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal processing and data handling.

3.5.7 Application of ADC

ADC is used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form. Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone,
thermocouples, digital oscilloscope, sound processing, temperature processing etc...
Microcontrollers commonly used 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs; our micro controller uses an 8 bit
ADC.

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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Simulation and result

We use two most known software for simulation of our project; that compatible to design
component of automatic load sharing of power transformer. For construction of the schematic
diagram of the project we applied PROTEUS and compile our code by Micro c. Also, it has
coding for the system to transmit securely. Every aspect of order to control the device is written
in the program.

4.1.1 Software design

The project simulation is designed through two types of software‟s. These are: -

1. The MikroC for PIC compiler to compile our c-code and

2. The ISIS Proteus-8 software to build and run our circuit

4.1.2 MikroC PRO for PIC

The Micro C PRO for PIC is a powerful, feature-rich development tool for PIC
microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to
developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.
PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a wide variety of applications. MikroC
PRO for PIC provides a successful match featuring highly advanced IDE, ANSI compliant
compiler, and broad set of hardware libraries.

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figure 4. 1Simulation block diagram of the whole scheme of the project

4.1.3 Schematic Explanation and discussion
Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller pic16f877a is 5V. Hence the 5V

D.C. power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first stepping down
the 220V to 15 V. The step downed ac voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The
diodes used are 1N4007. The rectified ac voltage is now filtered using a „C‟ filter. Now the
rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator allows us
to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V.regulators i.e., 7805. These voltage regulators
regulate 5v for microcontroller, LCD and current transformer. The rectified; filtered and
regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100μF. Now the
output from this section is fed to pic16f877a microcontroller to supply operating voltage. The
microcontroller pic16f877a with crystal oscillator of 4 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple
of capacitors is placed at 13th& 14th pins of pic16f877a to make it work (execute) properly.
The LCD is interfaced to Microcontroller. The control pins of LCD are connected to Port 2 as
shown in schematic. One of the port 3 pin is connected to the relay to check the status of the
transformer one (main transformer) i.e. whether it is overloaded or not. Relay is used to turn
on & off the transformer two whenthe transformer one is overloaded

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4.2 Results
From simulation of the project we get the following result. When the utility load is increased
beyond the rated capacity of the transformer one (main transformer) and interrupted; then the we

Microcontroller detects the signal that gets from the loads through current sensor. Then the
microcontroller calculates the received signal compare with the reference voltage; then send
signal to the relay (transfer switch). The relay connect transformer two to share the overload
power. However, when the utility load became below rated value of transformer one
microcontroller send signal to disconnect transformer two and the load is run only by
transformerone.

1. When utility power is interrupted due to over current and overload, the transfers switch
senses and starts up the transformer TF2 which acts as a backup transformer.

2. If the utility power remains absent, the transfer switch disconnects the load from the utility
and connects it to the Transformer TF1.

3. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when it is restored, switches the
load from the Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once the Transformer TF2 is
disconnected, it goes through a cool-down routine and is automaticallyshut down.

4. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. Due to any reason this
power is interrupted, then it is identified by the controller and it immediately switches ON to the
TF2 through the relay.

5. The result is displayed on LCD.

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figure 4. 2Simulation block diagram of the normal load of the project

This figure show the simulation of diagram of normal load condition the parameter is current
,voltage. Power and rating. Then all components are having the balance load.

The current in normal it shows 22A.

Then the transformer not over loaded. The microcontroller not share the automatically

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figure 4. 3Simulation block diagram of the over load of the project

In this figure show that the simulation result on the over load condition parameter is current,
voltage. Power and rating. Then all components are having the unbalance load. Then
transformer is over loaded .therefor must be need other transformer to share the load in parallel
connection.in parallel connection the two transformer must be have

 the same voltage level

 ,the same kva rating,

 frequency must be the same

 the same polarity

 load per unit impedance

 X/R ratio The result shows the over loaded the current is 44A .the micro controller share
automatically
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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
By designing automatic load sharing transformer using a microcontroller we have concluded
that as we all know the transformer is the most important equipment in the power system ,so its
safety is very important .

This project is about the important of transformer load sharing so that the power that can be
transferred is uninterrupted . we observed that if the load on one transformer is increased then
the relay will sense the change in current and the microcontroller operates and other
transformer come automatically in the operation to share the load and when load decrease then
again the relay will sense the change in current and the load distribute and share back to the
single main transformer . While the voltage sensor ,current sensor ,oil sensor ,temperature
sensor measurement will be shown on LCD on each step . The results indicate that the
microcontroller based transformer automatic load sharing achieves numerous advantages over the
existing systems in use: 1) fast response, 2) better isolation, 3) accurate detection of the fault. Finally, the
results of simulation meet the aim and objectives of the project and automated with no manual interface
required.

