Access and Protection To The Internet (Sebastian Ramirez Selame)

Integrative Learning Experience (ILE)
I-MPH
University of Haifa
2020-2021 Cohort
Access and protection to the Internet:

A fundamental good for Public Health and Human Rights
Sebastian Ramirez Selame

Ramirezselame@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown us all the enormous importance and dependence that we have
on the Internet every day. Beyond the restrictions, connecting to the web allowed us to be informed, communicate
with our loved ones, as well as maintain work, educational activity and access health or cultural benefits.
Although for many it has been a salvation, the Internet also revealed an inescapable reality: More than a third of
the world's population still does not have access to the service, without which the full exercise of other human
rights is not possible. After the launch of the Soviet “Sputnik 1”, the ARPANET project was developed, which
gave rise to the Internet, which ended up spreading globally after the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991:
transforming the world forever. Since then, the Internet has allowed the connection and a massive exchange of
information between users. However, alongside the benefits of this new technology are new threats such as loss
of user privacy, censorship, and cyberattacks.
Given the importance of this tool, and its overcrowding in all areas of our life, scientists, academics and
intellectuals, as well as politicians and various organizations (including the United Nations) have discussed the
possibility of declaring Internet access as a new Right Human. Beyond the technical discussion, there is no doubt
that the Internet is a key technology for the achievement of other human rights. Ensuring their access and
protection will also allow us to achieve notable advances in Public Health, as well as facilitate the achievement
of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
KEYWORDS:
Internet, Internet of Things (IoT), Human Rights, Sustainable Development Goals, Disinformation, Blockchain,
Freedom of Speech, Privacy, Surveillance.
CONTENTS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6 INTRODUCTION
7 PART 1: INTERNET
1.1 WHY WAS THE INTERNET BORN?
1.2 MILESTONES
1.3 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
1.4 WEB 2.0 (CENTRALIZED)
1.5 WEB3 (DECENTRALIZED)
1.6 INTERNET TODAY
1.7 ESSENTIAL TO REDUCE INEQUITY IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
17 PART 2: PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

2.1 INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA BASED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
2.2 INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS (IoMT)
2.3 SMART PUBLIC HEALTH
2.4 INFOSPHERE AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH
23 PART 3: HUMAN RIGHTS

3.1 INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW HUMAN RIGHT?
3.2 WHY MUST IT BE A HUMAN RIGHT?
3.3 POSSIBILITIES WHEREBY INTERNET COULD BECOME A HUMAN RIGHT
26 PART 4: CHALLENGES AND HOPES

4.1 PRIVACY
4.2 CYBER VULNERABILITY
4.3 GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN
4.4 INTERNET DECENTRALIZATION: GREATER RESPONSIBILITIES ON THE USER
4.5 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
4.6 TIM BERNERS-LEE AND THE WEB CONTRACT
4.7 THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S ROADMAP FOR DIGITAL COOPERATION
4.8 INTERNET FOR EVERYONE
4.9 E-ESTONIA: A DIGITAL SOCIETY
33 KEYPOINTS
34 FINAL WORDS
35 REFERENCES
Access and protection to the Internet 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PART 2: PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reminded
us all of the enormous importance and dependence Both for Public Health and Epidemiology, the
that day by day we have to Internet. Beyond the Ubiquitous Internet and the Internet of Things (IoT)
restrictions imposed by governments, connecting to could allow us to study everything we want, through
the web allowed us to be informed, communicate the use of massive databases. Likewise, Smart
with our loved ones, make purchases, as well as Public Health, through information extracted from
maintain work, educational activity and access the environment, will help us make better decisions
health or cultural benefits. in public health, being especially relevant to face the
challenges that will accompany megacities.
This document wants to show why providing access
and protection to the Internet is an essential good The recognition of the Infosphere as a social
for the development of Public Health and the determinant of health would allow Public Health
respect and fulfillment of Human Rights. Also, show professionals to be given greater interference in the
the challenges and possible solutions to reach the regulation of poor-quality content on the web, in this
goal. way, users could access verified health information
more easily.
PART 1: INTERNET
The launch of Sputnik 1, in 1957, sparked a space

race that led to development in the field of PART 3: HUMAN RIGHTS
communications, eventually leading to the creation
of the Internet. In 1967 the ARPANET was created, Although the recognition of a new human right is a
two years later it was possible to connect four long process, we have no doubts about the
computers to the network, being a fundamental importance of the Internet for the fulfillment of other
event for the beginning of the Internet. human rights, as well as facilitating the achievement
of the Sustainable Development Goals and
1991 is the year that the British physicist Sir Tim obtaining substantial improvements in Health and
Berners-Lee from CERN launched the World Wide Quality of life of people. The Internet is not a luxury,
Web (www), thereby massifying the use of the but a necessary means to lead a minimally decent
internet, changing the world as we know it. life.
In the mid-2000s, progress in hardware and higher Freedom of expression in cyberspace and physical
connection speeds allowed the user to be access to the Internet could be two of the points to
transformed from a passive receiver to a content be included in the new human right if it is
creator (web 2.0). 2008 sees the release of the implemented.
paper by the anonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, with
this, Bitcoin is started, thereby spreading the use of The idea of declaring the Internet a human right has
an existing technology since the 90s (blockchain). some antecedents in previous UN documentation.
The mass use of blockchain cryptographic In 2011, the HRC adopted the report of the Special
technology starts the web3 (web 3.0). Rapporteur Frank La Rue, who pointed out that
“guaranteeing universal access to the Internet
In 2021, Internet users amount to 4.88 billion, which should be a priority for all states”. Although these
is equivalent to more than 60 per cent of total world observations were no more than mere
population. Despite the progress, there is still great recommendations, the report raised the debate on
inequities in internet access, especially in Africa and the link between Human Rights and the Internet,
South Asia. Also, a big gap between genders. The mostly academic until then, to the UN forums. Also,
inequity even is seen in develop countries like USA, in 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Council
especially in over 65 years and low-income groups. approved a non-binding resolution for the
“promotion, protection and enjoyment of human
Due to the great technological disruption, the rights on the Internet”.
amount of information that is created and shared on
the internet grows exponentially. So does Artificial
Intelligence and the automation of industrial
processes, which has caused (and will continue to
cause) the labor market to undergo radical
changes, for which having the Internet will be
essential to adapt.
Ramirez Selame S. 3
PART 4: CHALLENGES AND HOPES "The Contract for the Web", an initiative that seeks
to regulate and democratize the web, addressing
Privacy and cybersecurity are two of the great issues such as political manipulation, fake news,
problems that we must face in a society that is violation of the privacy, among others.
ubiquitously connected to the Internet. Greater
regulation is necessary for companies, Similarly, the UN Secretary General has prepared a
governments and other actors. A balance must be Roadmap for Digital Cooperation, seeking that the
sought between security and freedom. international community can better take advantage
Cyberattacks grow day by day, putting the health of the opportunities offered by digital technologies.
and integrity of individuals, communities or entire
countries at risk. The future is unpredictable; however, new
The censorship, as well as Blackouts carried out by challenges will undoubtedly come, and today's work
governments, must be avoided. will allow us to build a better future.
With the development of the web3, crypto- Connectivity matters, and the Internet allows us to
anarchism is likely to gain greater relevance in the promote the most valuable product that nations
political sphere, as well as the decentralized web have: people.
and the advent of digital nations and digital citizens,
will imply greater responsibilities on the internet
user, which is why that digital literacy will be
increasingly relevant.
More than 30 years since the World Wide Web

