Sources For The Study of Migration and E

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SOURCES
Migration and Ethnicity
Edited by: Francis X. Blouin, jr.. Robert M. Warner

t
SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF
MIGRATION AND ETHNICITY

Ora Labora was a Utopian communal settlement of "pray" and "work" established on Wild Fowl Bay,
Huron County, Michigan, in 1862 by the German Christian Agricultural and Benevolent Society led by
Emil Bauer. It disbanded in 1868.
SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF
Migration and Edinicity
A Guide to Manuscripts in Finland, Ireland, Poland,

The Netherlands, and the State of Michigan
Edited by:
Francis X. Blouin, Jr., Robert M. Warner
Immigration Sources Project

Bentley Historical Library
The University of Michigan
Published by the Bentley Historical Library

Ann Arbor
1979
Library SciencS
"2
Published with assistance from the Fred and Edith

Heusel Fund.
Cover: The Emigrant's Letter, engraved by T . L.

Atkinson from a painting by J. C. Hook,
l886, Library of Congress.
Frontispiece: Bentley Historical Library.
© Copyright l979
Bentley Historical Library
The University of Michigan
FOREWORD
One of the most important phenomena of the late nine

teenth and early twentieth centuries was the great migration
of peoples within Europe, across the Atlantic and within the
Americas as well. While this migration involved tens of mil
lions and affected still more, this great migration remains
an area of comparatively little study. The state of Michigan
was very much affected by the immigration of hundreds of thou
sands of Europeans from nearly all countries. From an inter
est in the impact of immigration on the state of Michigan, we
became increasingly aware of the larger questions involved.
We designed the Immigration Sources Project as a means to bet
ter understand the variety and extent of available documenta
tion relating to the great migration and the phenomenon of
ethnicity in America. In this volume we present the results
of our search. We are very grateful to the National Endowment
for the Humanities for its support for the project.
Any success in a project of this kind must be shared

with many people who contributed in a variety of ways. We
thank particularly the staffs of college and university
libraries, and public and private archives, both in Michigan
and abroad, who in all cases very graciously took time from
regular duties to supply us by mail or through personal
visits with the information we sought. A substantial portion
of what follows rests on their individual efforts. Many indi
viduals in particular communities were very helpful in
explaining community life and structure. They include Prof.
Elton Bruins, Ms. Barbara Madison, Mr. Norman Kansfield,
Mr. Gary Durkin, Mr. William Votruba, Mr. Richard Laginess,
Mr. Leon Buyse, Rev. Charles Denys, Dr. Elizabeth Mayer,
Mrs. Signe Karlstrom, Mr. Gerald Bobango, Mr. Christian Feder-
sen, Mr. Samir El Khoury, Dr. May Ahdab Yehia, Ms. Haifa
Fakhouri, Chor-Bishop Joseph Feqhali, Rev. Dominic Rossi,
Mrs. Alex Kocsisko, Rev. Dominic Csorba, O.F.M., Mrs. Ernest
Palos, Mr. Irving I. Katz, Mr. Harry Milostan, Mr. Don Bin-
kowski, Rev. Leonard Chrobot, Rt. Rev. Dezso Abraham,
Mr. Roman Dacko, Mr. Michael Anuta, Rev. Leonard Blair,
Prof. dr. Ivo Baucic, and Prof. Hieronim Kubiak.
vi
We are also grateful for the advice of a number of

colleagues which was particularly helpful in the design of
the project. Dr. J. Fraser Cocks, III worked on many ver
sions of the proposal. Professors Elizabeth Pleck, Marion
Marzolf, William Lockwood, all of The University of Michigan,
Prof. John Appel of Michigan State University, Prof. John
Houdak of Western Michigan University, Prof. Ralph Jalkanen
of Suomi College, Prof. Robert Donia of Ohio State University-
Lima, Mr. Richard Hathaway of the Michigan State Library, and
Mr. Willard C. Wichers of the Netherlands Museum all served
as an advisory committee for the project and were very help
ful. The executive committee of the Bentley Historical Library
has been consistently supportive of this project: Prof. Sidney
Fine, Chairman, Prof. Harold T. Shapiro, Prof. John A. Gron-
vall, Prof. Wilbur K. Pierpont, Prof. Frederick H. Wagman,
and Prof. Russell E. Bidlack. R. W. Fleming, president of
The University of Michigan, and Carolyn K. Davis, associate
vice-president, significantly contributed to the project.
We also appreciate the very vigorous efforts of Prof.

JoEllen Vinyard, Prof. Herbert Brinks, Mr. Keijo Virtanen,
and Mr. Stephen Corrsin, who conducted the surveys of Ireland,
the Netherlands, Finland, and Poland respectively. On the
homefront Ms. Martha Folk and Ms. Julia Young assisted in
many ways to keep the project moving along, including the
preparation of copy for this guide. We are also grateful to
our colleagues on the staff of the Bentley Historical Library
for their continued interest in this project.
Francis X. Blouin, Jr.

Ann Arbor, l979 Robert M. Warner
CONTENTS
The Immigration Sources Project: Method and

Implications l
I. Sources for the Study of Migration in the
Archives in the State of Michigan, U.S. A 33
M-I Church Records 34
M-II Records of Voluntary Organizations 62
M-III Collections in the College and
University Libraries 87
M-IV Collections in the Public Libraries l53
M-V Collections in the Historical
Societies and Museums l62
M-VI Collections in Other Institutions l79
II. Sources for the Study of Migration in the

Archives of Finland l89
F-I Institute of History (General
History) , University of Turku l95
F-II National Archives 205
F-III Local Archives 2ll
III. Sources for the Study of Migration in the

Archives of Ireland 2l5
I-I National Archives 223
I-II County Archives 237
I-III Other Archives 240
I-IV Private Hands 2 52
IV. Sources for the Study of Migration in the
Archives of the Netherlands 255
N-I National and Regional Archives 265
N-II City Archives 27l
N-III Other Archives 276
N-IV Private Hands 279
V. Sources for the Study of Migration in the
Archives of Poland 286
P-I National Library and Archives 298
P-II Libraries of the Polish Academy of
Sciences 3l0
P-III University Libraries 3l6
P-IV Local Archives 326
P-V Other Archives 33l
Index 337
IMMIGRATION SOURCES PROJECT
Robert M. Warner, University of Michigan

Bentley Library
Project Co-director
Francis X. Blouin, Jr., University of Michiga

Bentley Library
Project Co-director and
Survey of Michigan
Herbert J. Brinks, Calvin College

Survey of the Netherlands
Stephen D. Corrsin, Columbia University

Survey of Poland
JoEllen Vinyard, Marygrove College

Survey of Ireland
Keijo Virtanen, University of Turku

Survey of Finland
Julia M. Young, University of Michigan

Project Assistant
Martha M. Folk, University of Michigan

Project Assistant
THE IMMIGRATION SOURCES PROJECT:
METHOD AND IMPLICATIONS
by
and
Robert M. Warner
Over the past three years the Bentley Historical

Library of The University of Michigan has sought to determine
in a systematic way the extent to which historical documenta
tion relating to the great migrations of the nineteenth cen
tury still exist both in the United States and overseas.
Titled the Immigration Sources Project, the Library, assisted
by funds from the National Endowment for the Humanities, sur
veyed the archives and private holdings of four foreign coun
tries — Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, and Finland — and of
the state of Michigan. The survey was designed primarily to
suggest the variety and extent of migration-related documents
in those locations. The survey was also designed to suggest
types of sources likely to be found by a more extended survey
of other countries and other states of this country. Like
many historical phenomena, historical material relating to the
great migrations does exist. What particularly struck those
of us connected with this survey was the extent and variety
of such material which today exists scattered all over the
globe .
The largest section of this volume is devoted to a

comprehensive listing of the collections surveyed. This
introduction introduces the reports that follow and outlines
the design of the project through which the information was
collected. Because of the extent and variety of material
described, it further seeks to assess the significance of the
collections found and suggests ways these materials might
strengthen historical research centers both here in the United
States and abroad relating to the great migrations and the
question of ethnicity.
2 The Immigration Sources Project
The themes of migration and ethnicity have been rela

tively neglected among the major repositories for a long
time. Though institutions in the United States have been col
lecting historical material relating to the history of this
nation since l79l, few of the older institutions saw the
migrations of the late nineteenth century worth documenting.
Of course social history is a relatively new concept and the
older institutions often sought papers of the great men of
American history. Also many institutions were unprepared to
cope with the variety of languages represented in important
sources. The result is however, that some significant histori
cal manuscript collections contain very little pertaining to
migration and ethnicity despite the importance of the theme
in American social history. Early on some societies, parti
cularly in the Midwest, did endeavor to collect in this field.
For example, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin early
on recognized the importance of immigration in U.S. history,
particularly the settlement of the frontier. In some cases,
immigrant groups themselves, perceiving the indifference
around them, sought to document their own history, emphasiz
ing their achievements and prominence in business and the pro
fessions. The Irish American Historical Society of New York
and the Polish Museum of Chicago are clear examples. Both
house modest manuscript collections.
More recently a number of projects have been under
taken to collect materials relating to ethnic groups in the
United States. The Immigration History Research Center at
the University of Minnesota and the Balch Institute of Phila
delphia collect exclusively in this field. Western Reserve
Historical Society, Burton Historical Collection, University
of Nebraska, and the Leo Baeck Institute of New York devote
considerable effort to various aspects of migration and eth
nicity. Only really within the last fifteen years has there
been a widespread recognition that the migrations of the nine
teenth century should be documented. As time passes and the
population becomes further removed from the migrating ances
tors, a sense of urgency prevails about locating and preserv
ing these materials.
The Michigan Historical Collections, founded in l935
and now housed in the Bentley Historical Library at The Uni
versity of Michigan, had always had an interest in the area.
Its founder, Dr. Lewis G. VanderVelde, was descended from a
family of Dutch settlers in Michigan. Since its founding,
therefore, manuscripts and printed materials relating to one
group or another were accessioned. With a few notable excep
tions, the collections tended to be small and from them it
was difficult to do systematic research on the impact of immi
gration and ethnicity on the state of Michigan. For a long
time the Library had wanted to undertake a broad-based survey
of sources in Michigan, with an eye to increasing holdings in
this subject area. Then in l970 the focus of the planned sur
vey took on a new dimension. Robert Warner, the director of
the Library, hypothesized that a substantial amount of the
material germane to the ethnic experience in Michigan and the
United States would be extant only in Europe, in the form of
letters and records sent back by immigrants to chronicle their
lives in the New World and to entice others to follow. It
The Immigration Sources Project 3
was from this perspective that the survey project was

launched . l
Seeking to validate this hypothesis, Warner obtained

a modest grant from The University of Michigan in l972 to
visit Scandinavia in order to contact archival institutions
and libraries concerning emigration materials. This trip
was planned a year in advance. Historians and archivists,
particularly at The University of Michigan, were consulted
for possible visit sites. The suggested locations in Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, and Finland were contacted and their res
ponses in turn suggested other sites. The visits fully con
firmed the initial supposition that important and substantive
materials essential to the history of Michigan Scandinavians
(the particular focus of this investigation) survived only in
Europe. The visits also confirmed the fact that several Euro
pean research and archival projects devoted to immigration
history were well advanced. To be sure, these developments
were known to dedicated immigration historians in the United
States, but not to the archival or historical professions
generally.
In Vaxjo, the capital city of Smaland province, he

visited the Emigrantinstitutet , devoted to documenting Swedish
emigration. Housed in a modern building constructed in l968
is an attractive museum which seeks to tell the story of Swe
dish emigrants: who they were, where they went, and why they
left. For the American archivist, of most significance was
the small but rich archives on emigration to America. The
congenial director of the Emigrantinstitutet, Ulf Beijbom,
author of an important study regarding the Swedish immigrant
experience in Chicago, showed his extensive collection of
microfilmed records of Swedish-American churches. Also here
was a collection of Swedish-American newspapers. But of par
ticular interest was the institute's collection of more than
seven thousand America letters. This material was exactly
what the Bentley Library sought. An added pleasant surprise
was the fact that the letters had been cataloged by the name
of the town in the United States from which they had been
sent.
Time did not permit extensive examination of other
Swedish archives; however, two of special interest were suc
cessfully sampled. In Karlstad, the Emigrantregistret for
Varmland had a small but growing archives of interest to immi
gration historians. Among its holdings were the papers of a
long-tenured Swedish consul in the United States, which
L The following four paragraphs appeared previously as a

part of an article, Robert M. Warner and Francis X. Blouin,
Jr., "Documenting the Great Migrations and a Century of Eth
nicity in America," American Archivist 39 (July l976),
pp. 3l9-328.
2 Ulf Beijbom, Swedes in Chicago: A Demographic and
Social Study of the l846-l880 Immigration (Uppsala, Sweden:
The Historiska Institutionen , l97l) .
contained good information on this country and its institu

tions viewed through the eyes of this observant and intelli
gent Swedish official. In Stockholm, at the Kungliga Biblio-
teket (Royal Library) were files of thirteen Swedish language
newspapers published in Michigan, the earliest dating from
l887. None of these papers are extant in Michigan.
Because Michigan has had the most Finnish immigrants
of any American state, Warner was especially anxious to
explore archives in Finland. Again in preliminary correspon
dence the Institute for General History at the University of
Turku was universally suggested as the place to visit. This
center fully lived up to its high recommendations. The host
for the visit was Reino Kero, a scholar of immigration stud
ies. His study regarding Finnish migrations from l860 to
l9l4 carefully analyzed Finnish emigration to this country
and Canada. The institute has assembled a truly extensive
archival collection relating to Finnish emigration. primarily to
Canada and the United States but also to South America and
Australia. Included among its microfilm holdings are minutes
and other records of temperance societies, churches, frater
nal organizations, and labor groups. The collection also
contains a good oral history collection, a fine body of
America letters, and extensive printed material. The insti
tute, under the direction of Vilho Niitemaa, has, in its
decade-long history, carried on an extensive field program
both in Finland and abroad — South America, Australia, and
many states and provinces in the United States and Canada.
Building on these foundations, the Bentley, with the

generous assistance of several University of Michigan faculty
members interested in the history of immigration and American
ethnic groups, has been able slowly but steadily to build its
collection in these areas. Marion Marzolf of the Journalism
Department discovered important materials while searching the
Danish Emigrant Archives at Aalborg, Denmark. While not so
well developed as the programs at V3xj0 and Turku, the
archives has achieved a good beginning for the study of Dan
ish emigration. Marzolf discovered letters and other material
from Michigan Danes, including letters from Danish Lutheran
pastors in such Michigan towns as Greenville and Muskegon.
These manuscripts were microfilmed and are now in the Bentley
Library. Other assistance came from William Lockwood of the
Anthropology Department who discovered a small but useful
collection relating to Hungarian ethnic groups while doing
research in an Austrian town.
The success of these preliminary investigations led
to the formal proposal to the National Endowment for the
Humanities for an Immigration Sources Project. Subsequent
funding for the proposal permitted the Bentley Library to
launch the project in two phases: the domestic phase to
assess the variety -and extent of immigrant related materials
J Reino Kero, Migration from Finland to North America

in the Years between the United States Civil War and the
First World War (Uammala: Migration Institute, l974).
in Michigan and the foreign phase to survey the archives of

