ME 383 -

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Topic one:
NATURE OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Materials that are used as raw material for any sort of construction or manufacturing in
an organized way of engineering application are known as Engineering Materials.
Everything we use in our daily life can be tailored to use for specific cases. This can be
done efficiently if we know the property of each material beforehand. Hence, materials have
been extensively tested for their properties and classified into broad groups. Engineering
materials are classified into the following broad groups:
Engineering Material

METALLIC NONMETALLIC CERAMIC COMPOSITES

FERROUS NONFERROUS WOOD,

STONE, BRICK,
CEMENT,
STEEL, CAST COPPER, TIN, CONCRETE,
IRON, WROUGHT ZINC,
IRON, MALLEABLE ALLUMINUM,
RUBBER,
CAST,IRON BASED MAGNESSIUM LEATHER,
MATERIALS, ETC. TITANIUM
PLASTICS
METALLIC-FERROUS
• CAST IRON – it is an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon and it is hard and brittle. Carbon content may be
within 1.7% to 3% and carbon may be present as free carbon (graphite) or iron carbide (Fe3C).
• MALLEABLE CAST IRON - These are white cast irons rendered malleable by annealing. They can be
twisted or bent without fracture excellent machining properties and are inexpensive.
Application: Used for making parts where forging is expensive such as hubs for wagon wheels, brake supports.
• WROUGHT IRON – a very pure iron where the iron content is of the order of 99.5%. It is produced by
remelting pig iron and some small amount of Silicon, Sulphur, or Phosphorus may be present. It is tough,
malleable and ductile and can easily be forged or welded, it cannot however take sudden shock.
Application: Chains, crane hooks, railways, couplings other components made of iron.
• STEEL – Basically an alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content can be less than 1.7% and
carbon is present in the form of iron carbide to impart hardness and strength.
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF STEEL ARE: (a). Plain Carbon Steel and (b.) Alloy Steel.
➢ Alloy Steel – These are steels in which elements other than carbon are added to impart desired properties,
such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, electric or magnetic properties.
Added elements: Nickel (Ni) for strength and toughness, Chromium (Cr) for hardness, Tungsten (W) for
elevated temperature, Vanadium (V) for tensile strength, Manganese (Mn) for high strength in hot rolled and
heat treated condition, Silicon (Si) for high elastic limit, Cobalt (Co) for hardness, Molybdenum (Mo) for extra
tensile strength.
➢ Stainless Steel – An alloy steel that gives good corrosion resistance. Often described as 18/8 chromium
and nickel percentages respectively.
METALLIC-NONFERROUS
• ALUMINUM – This is white metal produced from alumina. In this pure state it is weak and soft, but addition
of small amounts of Cu, Mn, Si and Mg makes it hard and strong. It is also corrosion free, ow weight and
non-toxic.

• COPPER - is one of the most widely used for nonferrous metals in industry. It is soft and ductile and is a
good conductor of heat and electricity.

• TIN - is a soft, silvery-white metal that is very light and easy to melt. Being so soft, tin is rarely used as a
pure metal; instead, it is combined with other metals in order to make alloys that possess tin's numerous
beneficial properties. These include a low toxicity level and a high resistance to corrosion. Tin is also both
malleable (easy to press and shape without breaking) and ductile (able to be stretched without tearing).

• MAGNESSIUM - is the lightest of all light metal alloys and therefore is an excellent choice for engineering
applications when weight is a critical design element. It is strong, has good heat dissipation, good damping
and is readily available. Its properties make it easy to weld, forge, cast or machine
NONMETALIC
• TIMBER – Low-cost material and a bad conductor of heat and electricity. Widely used in foundry
patterns and water lubricated bearings because of its good elastic and frictional properties.

• RUBBER – It has high bulk modulus and is used for drive elements, sealing, vibration isolation and
similar application.

• LEATHER – Widely used in engineering for its flexibility and wear resistance. Belt drives, washers and
others are applications of leather.

• PLASTICS – Are synthetic materials which can be molded into desired shapes under pressure with or
without application of heat. These are now extensively used in various industrial application for their
corrosion resistance, dimensional stability and relatively low-cost.
 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
The properties of elements are primarily related to the electrons, protons
and neutrons in the atomic structure.
-28
Has a mass of 9.107x10 g, or Has a negative charge of
ELECTRON
1/1837 of hydrogen. -1.601x10 coulombs.
-24
Has a mass of 1.672x10 g, or 1836 Has a positive charge of
PROTON
times the mass of electron. +1.601x10 coulombs.
Has a mass of 1.675x10 g, or 1839
NEUTRON Electrically neutral
times the mass of electron. The Bohr model depicts an atom as a
small, positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons. These electrons
✓ The Nucleus of the atom is composed of protons and neutrons which travel in circular orbits around the nucleus.

largely determine the mass of the atom.

✓ The number of protons in the nucleus determines the stability of an
atom and atomic number of elements.
✓ Electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits which on the average
may be considered to lie in distinct shells at discrete distances from
nucleus. An electron will jump from a low energy shell near the nucleus
to a higher energy shells further from the nucleus when energy is
absorbed. Then produced a quantum energy.
There is a definite limitation to the number of electrons that can exist in a given shell.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSkJzE2Vz_w
 The outermost shell of
electrons is called the
valency group, and the
electrons in this group
are called the valence
electrons.

Those elements which have a

similar configuration of electrons
in the outer shells ( the valency
group) would have similar
properties. However, while there
are similarities of elements in
these groups, the inner shells are
not filled in the regular ordered
observed for the other elements.
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL
BONDING
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND
Metal atom loses
IONIC BOND electron/s to nonmetal
atoms

Two nonmetals share

Chemical bonding is the COVALENT BOND electrons
association between
atoms facilitated by
electrons, and as such
produces inherent Positive metal ions
properties manifested in METALIC BOND attract conducting
chemical structure, electrons
stability, and reactivity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUbUoyR6Log
 Metallic Bond shared electrons are free to move from atom to atom
with reasonable facility, accounts for Electrical and Thermal
Conductivity. Whereas , restraint to this motion by collision accounts for
the Resistivity of material.

Magnetic characteristics of the metallic materials are probably associated with the motions of electrons. The
behavior of materials when subjected to a magnetic field are as follows:
Ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-gVHE2VY0o