changed history, Sir Tim Berners-Lee proposes

“The scale, spread and speed of change made possible by digital technologies is
unprecedented, but the current means and levels of international cooperation are unequal
to the challenge.”
António Guterres, UN Secretary-General
Ramirez Selame S. 5
INTRODUCTION
In 2016, the UN General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution declaring that "Internet access is a
human right." This generated inspiring headlines around the world, but the resolution did not address the
government's responsibility to provide access for all, rather focused on preventing governments from "taking
away access" from their citizens (1) (2).
Since then, although the issue has remained current, progress in the field has been insufficient. An example
of this is the failure to “… provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in the least developed
countries by 2020” (3), as promoted within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal number 9
(target 9.c).
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown and reminded us all of the enormous importance and
dependence that day by day we have more towards this tool that is the Internet, in addition to helping to
accelerate the pace of the digitization process.
Beyond the restrictions imposed by governments, connecting to the web allowed us to be informed,
communicate with our loved ones, make purchases and orders, as well as maintain work, educational
activity and access health or cultural benefits, among others.
Although for many it has been a salvation, the Internet also made clear an inescapable reality: More than a
third of the world's population still does not have access to the service (11), without which it is not possible to
fully exercise other human rights such as: freedom of expression, freedom of association and freedom of
information, as well as the right to work, basic education or health.
In addition, given the ease with which the web allows us to carry out basic civil functions, there is a risk that
those carried out online end up supplanting their traditional equivalents, meaning that those who lack the
service cannot exercise their rights (12).
The following document wants to show why providing access and protection to the Internet is an essential
asset for the development of Public Health and the respect and fulfillment of Human Rights. Also, show us
the challenges and possible solutions to reach the goal.

PART 1: INTERNET
Ramirez Selame S. 7
1.1 WHY WAS THE INTERNET BORN?
On October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union put Sputnik 1 ("Satellite 1" in Russian) into orbit, it unleashed an
uncontrollable chain of events, not directly related to the space race, that would lead to an unexpected and
unthinkable revolution.
Despite its limitations, Sputnik made the USSR a pioneer in the space race.
The Soviets had not only shown that they were in a position to put a satellite in space, but also that they could
launch something much less innocent than Sputnik: a nuclear warhead, for example (5).
Due to this event, and in response, two new government agencies are created in the United States:
- One focused on the conquest of space, which they called NASA (July 1958).
- The other, ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency; February 1958), whose objective will be
to ensure communications from different parts of the country, in a context of possible military
attacks. It is here where the ARPANET project will be born, which will later give rise to the Internet.
1.2 MILESTONES
- 1961: The "packet communication theory" was published for the first time, based on the fact that
all the information that comes out of a device is divided into blocks to be transmitted over the
network.
- 1962: Joseph C Licklider (MIT), the first director of ARPA, wrote in a series of memoranda about
the concept of the "Galactic Network" in which he exposed about the global connection of
computers through which all people could receive and access information and programs from
anywhere in the world.
- 1967: The ARPANET project is born, to communicate a network of computers from different
academic and state institutions.
- 1968: Leonard Kleinrock develops the "packet exchange theory".
- 1969: UCLA is selected to install the first ARPANET node. The second node was located at the
Stanford Research Institute (SRI). The first host-to-host message is sent from the Kleinrock lab at
UCLA to the SRI. Two more nodes were soon added at UC Santa Barbara and the University of
Utah. At the end of that year the four computers were connected to the ARPANET, and with it the
Internet was born.
Joseph Licklider
Leonard Kleinrock
On December 5, 1969—the U.S. Department of Defense's

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) connected four
computer network nodes at the University of California, Los
Angeles, (UCLA), the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in
Menlo Park, Calif., U.C. Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the
University of Utah.

- 1971: Ray Tomlinson first implemented the electronic mail system in the ARPANET, to enumerate,
selectively read, archive, forward and reply to messages.
- 1973: England and Norway join the network with one computer each. During the 1970s, new
institutions began to join the network.
- 1982: The United States Department of Defense declares TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol
and Internet Protocol) as the standard for military network communications.
- 1983: Hosts are given names to avoid remembering numeric addresses.
- 1985: ARPANET has commercial use.
- 1991 - Time Berners-Lee (CERN) creates the hypertext transfer protocol that would launch the World
Wide Web (www). It used HTML, HTTP, and the web browser program. A new way of sharing
information that had a profound impact on Internet accessibility and usability.
- 1993: Launch of the Mosaic browser, the first visually appealing web interface aimed at a general
audience.
- 1998: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is created, which
continues to be one of the most important institutions responsible for the technical aspects of Internet
governance.
- 1998: Sergey Brin and Larry Page founded Google.
- 2001: Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger create Wikipedia; the largest reference work on the internet.
- 2004: Facebook is founded.
- 2005 - The first YouTube video is uploaded. It was no longer only television studios and broadcasters
that could create and upload videos for sharing.
- 2007: The invention of the smartphone (iPhone) marked the collision of two revolutionary
technologies: the mobile phone, which made the Internet more accessible, and the Internet, which
made the mobile phone more useful.
- 2009: Bitcoin and Uber are introduced; a revolution is generated in the market.
- 2015: Ethereum; open-source blockchain platform is launched.
- 2021: More than 60% of the population has access to the internet.
1.3 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
In its beginnings, the Internet did not have commercial implications, but was a research project of the Department
of Defense of the United States of North America in the year 1969, since ARPANET linked university, business
and state sites in a network computing that was expanded by the National Science Foundation (NSFENET) for
research purposes, until it reached private hands.
While countless scientists contributed to the creation and dissemination of this technology, the web as we know
it today is due to the work of British computer scientist and physicist Sir Tim Berners-Lee at the European Center
for Nuclear Research (CERN, Geneva) (31).
On March 12, 1989, Berners-Lee presented his boss with a proposal for a system to manage and exchange
information between the different areas that make up CERN. Its main objective was to improve the flow of
information between scientists of the institution working in different parts of Switzerland.
The three bricks of his system were (5):

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language), which allowed the generation of text, images and hyperlinks.
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator), a unique address to access each file.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), a protocol for transmitting information on this network.
At the end of 1990, the prototype of the World Wide Web (www) was ready to be used. The first web server to
work in the physicist's lab was a desktop computer with a handwritten note stuck to the CPU that said "this device
is a server, don't turn it off !!" (24) .
On that same server, Berners-Lee built the first website, which served as an exchange platform for the
institution's researchers. With this, web 1.0 was launched, a one-way internet, characterized by the same spirit
of its creator: open source, with the intention of sharing and disseminating knowledge to anyone who wanted
and could connect to the Web.
Ramirez Selame S. 9
1.4 WEB 2.0 (CENTRALIZED)
The era of the mobile, social and cloud web. Web 2.0 is the web we know today and is used by millions of people.
The term was popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at a Web 2.0 conference in 2004. (38)
Web 2.0 changed the one-way static nature of Web 1.0. It was the moment when the user went from being a
passive recipient of information to actively participating in the creation of content. The main protagonists were
clearly companies, products and services. Among them Apple, Facebook, Twitter, Google or Amazon.
Without a doubt, the arrival of the iPhone was revolutionary, since it offered the possibility of new channels of
freedom of expression, promoting the use of social networks.
However, it also generated digital monopolies, facilitated by the technology's own architecture:
• Centralized Internet: our personal data is in the hands of digital platforms, which leads to less privacy,
security and control over information online.
• Most vulnerable Internet: A specific error or an attack on a single target can affect millions of people
(we already witnessed the fall of Facebook and WhatsApp on October 4 of this year).
• Internet with censorship: Currently the platforms can prohibit and censor at will, anything. It is they
who dictate the limits of freedom of expression.
1.5 WEB3 (DECENTRALIZED)
The fact that would mark the foundations of this new stage is neither more nor less than the publication of a
paper by an anonymous known as Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008: “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”
(41). A new digital payment system, which used blockchain technology, and was inspired by the cypherpunk and
crypto-anarchist movements; both emerged in the world of computing in the late 80s and early 90s, with a very
libertarian spirit, and a constant concern for privacy and security on the web (35).
Both movements oppose acts of intervention, censorship and monitoring of communications by governments,
as well as defending that our right to privacy is inviolable (Some characters: John Gilmore, Eric Hughes, Timothy
C. May, Jacob Appelbaum and Julian Assange) (39).
Web 3.0 (web3) is characterized by free digital ownership of a central authority, where not only financial freedom
is involved, but also your digital information, your "digital self" or any aspect of your digital life.
It is likely that for several years we will not stop hearing concepts such as: blockchain, digital wallet, decentralized
applications (DApps), smart contracts, artificial intelligence, among others.
Regarding the technology that supports the web3, blockchain (37):
- The information found in each block resembles the DNA of

a cell. In cells, DNA encodes MHC; In the case of
blockchain technology, the information in each block
generates a specific HASH code.
- The data in each block results in a special code: a HASH.
Using this code, it is possible to join a previously created
block with a new block, thus generating a chain of blocks.
- If a user tries to change the content of the block, a new HASH

will be created automatically, and it will be easily detected by
other users that an attempt was made to modify it, and since
the other users also have copies of the blockchain, as it is a
peer-to-peer system. to-peer, where reputation is essential
for the users themselves, that makes this system extremely
secure.