Poland, Ireland, Finland, and the Netherlands.
The Domestic Phase

The primary purpose of the domestic phase was to
locate historical manuscript material generated by immigrant
groups and their descendants who came to Michigan. We were
interested in j^gûmejrting the institutions which helped to
organize ethnic communities "and which served, immigrants and
their descendents in a variety of ways. We were also inter
ested in individual observations and reminiscences. For pur
poses of the survey immigrant ~w"a~s~def ined as an individual
who migrated from overseas during the nineteenth or twentieth
centuries. The focus was on those groups who migrated prin
cipally between l820 and l920. However a number of entries
do reflect the more recent migrations of East Asians and East
Europeans. This narrow focus permitted a fairly thorough sur
vey within the time allotted. Work on this phase of the pro
ject fell into four areas. The first involved research into
the ethnic composition and settlement patterns in the state;
the second, determination of a search strategy; the third,
conduct of the search; and the fourth, evaluation of effec
tiveness and thoroughness of the search.
The state of Michigan is among the most ethnically

diverse in the Union. Even in the seventeenth century the
population was mixed with French and English settlers. In
the early nineteenth century, attracted by relatively cheap
land, a number of immigrants began to arrive, particularly of
German and Irish descent. A group of Dutch settled in the
western part of the state beginning in l847. But it was the
growth of industry in Michigan which attracted the majority
of ethnic groups: lumbering throughout the state, mining in
the Upper Peninsula, and then of course automobile manufac
turing. Throughout the period the state remained fairly
inconsistent in its attitude toward immigration. At times
"the immigrants were looked upon as an asset and thus influx
was encouraged." At other times they were seen as a threat
to those already settled, depriving native citizens of jobs.^
This ambivalent attitude can be seen in the many efforts
during the period to recruit foreigners to work in specific
industries or to settle particular areas while at the same
time legislation was proposed to limit immigration to Michi
gan. Prior to the start of the survey it was thus important
to gain a sense of settlement patterns in the state.
Precise aggregates for the ethnic population are not

available in compact form before the published census of
l9l0. That census notes country of origin of the Michigan
population at the county level and for some specific cities.
For each county the immigrant population is given in two cate
gories: first, the foreign born and second, those of foreign-
4 Robert M. Warner and C. Warren Vander Hill (eds.), A

Michigan Reader: l865 to the Present (Grand Rapids, Mich.:
Wm. B. Eerdmans Co., l974), p. 62.
born or mixed parentage. The l930 published census contained

similar information. For each county a profile was prepared
which essentially duplicated the census information for l9l0
and l930.5 The information was then mapped to indicate the
extent and variety of ethnicity in each county. Figures for
foreign-born and native white of foreign-born or mixed paren
tage were combined for mapping purposes as an index of the
presence of each particular group within the total population.
The information was then color coded. The general pattern
which appeared on the^ maps will be of no surprise to students
of Michigan history . ^ In l9l0 the Upper Peninsula was predomi
nantly populated by people of Finnish and Canadian background,
though Austrians, Italians, English (Cornish), and Scandina
vians were present in some numbers as well. Germans and
Canadian "other" predominate in the Lower Peninsula. However,
the considerable Dutch population appears in the west, the
Irish in the south, and a variety of groups appear in the
more urbanized east.- This pattern generally holds true in
l930, but of course the third generation is not picked up in
the census. With the introduction of the category "Poland"
in l930, the presence of the Poles emerges very clearly in
over half the counties of the state. The Poles were listed
as Russians in the l9l0 census.
The proportion of ethnic settlers (determined by add

ing the total foreign-born and native white of foreign-born
or mixed parentage) to the total population for each county
was then determined. These figures in particular revealed
the impact of the great migration on the population of the
state. In l9l0 the figures are highest in the Upper Penin
sula, which reflects the growth of mining in the area and the
need for foreign labor. All but one county (Mackinac) was
over 75 percent, with two over 90 percent. In the Lower
Peninsula the figures for l9l0 were not quite so large but
still significant. Twenty-five of the sixty-eight counties
had over 50 percent of the population in this category. In
Wayne county, with a population of 53l,59l, 72 percent were
in this category. The figures in l930 are not quite so spec
tacular but then the numbers do not reflect third or subse
quent generations which may have felt varying degrees of eth
nic consciousness.
Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the

Year l9l0, Population (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, l9l3); Fifteenth Census of the United States,
l930, Population (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, l933) . For l9l0 the places of birth enumerated were
Austria, Belgium, Canada French, Canada other, Denmark, Eng
land, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Swit
zerland, Turkey, and Wales. In l930 the following places
were noted in addition: Armenia, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslo
vakia, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Palestine and Syria, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Yugoslavia. In addition Ireland was divided
between North and South. Particularly significant for this
Michigan study is that in l9l0 some Polish emigrants were
counted as Russian.
TABLE l
ETHNICITY IN MICHIGAN COUNTIES, l9l0 AND l930
l9l0 l930
Total % Total %
Population Ethnic Population Ethnic
Alcona 5 703 7l 4 989 53
Alger 7 675 80 9 327 65
Allegan 38 8l9 37 38 974 32
Alpena l9 965 8l l8 574 58
Antrim l5 692 44 9 979 36
Arenac 9, 640 64 8 007 56
Baraga 6 l27 80 9 l68 7l
Barry 22 633 23 20 928 l9
Bay 68 238 7l 69 474 50
Benzie 5, 662 37 6 587 33
Berrien 53 622 4l 8l 066 38
Branch 25 605 l9 23 950 l7
Calhoun 56 638 28 87 043 23
Cass 20 624 l7 20 888 20
Charlevoix l9 l57 47 ll 98l 38
Cheboygan l7 872 65 ll 502 47
Chippewa 24 472 82 25 047 67
Clare 9 240 42 7, 032 32
Clinton 23 l29 29 24 l74 22
Crawford 3, 934 60 3 097 4l
Delta 30 l08 79 32 280 64
Dickinson 20 524 90 29 94l 66
Eaton 30 499 l7 3l 728 l7
Emmet l8 56l 39 l5 l09 37
Genesee 64 555 39 2ll 64l 34
Gladwin 8 4l3 50 7 424 40
Gogebic 23 333 93 3l 577 80
Grand Traverse 23 784 43 20 0ll 36
Gratiot 28 820 25 30 252 23
Hillsdale 29 673 l9 27 4l7 l2
Houghton 88 098 89 52 85l 77
Huron 34 758 80 3l l32 64
Ingham 53 3l0 32 ll6 587 26
Iosco 9 753 7l 7 5l7 50
Ionia 33 550 30 35 093 25
Iron l5 l64 89 20 805 76
Isabella 23 029 38 2l l26 28
Jackson 53 426 34 92 304 28
Kalamazoo 60 427 39 9l 368 33
Kalkaskia 8 097 34 3 799 25
Kent l59 l45 58 240 5ll 47
Keweenaw 7 l56 92 5 076 83
Lake 4 939 47 4 066 38
Lapeer 26 033 49 28 348 34
Leelanau l0 608 60 8 206 43
Lenawee 47 907 27 49 849 2l
Livingston l7 736 32 l9 274 28
Luce 4 004 78 6 528 58
8 The Invni .jraii nn Sources Peoje, t
TABLE l (continued )
l9l0 l930
Total % Total %
Population Ethnic Population Ethnic
Mackinac 9,249 64 8,783 45
Macomb 32,606 53 77,l46 47
Manistee 26,688 73 l7,409 63
Marquette 46,739 87 44,076 7l
Mason 2l,832 59 l8,756 5l
Mecosta l9,466 41 l5, 738 3l
Menominee 25,648 79 23,652 62
Midland l4,005 45 l9,l50 33
Misaukee l0,606 52 6,992 39
Monroe 32,9l7 37 52,485 29
Montcalm 32, 069 36 27,47l 29
Montmorency 3,755 60 2,8l4 44
Muskegon 40,577 66 84,630 45
Newaygo l9,220 40 l7,029 3l
Oakland 49,576 42 2ll,25l 38
Oceana l8,379 38 l3,805 34
Ogemaw 8,907 55 6, 595 42
Ontonagon 8,650 80 ll,ll4 74
Osceola l7,889 47 l2,806 36
Oscoda 2,027 3l l,728 23
Otsego 6,552 59 5,554 32
Ottawa 45, 30l 65 54, 858 43
Presque Isle ll,249 68 ll,330 47
Roscommon 2,274 48 2,055 3l
Saginaw 89,290 63 l20,7l7 47
St. Clair 52,34l 67 67,563 54
St. Joseph 25,499 25 30,6l8 l9
Sanilac 33,930 76 27,75l 57
Schoolcraft 8,68l 75 8,45l 52
Shiawassee 33,246 36 39,5l7 3l
Tuscola 34,9l3 54 32,934 45
Van Buren 33,l85 25 32,637 3l
Washtenaw 44,7l4 45 65,530 35
Wayne 53l,59l 72 l,888,946 56
Wexford 20,769 42 l6,827 35
Source: Census l9l0, l930.
Of particular interest in the figures for l930 is the

persistence of migration. As mentioned, the German and Irish
are considered among the earliest migrations. Yet in l930 in
Wayne county, for example, there were 37,697 foreign-born
Germans and 7,469 foreign-born Irish. These surprisingly high
figures suggest that the structure of older communities might
indeed have persisted given the constant influx of new immi
grants .
Numbers alone do not provide all the essential back
ground information on immigrant settlement in Michigan. A
The I^mijration Sourcea Prnjcift 9
number of studies of immigrant communities in Michigan and

elsewhere were helpful in providing background information on
specific groups and specific areas. Well structured studies
such as JoEllen Vinyard's history of the Irish in Detroit,
Henry Lucas' Netherlands in America, and Arabic Speaking
Communities in American Cities edited by Barbara C. Aswad
were of particular help in providing essential background
information for specific groups and suggesting how settlement
patterns in Michigan fit into more general historical and
sociological debate. 6 a number of historical sketches by mem
bers of particular groups exist which provide a variety of
perspectives on ethnic community life and community structure.
Of these, particular church or parish histories were very use
ful. These studies concentrate more on institutions and
individuals, a focus helpful in designing the search strategy. ^
JoEllen M. Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier,

Detroit, l850-l880 (New York: Arno Press, l976); Henry Lucas,
Netherlands in America: Dutch Immigration to the United
States and Canada, l789-l950 (Ann Arbor: University of Michi-
gan Press, l955); Barbara C. Aswad ..(ed.j.,_Arabic Speaking
Communities in American Cities (New York: Center for Migra
tion Studies and Association of Arab-American University
Graduates, l974). See also Armas K. E. Holmio, Michigan in
Suomalais ten Historia (Hancock, Mich.: Society for the Pub
lication of the History of Michigan Finns, l967); John Andrew
Russell, The Germanic Influence in the Making of Michigan
(Detroit: University of Detroit, l927); and Historia Zwaizku
Narodowego Polskiego (Chicago: Wd . Nakl. Zwiazku Karodowego
Polskiego, l957-l967 [?]) .
' Philemon D. Sabbe and Leon Buyse, Belgians in America