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5.2 Recommendation
Any work and investigation on transformer load sharing is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time, it can be observed that population in different cities are increasing
rapidly. Therefore, demands on electricity will be high and these will lead to demands of highly
sophisticated protection devices, which will be incorporated in transformer load sharing
schemes. Based on the work done in this project which automatic load sharing of transformer
using microcontroller, some improvements need to be made in the future work. Such as use of
switching semiconductor device such as thyristor can be used instead of relay, highly advanced
microcontroller such as 16bit PIC microcontroller or a digital signal processor can be used for
high speed analogue to digital (ADC) conversion of the transformer voltage and current. Our
project automatically connects the transformer under critical loads. Thus, there is no need to
operate both transformers under normal loads, particularly during off peak hours. Thus, power is
shared intelligently with the transformers in parallel.

arrange suitable working environment for interns including work shop.

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I strongly recommended the corporation to take the following points in to considerations and
getpossible corrections.

The corporation needs always to make a preventive maintenance for the loading of the
transformer as just preventive maintenances for other accessories of the transformer. Thiscan
help to add an additional assisting transformer before its damage.

Preventive maintenance needs to be performed as per the manufacturer‟s policy and the devices
or equipment service period rather than inspecting the existence or the absence of accessories.

The corporation has good experience in training the technicians. So we suggest this is very
crucial to upgrade the technical skills of the workers and to create a bond between the
administrative body and the lower level workers.

The rehabilitation work is very good experience and better to be expanded and continues
further.

If the power supply is to be reliable and minimizes the cost of maintenance, the corporation
must reconsider the spare material supply.

The safer the workers, the productive they become. Hence, the corporation is expected to
provide some basic safety wears.

Upgrade substations based on their schedule.

Upgrade substations based on feasibility studies.

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5.3 Feature work

The future work of our project is particularly in substation .in substation particularly during the
peak hours there is need for the operation of additional transformer to supply the additional
load requirement .our project automatically connects the transformer under critical load.

Thus there is no need to operate both transformer under normal load, particularly during off
peak hours .Thus power is shared intelligently with the transformer parallel In the power
system transformers may be loaded beyond their nameplate ratings due to a fault or some
emergency conditions. This type of overloading can cause either short term failures or long term
failures. Increase in hot spot temperature would also lead to the accelerated ageing of the
transformers resulting in transformer overload. So in order to keep the body temperature of the
transformer within its nameplate rating, the transformer must be loaded efficiently in a
controlled manner. Our system aims at load sharing of transformers and priority based load
shedding. The procedure of load sharing is summarized below. 1. Loads are supplied from a
single transformer under normal condition and a standby transformer is connected in parallel
through a circuit breaker. 2. A current transformer measures the load current continuously and
feeds it to the controller by converting it to a corresponding D.C value in order to compare with
the reference value set by the user. 3. Whenever the load current exceeds reference value, the
controller sends a high signal to the relay which energizes the relay coil. The relay coil thus
sends a tripping signal to the circuit breaker of the standby transformer

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REFERENCES
[1] http://Transformer_protection_monitoring_and_control.pdf

[2] http://www.asciitable.com/ Interfacing LCD with PIC16f Microcontroller using MikroC –

pic16f877a.htm

[3] Loading Considerations When Paralleling Transformers Application Guide (2007);

Nashville, TN, USA

[4] Akhil Krishnan V , Arun P S, D Yathishan, Jomice Thomas, DK Narayanan, “Automatic

Load Sharing of Transformers using Microcontroller”,InternationalJournal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

[5] NaruteNitinHanumant, Jadhav Sanjay Balbhim, GaradYogeshDattatray and ShindeKrishna

Narayan, Microcontroller Based Automatic Load Sharing Of Transformer Department of
Electrical Engineering, SVERI‟s College of Engineering (Poly.), Pandharpur Third Year
Diploma Students

[6] S.R.Balan, P.Sivanesan, R.Ramprakash, B.Ananthakannan and K.MithinSubash,“ GSM

Based Automatic Substation LoadShedding and Sharing Using Programmable Switching
Control”, Journal of Selected Areas in Microelectronics, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp. 59-61, 2014. [4]
Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V. Badarkhe and Vivek B. Bathe, “Automatic
Load Sharing of Transformers”,International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,
Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. 739-741,2015

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APPENDIX:
sbit LCD_D7 at RB2_bit;
Sbit LCD_D6 at RB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_RS at RB7_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB2_bit;
int current;
unsigned int D0;D1;D2;
void lcd_disp (int current)
{
lcd_out(2,1,"current=");
D0=current/10;s
D1=(current/10)%10;
}
void main ()
{
ADC Init();
Lcd_Init ();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
trisb=0;
trisa.f0=1;
trisc.f0=0;
portc.f0=0;
}
}

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