In the image (above) the little green nodes represent us (the users), and the node with the bird represents the central
servers. (Screenshot taken from Dot CSV YouTube channel).
In centralized architecture, in case of server failure, the entire network goes down. We see this phenomenon in
some government services and BigTech (remember the internal technical problem that left millions of users
without access to Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp on October 4, 2021). This is not the case in a
decentralized architecture, where communication continues between other users. But the problem with the latter
is that its decentralized nature makes its management difficult.
In a simplified way, we can say that Web3 shares certain characteristics:

• Open Source: Created by an open and accessible developer community.
• No trust: the network itself allows participants to interact publicly or privately without a trusted third
party.
• Without permissions: that is, any person (both users and providers), can participate without the
authorization of a government body.
• Still in development: Due to this, at the moment it is not very friendly, and its interfaces are built
by and for those who are creating this world: programmers.
Ramirez Selame S. 11
1.6 INTERNET TODAY
Having access to the Internet has become an indispensable

commodity in daily life. It allows us to instantly communicate
with our loved ones, access information, have a community
life, work remotely, transfer money, request transportation or
food, among many other services.
HootSuite, published in October the edition of the fourth quarter of 2021 of "Digital 2021: Global Overview
Review" (11). According to this report, the world population is estimated at 7,890 million, with 5.29 billion unique
mobile users worldwide, which means that more than two-thirds of all people on Earth (67.1%) have a mobile
phone. On the other hand, Internet users amount to 4.88 billion, which is equivalent to 61.8 percent of the total
world population.
However, despite the great progress made, there is still great inequity in Internet access, which can become
serious problems, further increasing the economic, social and health gap (11), thus preventing the integral
development of a part important part of the population. According to the second quarter 2021 edition of the same
report, this is especially relevant in low- and middle-income countries, mainly in regions of Middle and East
Africa, as well as in West Africa and South Asia.
Internet adoption around the world (Internet adoption in each region, shown as a percentage of total population).
Hootsuite, April 2021.

Similar to what was observed in the previous figure, but this time considering the percentage of users of social
networks according to gender, we see a great difference in access for women in the same regions previously
mentioned, adding the regions of North Africa and Western Asia, probably due to cultural and / or religious
factors.
Share of Social Media users by gender (female and male social media users as a percentage of each region’s social media
users). Hootsuite, January 2021.
Taking this last case into consideration, we can intuit that ensuring internet access and protection (making it
accessible, affordable and safe) would help reduce gender gaps, especially in said territories, facilitating
compliance with SDG number 5 (3). Democratizing this tool without distinction of sexes, would allow women to
be empowered, allowing them to exercise their rights: Greater access to information and education, the possibility
of organizing, as well as facilitating freedom of expression (the cornerstone of democracy, which is believed to
grant substance to all other civil liberties) (12).
The benefits of ensuring equal access for women, especially in the aforementioned territories, would also have
repercussions throughout society, since it is often, they who share the most with their children. Higher education
for mothers would likely lead to better family health outcomes.
Also, according to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
the Internet is considered a means to combat stereotypes and reduce gender gaps (27).
The phenomenon of inequity in access is not only observed between continents or countries, but within the same
countries and cities, rural settings, or segregated populations. Even in developed countries with very high Internet
coverage like the USA, there are notable differences according to age range and income. In a Survey carried
out in the United States by Pew Research Center (40) between January 25 and February 8, 2021, 25% of those
over 65 years of age reported not using the Internet, as opposed to only 4% in those in the age range between
50 and 64 years. Likewise, 14% of those who earned less than $ 30,000 per year reported not using the internet.
In this case, ensuring Internet access would help in complying with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) (3), which
must be accompanied in this case with digital literacy programs.
1.7 ESSENTIAL TO REDUCE INEQUITY IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In recent years the amount of information, as well as economic progress, has been exponential. We have never
had so much goods and services, or so much information.
According to Martin Hilbert, we have passed from an era of "transforming materials" (stone, bronze and iron
tools), to "transforming energy" (water, steam, electricity and combustion power), to finally reach an era of
"transforming information” (communicating & storing information, and computing information) (14).
Image from Digital technology and social change, Martin Hilbert (2020).
Each new cycle generates waves of "creative destruction" that completely modernize the modus operandi of
society, that is, at the economic, social, cultural and political organization levels. There is no doubt that what we
are currently facing is a new cycle.
At the end of the 1980s, less than 1% of the world's technological information was stored in digital format, by
2012 more than 99% was already in this format. According to the same author, "Every 2.5 to 3 years, humanity
is capable of storing more information than since the beginning of civilization" (14).
As we see the most radical change has come from the hand of digitization, today in our mobiles if we know how
to search properly, we have access to all the information in the world in a few seconds. We have never had so
much data in our history and in such a ubiquitous way.
If we really want to reduce gaps of all kinds, providing internet for all as well as digital literacy is an essential
task to fulfill it.
Marshall McLuhan, the Canadian communications philosopher, who coined the term "global village" and
predicted the World Wide Web nearly 30 years before it was invented, argued that "the medium is the message"
in the sense that changes in the media Like the introduction of the Internet, television, radio or the written press,
they had more consequences for society than the messages that were transmitted through them. In other words,
having access to the medium made it easier for the messenger to have a greater influence on others, regardless
of its content. The medium allows to empower and make people and their message visible.
The analysis of a study carried out by the MIT media group in 2019 (Jara-Figueroa C, Yu AZ, Hidalgo CA)
showed that with the appearance of each disruptive communication medium (Printing, radio, television), it
increased significantly the number of biographies of historical figures on Wikipedia, and that the activity they
were engaged in tended to be related to the media of each era.
In the periods before the invention of the printing press, the influential figures were mainly politicians and religious
people, and a few writers. After the appearance of the printing press, although politicians and religious were still
very important, writers, artists and scientists began to gradually gain greater notoriety in society, since
knowledge, influence and power began to be decentralized from the authorities. The same situation occurred
with radio and cinema, where figures such as actors and singers emerged, and finally, after television, athletes
gained greater visibility (15).