(Tielt, Belgium, Lannoo; Detroit: Belgian Press, l960);
Michael and Martha Wichorek, Urkainians in Detroit (Detroit:
n. p., l955); Detroit Swedish Council, They Made a Difference:
Highlights of the Swedish Influence on Detroit and Michigan
(Detroit: The Detroit Swedish Council, l976) ; Joseph Anthony
Wytrwal, Behold! the Polish-Americans (Detroit: Endurance
Press, l977); Natsolim, Enduring Poles (Mt. Clemens, Mich.:
MASSPAC Publishing, l977); John Whalen McGee, The Passing of
the Gael (Grand Rapids: Wolverine Printing Co., l975); Chris
tian T. Feddersen, Scandinavians in Michigan with special
reference to Detroit and environs (Romeo, Mich.: n. p., l968);
Vilho Niitemaa (ed.), Old Friends — Strong ties (Turku, Fin
land: Institute for Migration, l976); George P. Graff, The
People of Michigan, 2d ed. revd. (Lansing: Michigan Depart
ment of Education, State Library Services, l974); Irving I.
Ka t z , The Beth El Story, with a history of the Jews in Michi
gan Before l850... (Detroit: Wayne University Press, l955);
Ralph J. Jalkanen (ed.), The Faith of the Finns: Historical
Perspectives on the Finnish Lutheran Church in America (East
Lansing: Michigan State University Press, l972); George Pare,
The Catholic Church in Detroit, l70l-l888 (Detroit: Gabriel
Richard Press, l95l); Malvina Hauk Abonyi, Hungarians of
Detroit (Detroit: Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State Uni
versity, l977); and C. Warren Vander Hill , Settling the Great
l0 The Immigration Sources Project
Classic studies of the process of migration and of

the nature of ethnicity provided analysis of community struc
ture and various perspectives on the persistence of ethnicity.
These studies were useful primarily for providing a context
for the project. For example, Nathan Glazer and Daniel P.
Moynihan document the persistence of ethnicity. Milton Gor
don offers a perspective on the structure of ethnicity.
Rudolph Vecoli argues the rich variety of ethnic experience
from group to group. Studies of specific groups such as Hum
bert Nelli on the Italians, Moses Rischin on the Jews, Oscar
Handlin on the Irish, discuss migration, settlement, degree
of assimilation for particular groups. "V For the archivist
what emerges from these and other studies is a sense of the
importance of the migration phenomenon in American history
and thus the need for documentation . // However ethnic groups
generally tended to be isolated from mainstream American
ins titutions . * Milton Gordon suggests that groups over time
created a parallel structure of institutions — religious, edu
cational, and fraternal —which provided a vehicle to partake
of cultural norms in the new land while still preserving a h,
sense of separate identity. While Gordon's analysis of the
role of institutions in the American ethnic experience is the
most complex and intriguing , ^nearly all studies consulted
stressed the importance of institutions in the history of
ethnic groups in the United States.***,
With a general sense of the ethnic composition of the
state of Michigan and a sense of the major questions in the
field of ethnic studies, the next step was to determine a
search strategy. Given the importance of institutions in the
process of settlement and the relative scarcity of records
available to study those institutions, we decided that the
major focus of the search should be records of ethnic organi
zations, both voluntary and religious. Given the often for
mal nature of organizational records, we thought it best to
pursue personal papers and ephemeral collections as well.
Newspapers, too, would be a particularly important source in
documenting those communities large enough to sustain such an
operation. Though very relevant, we chose not to search for
Lakes Frontier: Immigration to Michigan l837-l924 (Lansing:

Michigan Historical Commission, l970).
g For example, see Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moy

nihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, revd. ed. (Cambridge, Mass.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, l970); Milton
Gordon, Assimilation in American Life (New York: Oxford Uni
versity Press, l964); Rudolph Vecoli, "The Contadini in Chi
cago: A Critique of the Uprooted," Journal of American His
tory 5l (December l964), pp. 404-4l7; Humbert Nelli, Italians
in Chicago, l880-l930: A Study in Ethnic Mobility (New York:
Oxford University Press, l970); Moses Rischin, The Promised
City: New York's Jews, l870-l9l4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, l962); and Oscar Handlin, Boston's Immi
grants , revd. ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, l959) .
The Imnjmti m dowrees Project l1
government records since they are presumably in the public

domain. ' Since time was limited, the search thus focused on
locating documents of an organizational or personal nature.
Organizational records to be searched fell into two
categories: churches and other organizations. The survey of
church records was conducted independently with separate 4fcr
forms, etc. so as to get a sense of the existence of demo
graphic data contained in church registers. It was not possi
ble or practical to simply contact all churches in the state.
We therefore attempted to jjocate churches of a specific eth
nic nature. The Roman Catholic Church was a logical place to
start."- In l938 under the WPA a survey of records of Catholic
churches in the archdiocese of Detroit (then including Wayne,
Washtenaw, Oakland, Macomb, and Monroe counties) was con
ducted. l0 Assuming that most parishes established after l938
would not be as specifically ethnic as the older ones, we sim
ply wrote to each parish listed in the WPA survey to request
an update of the information. Included in those returns were
notes that the records of the most important ethnic parishes
in Detroit still do exist. In order to widen our search out
side Detroit, we searched local histories and community stud
ies for the names of older parishes whose membership might
reflect the composition of the city or town. These parishes
were located mainly in the Grand Rapids and Saginaw areas,
with a number scattered through the upper part of the state.
Addresses were determined from the telephone book.
Because of the large influx of Dutch, German, and

Scandinavians into Michigan, various Protestant denominations
were of interest to us as well. In the western part of the
state the Reformed Church in America and the Christian
Reformed Church, both of Dutch origins, are particularly
important. Through help from colleagues at Hope College and
Though we did not systematically search for government

documents, we did come upon a few collections worth noting.
The National Archives reported to us that the subject corres
pondence files (l906-l932) and the education and americaniza-
tion files (l9l4-l936) among the records of the Immigration
and Naturalization Service include approximately 600 pages
relating to immigration matters in Michigan (File Nos.
53640/l0, 55409/ll, 55409/llA, 5495l/22, 5357/67, 2767l/36/l/2,
2767l/l632, and 2767l/4895). These records consist primarily
of administrative correspondence, Michigan Border patrol
force files, correspondence relating to the use of immigrant
strikebreakers, and a few files on organizations involved in
citizenship programs. Other records of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service which may include useful information
are letters received (l882-l906, 66 feet) and letters sent
(l882-l922, l2l feet) .
^ Michigan Historical Records Survey, Inventory of the
Church Archives of Michigan, Roman Catholic Church Archdio
cese of Detroit (Detroit: Historical Records Survey Project,
l94l) .
Calvin College we were able to obtain selective lists noting the

oldest of these congregations. The search for congregations
of the Christian Reformed Church was made easier since Calvin
College had already conducted a search and microfilmed all
extant records (See Appendix M-3) . With the help of the
archives of the Lutheran Church in America in Chicago, we were
able to locate specific churches of that denomination which
include many Scandinavian congregations . H Many early German
congregations were consolidated as the United Church of Christ
A survey of those churches yielded significant German mate
rial. Beyond these systematic listings other relevant con
gregations were located by searching various local and/or com
munity histories and matching a name with a directory listing.
In addition we contacted various orthodox Christian churches
in the state, generally of eastern and southern European mem
bership. Many of these churches were newly established,
reflecting more recent migrations. Older Jewish congregations
were easily located through directory listings. Other
churches or congregations, such as the Korean Presbyterian
churches, were located through references in a variety of
sources .
In all, 640 churches were contacted and 239 responded.

Each church was provided with a questionnaire reply card on
which they listed various types of records and inclusive dates
As predicted nearly all responses noted basic membership data
such as baptism, confirmation, marriage, and death records.
Some larger and/or more organized parishes had runs of cor
respondence and other materials but that was not common. Most
noted that they submitted annual reports of activity. These
varied from the purely statistical reports required in the
Catholic archdiocese to some more descriptive reports of the
Protestant denominations. Many parishes published weekly
news bulletins, particularly the large ethnic parishes.
These chronicled weekly events and also printed little medi
tations. Given the important role of the church in community
life, these newspapers are an important source for the study
of activities and spiritual values. By far the bulk of the
records located are the registers. These are written in a
variety of languages and give a basic profile of the composi
tion of various immigrant communities. As Richard Juliani
notes, church records are not as systematically compiled as
census data but when used in conjunction with census data and
other sources, these records can "provide us with some impor
tant clues to conditions within the immigrant community, such
as the high evidence of infant mortality as well as to the
relationship between the immigrant community and the larger
social order.... "l2 In the Detroit Roman Catholic archdiocese
ll Joel Lundeen, Preserving Yesterday for Tomorrow: A

Guide to the Archives of the Lutheran Church in America (Chi
cago: Lutheran Church in America, l977). See also Frank S.
Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States (New
York: Abington Press, l965) .
l2 Richard Juliani, "Church Records as Social Data: The
Italians of Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century," Records
The Immigration Sources Project l3
for example, the parish of baptism is supposed to be the

parish of record. Thus if an individual moves for subsequent
sacraments, the parish of record is to be notified that the
sacraments were received and where the event took place. The
records of Holy Cross Hungarian Church, for example, show in
some detail the movement of the community since the turn of
the century. The arrival from various districts in East
Europe, settlement in the Delray section of Detroit and later
in the l940s and l950s the dispersal of this community to the
suburbs. The records of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Grand
Rapids, for the period l864-l870 note little biographical
sketches of each member who died, including rather detailed
information regarding the perceived cause of death.
Apart from the parish records there are some important

church administrative collections. The records of the Roman
Catholic archdiocese are particularly important. Because of
the variety of ethnic groups who chose to settle in Detroit,
there was strong pressure for the establishment of national
parishes, such as those of the Maronites, the Hungarians,
Italians, and particularly the Poles. The struggles involved
in establishing and maintaining these parishes are indicative
of the problems which resulted from such a mix of national
cultures in the larger Michigan cities. Inone case, the
Polish community itself split into two factions. In the frag
mentary records of the Archdiocese some of these events are
discussed. The archives of Suomi Synod of the Luthern Church
in America are very extensive and document in some detail the
administrative activity of the many Finnish parishes in the
Upper Peninsula and elsewhere.
The church records located provide the most compre
hensive collection of manuscript material on ethnic groups
in Michigan. With few exceptions nearly all material gener
ated by the churches has survived in either the still extant
parish or in some organization or public repository. The
problems in using this vast collection are two. First, they
are scattered all over the state. The Suomi Synod collection
at Suomi College and the Christian Reformed Church microfilms
at Calvin College are the only consolidated collections. The
remainder are in church vestries, housed under a variety of
conditions. The second problem of course is that of access
to the records. Most records in the Catholic Archdiocese
remain closed and many other denominations restrict access to
their registers since the data is of a personal nature. With
increased public awareness and interest in these records
through the "Roots" phenomenon and through scholarly aware
ness, hopefully some of the earlier materials can someday be
made available. These records on the whole constitute poten
tially the richest source for the study of the multi-cultural
origins and values of the current population.
of the American Catholic Historical Society of Phi ladelphia

(Philadelphia: Published by the Society, l975), p. l3.
Ethn.ic associations were somewhat more difficult to

locate. Unlike the churches which were permanently struc
tured, voluntary organizations were often short lived. Thus
the fate of the records of many probably will remain unknown.
Despite this problem we were able to locate 694 organizations
now currently active. Of these l39 responded, noting that
they do maintain historical records. Of those maintaining
historical records, 58 appear to have been established since
World War II. In addition to active organizations, we were
able to locate the records of l74 associations now defunct
but which had the foresight to permit their records to be
deposited in a historical library or historical society.
Three lists provided the greatest help in locating
the addresses of ethnic voluntary associations. Lubomyr R.
Wynar ' s Encyclopedic Directory of Ethnic Organizations in the
United States contained a number of listings for associations
located throughout Michigan. Ethni-City: A Guide to Ethnic
Detroit, co-published by the Michigan Ethnic Heritage Studies
Center and the Ethnic Studies Division of the Center for Urban
Studies at Wayne State University, contains a good list for
the Detroit area. The same groups co-published Ethnic Studies
in Michigan, which contains a rather long list of associations
throughout the state. To these lists we added names drawn
from a fairly comprehensive search of Michigan telephone books
and various names passed on by individuals or found cited in
a book or magazine. l3
The records which do exist are mostly minutes, though

in some cases such as the Danish Brotherhood, the Piemontese
Social Club, and the Polish Falcons correspondence, printed
items, and photographs are present as well. The records vary
in quality a great deal. Earlier minutes tend to be in
greater detail than the more recent minutes. Ephemeral mate
rials vary a great deal in quality. We were not able to
actually see each collection reported so it is difficult to
make any general observations on the quality of the historical
records of these associations. What is significant is that
so many associations have kept track of their records over a
considerable period of time. These association records used
in conjunction with church records could contribute to under
standing the institutional structure of ethnic communities,
particularly in the sense that Gordon argues. In addition,
minutes, by-laws and miscellaneous publications can document
values and activities outside the institutional structure of
the church.
iJ Lubomyr R. Wynar, Encyclopedic Directory of Ethnic

Organizations in the United States (Littleton, Col.: Libra
ries Unlimited, l975); Ethni-City: A Guide to Ethnic Detroit,
Vol. II (Detroit: Michigan Ethnic Heritage Studies Center,
Ethnic Studies Division, Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State
University, l976); Ethnic Studies in Michigan (Detroit:
Michigan Ethnic Heritage Studies Center, Ethnic Studies Divi
sion, Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, l977).
The Immijration Sources Project 15
Organizational records are particularly useful and

important for documenting the structure of ethnic communities
in various cities and towns. Though the census contains a
good deal of information useful for this purpose, the cate
gories used by census takers can be misleading or confusing.
For example, in l9l0 many Poles were listed as Russians. That
same year Slovak groups were listed as Austro-Hungarian .
Organizational records are particularly useful in reconstitut
ing the more specific sub-categories of these census groupings.
While our search for organizational records yielded

substantial material, a considerable amount of time was spent
trying to locate personal papers as well. Apart from personal
papers placed in public repositories of which there are some
notable collections, very few items were located. To the
extent resources would permit, we spoke at a number of gath
erings of local historical societies and genealogical groups.
Despite the historical orientation and diverse ethnic back
ground of the audiences at these meetings, few mentioned hav
ing any family letters, diaries, etc. Through these speaking
engagements in the Upper Peninsula and southern Lower Penin
sula, we reached over 3,000 people and given the results, we
concluded this strategy was not effective. Nor did the press
releases draw much information. Many letters were received
from individuals interested in sharing a document or two but
in only three cases was significant material located. One
radio interview conducted in the Upper Peninsula yielded
nothing .
Why so few people have material is hard to ascertain.

