CHAPTER II:

Related Literature

This chapter contains various literatures from previous researchers and researches containing related
topics and contents to contribute to the relevance of the study.

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also
called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can
lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day
activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living from (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018)

In 2020, Reach out clinical stated during the teenage years, changes in the brain mean that
adolescents can get quite emotional. These changes aren’t complete until their mid-twenties, and the
last brain regions to develop are those responsible for planning, awareness of consequences and
perspective. As a result, it’s normal for teenagers to be moody from time to time.

Debra Fulghum Bruce PhD in 2021 said that depression is a complex disease. No one knows
exactly what causes it, but it can happen for a variety of reasons. Some people have depression during a
serious medical illness. Others may have depression with life changes such as a move or the death of a
loved one. Still others have a family history of depression. Those who do may have depression and feel
overwhelmed with sadness and loneliness for no known reason.

According to better health if the feelings of sadness go on for weeks or months and affect
everyday life, the young person may have depression. Symptoms of depression in young people include
feeling grumpy, having trouble sleeping, feeling worthless or guilty, eating more or less than usual and
gaining or losing weight (2021, Headspace. )

Better health (2021). Treatment for depression in young people

Encourage young people to talk about how they feel with someone they know and trust, such as a
parent, teacher, school counsellor, family member or friend.

An important next step is for the young person to visit their doctor to learn whether they have
depression and what can be done to treat it. Support for people with depression can include
psychological therapy that focuses on building skills to deal with life stresses and to change negative
thinking patterns, as well as lifestyle changes (including creating exercise and sleeping routines). (2021,
SANE Australia.)
 According to the National Institute of Mental Health, depression can be defined as a state of
mental instability which affects the human body, mood, thought pattern, and relationship with others.
Statistics from the National Institute of Mental Health shows that about eleven percent of teenagers
have depressive disorder by age eighteen. (National Institute of Mental Health). Teenage depression is
one of the issues confronting teenagers in today’s society. Depression can occur at every age in the
human life, but it is more common in teenagers.

Keith A. King, and Rebecca A. Vidourek. "Teen Depression and Suicide: Effective Prevention and
Intervention Strategies." The Prevention Researcher (2012): 15. Web.

National Institute of Mental Health. "Teen Marijuana use Worsens Depression." 2007. National
Institute of Mental Health. Web. 22 March 2014.

According to the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing[1], more than one in four
Australians aged 16–24 years had experienced a mental disorder (most commonly affective, anxiety
and/or substance use disorders) in the previous 12 months. Affective disorders were identified as the
diagnosis associated with the greatest severity, with more than one in four experiencing symptoms of,
and 6.3% being diagnosed with, depression. However, fewer than 25% of young people with mental
health problems sought professional help [2], which is concerning given delays in accessing treatment
can significantly affect social, educational and vocational outcomes, and may have adverse long-term
consequences [3].

In 2012 by McCann and Lubman, young people with depression can encounter considerable
personal and logistical barriers when accessing services. Personal barriers, such as embarrassment [4]
and hoping the problem will go away [5], are considered more problematic than logistical barriers, such
as difficulties in getting appointments and obtaining transport, and the cost of services [4, 6, 7].
Nevertheless, access to services remains an important factor when examining pathways to care,
together with a service’s ability to identify and respond appropriately to symptoms [8].

In medically reviewed by Casarella, MD (2020) stated that recovering from depression isn't easy.
One of the hardest things is that you just don't know what to expect. It's not like healing from an injury.
If you broke your arm, your doctor could give you specifics about your recovery. They could tell you -- at
least roughly -- how many weeks you would need a cast and when you will be healed.

By Gerten (2021), Depression is heavy. If you’ve experienced it, you know just how significant its
weight can be—and bearing the burden of that load? Far too many will carry it silently due to shame and
stigma.

Elizabeth Wurtzel said "A human being can survive almost anything as long as she sees the end in
sight. But depression is so insidious, and it compounds daily, that it’s impossible to ever see the end"
It’s so difficult to describe depression to someone who’s never been there because it’s not sadness. -J.K.
Rowling