This underlines the importance of having access to the dominant communication medium of the time to achieve
a certain notoriety in society, and that the type of medium largely determines the relevance of the message.
Taking the previous example, we can think of the notoriety that influencers and YouTube channels have taken
for example, as well as each time the different types of businesses and services have ended up being digitized.
New power and media figures have emerged, generating radical social and political changes. Today, big
technology has gained unquestionable power and influence, being capable of censuring even the president-elect
of the United States (19) (44). If we look at rankings of companies with the largest market capitalization, the vast
majority are related to the creation of software, internet and artificial intelligence: Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet,
Amazon, Tesla, Meta (Facebook), Tencent, for example (43).
Biggest companies in the world by market capitalization 2021 (in billion USD). (Statista. April 16, 2021).
The foregoing guides us to provide access and protection to the internet, as well as promoting digital literacy in
the population, seem to be a fundamental task to carry out if we want to reduce inequalities.
The power of digitization is undeniable, and in the short term this does not appear to be changing. Kai-Fu Lee,
one of the most prominent Chinese figures in the internet sector, gave a series of talks in 2018 in the context of
the launch of his book "AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and The New World Order" (42). There he
highlighted how AI could potentially replace humans in different jobs and activities: Those who do not require
compassion will more easily be taken over by machines, the same will happen in those routine jobs or those that
demand less creativity or strategy. (As examples: dishwashers, security guards, truck drivers, hematologists,
radiologists). This will force many people to have to reinvent themselves in the workplace, and others to depend
on a Universal Basic Income to survive.
Likewise, Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive President of the World Economic Forum, who
presented his vision of "The Fourth Industrial Revolution" for the first time in 2016 at the Annual Meeting of the
World Economic Forum in Davos, maintains that we are experiencing a "revolution technological ... which is
blurring the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres" (45). Technologies such as artificial
intelligence, autonomous vehicles or the internet of things are taking root in our lives and even in our bodies.
The first industrial revolution occurred in Britain around 1760 and spread to Europe and North America in the
early 19th century. It was powered by the steam engine, which facilitated the creation of new manufacturing
processes, the creation of factories and a booming textile industry. Since the late 19th century, the second
industrial revolution was marked by mass production and new industries such as steel, oil, and electricity. The
light bulb, the telephone, and the combustion engine were some of the main inventions of this time. The third
industrial revolution, sometimes known as the Digital Revolution, occurred in the second half of the 20th century.
In it, in just a few decades we saw the invention of the semiconductor, the personal computer, and the Internet.
The fourth industrial revolution, which would have started in 2014, is characterized by technological change
faster than ever, and the automation of processes, where technology begins to merge more and more with
human beings.
Due to this phenomenon, the World Economic Forum produced the report "The Future of Jobs 2020" (13), based
on the results of the "Future of Jobs Survey", which provides a much-needed compass for companies,
governments and organizations of the civil society and the general public on the short- and medium-term
transformations of the labor market.
The report "The Future of Jobs Report 2020" which aims to glimpse the expected prospects for the adoption of
technology, jobs and skills in the next 5 years, shows that machines will gain even greater relevance replacing
between 15 to 5% of the Human labor in tasks such as: data processing, complex technical activities,
administration, physical and manual work activities, communication and interaction, reasoning and decision-
making, among others. Estimating that by 2025 (around the corner) the time of work carried out on tasks will be
identical between machines and humans.
Share of tasks performed by humans vs machines, 2020 and 2025 (expected), by share of companies surveyed.
“The Future Jobs Reports 2020” World Economic Forum.
Cloud computing, big data, e-commerce, encryption, non-humanoid robots, and AI will have enormous
relevance, and the pace of technology adoption will be even faster due to the COVID-19 pandemic that has
forced many companies to operate remotely. The same report highlights that the profiles required for workers
will change so fast, that 40% of the workforce will have to undergo 6-month training to be able to face the new
challenges of the company (13).
All this reveals to us that continuing education, digital skills and online work will be increasingly in demand, so
that the internet will be an increasingly essential good.
Ensuring access to and protection of the internet, taking exclusively the labor point of view, would help meet at
least four Sustainable Development Goals:
- No Poverty (SDG 1)
- Quality Education (SDG 4)
- Decent work and Economic growth (SDG 8)
- Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9).

PART 2: PUBLIC HEALTH AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY
2.1 INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA BASED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
Digital surveillance in public health provides the opportunity to revolutionize the existing public health surveillance
infrastructure. Before continuing, it is useful to distinguish between both concepts:
- Public Health Surveillance: corresponds to the “continuous and systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of health-related data, necessary for the planning, implementation and evaluation of
public health practice” (WHO). Public health surveillance acts as a sentinel to identify disease trends
and emerging public health concerns, and can help identify potential points of intervention.
- Digital Surveillance in Public Health: can be defined as the use of digital data, particularly from social
networks or other Internet-based sources, in the development or application of systems aimed at
forecasting the incidence or prevalence of diseases, typically as a complementary source for traditional
surveillance data. This is an extremely useful complement, since traditional surveillance systems are
based on the monitoring of people seeking care, and therefore underestimate the total burden of
disease due to lack of representativeness.
Brownstein et al. in 2009, for example, they showed that Google searches by users of the words: "diarrhea,"
"food poisoning," and other related terms independently matched an outbreak of Salmonella enterica associated
with peanut butter consumption.
Since the early 1990s, digital health surveillance has evolved closely alongside the Internet itself, performing
digital surveillance to identify outbreaks and follow-up in Influenza, as well as other infectious diseases such as
Chikungunya, Dengue and Ebola, through sources of data from search queries on Google and Baidu (Chinese
search engine similar to Google), or user posts on Twitter, allowing the identification of geographical spread
(through geolocation), as well as optimizing existing traditional surveillance systems (26) .
Despite the benefits, the main ethical challenge for digital surveillance is to properly balance risks and harm to
people, while protecting and promoting the health of the population. For this, it is important to consider the
principles of: beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, equity and efficiency.
2.2 INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS (IoMT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) takes digital interaction to another level, where the merely instrumental relationship
with technology becomes a synergy that makes the world much smarter. It represents a digital dimension where
a large number of objects acquire a greater computing capacity. Being connected to the Internet, a large amount
of data is collected from things and the environment thanks to radio frequency sensors, in real time.
These massive, potentially available data give great lights for the development of epidemiology and public health.
Data is the raw material with which research is conducted. By having access to more and better-quality data, we
can study what we want and not just what we can (20). Likewise, the collection of long-term Big Data will allow us
to carry out longitudinal studies that help us to understand in greater depth the phenomena of health and disease.
However, the privacy of users and patients will be one of the great challenges to face. Finding a balance between
respect for individual freedom and the search for a greater good that justifies the transgression is the main
challenge for IoMT (as in the previous case of Digital Surveillance in Public Health).

2.3 SMART PUBLIC HEALTH
By 2025-2030, 630 million people are expected to live in about 40 megacities worldwide, the vast majority in
developing countries (46).
Estimation of the most populated cities by 2030 (UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 revision).
Technology will help address the increasingly complex challenges associated with these high-density urban
centers, such as:
- Water scarcity and quality