Perhaps had this project been undertaken a generation earlier
more material would have surfaced. Since World War II there
has been a considerable demographic shift in the population
of larger cities from city to suburb. H In the process of
moving a great amount of material may have been lost as peo
ple broke ties with tight knit inner city neighborhoods and
moved to suburbs of mixed population. A second possibility
is that papers never existed at all. A basic hypothesis of
this project is that if immigrants wrote letters' at all they
likely wrote overseas. However in such cases incoming letters
should be available, but are not in any significant numbers.
Prof. Herbert Brinks of Calvin College, Grand Rapids, is about
to undertake a year-long project funded by the National His
torical Publications and Records Commission to search for
incoming letters from Dutch families with relatives who came
to the United States. His search, focused precisely on these
kinds of letters, may turn up material.
By working with the leadership of various active eth

nic communities, we were able to locate a few significant
Prof. James Anderson of the Ethnic Studies Division of

the Center for Urban Affairs at Wayne State University has
carefully mapped this demographic trend for the Detroit metro
politan area. His findings will be published in a series of
pamphlets. The first, Hungarians of Detroit, by Malvina Hauk
Abonyi and James Anderson, was published in l977.
l6 The I-mijr-iii-m Sources Project
collections. Many groups were very sympathetic to the aims

of the project and very concerned that what documents remain
be preserved. Within communities such as the Polish, Belgian,
and Italian, an individual has taken on the role of unofficial
archivist and has accumulated a collection of considerable
size. These collections of course are not available for pub
lic use and have uncertain futures. Many groups have taken
care to preserve historical records in an organized way. The
Netherlands Museum, Hope College Collections, and the Collec
tion of Western Theological Seminary all of Holland, Michigan,
when combined with the collections at Calvin College at Grand
Rapids, provide an extensive historical record of all aspects
of Dutch settlement in Michigan. The Pol ish_ American Studies
Ceri£er_at Orchard_Lake , Michigan has some Polish-AmerTcairTTrar!"-
uscript material. TheTTkralnian-Amer ican Archive in Detroit
has a large collection of printed and manuscript material.
In Birmingham, Michigan, Temple Beth El houses an important
collection of printed material relating to the history of the
Detroit Jewish community. Suomi College preserves an impor
tant collection of Finnish material. The Czechoslovak Sokol
Cultural Center in Dearborn Heights preserves important Slo
vak materials and the Romanian American Heritage Center in
Grass Lake preserves Romanian materials. The manuscript hold
ings of these archives are described in detail in the appen
dices . "
Most of our energies on the domestic side were

devoted to establishing direct contact with ethnic institu
tions or individuals with an ethnic background. However we
did at the start of the project write to public repositories
to check holdings related to the themes of the project.
These repositories included all public and college library
collections in the state, manuscript repositories, archives,
historical societies, and historical museums. In all 443 were
contacted and each was sent a statistical profile of the eth
nic composition of the county in which the library was
located. Only ten of the public libraries' responses noted
unique manuscript material relevant to the project. Nearly
all the college libraries reported material of interest. It
should be noted that most of these large college and univer
sity archive and historical collections were surveyed on site.
In fact nearly all collections of size were surveyed on site
by the project staff.
The domestic phase did not deal systematically with
printed material though many collections listed do note the
presence of some printed items. In discussing sources for the
ib Elton J. Bruins, The Manuscript and Archival Holdings

of Beardslee Library, Western Theological Seminary, Holland,
Michigan (Holland, Mich.: Western Theological Seminary, l970);
Andrew Vander Zee, Guide to the Archives of Hope College
(Holland, Mich.: Hope College, l972); Elton J. Bruins and
Barbara Lampen, A Guide to the Archives of the Netherlands
Museum (Holland, Mich.: The Netherlands Museum, l978). See
also the miscellaneous annual reports of the Ukrainian Ameri
can Archives, Detroit.
The Dnmijrati'-n Sources Project l7
study of migration and ethnicity, the distinction between

manuscript and printed sources as a measure of scarcity is
not particularly useful. For the most part much of the
printed material located is as unique as the manuscripts.
Orchard Lake Seminary, for example, has a large collection of
Polish Catholic devotional literature. Many churches and pri
vate collections have unique printed programs or pamphlets
relating to community events.
By far the most significant printed source is the eth
nic press. Many communities were large enough to sustain a
printed newspaper. l° In the case of the Germans and Poles of
Detroit, they were able to support a daily newspaper over a
long period of time. But other groups as well, such as the
Danes, Finns, Italians, Greeks, had their own press. The_
Michigan Archival Association^ recently searched the existence
"oF~ethnic newspaper titles in Michigan and located 655 repre
senting thirty-seven ethnic groups. They noted that "holdings
are frequently incomplete and only 38 percent of the titles
in the CHECKLIST have at least one copy located."!7 Because
these newspapers frequently covered community activity, inter
preted national and international news, editorialized about a
variety of concerns and most importantly reached thousands of
people, they are an important source for the study of communi
ty life over time. In an age of mass media it is sometimes
difficult to fully understand the role and assess the impact
of the ethnic press. But given the uneven nature of manu
script sources these newspapers become very important. For
the most part they are as rare and unique as manuscript mate
rial, but those still existing are in greater danger of loss
since the wood pulp based paper used from the late nineteenth
century on is not durable. The Bentley Library, for example,
has a run of the Detroiter Abend-Post, a German daily pub
lished continuously since l854. The substantial run of issues
which the Library holds between l868 and l920 are the only
surviving copies and are unavailable for use because of their
fragile condition. Projects such as the Polish Microfilm Pro
ject, with joint funding from a consortium of universities,
the Polish community and matching funds from the National
Endowment for the Humanities, are a model solution to this
very pressing problem. l °ft
L. R. Wynar , Encyclopedic Directory of Ethnic Newspapers

and Periodicals in the U . S . (Littleton, Col. : Libraries Unltd, l976) .
l7 Michigan Archival Association, Ethnic Newspapers and
Periodicals in Michigan: A Checklist (Ann Arbor, Mich. : Mich
igan Archival Association, l978).
1Q
See Edward V. Kolyszko, "Preserving the Polish Heri
tage in America: the Polish Microfilm Project," in Polish
American Studies, 32 (l975) , pp. 59-63. See also Joseph
Szeplaki, "Hungarian Newspapers in Microform Available in the
United States and Canada" (Youngstown, Ohio: Catholic Hungari
ans' Sunday, l977); Suomen sanomalehtien mikrofilmit (Helsin
ki: Helsinki University Library, l97l).
l8 The Immigration Saunas Project
All totaled, the survey of sources yielded 845 manu

script collections in Michigan relating to migration and eth
nicity and primarily to specific organizations. The percen
tage of the total relating to formal organizations and insti
tutions was not a surprise. In l976 the Ethnic Studies Coun
cil of the Pittsburgh Council on Higher Education published
Resources on the Ethnic and the Immigrant in the Pittsburgh
Area: A Preliminary Guide, compiled by Robert Wilson and
Frank Zabrosky. The collections noted were for the most part
of an organizational nature. At the University of Minnesota
Immigration History Research Center the major manuscript col
lections are of organizations though they have a sizeable num
ber of personal papers as well. Their current thrust, how
ever, as exhibited in the International Institutes Project
and their survey of ethnic fraternals, seems to suggest that
they too sense that j^cj2rds_gf-_or-ganizations f orm_the_jx\ajo£—~
source of unique material relating to migration and ethnicity.
Stanley Kimball ' s survey of Slavic-American imprints notes
the significant amount of organizational material available
for Slavic groups in the United States. l9
Thus it appears from the survey of the state of Mich

igan that the major manuscript sources outside public archi
val repositories are of an institutional nature. Records
located in established churches though often fragile and
housed under very poor conditions likely will survive. Church
registers are still active records. Denominations such as the
Christian Reformed- Church, and the Lutheran Church in America
have established archives programs . The Roman Catholic Dio
cese have recently become" aware of the historical significance
of their records and are working toward the establishment of
a professional archives. Of course the existence of archive
programs for all these denominations does not mean ready
access but at least the records will likely survive for the
use of future generations. The prognosis for the records of
associations seems less encouraging. These are scattered all
over the state, often in private homes. It is not certain
how long the organizations will survive. Yet at the same
time it is certain that as long as the organizations exist,
they will likely want to hold onto their records. A program
of microfilming their material would seem both necessary and
prudent at this time to both guarantee the survival of exist
ing records and to assemble them into a useable research
resource .
Robert E. Wilson and Frank Zabrosky, Resources on the

Ethnic and the Immigrant in the Pittsburgh Area: A Preliminary
Guide (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Council on Higher Education,
l976) ; Immigration History Research Center, Guide to Holdings
(St. Paul, l976); Stanley B. Kimball, Slavic American
Imprints: A Classified Catalog of the Collection at Lovejoy
Library (Edwardsville , Ill.: Southern Illinois University
Library, l972), pp. v-vii.
The Imnijration Sources Project l9
The Foreign Phase
The primary purpose of the foreign phase was to

examine the extent to which documents relating to the immigra
tion experience existed in the archives abroad. As previ
ously noted, we were especially interested in material which
would shed light on the experience of settling in America.
Ideally in order to fully ascertain the extent of this docu
mentation, trips should be taken to every region of every
country from which people emigrated. Obviously such an
extended excursion was not financially feasible so we chose
to select four countries for a thorough search essentially
to systematically answer the question explored by Robert
Warner on his earlier visit to the Scandinavian countries.
We chose Ireland, Poland, the Netherlands, and Finland.
Since the Bentley Library is a repository primarily for mate
rials relating to Michigan history, these four countries
were particularly apt because many emigrants from those coun
tries chose Michigan as a place to settle.
The searches abroad were scheduled to last for fifty

days each. Professor Herbert Brinks of Calvin College in
Grand Rapids, Michigan and a long time student of the Dutch
settlements in Michigan and Iowa, traveled to the Netherlands.
Professor JoEllen Vinyard of Marygrove College, author of an
important study of Irish settlements in Detroit, traveled to
Ireland. Mr. Keijo Virtanen of the Institute of History at
the University of Turku in Finland and a student of Finnish
migration patterns conducted the survey of Finland. Mr.
Stephen Corrsin, then a graduate student at The University of
Michigan and now curator of the Russian Collection, Butler
Library, Columbia University and a student of East European
history and languages traveled to Poland. All except Prof.
Vinyard had at one time served on the staff of the Bentley
Library . 20
In all cases the searches yielded much more material

than we had anticipated. In all cases archival and research
institutions were very cooperative in assisting the four
searchers to find relevant material. Each searcher describes
and evaluates his/her findings in separate sections of this
volume. Their findings indeed underscore the importance of
archives abroad for the study of the great migrations.
Though the searches were limited to fifty days each,

the results are fairly comprehensive. Each was able to get
to all the important national and regional manuscript reposi
tories. In addition Professors Brinks and Vinyard were able
to allow some time to search the Netherlands and Ireland for
See Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier; Her

bert J. Brinks, Sc'hrijf Spoedig Terug: Brieven van . immigran-
ten in Amerika l847-l920 (Uitgeverij Boekencentrum b.v.,
' s-Gravenhage , l978); and Keijo Virtanen, "The Migration of
Finnish Americans to Florida after World War II," Turun
Historiallinen Arkisto 3l (l975), pp. 432-445.
letters still held in private hands. In both cases their

results indicate a significant amount of such material still
exists. These "America" letters are in some cases numbered
among the most precious of family heirlooms which helps
explain how they have survived over generations. More work
could be done in the area of locating and copying privately
owned material. Professor Kerby Miller at the University of
Missouri-Columbia has conducted a wide search during a year's
study in Belfast and has copied many additional letters.
Professor Brinks plans further searches in the Netherlands.
In Finland an extensive search for such material in private
hands was conducted about ten years ago. The material found
was copied and is now housed at the Institute for History
Immigrant Archives.
As it became clear that the foreign surveys were

yielding a significant amount of the kind of material we were
looking for, we attempted to assess the extent to which the
four countries chosen might be really the only countries
abroad with significant migration materials. We would argue
that the material located through this project represents
only a small portion of the total likely to be found abroad.
Other countries do contain important materials. For example,
drawn from available sources, productive surveys might be
undertaken in Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, and the Vatican.
Back in l9l6 a survey was taken of sources in Swiss archives
relating to American history by Albert B. Faust. Faust noted
that records housed in Swiss archives relating to Swiss emi
gration to the United States date back to l705. He noted
that "lists of those leaving the country go back to the seven
teenth century and are frequently found in the archive. The
more valuable are those giving exact date and distribution of
the emigrants." He notes further that "the various cantonal
governments made every effort to get at the causes of emigra
tion. Their investigations appear in the form of examinations
of individuals and groups of people about to leave the coun
try, reports of special committees, discussion He also
found many immigrant letters in Bern and Basel, among other
places, which apparently had been confiscated. During the
period of the great migration (l820-l9l5) approximately half
a million Swiss came to the U.S., a small number when com
pared to the numbers of Poles or Italians, yet sufficient to
lead the government to found in l880 the Swiss Federal Emi
gration Bureau to advise emigrants and to keep records of the
population outflow. 2l
Similarly important material apparently exists in Bel

gium. Mr. Richard Laginess, a graduate student at The Univer
sity of Michigan, while on a Rotary Fellowship in Brussels,
took some time to check for us on the existence of historical
sources relating to the Belgian migration. He noted that the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs archive contains material relating
to Belgian emigrants to the United States. The Royal Library
Albert B. Faust, Guide to the Materials for American