- Communicable and non-communicable diseases
- Lack of urban planning
- Air pollution and water sources
- Effects of climate change
- Increase in toxic waste
- Food waste
- Health deficit
- Mental health problems
- Traffic accidents
Smart Public Health makes use of data from smart devices of a Smart City, which allows a better understanding,
prevention and anticipation of health events, by measuring:
- Biometric parameters
- Weather conditions
- Particulate matter
- Systemic alerts
- Water contamination
- Exposure to UV radiation
- House air quality
- Food expiration
- Road accidents
- Among others.
The presence of autonomous vehicles, in turn, could produce great benefits to Public Health, since it would
reduce the number of traffic accidents that today, most of these, are secondary to human errors (20).
Likewise, it would improve access to health, through remote medical assistance through drones and unmanned
vehicles, especially in rural areas, accident areas or difficult access, similar to the benefits that have already
been achieved thanks to telemedicine and telesurgery (Both benefits depend on an adequate internet
connection).
2.4 INFOSPHERE AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH
Some authors even postulate the need to recognize the infosphere or datasphere as a social determinant of
health. This is due to the fact that the quality of the information that circulates on the Internet affects people's
health both physically and psychologically, and can seriously compromise the quality of life of users and even
increase the risk of mortality (22).
A quintessential example of misinformation in Public Health, we have it in the belief that the measles, mumps
and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism, a concept popularized by a 1998 study (Wakefield, AJ), published in
The Lancet. Although the link was immediately refuted by the scientific community, and the publication withdrawn
from circulation, the concept gained substantial acceptance causing great impact; In 2019, the United States
saw multiple declarations of public health emergencies due to measles outbreaks, likewise, In Europe, the WHO
has had to revoke the measles eradication status of four countries: Albania, Czechia, Greece and the United
Kingdom (25).
Within the poor-quality information, two concepts stand out; Misinformation and Disinformation (MDI).
- Misinformation: Information contrary to the epistemic consensus of the scientific community about a
phenomenon.
- Disinformation: A coordinated or deliberate effort to knowingly spread misinformation in order to gain
money, power, or reputation. This term incorporates intentionality.
Although health information is obtained from multiple sources: health professionals, family, friends, books,
newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and pharmaceutical advertisements; There is no doubt that more and
more we are looking for answers on the internet. According to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey (47), 72% of
American adults searched for medical information online during that year (including serious conditions, general
medical information, and minor health problems). Likewise, 5% of all internet searches are related to health.
The Internet offers us an infinity of information, but there is a risk that confirmation biases are generated, in those
people whose initially incorrect medical knowledge leads them to search irrelevant websites for evidence that
confirms their incorrect beliefs and hypotheses, particularly in fields such as nutrition or pathologies as important
as cancer.
Social media platforms such as Twitter or WhatsApp, allow the rapid dissemination of MDI. The same
phenomenon can be observed in forums on medical topics, not supervised by health professionals.
Also, the proliferation of mobile health applications (Mobile Apps) has occurred
largely, without supervision or regulation. An example of this type of mobile
phone application was "The Whole Pantry". Created by Australian blogger Belle
Gibson in 2013, who claimed to have controlled terminal brain cancer through
diet, exercise and alternative therapies after abandoning traditional treatment
(radiotherapy and chemotherapy). The app that promoted people to adopt a
healthy diet and lifestyle was downloaded 200,000 times in its first month and
voted Apple's Best Food and Beverage App in 2013 (25). So popular did the app
become that the Cupertino company included “The Whole Pantry” as a central
feature within the first Apple Watch (Green double-leaf app icon in image).
Belle Gibson, who also blamed that her health problems arose as a reaction to
the vaccine against cervical cancer Gardasil® (Merck), finally in April 2015 she
admitted that she in fact did not have cancer and that she never did. He had. This last event shows us the scant
regulation on the quality of health information circulating on the internet, to the extent that even a company the
size of Apple, relied on the dubious information from the app by including it on its device, compromising the
health of million users.
Despite the fact that the international community has taken into consideration the harmful effects on health
generated by the MDI (Misinformation and Disinformation), the responses taken by social media companies,
online service providers, newscasts, as well as entities of public health, have still been insufficient to address
the problem satisfactorily.
That is why authors such as Morley et al (22), propose to recognize the infosphere as a social determinant of
health, in order to empower public health agents to regulate the quality of health-related information on the web,
and don't be left to the discretion of technology companies.

Modified drawings. Originals from Bhushan Patwardhan PhD et al. (32) and the CDC Social Determinants of Health (33).
Part of the lack of intervention responds to ethical concerns related to autonomy, freedom of expression and
pluralism, for this, the authors propose to overcome them by means of four arguments:
1. Education is necessary but not sufficient to stop the circulation of misinformation and
misinformation in health information (MDI). Sometimes the results are paradoxical. Pluviano et al.
found that after the educational intervention about vaccines in children, their inaccurate beliefs might
even increase.
2. There is a precedent for state control of Internet content in other domains. Several states have
previously successfully challenged an early wave of "libertarianism" on the internet, managing to block
content in the name of state security: insurgent, extremist and terrorist groups or hate speech among
others.
3. The dynamics of the network negatively affects the dissemination of accurate health
information. In the real world, perceived credibility rests in the hands of healthcare personnel.
However, online, less knowledgeable people trust inappropriate sources or take social support (likes
for example) as a sign of trustworthiness. In addition, algorithms tend to show more frequently the most
controversial content, in which more users participate, and not the most rigorous from a medical-
scientific point of view.
4. Justice is best served by focusing on protecting those who are susceptible to receiving
inaccurate medical information. The spread of erroneous health information is similar to the spread
of an infectious disease. Even the Director General of WHO, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus,
referred that "We're not just fighting a pandemic; we're fighting an Infodemic"(29) at the Munich 2020
Security Conference, alluding to related misinformation COVID-19 circulating on the web. By tackling
misinformation, we reduce health inequalities.
PART 3: HUMAN RIGHTS

3.1 INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW HUMAN RIGHT?
The recognition and implementation of a new human right is a long process that requires the consensus of
international actors, the common agreement of academics and experts in its conceptualization and, last but not
least, the will of governments. to commit to another human rights obligation (27).
That is why more than 25 years passed from the beginning of the debate on the right to water and sanitation
until the approval of the separate general comment of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(2002) and the resolution of the General Assembly on this matter (2010).
To think of the internet as a human right is to put technology at the level of a series of rights that are a very
transcendent issue in the history of Humanity. Human Rights are that consensus we reached after the massacre
of the two world wars, the Holocaust and the nuclear bombs. After that, humanity had to stop and build a series
of fundamental rights to guarantee human existence. And nowhere in these legal constructions does it say that
a technology will be a human right. What is unavoidable is the fact that the internet is today a central element for
the fulfillment of human rights (24).
In 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted the report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection
of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank La Rue. This report emphasized that cutting off
Internet access to users, regardless of the justification provided, was a disproportionate act and therefore in
violation of article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Furthermore, Frank La
Rue pointed out that “guaranteeing universal access to the Internet should be a priority for all states” (12) (30).
Although these observations were no more than mere recommendations, the report raised the debate on the link
between Human Rights and the Internet, mostly academic until then, to the UN forums.
In 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Council approved a non-binding resolution for the “promotion,
protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet” (48). Document that established that access to the
Internet will be considered, from now on, a basic right of all human beings. The resolution encouraged all
countries to provide their citizens with access to the network and condemned nations that tamper with this
freedom.
The text established that "the same rights that offline people have must be protected online", especially with
regard to freedom of expression, defended in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
However, Russia, China and Saudi Arabia rejected this initiative. More surprising was the opposition from
democracies like South Africa, India or Indonesia. The discrepancies arose in relation to the article that
condemns any attempt to interrupt access to online information.
Below, in the table, appears the total number of recommendations that mention the word "Internet" that were
adopted by the UN treaty bodies and formulated by the states under the Universal Periodic Review procedure
in the period 2007-2017 (27). The numbers reflect the total number of recommendations that mentioned the
Internet (that is, it may have happened that a final observation includes more than one Internet-related
recommendation).
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
(CERD)
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(CCPR)
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(CESCR)
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(CRPD)
Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW)
Committee Against Torture (CAT)
United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC)
Szoszkiewicz L. 2018
Szoszkiewicz L. highlights that starting in 2016 and more markedly in 2017, there was a decrease in focus on
the implications of the Internet for human rights.
One explanation was that the issue of Internet access has been integrated into other human rights, or that we
are in a period of the so-called "Internet winter" (27) after which the issue will be addressed with greater force in
the future. Regarding the recommendations, the author also states that:
- The Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) most frequently calls for combating child pornography,
sexual exploitation of children, and cyberbullying on the internet. On several occasions they have
emphasized the need to adopt a law that specifies the obligations of Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
if child pornography is detected, as well as to strengthen the mechanisms for monitoring and
prosecuting human rights violations.
- The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) frequently recommends combating
the proliferation of racism and hate speech in the media, particularly on the internet. Likewise, it has
urged that legislation be passed to monitor social networks and block websites dedicated to inciting
racial discrimination.
- In the case of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the
Internet is considered a means to combat gender stereotypes, as it provides innovative measures that
can considerably improve the dissemination of concepts such as equality between men and women.
- The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has recognized the wide opportunities
that the internet offers for people with disabilities. Likewise, numerous recommendations urge that
people with disabilities have access to information through the internet under equal conditions (web
accessibility).
- Likewise, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) considers the Internet from
the perspective of the right to education and cultural rights. The same committee that has called for an
end to the practice of censoring electronic communications and blocking the internet, underlining that
respect for freedom of expression is a precondition for enjoying the right to participate in cultural life.
Analysis of the recommendations made by the UN Treaty-Based Bodies indicates that we can distinguish two
main dimensions of Internet access:
1. Freedom of expression in cyberspace, including the duty of non-interference (covered mainly by the
CRC, CERD, CRPD, CCPR and CEDAW Committees).
2. Physical Internet access, including: broadband infrastructure, affordability, educational and

information centers, services such as electronic administration and electronic voting, technological
adaptations such as assistive devices for people with disabilities and marginalized groups (mainly
covered by CESCR, CRPD and CEDAW Committees).

3.2 WHY MUST IT BE A HUMAN RIGHT?
Internet access is not simply a luxury for those who can afford it, it is necessary for people to lead minimally
decent lives (2). Three arguments in favor:
1) Without access to the Internet, people lack meaningful ways to influence global players who
establish key rules and structures.
2) Our basic freedoms, including freedom of speech, freedom of information, and freedom of
assembly, are undermined in a virtual culture if others have access and we don't.
3) If properly instituted, the Internet could be a reliable instrument for the protection of basic
human rights and interests, such as life, liberty and physical integrity.
In addition, it meets two basic minimalist criteria to be recognized as a human right:
1) Internet access helps protect the elements of a minimally decent life (which requires both basic
material needs and equal status).
2) Access to the Internet is an appropriate matter of international interest, a task in which the
international community is called upon to promote and protect free access to this medium, in
addition to facilitating Internet access everywhere (especially in the poorest countries).
3.3 POSSIBILITIES WHEREBY INTERNET COULD BECOME A HUMAN RIGHT
Although the level of technicality exceeds what is sought for this report, taking as reference the work of Ryan
Shandler and Daphna Canetti, from the University of Haifa (Israel Law Review 2019) (12), there would be four
specific legal approaches through which Internet access could become a human right. These are:
1) The first, based on article 19 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),
which states:
“Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing
or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice”.
Whose language used is broad enough to apply to new technologies.
2) A second approach, based on article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which
guarantees that 'everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers. As with the ICCPR argument, this claim relies on
an expansive interpretation of the clause to read into it a right to internet access.
3) A third approach claims that national practice and rising levels of institutional support at the
international level are sufficient to comprise customary international law and so grant internet
access the status of a human right. The key piece of evidence on which proponents rely to support
this claim is the 2011 report by Frank La Rue, Special Rapporteur, on the Promotion and Protection
of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, and a 2016 resolution of the UN Human Rights
Council calling for a 'human rights-based approach to facilitating Internet access'.
4) A fourth approach, which states that Internet access has become an auxiliary right in support of a
series of primary rights.
Looking ahead, regardless of the legal framework, the authors further postulate that the next challenge will be to
develop practical policy measures that reflect this perspective.
PART 4: CHALLENGES AND HOPES

4.1 PRIVACY
Shoshana Zuboff, American sociologist, professor emeritus at Harvard Business School, in her book "The Age
of Surveillance Capitalism" describes the problem related to privacy, of which we are already victims (28). As
through behavioral surpluses that we generate with each click while we use the Internet, through our
smartphones or computers, we end up generating gigantic databases with which High Technology companies
can predict events and influence our decisions, a situation that it puts at risk the foundations and sovereignty of
Western liberal democracies as we know them (53).
In 2016, the British company Cambridge Analytica, through complex algorithms, influenced voters who were
undecided about which candidate to choose, allowing Donald Trump to enter to the White House (51). In 2018,
Christopher Wylie, a former official, revealed that the company misused a database of 50 million Facebook users,
bringing the case to justice. Also, in 2021, social media was again at the center of the storm on January 6 with
the assault on the capitol by Trump supporters, and a systematic censorship by big technology towards former
President Trump still current in office. A total attack on freedom of expression, a fact that was condemned by the
former German Chancellor, Angela Merkel (50).
Regarding abuses by companies and governments towards users, it is worth mentioning two controversial
characters:
- Edward Snowden: Former CIA and NSA employee. Who in June 2013, through the newspapers The
Guardian and The Washington Post, published documents classified as top secret about various NSA
programs, including the PRISM mass surveillance program (collaborating with the NSA companies such as
Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, YouTube, Skype, AOL, Apple, etc.)
- Julian Assange; Australian hacker, journalist, known for founding the WikiLeaks portal. His leaks include
information regarding US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as electronic correspondence related to
the Democratic party during the 2016 elections.
Although both personalities incurred in serious actions for the security of the United States, it is worth wondering
if their crimes were greater than those perpetrated by the authorities against the civilian population. Likewise, it
reminds us that the enormous legal and transparency vacuum on the internet, since its legislation has not
advanced at the same speed as technology.
To defend our right to privacy, one of the great challenges is regulating big technologies. A very complicated
task. Despite this, the past shows us that the pharmaceutical companies and the tobacco industry were achieved
with regular success.
Some authors such as Carissa Véliz (52) even propose ending the data economy, since it is a model that increases
inequalities, generates discrimination based on where you live, what type of computer you use, what you buy or
what you are looking for. It also increases the risk that we get trapped in information ghettos, since what we
perceive of the world on the web does not correspond to a neutral representation of reality, but to what the
algorithms of companies believe we are and our psychological profile. The latter is serious, since it polarizes us,
and encourages us to adopt extreme political positions, making a cordial and rational debate among citizens
very difficult.
Likewise, the centralized internet has facilitated the emergence of so-called “surveillance states”, where the
rights of ethnic minorities are violated through the use of technology (Uyghurs in Xinjiang province), as well as
the establishment of a Credit System Social on the part of the People's Republic of China.
According to Carissa Véliz, we must be responsible for the information we share, as well as the amount of
information that our companies have access to. In the digital age, data is power, and if we give too much data to
companies, they will be the ones to set the rules of the game. On the other hand, if we give too much data to
governments, we run the risk of falling into some kind of authoritarianism. For our democracy to be strong, power
has to be in the citizenry, and this means that it is the citizen who must regain power over their data.
Given the advancement of neurotechnology and wearable devices that can already decode neural activity (in a
more or less rudimentary way yet) (17), it is only a matter of time before our mental privacy is in jeopardy, as well
as significant gaps between people who can access or not to the technology for increase cognition. It is for this
reason, that Rafael Yuste, neuroscientist at Columbia University, leader of the BRAIN project, has spent years
advocating for the implementation of Neuro-rights (49): new rights to protect mental privacy, self-identity, free will,
protection against bias and discrimination, and ensure fair access to cognitive enhancement technologies. The
idea, if successful, will be added to the United Nations Charter of Human Rights.
There is no doubt that as Internet connectivity increases, privacy will be an increasingly sensitive issue, and
therefore adequate regulation will be increasingly important for both Governments and private companies, which
allows a balance between security and Liberty. However, initiatives such as that of Professor Yuste shed light
that moving towards the future and in a responsible manner is possible.
4.2 CYBERSECURITY
The current advance in artificial intelligence and the internet has allowed us to automate a large number of
processes, thereby generating improvements in health and commerce in general, mobility (self-driving vehicles)
or agriculture, among others. In addition, we are increasingly dependent on internet access to perform basic civil
tasks, including political participation.
Our ubiquitous connectivity to the internet (even greater thanks to the “Internet of Things”) makes us vulnerable
to cyberattacks and / or techno-terrorism. Likewise, involuntary internet deprivation today affects millions of
people in developed and developing countries alike, and can be imposed by private and / or government actors,
known institutions or anonymous hackers.
Some examples that illustrate the risks:
• Cyber-attacks
A key characteristic is that it is an asymmetric resource, with a low cost of entry, which allows both small
and large states, and thus organizations, to exercise significant power.
In addition to the cybercrimes perpetrated by national and international cybercriminals against
companies and individuals, it is the governments themselves that use hacker units for military purposes,
which has allowed even countries with relatively weak military strength to be more willing to carry out
attacks, thanks to the anonymity or difficulty in identifying the culprits
.
Examples of cyber-attacks, we have several:
- In 2014, Chinese military pirates broke into the US personnel management office and obtained
the registration of 21.5 million people.
- In March 2014 an alleged Russian attack shut down mobile phone networks, hampering the
Internet connection for millions of Ukrainians (12).
- More recently, in 2020, the US software company Solarwinds suffered a cyberattack by the
Russian group Nobelium (58) (the Kremlin's hired hacking corps), as well as the attack
perpetrated by North Korean hackers against the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.
- We have a particular case of Public Health in Israel, which during the COVID-19 pandemic on
April 23, 2020, suffered a cyber-attack on a water treatment plant (allegedly perpetrated by
Iranian hackers), with the intention of increasing the amount of chlorine to make the water
undrinkable. Fortunately, the event was detected in time (54).
• Ransomware
They pose a threat to the digitization process that is already underway, already a billion-dollar industry.
It corresponds to 'data hijacking', events where access to certain parts or files of the infected operating
system is restricted and, in return, a ransom is requested from users, institutions or governments
(generally in cryptocurrencies), to eliminate this restriction and regain access to files.
- On May 14, 2021, Ireland's Health Service Executive (HSE) suffered a major ransomware
cyberattack (they were asking for € 20 million as a ransom) (57) that led to the shutdown of all
its healthcare IT systems in the country. This shows the degree of vulnerability to these attacks
even for health systems.