History in Swiss and Austrian Archives (Washington, D.C.: Car
negie Institution, l9l6), pp. 3-4.
The Immigration Sources Project 2l
houses some memoirs. The thrust of Mr. Laginess' activity

was to locate material in private hands. Much like Professor
Vinyard, he placed an advertisement in five newspapers to
seek the whereabouts of collections of letters. 22 He received
a number of responses, of which three were particularly sub
stantial collections.
Robert Donia, Assistant Professor of History at Ohio
State University at Lima, has visited the Institute for Migra
tion and Nationality (Zavod za Migracije i Narodnosti) in
Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Their historical collection has a number
of manuscript collections of note, including (l) the archives
of the Emigration Commission for Yugoslavia (Iseljenicki
Komesar ijat) , l9l8-l94l, mostly petitions from emigrants
requesting government services; (2) the Emigration Archive
(Iseljenicki Arhiv) consisting of clippings from the American
emigrant press, compiled by the Emigration Commission, l9l8-
l94l; and (3) the papers of the Yugoslav Seaman's Union (Savez
Pomoraca Jugoslavije) , l94l-l945. He found other material in the
National Library of the Republic of Serbia, including a col
lection of approximately l50 immigrant letters.
The recently published guide to German American Gene
alogical Research by Clifford Neal Smith and Anna Piszczan-
Czaja Smith notes a few important collections in Germany such
as the passenger lists in Hamburg and Bremen. The two
authors are planning a second joint work, "American Genealogi
cal Resources in German Archives". 24 Based on the thorough
ness of their research in the first volume, the second likely
will list materials important for the history of migration as
well. The German migration to America is a long and steady
one, beginning back in the seventeenth century and continuing
well into the twentieth century. Extant records relating to
the German migration would be particularly significant.
One last example is the Archives of the Vatican.

Given the large percentage of immigrants of the Roman Catho
lic faith, church archives should be indeed relevant. Because
the United States was considered a mission of the church until
l908, the most useful documents pertaining to the immigrant
church in America are found in the Archive of Propaganda Fide ,
an office of the Roman Catholic Church which is responsible
for the work of the expansion of the church. Since the l680s
22 Het Volk, De Nieuwe Gids, De Antwerpse Gids, Het

Belang Van Limburg , and Vlan .
2^ See Antoine De Smet, Voyageurs belges aux Etats-Unis
du XVIIe Siecle a l900: Notices bio-bibliographique
(Bruxelles: Patrimoine de la Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique,
l959) . De Smet notes the names of a number of emigrants to
the U.S. and refers to their writings, many of which can
apparently be found in the Royal Library.
^ Clifford Neal Smith and Anna Piszczan-Czaje Smith,
Encyclopedia of German-American Genealogical Research (New
York: R. R. Bowker, l976).
when the Franciscan orders began establishing mission colleges

in Spanish America, this department has been involved in the
United States Territory. In recent years, under the direction
of Rev. Finbar Kenneally, O.F.M., a calendar of the early doc
uments in the Propaganda Fide archive has been prepared and
published in three volumes.'15 One of the themes which runs
through the brief citations is the problem of the national
immigrant churches. At first the tension was primarily
between German and Irish congregations, but later became more
complex with the influx of Eastern and Southern European
groups. ° The Propaganda Fide archives thus seem an important
potential source of material relating to the immigrant church.
From various sources we are led to conclude that the
collections housed in various parts of Finland, Ireland, the
Netherlands, and Poland and described in this volume represent
only a part of all the sources to be found abroad relating to
the great migrations of the nineteenth and twentieth century. 27
The archives of Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Belgium, Germany,
and the Vatican clearly appear potential sources. Ultimately
archives in countries from which people emigrated from or
immigrated to would be potential sources, for example Italy,
Greece, and France in the former case and Argentina, Canada,
and Australia in the latter.
While the focus of the foreign phase of the project

was initially the immigrant letter as a source for understand
ing life in America from an immigrant's perspective, the sur
veys which follow and the collections cited above suggest that
other important kinds of information, including government
reports, ethnic periodicals, and organizational records of a
political and/or voluntary nature, could provide useful
information .
It seems worth noting too that the detailed surveys
of Finland and the Netherlands which follow, when combined
with the tentative information on the holdings of the
archives of Switzerland, suggest that countries from which
few chose to emigrate may have records of significance and in
some cases of bulk equal to countries from which a substantial
number left. The key variant in this case seems less the
Finbar Kenneally, O.F.M., United States Documentation

in the Propaganda Fide Archives: A Calendar, 3 vols. (Wash
ington, D.C.: Academy of American Franciscan History, l966-
l969) . See also Annales de Propagation de la Foi (l835) .
26 See Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church, New York's

Irish and German Catholics, l8l5-l865 (Baltimore: John's Hop
kins University Press, l975). See also Timothy L. Smith,
"Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical
Review 83 (l978), pp. ll55-ll85.
2^ See for example Guide des Sources de L'Histoire des

Etats Unis dans les Archives Frangais (Paris: France Expan
sion, l97 6) and American History in Scottish Universities: A
List of Research Aids and Printed Source Material (Glasgow:
Sir Denis Brogan Center, l977).
number of people migrating than the level of concern by the

government about the problem of migration. In countries such
as the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland", the government
and churches appear to have kept good records regarding those
who left in an attempt to understand the root causes of migra
tion. On the other hand, in England where emigration was hot"
considered a problem and in Ireland where it was officially
welcomed, the official record is less complete though the num
bers emigrating from those countries was quite large.
.Clearly sources important to the study of migration
exist scattered all over the globe. "One might legitimately
ask in what sense this fact presents a problem. A problem
indeed it is because there is currently great interest world
wide in the topic of migration. Increasingly the migrations
and the attendant problems of assimilation and acculturation
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are providing
scholars with an example or model which has implications for
understanding the migrations of our own time. This is less
true in the United States than in Europe where significant
migrations are occurring on the continent. Sweden, West Ger
many, France, and Britain have all experienced a large recent
influx of the foreign-born which continues. This heightened
interest in the migration question becomes particularly evi
dent when the number of institutes of migration studies estab
lished in recent years is considered. For example, centers
in Sweden, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Finland have been estab
lished specifically to study the phenomenon of migration.
In Vaxjo, Sweden, the House of Emigrants, besides

collecting important historical records and artifacts, houses
the Emigrant Institute which serves as a center for research
on the question of the migration of the Swedes. The collec
tions of the center have served not only scholars interested
in migration but have provided information for a variety of
projects including background material for Jan Troell's two
popular emigrant films produced in l969 and l970 and the
"Dream of America" exhibit shown in the United States at the
Carson Pirie and Scott department store in Chicago. 28 In
order to better serve the research activities of visiting
scholars the Institute has been actively gathering collec
tions in original form and on microfilm. Its Microfilmnig
sprojektet i U.S.A. has consolidated in the Institute on film
the records of over one thousand Swedish Lutheran congrega
tions in the United States and Canada. After capsulizing the
activities of the Institute at the end of its first decade,
Ulf Beijbom noted in a recent article that he sees a bright
future for the institution he directs since immigration is a
topic of continued interest and migration remains a continu
ing phenomenon.
28 28 uif Beijbom, "A Decade with the Emigrant Institute in

VaxjS," Swedish Pioneer Historical Quarterly (l976), pp. l78-
l88. See also Ulf Beijbom, Migration and Social Mobility
(VaxjS: Emigrant Institute, l976); Karl Olin, Chisago Lake-
Forsamcingen I Minnesota: Forteckning over de aldsta medlem-
marna l855-l867 (VaxjS, l973) and Ulf Beijbom (ed.), Utvan-
drarromanens KSllor (Vaxj'5: Emigrant Institutet, l972).
24 The Imnujration Sources Project
In Zagreb, Yugoslavia, under the direction of Dr.

Ivo Baucic, the Center for Migration Studies completed its
tenth year of research activity in l977. Until l976 it had
been part of the Institute of Geography at the University of
Zagreb; since that time it has been an independent research
institution devoted to a systematic study of migrations both
past and present. The work of the center focuses "primarily
on migratory flows and problems of Yugoslav workers to Euro
pean countries to take up temporary employment and in the
study of the problems of their families. In l972 research
was expanded to include emigration to overseas countries. At
the beginning of l976 the research work of the center included
the question of Croatian ethnic groups in neighboring coun
tries and in l977 study began of inner migration in Croatia
and Yugoslavia." To sustain this research effort the center
has a library and a "documentation center" with published and
unpublished material relating to external migration. In addi
tion the staff of the institute compile elaborate statistical
data concerning migration flows. The collection of documents
and unpublished studies "compiled in the center is unique in
Yugoslavia
The works of two centers are described in detail in

this volume. As noted in the report on the survey of Finland,
the Emigration History Research Center of the University of
Turku is a center similar in function and design. It serves
as a center for Finnish scholars and others interested in
migration studies. A number of important studies have been
published by the center, many based on the historical manu
script collections housed at the center. 30 others have
Center for Migration Studies, Zagreb, l967-l977: Ten

Years of Migration Studies (Zagreb: Center for Migration
Studies, l977), pp. 3-4. Pages 24-34 list publications
reflecting the research activities of the center, which
include various series of publications: a. External Migration
(Vanjshe migracije) , b. Discussions on Migration (Rasprave o
migracijama) , c. Themes on Migration (Teme o migraci jama) ,
and d. Miscellaneous Newsletters and Working Papers. A num
ber of important studies by the staff of the center have
appeared in English, including Ivo Bauci'5, "The Effects of
Emigration from Yugoslavia and the Problem of Returning Emi
grant Workers," European Demographic Monographs, No. 2 (Mar-
tinus Nijhoff, The Hague, l972), pp. l-44.
30 See Michael G. Kami, Matti E. Kaups, Douglass J.
Ollila, Jr., The Finnish Experience in the Western Great
Lakes Region: New Perspectives (Vammala: Institute for Migra
tion, Turku, Finland, in cooperation with the Immigration His
tory Research Center, University of Minnesota, l975); Reino
Kero, Auvo Kostiainen, Eero Kuparinen, Ja Esa Vainio, Toholam-
min VaestBn Muuttoliikkeet Amerikan-Siirtolaisuuden Alkuvai-
heissa (l870-l889) (Turku, Turun Yliopisto, l978) ; Olavi
Koivukangas, Simo Poivonen, Suomen Siirtolaisuuden Ja Maassa-
muuton: Bibliographia (Turku: Siirtolaisuusinstituutti , l978);
and Kero, Migration from Finland to North America.
The Innijration Hmrcnes Project 25
generated important statistical documentation of the migration

of the Finns. Like the center in Zagreb, the center at Turku
grew out bf a concern for the recent migration of the Finns
to Sweden and elsewhere, as well as a general scholarly inter
est in the question of migration. The Report on Sources in
Poland notes the work of the Polonia Research Institute
housed at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. The insti
tute, under the direction of Hieronim Kubiak, has a large
research staff which focuses its studies on Poles away from
Poland. Research in progress looks at Poles in the United
States, China, Denmark, Australia, Lithuania, Great Britain,
the Netherlands, Brazil, and France. Through its journal
Przegląd Polonijny and monograph series, the Institute pub
lishes articles relating to the international aspects of
migration,3l Poles in the United States,32 and Poles in
other countries.33 In addition the center is interested in
the progress of migration studies in general and reports
regularly on meetings and conferences world wide.3
See Marcin Kula, "Sukcesy i porazki polskich osadników

w Brazylii," in Przegląd Polonijny, R. 3 (l977, z 2), pp. 75-
82; Walerian Sobisiak, "Elementy tradycyjnej kultury rodzimej
Polonii holenderskiej," and Krzysztof Woźniakowski, "Polonia
chińska w latach l897-l949 i jej zycie kulturalno-literackie.
Czesc II," and Jerzy Zubrzycki, "Polska emigracja do krajow
Wspólnoty Brytyjskiej. Studium demograficzne," in Przgląd
Poloni jy, R. 2 (l976, z 2), pp. 37-86; and Henryk Zieliński,
"Rząd polski a problemy emigracji polskiej we Francji (l944-
l947)," in Przegląd Polonijy, R. l (l975, z 2), pp. 85-94.
32 See Bolesław Gebert, "Polska prasa robotnicza w USA,"