4.3 GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN
If we want to improve internet access and protection, there is no doubt that blackouts carried out by governments
are another of the great challenges to face. In dozens of countries around the world, these types of interventions
have been carried out based on a series of justifications, including: safeguarding government authority, reducing
political dissent, combating terrorism, maintaining national security, among others.
The most cited example of an internet shutdown is the one that occurred in Egypt in 2011, during the so-called
"Arab Spring" protests, in response to increasingly violent street protests that threatened the stability of the
Mubarak regime. In this case, digital channels and electronic media had been fundamental to the organizing,
facilitating and recruiting processes that brought hundreds of thousands of people to the streets (12).
Although the justification for most of these events is based on the maintenance of public order and national
security, it is undoubtedly a highly complex issue both for Public Health and to ensure the exercise of the Human
Rights of citizens.
In a world increasingly connected to the Internet, the consequences of blackouts intentionally caused by
governments can put the legitimacy of democracies at risk by affecting free expression and participation in
political life. Likewise, compromising the functioning of health systems and surgical procedures (telemedicine),
favoring accidents, as well as generating millionaire losses of billions of dollars.
4.4 INTERNET DECENTRALIZATION: GREATER RESPONSIBILITIES ON THE USER
Parallel to the phenomenon of large technology companies and authoritarian governments, crypto-anarchy
advances. Millions already rely on their blockchain technology for online security. Digital technology, like Bitcoin,
is a disruptive force for decentralization. Tear down established hierarchical organizations and build new
networks (34).
At the Institute of Crypto-anarchy, Paralelni Polis (in Prague), libertarians, crypto-anarchists, hackers, Bitcoin
enthusiasts and activists for the decentralization of the Internet regularly meet. Alena Vranova, co-founder of
Satoshi Labs, who attends this Institute and defends the promotion of cryptographic technology, points out that
most of the time, companies or governments are not completely malicious, but simply make mistakes or are
incapable. to protect data (34). Hackers on the other hand, will always be ahead, even if the company has the
best interests of its users, hackers may not have them. That is why it advocates the massification of the
decentralized internet.
"People should not depend on outside organizations, be it Facebook, the government or their employer, to
protect them or protect their rights."
However, as we have previously seen, this open-source system, without trust and without permissions, places
greater responsibility on users, for which even greater digital literacy is required on their part.
4.5 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
It is our right to become connected citizens, but also free and critical in the real and digital world.
We are going to a world where we will have technology in everything, where a database of everything we do is
registered.
Being a digital citizen implies first understanding what companies do with that data, and then knowing if we want
to accept it or not. For that we must be more aware and sovereign of what we do.
4.6 TIM BERNERS-LEE AND THE CONTRACT FOR THE WEB
More than 30 years after the World Wide Web changed history, its creator Tim Berners-Lee believes that the
online world did not take the path that he would have liked. The Internet became an engine of injustice and
division, dominated by powerful forces that use it for their own ends and not as a vehicle "for good."
Today, Berners-Lee is a professor at Oxford University and MIT. He also runs a web standards and protocols
organization founded in 1994 (World Wide Web Consortium, W3C). At the same time, he is director of the World
Wide Web Foundation, which since 2009 works for a free and open web for all.
Of course, in this mission to make the Internet a profitable place for the majority, Berners-Lee is not alone.
Hundreds of thousands of people and organizations around the world are dedicated to working to make digital
environments a democratic tool available to everyone.
Launched by Tim Berners-Lee, prior to the start of the UN Internet Governance Forum meeting in Berlin
(November 2019), "Contract for the Web" (7) is an initiative of the World Wide Web Foundation that attempts to
Addressing issues of political manipulation, fake news, privacy violations, and other evil forces on the Internet.
The plan describes nine core principles, directed at governments, businesses and individuals; where each of the
parties must commit to protect the web from abuse and ensure that it benefits humanity. The commitment is
understood to be non-binding.
"Contract for the Web" indicates that principles number 1 to 3 are for governments, number 4 to 6 are for
companies and principles 7 to 9 are for citizens:
1) "Make sure everyone can connect to the Internet." This includes affordable costs for the population and
guarantees of access within the established deadlines, ensuring compliance with the laws and
guaranteeing access to systematically excluded populations.
2) "Keep all the Internet available, all the time." Establish legal frameworks that minimize service
interruptions by governments and promote a website without artificially created borders, promote
freedom of access and expression, as well as peaceful association. Promotion of interoperability and
open standards.
3) "Respect and protect people's online privacy and fundamental data rights" using an appropriate legal
basis.
4) "Make the Internet affordable and accessible to all." Address the needs of minorities and people with
disabilities. Improve the quality, speed and reliability of the network. Minimize access barriers by
language, location, age and abilities.
5) "Respect and protect people's privacy and personal data to build trust online." Give people control over
data and their privacy, privacy protection, and data by design.
6) "Develop technologies that support the best of humanity and challenge the worst." Respect human
rights, promote the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (Education, gender equality,
systematically excluded groups, climate change and socio-environmental justice).
7) "Be creators and collaborators on the Web." Active participation on the web.
8) "Build strong communities that respect civil discourse and human dignity." Defend yourself from attacks
and abuse. Protect your own security and privacy.
9) "Fight for the Web." Raising awareness of threats, opposition to the web as a weapon of the States,
promoting the open web, defending the web as a basic and public right.
Proposals such as the "Contract for the Web" give us a good starting point from an ambitious, inclusive and
collaborative approach, for a better regulation and democratization of the web.
Likewise, it facilitates the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030
agenda, as well as the promotion of human rights and human dignity.
On October 28, 2020, more than 1,300 companies and civil society organizations had already signed “The
Contract for the Web”, from Microsoft to Reporters Without Borders (18).