in Przegląd Polonijny, R 3(l977, z 2), pp. ll3-ll6; T. Lindsay
Baker, "Wczesna historia osady Panna Maria w Teksasie. Część
I," and Walter M. Drzewieniecki , "Prasa polska w Buffalo i
okolicy," and Hieronim Kubiak, "Szkic wstępny zaôżeń pro
gramowych syntezy dziejow i wspo^czesnych przemian Polonii w
USA," in Przegląd Polonijny, R 4 (l978, z l), pp. 5-l8, 99-
ll0, and l25-l32. See also Grzegorz Babinski, Lokalna
Społecznosć Polonijna w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki w Pro
cesie Przemian (Warsaw: Polska Akademia Nauk, l977); and
Andrzej Kapiszewski, Stereotyp, Amerykanow Polskiego Pochod
zenia (Warsaw: Polska Akademia Nauk, l977).
33 For example, Maria Bochenska-Seweryn, "Masowa emigracja

wioska do Stanow Zjednoczonych," in Przegląd Polonijny, R. 4
(l978, z l) , pp. 83-98.
34 See Andrzej Pilch, "I Sympozjum Polsko Austriackie,"
and Hieronim Kubiak, "Międzynarodowa konferencja etniczna w
Krakowie," in Przegląd Polonijny, R. 2 (l976, z 2), pp. l5l-
l66; and Iwona Kreźaêk, "Polonia brytyjska a mecz Polska —
Anglia na Wembley," in Przegląd Polonijny, R l (l975, z 2),
pp. l57-l62.
26 The Inmijration Sources Project
The activities of these institutes and several others

world wide, including the Multi Cultural History Society of
Ontario, Canada and in the United States the Immigration His
tory Research Center at the University of Minnesota, the
Balch Institute in Philadelphia, and the Center for Migration
Studies in New York, illustrate the intense international
interest in questions regarding the great migrations of the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as well as the migra
tions of our own time. &q rugp^^ i "tpr^Rt_grpws , so do the
^requirements for_ historical records which provide necessary
infofliiatioli-and r aw- material" for the process of research.
The Immigration Sources Project in its surveys of Michigan
and selected countries has demonstrated that a vast array of
sources exist which are directly useful for the study of
migrations. The problem of course is that these sources are
scattered . A survey can only bring to light the existence of
lTucTf""re cords . But a survey should be only a first step.
Surveys of this type have been conducted before and
have yielded interesting information about migration and
ethnicity. In l9l6-l9l8 the Carnegie Endowment funded surveys
of Switzerland, Austria, Mexico, Russia, Cuba, Spain, and
England for manuscript sources relating to the history of the
United States in general. These were extensive surveys and
as previously cited the surveys of Switzerland and Austria
located important material on the subject of migration and
ethnicity. ^5 In l925, funded by a grant from the Social Sci
ence Research Council, Marcus Lee Hansen undertook a two-year
examination of European archives looking for immigration
materials. "Painstakingly he untied bundles of records
untouched since they had been bound up a hundred years earli
er." His research led to the classic work The Atlantic Migra
tion . Unfortunately the results of his survey were never
published nor do his extant papers indicate where he traveled
and what collections he found. 36
Faust, Guide to Swiss and Austrian Archives;

Luis Marino Perez, Guide to the Materials for American History
in Cuban Archives (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution,
l907); Charles 0. Paullin, Frederic L. Paxson, Guide to the
Materials in London Archives for the History of the United
States Since l783 (Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution,
l9l4); Roscoe R. Hill, Descriptive Catalogue of the Documents
relating to the History of the United States in the Papeles
Procedentes de Cuba deposited in the Archivo General de Indias
at Seville (Washington , D . C .: Carnegie Institution, l9l6); and
Frank A. Golder, Guide to Materials for American History in
Russian Archives, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C: Carnegie Insti
tution, l9l7) .
3 6 Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, l607-l860
(New York: Harper & Row, l96l), Introduction by Oscar Handlin,
p. xv. Some of the Hansen papers are at Houghton Library,
Harvard University. Note also that in the l920s William I.
Thomas and Florian Znaniecki conducted a search for Polish
immigrant letters in conjunction with their famous study,
The Immigration Bourses Project 27
Surveys of this kind are undoubtedly useful to schol

arship. Through the Immigration Sources Project we have
listed over l,l00 manuscript collections. For those collec
tions which are housed in public repositories under profes
sional care this listing will remain useful for some time to
come. However, for those collections housed in less than
adequate circumstances or in private hands, the guide decades
hence may prove less useful. The future locations of these
collections is much less certain. It seems therefore that in
order to make the most of efforts which have gone into this
survey many of the collections ought to be microfilmed to
insure permanence and reasonable access for research purposes.
Microfilming records has advantages beyond preserva

tion. The survey clearly shows that much of the material per
taining to the study of the question of the great migrations
of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is scat
tered all across the globe. Given this spread it is difficult
for researchers in the field to get a complete sense of the
sources available. In order to foster meaningful research in
this important area of social history, it seems imperative
that collections be microfilmed for two reasons. First,
^microfilming would permit the consolidation of scattered
collections in one place. Persons interested in the phenome
non of migration might be able to visit two or three major
centers to see important materials. Secondly, such microfilm
projects done in this country would provide an exchange medium
.witb_.migration studies, centers and institutes abroad. As
noted previously, a number of these centers have extensive
microfilm projects completed or underway. The thrust of the
Immigration Sources Project has been to suggest that equally
important sources for the study of migration exist both in
the United States and abroad. Our survey indicates that these
sources on both sides of the Atlantic do not duplicate but
rather complement each other. Thus to understand the phenome
non of migration and all its implications, all these sources
should be considered. It seems important then that sources
housed in Europe which bear so directly on an important facet
of American history be housed in this country through the
medium of microfilm and thus be made more accessible to schol
ars and researchers in the field. Because the area of migra
tion studies is now very structured through a number of insti
tutes, such an exchange could be carried out rather easily.
Ethnic studies has enjoyed a great deal of attention
in this country in recent years. The question of assimilation
seems to dominate the field. Many of the major studies have
focused on particular groups in particular cities to test the
extent of group conflict or group mobility. Others have stud
ied specific institutions important in the process of assimi
lation. For the most part, though not always, these ques
tions can be studied adequately based on readily available
sources. Some time ago Frank Thistlethwaite published an
The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (New York: Dover

Publications, l958) . They had printed as part of their five-
volume study most of the letters they were able to locate.
important article in which he called for historians to look

beyond these individual group or institutional studies to the
larger question of migration as a phenomenon of world history
from l820 to l920. 37 In so doing he noted the great displace
ment of population from the nations of Europe to the Americas
and Australia. To see the phenomenon only from the perspec
tive of immigration to the United States was to see only a
portion of the larger question. The great migration, he sug
gested, affected all sending and receiving countries. In some
cases the impact was felt in similar ways all across the
globe. In others, because of a specific cultural heritage or
immediate problem, the migration experience affected countries
in peculiar ways. Of all countries surely the United States
has felt the impact of the great migrations very strongly.
For half a century scholars have debated the question, offer
ing models as extreme as the melting pot on the one hand to
total fragmentation on the other. Preoccupation with the
immediacy of these questions has perhaps distracted attention
from the larger question into which immigration to the United
States ultimately rests. The institutes for migration stud
ies abroad have done more to at least see the question in a
larger context, although their studies generally focus on a
particular national experience . 38 Cooperation among insti
tutions may ultimately yield greater appreciation and under
standing of the great migrations of years ago, the migrations
of today, and the impact of population movement for future
generations. A necessary first step in this regard, it seems,
is to establish large, representative and accessible bodies
of research materials on each side of the Atlantic which will
encourage — even push — scholars to consider the study of migra
tion in its broadest context. The Bentley Historical Library
will hopefully play a useful role in assembling these mate
rials for future study.
J/ Frank Thistlethwaite , "Migration from Europe Overseas

in the l9th and 20th Centuries," in XIe Congres International
des Sciences Historiques, Stockholm l960, Rapports, Ve His-
toire Contemporaine (GCteborg , Stockholm , and Upsala, 1960 ) ,
pp. 32-60.
3 8 Brinley Thomas, Migration and Economic Growth (Cam
bridge, England: Cambridge University Press, l973) ; and Josef
Barton, Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians and Slo
vaks in an American City, l890-l950 (Cambridge, Mass.: Har
vard University Press, l975) are among the notable excep
tions.
Polish funeral procession, Detroit (Detroit News)
Unless otherwise credited, all

illustrations on the following pages
are from the Michigan Historical
Collections
Altar, Holy Cross Hungarian

Church, Detroit
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Letter from the papers of

the Reformed Church,
Craafschap, Michigan,
i January 1857 (Dutch)
- SLjut JJ..,I of W.y PariA
g/jOC/ATKI Tarafii Scrca Marii sit. ale ukonczony hudynck. ogromny i wspa.
~ K»W *stec« niku IK87. W tym niaty. lmmlni«»i koszta pracy i materialuw
to ntku lmm nWil ks. Dotinnik Kolasinski ilu $125,000.00. Nastaty czasy bezrohocU
il" Ik'truit z Dakoty. w\naj^l cjimi mieia. i straszncj depresji. Pracy hylo mato i za.
kalny lmhI mmicrein fd.l Iteauliicn i n>/. roltck Uyi znikomy ; bieda powszechna i
lmic/|1 mlprawtac naUi/enstwa dia >{ru. ciyzko hylo ludziom zarubic na najniezl^d.
inadki zwolemiikt'm. swuuh, l)u lK>iu'K.y nitfjsze lm>trzchy codzienncgo zycia. A tu
wzial M>l>k dwiWh nauczycicli, ktor/y w H'icrzycielc domaâli sif sptacania dtugu
dtnuku na Ki"i""llt ulicy [trowaUzili szkul. na koscicle. kiedy ludzie tiicdm nicr moglt.
• • illa kilkadzit.siat d/ieci. pominm najlcpszych chfei. zlozyc nawet
K^. Kiilasit'i!tkj l>yl «titmza'» « niclmf na sain prucent. Koniec konccm doszio
mznmtcnin , wladza koM'icln^ wskutck do najwifkszeô zmartwicnia kiedy ma.
zaioM.s/aina jnkic lmiw^taltt na Wojciecho. jatvk koMcielny stawiono na licytacjf i
w'w, f;clzit. w niku i*kotWzvl Iniiltm'i' sprzitlano za iumf $30,000.00. Mozna »o.
hie wyohrazic zgryzotf i ruzpacz jtarafian
a oM>bliwie ks. Kolasinskicgo. L'danu sif
I%m*!(taly n'l/nv zamicszki miyd/y ludz. do sailn z przedstawieniem. te licytacja
mi tak /e »" ciaû rokn IHK5 cIuszIh Ao !>v!a jaskraw| i tragiczn^ krzy wda dla
i'.*f!*tych i (Hiwaznych taliurzcn. Kukiol parafii. Imi majftck Ik'zacy wartosci prze.
z;unkni\'to. a ks. K>ilaîhski na zyi'zcnit' *zti. dwiMtu tyaifcy sprzcdano za irzy.
lii^kupa Hor|fc*sa i,pu*ci1 I3etnrit i wyjt'. dzit.sci. Sad uznal shiszmwc skarpi i wy.
rhal na zachiHl dti Minot, h North I >a znaczyl nowa !icy(acjf. TynKzaaem l».
kiK'ic. Spfclzil tain przozto n>k i na wia. rafianom udato sif uzyakac pu/yezkf »
iltmMi!tc i> imicrci Mskupa Morgessa i u Ranadzie za lm>ntawimicm porfczeA na
oaznaczetnu ks Jana KoUya cki DuTi.zji majatki prywatnc Komitetu i innych pa.
I tctfoickiej. wnWil cki Detroit. Nowy l>i. rafian i mlkupiono maj|tck kuscictny za
Fiftieth anniversary history of $45,000.00.
Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman «kup jcdnak lm> n«patrzeni« spnwy w>.
dal wyrok nitkurz\ stny dla ks. Kidasin. Ktiip'>ty i przygnfhicnie uûlnc z po.
Catholic Church, Detroit, 1940 okit.ô I'tworzyl kuiliitd paraltaln> wrmln cifzkich czasow lmjilkof>alo zdrowic
•olish) i zatiral sif razcm z ksivdzmi do zlncra. ks. Kolasinskicgo. Przcmysliwat nad po.
nia *kladek na Iwdowf koHciota. Zakupio. jitlnauiem sif z wla'lTa kosciclna i cdat
Photo from the Allmendinger Family Collection (German)
Cermania Hall, Saginaw, c. 1900-1910

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COSTIIUZIONE
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E REGOLAMENTO Hp arw' i" - i * 'aa
DELLA
Societa' Italiana Di
Beneficenza
Fondata il 26 Settembre 1909 Records of the secretary of the Ironwood, Michigan, chapter
of the Slovak Catholic Sokol, 1908.1932
in
CASPIAN, MICHIGAN
Stati Uniti d'America
Constitutions and Rules of the Societa' Italiana di

Beneficenza "Duca degli Abruzzi," Caspian,
Michigan, 1949
let of Dansk Soldaterforening Michigan, 1944

I
SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF MIGRATION

IN THE ARCHIVES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, U.S.A.
by
The search strategy for and the general evaluation of

the source material described in this section has been dis
cussed in the previous pages. However, a few general notes
are in order. Records of churches in Michigan are listed by
general denomination when five or more congregations of the
same denomination were located. Individual congregations
within these denominations are listed by location. Other
denominations are listed alphabetically at the end. The Roman
Catholic church built a number of schools in Michigan over the
past fifty years, many of which have recently closed. Most of
the records of these closed schools have been transferred to
the diocese and are so noted. Records of voluntary organiza
tions are listed by ethnic group. Associations which were
located but which did not report are also listed by group.
College and university library collections are listed alphabe
tically except for the large holdings for the Bentley Histori
cal Library at The University of Michigan which are listed
alphabetically by ethnic group. Collections in "Other Insti
tutions" include specialized independent archives and histori
cal collections, for the most part established by particular
groups, which contain important materials. As press time
drew near some collection information arrived after copy but
before printing. These are noted in the addenda at the end of
pertinent sections. All the collections listed in this vol
ume are indexed by ethnic group on the last page.
Michigan
APPENDIX M-I
Church Records in the State of Michigan
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MICHIGAN

A. DIOCESAN RECORDS
The Roman Catholic Church divides Michigan into one
Archdiocese and four dioceses: the Archdiocese of
Detroit, established in l833, and the Diocese of Gay-
lord (l97l), Grand Rapids (l882), Lansing (l937), and
Marquette (l857). Each diocese maintains its records
though to date none have established facilities to
permit other than administrative use of the records.
Each diocese maintains official records, including
property and personnel material. The dioceses also
retain records of schools or churches which have
ceased operation. Most have brief files of corres
pondence between various parishes and the diocese.
The Archdiocese of Detroit archives have a number of
records related to the establishment of the national
(ethnic) parishes in the city. Many of the earliest
records relating to the Archdiocese are housed in the
Archives of the University of Notre Dame, South Bend,
Indiana.
B. RECORDS OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS
l. Sister Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
Monroe
Bulk: not determined
Inclusive dates: l845-present .
Note: This is a substantial archive relating to the
activity of this order of nuns in the Midwest.
The sisters were among the first religious orders
to emphasize pastoral work, which led them to
serve many immigrant communities. Included is a
large collection of annual reports of the "mis
sions" which chronicle activities in Detroit and
throughout the state of Michigan. The earliest
date to the l840s, but the bulk of the reports are
Michigan 35
post-l900. The collection also houses papers of

various superiors and council meeting notes.
2. Felician Sisters
Detroit
Bulk: not determined
Inclusive dates: c. l900-
Note: The Felician Sisters are an order of nuns pri
marily of Polish origin. Their mother house in
Detroit houses a small archive which includes
historical and statistical material regarding
their provinces in Buffalo, New York, Chicago,
Detroit, and Lodi (New Jersey) .
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
For the archives of the University of Detroit, Marygrove
College, and St. Mary's College, Orchard Lake, see
Appendix M-III.
CHURCH RECORDS
Entries are listed by city or town. The founding date is
then listed when provided. Registers noted generally
include baptismal, marriage, death, and confirmation
registers .
ADRIAN
l. St. Joseph, l863
Registers, l863-
School Records: l865-l969
Note: School records are kept at St. Mary's Rec
tory, Adrian. Some records exist for the
parish Altar Society, Christian Mothers, and
youth group.
2. St. Mary of Good Counsel (originally Irish; pre
sently Mexican American) , l853
Registers: l853-
School Records: l925-l97l
Note: Some records exist for parish Holy Name
Society.
ALGONAC
3. St. Catherine, l894
Registers: l894-
School Records: c. l945-l970 (in diocese)
Note: Some records also exist for the following
parish groups: St. Vincent de Paul, Legion of
Mary, Christian Family Movement, and Christian
Formation Group. From l900 until the l950s
the parish maintained a mission, St. Mark's,
in Algonac. The mission is now an established
parish and keeps all its records.
ALLEN PARK
4. St. Stephen's Byzantine (Hungarian, Ruthenian) , l94l
Registers: l94l-
Note: Some records for District #ll, Greek Catho
lic Union are also available.
Michijan
ALPENA
5. St. Mary, l883
Registers: l883- .
Note: Some records exist for parish organizations.
ANN ARBOR
6. St. Mary Student Chapel, l9l5
Registers: l925- .
Organization: Newman Student Association, l940-
present .
Note: Records, l9l5-l925, are kept at St. Thomas
Church, Ann Arbor.
7. St. Patrick (Irish), l828
Registers: l864- .
BAY CITY
8. St. Hedwig (Polish), l9ll
Registers: l9ll-
9. St. Stanislaus (Polish), l875
Registers: l875-
Note: Some records exist for parish related
organizations such as the Athletic Club.
BERKELEY
l0. Our Lady of La Salette, l924
Registers: l924-
School Records: c. l945-
Note: Originally organized as Our Lady of Refuge,
the present name was adopted in l934. Some
records exist for the parish Sodality and
Youth clubs.
BLISSFIELD
ll. St. Peter (Czechoslovakian and Belgian) , l9l2
Registers: l9l7-
Organizations : Holy Name, l9l9-
CALEDONIA
l2. Holy Family, l889
Registers: l889-
CASCADE
l3. St. Mary (Irish), l873
Registers: l873-
C LAWS ON
l4. Guardian Angels, l920
Registers: l923-
COMSTOCK PARK
l5. Holy Trinity (German)
Registers: l853-
CROSS VILLAGE
l6. Holy Cross (Native American)
Registers: l847-l930
Note: There are also collections of photographs,
newspaper clippings and printed histories.
Microfilm copies of these records are availa
ble at the Bentley Historical Library.
Michigan 37
DEARBORN
l7. Sacred Heart, l836
Registers: l9l6-
School Records: l9l6-
Note : Originally named St. John, the parish
adopted its present name in l875. Early
school records are no longer in the parish.
l8. St. Barbara (Polish), l924
Registers: l924-
School Records: l924-
l9. St. Clement, l926
Registers: l927-
School Records: l950-l970 (in diocese)
20. St. Maria (Romanian, Greek Rite), l924
Registers: l926-
Note: Early records may be housed at St. John the
Baptist Church, Detroit. Some records exist
for the parish Sodality and Parish Committee.
DEARBORN HEIGHTS
2l. St. John Baptist, l926
Registers: l926-
Note: Some records exist for the social organi
zations of the parish.
DEERFIELD
22. St. Alphonsus (French), l846
Registers: l86l-
School Records: l9l3-l969 (in diocese)
DETROIT
23. Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Grotto, l847
Registers: l847-
Organizations : Sodality, l857-
24. Blessed Sacrament, l905
Registers: l906-
Note: Blessed Sacrament also houses the records
of Santa Maria parish, l9l9-l973, which was
predominantly Italian. The records of Catho
lic Central High School, affiliated with the
parish, are kept at Sacred Heart Seminary.
The school records at the diocese are those
of Blessed Sacrament School.
25. Christ the King, l927
Registers: l927-
26. Church of the Annunciation, l906
Registers: l906-
School Records: l908-closing (in diocese)
27. Church of the Epiphany, l924
Registers: l924-
38 Michigan
28. Church of the Transfiguration, l925

Registers: l925-
Organizations :
Sodality: l926-
Holy Name: l925-
Ushers Club: l925-
Madonna Guild: l947-
Dad's Club: l965-
Rosary Society: l925-
29. Corpus Christi (Polish), l922
Registers: l922-
30. Guardian Angel, l927
Registers: l927-
Note: Some records exist for the Parish Council
and Usher's Club.
3l. Holy Cross (Hungarian) , l906
Registers: l906-
Organization: Holy Name, l906-
Note: Some records also exist for the Altar Soci
ety, Rosary Society, Sacred Heart Society,
Sorrowful Mother Society, Third Order, and the
Hungarian School. The parish also has pub
lished a weekly newspaper.
32. Holy Redeemer, l880
Registers: l880-
33. Immaculate Conception (Polish), l9l9
Registers: l9l9-
School Records: l9l9-closing (in diocese)
Organization: Sodality, l969-
34. Korean Roman Catholic Church, l975
Registers: l975-
35. Most Holy Trinity (originally Irish; later many
Latin Americans) , l834
Registers: l834-l864, l870-l892, l895-
Note: The parish merged with SS. Peter and Paul
in l848, but became a separate parish again
in l849. The archdiocese holds the earliest
records of this church, l834-l864.
36. Nativity of Our Lord, l9ll
Registers: l9ll-
School Records: l9l2-l970
Note: Parish bulletins, l923- , are also availa
ble.
37. Our Lady Gate of Heaven, l927
Registers: l927-
tI iehij m 39
38. Our Lady of Good Counsel (mixed, some first genera

tion Italian) , l928
Registers: l928-
39. Our Lady of Sorrows (Belgian and Dutch), l884
Registers: l884-
School Records: l9ll-l948 (in diocese)
Note: The marriage register, l933-l942, does not
exist. There are also copies of the texts
placed in the cornerstones of the first two
church buildings and a booklet with the names
of donors for the second church building
(l9ll). The first St. Vincent de Paul Society
in the diocese was founded in l885 by a group
of parishioners, most of whom were from Our
Lady of Sorrows. A letter with their signa
tures addressed to the diocese in that year
is in the archives of the Archdiocese. It
has been reproduced in The Bulletin of the
Society (Vol. ll, no. l, February l955).
40. Our Lady of the Rosary, l889
Registers: l889-
4l. Our Lady Queen of Angels (Polish), l9l4
Registers: l9l5-
42. Sacred Heart, l873
Registers: l874-
Note: Sacred Heart also houses the records of
St. Peter Claver, l9ll-l938, a predominantly
black parish which merged with Sacred Heart
in l938. This is currently a predominantly
black parish.
43. St. Agnes (Irish), l9l3
Registers: l9l4-
School Records: l9l7-closing (in diocese)
44. St. Albertus (Polish), l872
Registers: l872
45. St. Aloysius, l873
Registers: l873-
School Records: Some records exist; inclusive
dates not determined
46. St. Andrew (Polish), l920
Registers: l920-
Note: Some records exist for parish organizations,
including Holy Name and C.Y.O.
47. Ste. Anne de Detroit (French), l70l
Registers: l70l-
40 Michigan
Note: The earliest records of this church have

been deposited in the archives of the Arch
diocese of Detroit and date from l70l. Ste.
Anne's was the first Catholic church estab
lished in Detroit. Records through l848 have
been microfilmed and are on deposit at the
Burton Historical Collection and the Bentley
Historical Library.
48. St. Anthony, Sheridan Avenue, l857
Registers: l857-
Note: The parish also has a photograph collection.
49. St. Anthony, Twenty-fifth St. (Lithuanian) , l920
Registers: l920-
50. St. Bartholomew (Polish), l926
Registers: l926-
Note: Some records exist for parish Holy Name
Society and the youth organization.
5l. St. Benedict the Moor (Black), l927
Registers: l927-
School Records: l945-l97l (in diocese)
52. St. Casimir (Polish), l882
Registers: l882-
53. St. Cecilia, l92l
Registers: l92l-
54. St. Charles Borromeo, l886
Registers: l888-
School Records: l9l2-l97l (in diocese)
55. St. David (German, French, and Italian) , l92l
Registers: l92l-
Note: Bound volumes of parish bulletins are also
available .
56. St. Francis de Sales, l927
Registers: l927-
57. St. Gabriel Archangel, l9l6
Registers: l9l6-
School Records: l9l8-l977
Note: Some records exist for the Sodality and the
Altar Rosary Society.
58. St. Hyacinth (Polish), l907
Registers: l907-
59. St. Jerome (Croatian) , l923
Reqisters: l923-
Michigan 4l
Note: The parish also has files relating to its

various activities. Records exist for the
parish Mestrovic Club, but these are housed
elsewhere .
60. St. John's Armenian Church, l929
Parish council minutes, l929-
Treasurer's report, l929-
6l. St. John Cantius (Polish), l902
Registers: l902-
62. St. John Vianny (Slovene), l924
Registers: l924-
63. St. Joseph, l856
Registers: l856-
64. St. Juliana, l93l
Registers: l93l-
Organizations :
Sodality: l939-
Holy Name: l939-
C.Y.O.: l939-
Note: Some organizational records may exist prior
to l939.
65. St. Lawrence (German, Polish), l923
Registers: l923-
66. St. Leo, l888
Registers: l889-
Note: St. Leo also houses the registers of Our
Lady of Guadalupe, a predominantly Mexican
parish, from l920 to its closing.
67. St. Luke, l927
Registers: l927-
68. St. Margaret Mary, l920
Registers: l920-
69. St. Maron (Arab), l9l0
Registers: l9l0-
Organization: Altar Society, l949-l968
70. St. Martin of Tours, l923
Registers: l923-
7l. St. Mary, l833
Registers: l835-
72. St. Mary of Redford (French), l850
Registers: l860-
School records: l920-
Michigan
Note: There is also a weekly parish newspaper,

l927- .
73. St. Matthew, l927
Registers: l927-
Note: Some records exist for the organizations
of the parish, including C.Y.O., Women's
Guild, Teen Club, Adult Social Club, Men's
Club, Usher's Club, and Legion of Mary.
74. St. Peter (Lithuanian), l920
Registers: l920-
75. St. Rose of Lima, l9l7
Registers: l9l7-
School Records: l9l9-l970 (in diocese)
Note: Some records exist for the St. Rose Altar
Society.
76. St. Stephen (Polish), l9l7
Registers: l9l7-
77. St. Vincent de Paul, l866
Note: Complete records are now housed at St.
Boniface Church.
78. SS. Peter and Paul, East Jefferson Avenue, l844