4.7 THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S ROADMAP FOR DIGITAL COOPERATION
In July 2018, the Secretary General convened a High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation to promote proposals
to strengthen cooperation in the digital space between governments, the private sector, civil society, international
organizations, academic institutions, the technical community, and others. relevant stakeholders. Co-chaired by
Melinda Gates and Jack Ma, the 20 members of the Panel acted in their personal capacities, representing an
unprecedented mix of disciplines and sectors and geographic, gender and age diversity.
The Group completed its deliberations and presented its final report, entitled "The era of digital interdependence",
in June 2019, the recommendations of which, together with contributions from Member States, the private sector,
civil society, the technical community and other stakeholder groups, urge all of us to:
- Connect: We must achieve universal, safe, inclusive and affordable access to the Internet for all by
2030. Overcoming the digital divide is essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
- Respect: Human rights exist both online and offline and must be at the center of digital technology.
- Protect: We must mitigate online damage and growing threats to digital security, especially for the most
vulnerable among us.
Subsequently, to answer the call to connect, respect and protect the online world, on June 11, 2020, the United
Nations Secretary-General published a Roadmap for Digital Cooperation (A / 74/821) outlining how the
international community can better harness the opportunities offered by digital technologies in addressing the
challenges. It presents the Secretary-General's recommendations for various stakeholders to take concrete
steps to enhance global digital cooperation regarding (8):
- Achieve universal and affordable connectivity by 2030: everyone should have access to the Internet.
- Promotion of digital public goods to create a more equitable world: The public and open-source origins
of the Internet must be embraced and supported.
- Ensure digital inclusion for all, including the most vulnerable: underserved groups need equal access
to digital tools to accelerate development progress.
- Strengthening digital skills development: Skills development and training are needed around the world.
- Ensuring the protection of human rights in the digital age: human rights apply both online and offline.
- Support global cooperation in Artificial Intelligence: make it trustworthy, based on human rights, safe
and sustainable and promote peace.
- Promote digital confidence and security: call for a global dialogue to advance the Sustainable
Development Goals.
- Build a more effective architecture for digital cooperation: make digital governance a priority and focus
the organization's focus.
For more information, see the United Nations Roadmap for Digital Cooperation (8).
(https://www.un.org/en/content/digital-cooperation-roadmap).
4.8 INTERNET FOR EVERYONE
Currently three companies have embarked on the daunting task of offering Internet all over the planet through
satellites: OneWeb, Amazon (Project Kuiper) and Google-Starlink (SpaceX).
The interaction of swarms of satellites is extremely complex. Because of the great speed at which they move.
(About 25,000 kilometers per hour) a piece of space debris has the potential to impact one of the thousands of
satellites, creating thousands of new pieces, with the risk of generating a chain reaction, with catastrophic human
and material consequences.
In fact, some problems have already been generated. In a report sent in early December 2021 to the United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOS), China claimed that two SpaceX (Starlink) satellites flew too
close to its space station this year, forcing the station to perform evasive maneuvers to avoid collision. The two
encounters "constituted dangers to the life or health of the astronauts aboard the Chinese Space Station,"
according to the report (55).
According to the “Contract for the Web”, to be affordable it is necessary that the monthly cost of the 1 GB mobile
internet service does not exceed 2% of the monthly salary of each citizen by 2025 (7).
For now, Starlink's starter kit would cost $ 499 and its Internet service $ 99 per month. This price makes the goal
still a long way off, but it is definitely making leaps and bounds in terms of connectivity.
On the other hand, and according to the Alliance for Affordable Internet, around USD 430 billions of additional
investment is necessary over 10 years to achieve this objective. Same amount of money the world spends on
soft drinks per year (18).
4.9 E-ESTONIA: A DIGITAL SOCIETY
Estonia, which ranks first in the InterNations survey (with the highest rankings for open internet access and
online government services), has invested heavily in its digital infrastructure since gaining independence from
the Soviet Union in 1991 (21) (36).
After 50 years of communist rule in 1991, the country had a GDP per capita of less than $ 3,500, the equivalent
of today's countries like Bolivia or El Salvador. Today, its GDP per capita is 40,000 USD near countries like
Spain, Italy or Israel.
They quickly saw opportunities in the Internet and digitization. In 2000, e-Estonia was already under construction.
This program introduced e-voting systems, e-health, e-banking, and even e-residency.
Access to the Internet was declared a basic right for all its citizens.
Named "the world's most advanced digital society" in 2016 by WIRED magazine (21), Estonians have built an
efficient, secure and transparent ecosystem that saves time and money.
Although without a doubt, each country, society and ecosystem will have different needs and challenges, Estonia
shows us the potential transformative power that the internet has in: economy, education, health and democracy.

KEYPOINTS
- The Internet is a matter of concern for UN treaty-based bodies. Despite being a recent technology, the
number of relative recommendations is much higher than those that address, for example, access to
electricity.
- Represents a fundamental problem, requiring a complex multi-stakeholder agreement. We need

governments, businesses, civil society and citizens to work together to create a digital future in which
access to the Internet is understood as a basic human right.
- Internet has changed our lives and connected us; it has generated a flow of information never seen
before. Not having access to the web generates an increase in inequalities of all kinds. On the contrary,
having this tool favors the fulfillment of Human Rights, an invaluable benefit for Public Health, as well
as the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda.
- It meets basic minimalist criteria to be considered a Human Right, and although it has many risks, its
benefits are much greater.
- Proposals such as the Contract for the Web give us a good starting point from an ambitious, inclusive
and collaborative approach.
- Cybersecurity and privacy will continue to be the big problem we will have to work on.
- Being a digital citizen forces us to increase the education of the population on the responsible use of
information technologies.
FINAL WORDS
Today we are probably experiencing a new kind of Cold War, this time between the United States and China.
History has shown us that military conflicts drive technological development: atomic energy, computers or the
Internet were some examples of them.
Similar to October 4, 1957, where the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union marked a milestone in the military-
technological race between the two powers and influenced the subsequent development of ARPANET (later the
Internet); The victory in a game of Go without handicap in October 2015 (56), by the artificial intelligence program
AlphaGo (of Google) against a professional human player, marked a new "Sputnik moment", this time in the
United States and China.
This fact sounded the alarms in Beijing, and since then the development of Artificial Intelligence has become a
national priority for China, thus generating a technological-military race between both powers.
The latter, as well as everything discussed in this document, only presages that technology will continue to
develop unstoppably, at least in the short term, and that therefore the importance of the Internet (or other similar
media) will be increasingly essential to keep us connected, informed and updated.
The future is unpredictable, and those who dare to make predictions the vast majority of the time are completely
wrong. However, new challenges will undoubtedly come, and today's work will allow us to build a better version
of our future, facing tomorrow with better tools.
The Internet is so important for communication, interaction and access to basic goods (access to health, among
them) that to deny part of the access to humanity is to deny people the opportunity to have a minimally decent
life.
In an increasingly globalized and connected world, regulating and democratizing the web seems a necessary
task if we want to build a more inclusive and secure future for all.
Connectivity matters, and the Internet allows us to promote the most valuable product that nations have: people.

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Integrative Learning Experience (ILE)

Access and protection to the Internet:

Sebastian Ramirez Selame

17 PART 2: PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

23 PART 3: HUMAN RIGHTS

26 PART 4: CHALLENGES AND HOPES

Access and protection to the Internet 2

PART 2: PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

The launch of Sputnik 1, in 1957, sparked a space

More than 30 years since the World Wide Web

Access and protection to the Internet 4

António Guterres, UN Secretary-General

Access and protection to the Internet 6

On December 5, 1969—the U.S. Department of Defense's

Access and protection to the Internet 8

1.3 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The three bricks of his system were (5):

1.5 WEB3 (DECENTRALIZED)

Regarding the technology that supports the web3, blockchain (37):

- The information found in each block resembles the DNA of

- If a user tries to change the content of the block, a new HASH

Access and protection to the Internet 10

In a simplified way, we can say that Web3 shares certain characteristics:

Having access to the Internet has become an indispensable

Access and protection to the Internet 12

Access and protection to the Internet 14

Access and protection to the Internet 16

2.2 INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS (IoMT)

Access and protection to the Internet 18

- Water scarcity and quality

Access and protection to the Internet 20

Access and protection to the Internet 22

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

2. Physical Internet access, including: broadband infrastructure, affordability, educational and

Access and protection to the Internet 24

In addition, it meets two basic minimalist criteria to be recognized as a human right:

3.3 POSSIBILITIES WHEREBY INTERNET COULD BECOME A HUMAN RIGHT

Whose language used is broad enough to apply to new technologies.

Access and protection to the Internet 26

Some examples that illustrate the risks:

Access and protection to the Internet 28

4.4 INTERNET DECENTRALIZATION: GREATER RESPONSIBILITIES ON THE USER

4.5 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP

Access and protection to the Internet 30

4.9 E-ESTONIA: A DIGITAL SOCIETY

Access and protection to the Internet 32

- Represents a fundamental problem, requiring a complex multi-stakeholder agreement. We need

Access and protection to the Internet 34

Access and protection to the Internet 36

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