Registers: l849-
Organization : Sodality, l89l-l905
Note: A pew register, l9l0-l948, is also availa
ble.
79. SS. Peter and Paul, Grandville and Sawyer Avenues
(Polish) , l923
Registers: l923-
Note: Some records exist for parish Sodality,
Holy Name, and other organizations.
80. San Francisco (Italian) , l896
Registers: l896-
School Records: l9ll-
8l. Sweetest Heart of Mary (Polish), l887
Registers: l887-
EMMETT
82. Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Irish and Polish), l848
Registers: l848-
FARMINGTON
83. Our Lady of Sorrows, l927
Registers: l927-
Michigan 43
GARDEN CITY
84. St. Raphael the Archangel, 1932
Registers: l932-
Note: Some records exist for the Altar Society
and the Youth Club.
GRAND RAPIDS
85. St. Adalbert (Polish), l88l
Registers: l88l-
Note: This is the oldest Polish parish in Grand
Rapids. Various parish clubs have and keep
their own records, including the St. Adalbert
Aid Society, St. Casimir Society, and the
St. Hyacinth Society.
86. St. Andrew's Cathedral (Irish)
Registers: l850-
Note: Records prior to l850 were destroyed in a
fire. Also housed at St. Andrew's are some
early Indian baptismal records dating back
to the l830s.
87. St. Isidore (Polish), l900
Registers: l900-
88. SS. Peter and Paul (Lithuanian), l904
Registers: l904-
GRATTEN
89. St. Patrick (Irish), l854
Registers: l854-
GROSSE ILE
90. Sacred Heart (French) , l863
Registers: l9l9-
School Records: c. l945-l97l (in diocese)
Note: The parish was founded in l863 as a mis
sion of St. Joseph, Trenton. Mission
records, l863-l9l9, are kept in that parish.
Council minutes are also available.
GROSSE POINTE FARMS
9l. St. Paul (French originally; Irish since late
l800s) , l834
Registers: l846-
School Records: Elementary, l926-
High School, l926-l97l (in diocese)
Note: Records, l834-l846, are housed at Ste.
Anne's, Detroit. A parish newspaper, started
in l899 as a monthly but expanded to a weekly
publication in the l920s, is also available.
Records of Sodality and Holy Name, both
founded in the early l900s, and of C.Y.O.,
begun c. l935, were published in the parish
paper.
Mi ch i j.in
GROSSE POINTE PARK

92. St. Ambrose, l9l7
Registers: l9l7-
School Records: Elementary: l9l9-
High School: l9l9-l972 (in diocese)
Organization: C.Y.O., l926-
Note: Some records exist for the Sodality as
well .
93. St. Clare of Montefalco, l926
Registers: l926-
Organizations :
Sodality: l926-
Holy Name: l926-l970
C.Y.O.: l940-
Note: Some records also exist for bowling league,
St. Vincent de Paul, parish council, and
Usher ' s .
HAMTRAMCK
94 . Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
(Ukrainian, Greek Rite) , l9l2
Registers: l9l2-
Note : The parish maintains some records for
Holy Name Society, C.Y.O., Church Committee,
and Parents' Club.
95. Our Lady Queen of Apostles (Polish), l9l7
Registers: l9l7-
Note: Bound copies of parish bulletins, l926- ,
are available. Some records exist for the
Holy Name Society, Rosary Society, Altar
Society, and C.Y.O.
96. St. Florian (Polish), l908
Registers: l908-
School Records: l909-l9l7, l920-
Note: A particularly active parish, St. Florian's
maintains some records relating to the fol
lowing associations: Sodality, Holy Name,
C.Y.O. , Senior Citizens, Golden Agers, Dad's
Club, Library Guild, Pre-School, Adult Educa
tion, Cub Scouts, Girl Scouts, Polish Roman
Catholic Union Clubs, Usher's Club, Altar
Society, Rosary Society, Mission Circle, and
Mother's Guild.
HUDSON
97. Sacred Heart (Irish), l850
Registers: l850-
IDA
98. St. Joseph, l868
Registers: l868-
Mic hi i an 45
IMLAY CITY
99. Sacred Heart (Irish originally; currently Mexican),
l894
Registers: l928-
Note: Also housed at Sacred Heart are the regis
ters, l920- , of St. John, a mission in Allen-
ton, and the records of St. Cornelius in Dry-
den .
LAPEER
l00. Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
l859
Registers: l864-
LINCOLN PARK
l0l. St. Henry, l923
Registers: l923-
Note: Some records exist for the parish Men's
Club.
MAYBEE
l02. St. Joseph, l889
Registers: l889-
Note: Some records exist for the parish council.
MELVINDALE
l03. St. Mary Magdalen, l927
Registers: l927-
MILAN
l04. Immaculate Conception, l875
Registers: l904-
School Records: Some records exist; dates not
determined .
Note: Some records exist for parish council and
Altar Society.
MILFORD
l05. S, t. Mary (Irish), l874
Registers: l889-
Organization : Sodality, l968-
Note: Also housed at St. Mary's are the regis
ter, l889- , for St. Joseph Mission, South
Lyon, and the register, l926- , for St.
Rita Mission, Holly.
MONROE
l06. St. Joseph (Italian), l924
Registers: l924-
School Records: l922-l97l
l07. St. Mary, l788
Registers: l788-
Note: The parish, originally organized as St.
Anthony's, was renamed in l844.
Michi > an
MUSKEGON
l08. St. Michael (Polish), l909
Registers: l909-
NORTH BRANCH
l09. SS. Peter and Paul, l9l3
Registers: l9l3-
Organizations :
Sodality: l9l3-l977
Holy Name: l9l3-l966
Note: SS. Peter and Paul also houses the regis
ters, l9l3- , for St. Patrick Mission in
Clifford.
PONTIAC
ll0. St. Joseph, l925
Registers: l925-
lll. St. Vincent de Paul, l85l
Registers: l854-
Note: The W.P.A. Survey noted school records
dating from l893.
PORT HURON
ll2. St. Stephen, l825
Registers: l850-
ROCKWOOD
ll3. St. Mary, l844
Registers: l870-
Note: Some records also exist for C.Y.O.
ROGERS CITY
ll4. St. Ignasius (Polish and Italian), l879
Registers: l879-
ROMEO
ll5. St. Clement, l924
Registers: l924-
School Records: l95l-l973 (in diocese)
Note: The parish keeps Parish Council records,
l970- .
ROYAL OAK
ll6. Shrine of the Little Flower, l9l9
Registers: l926-
Note: The papers of the Shrine's noted pastor
Rev. Charles E. Coughlin are not housed at
the church.
SAGINAW
ll7. St. George (Lithuanian), l9l8
Registers: l9l8-
SOUTHFIELD
ll8. Mother of God (Chaldean Rite), l948
Registers: l948-
Michijan 47
Note: Records also exist for the American-Chal

dean Association, Heritage Society, Legion
of Mary, Youth Club, Ladies of Charity,
Sacred Heart Society, and Parish Council.
ST. CLAIR SHORES
ll9. St. Gertrude (French originally; later mixed), l826
Registers: l873-
Note: The original name of the parish was St.
Felicitas .
TECUMSEH
l20. St. Elizabeth, l870
Registers: l9l0-
Note: Originally a mission parish of St. Mary's
in Manchester, the records of St. Elizabeth,
l870-l9l0, are housed at St. Mary's.
TEMPERANCE
l2l. St. Anthony, l906
Registers: l906-
Note: Some records exist for the Parish Council,
School Board, P&G, Christian Mothers, and
Senior Citizens.
TRENTON
Registers: l849-
WAYNE
l23. St. Mary, l9l2
Registers: l9l2-
Note: The parish maintains some records for Holy
Name Society, Sodality, and C.Y.O.
WYANDOTTE
l24. Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Polish), l899
Registers: l899-
Note: Some records exist for parish Sodality,
Holy Name Society, C.Y.O. , Rosary Society,
and Altar Society.
l25. St. Elizabeth, l924
Registers: l926-
Organization: Sodality, l925-
Registers: l87l-
l27. St. Patrick, l857
Registers: l9l7-
Note: The parish was organized as St. Charles
Michigan
Borromeo in l857 and adopted its present name

in l888. Earliest records may be in the
Archdiocese archives or may have been des
troyed. Some records exist for the Altar
Society and Parish Council.
l28. St. Stanislaus Kostka (Polish), l9l4
Registers: l924-
YPSILANTI
l29. St. John the Baptist, l822
Registers: l858-
LUTHERAN CHURCH IN MICHIGAN

. GENERAL AND SYNOD ARCHIVES (Lutheran Church in America)
l. Archives, Lutheran Church in America
Chicago, Illinois
The collection contains a small amount of material,
largely printed, relating to select Lutheran con
gregations in Michigan. Official files of the
church may contain references to specific activity
in Michigan. See Preserving Yesterday for Tomorrow:
A Guide to the Archives of the Lutheran Church in
America , by Joel Lundeen, published by the Archive
in l977.
2. Archives, Michigan Synod, Lutheran Church in America
Detroit
Correspondence, reports, papers, l855- . The Synod
encompasses the Lower Peninsula.
3. Archives, Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Synod, Lutheran
Church in America
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Correspondence, reports, papers, l9l0- . The Synod
encompasses Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan .
4. Archives, Suomi Synod, Lutheran Church in America
See entry for Suomi College, Appendix M-III.
. CHURCH RECORDS
then listed when provided. Registers noted generally
include baptismal, marriage, death, and confirmation
registers .
BAY CITY
l. Zion (German), l90l
Registers: l90l-
Annual Reports: l974
Michigan 49
BESSEMER
2. Sharon (Swedish and Swedish-Finnish), l889
Registers: l899-
Annual Reports: l940-
Note : Records of some church organizations also
exist .
BRIDGMAN
3. Immanuel (German), l896
Registers: l896-
Note: Records also exist for the Voter's Assembly.
CHEBOYGAN
4. St. Thomas, l88l
Registers: l88l-
Annual Reports: some
DETROIT
5. Augustana (Swedish) , l900
Minutes: l900-
Financial Records: l900-
Note: Scattered organizational minutes are also
available .
6. Holy Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church, l9ll
Registers: l9ll-
Note: Minutes, l9ll- , also exist.
7. St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Latvian Church, l950
Registers: l950-
8. St. Peter's G & S Evangelical Lutheran Church (Ger
man) , l930
Registers: l930-
Annual Reports: l970, l973, l975, l978
Note: Minutes of Church Council meetings, l930- ,
and records of the German Language School (Sat
urday School) and Kirchlicher Frauenverein
(Church Women's Club) are also available.
DOLLAR BAY
9. First (Swedish-Finnish), l900
Note: Records of the Ladies Aid and Mission Soci
eties also exist.
ESCANABA
l0. Bethany (Swedish), l879
Registers: l879-
Note: Also available is a church newsletter, c.
l909- .
FRANKENMUTH
ll. St. John (German), l863
Registers: l863-
Michiyan
Note: In addition, there are records for such

groups as the Ladies Aid Society and Men's
Club, as well as the congregation charters and
minutes of voters' meetings since l879.
l2. St. Lorenz (German), l845
Registers: l845-
GRAND RAPIDS
l3. Bethlehem (Swedish), l873
Registers: l947-
Note: Incomplete registers from the late l800s
and early l900s also exist.
l4. Immanuel (German), l856
Registers: l853-
Note: The marriage records indicate birthplace and
residence. The death records, l864-l870, give
brief biographical sketches of the deceased,
including speculation on cause of death. The
records have been translated by the Western
Michigan Genealogical Society.
l5. Trinity (German), l896
Registers: l899-
GREENVILLE
l6. Trinity (Danish), l945
Registers: l945-
GWINN
l7. Grace (Finnish), l906
Registers: l906-
Annual Reports: only for recent years
IRON MOUNTAIN
l8. Our Savior (Swedish and Finnish), l923
Registers: l923-
Note: The church also maintains minutes of the
council and congregational meetings and some
records of the church women's organization.
IRON RIVER
l9. First (Swedish), l890
Registers: l890-
Note: In many cases the registers indicate:
"Arrived in America: from, country, year."
The records of the church have been micro
filmed .
ISHPEMING
20. Bethany (Swedish), l870
Registers: l870-
Note: The church also maintains minutes of the
Michigan 51
church council and annual meetings, as well as

records of the Sunday School, L.C.W., and
Bethany Seniors.
KALEVA
2l. Bethany (Finnish), l902
Registers: l902-
Note: The church keeps congregation minutes of
annual, quarterly, and special meetings.
Records of church activities, l902- , and of
several church organizations also exist.
KENT CITY
22. Mamrelund (Swedish and Danish), l843
Miscellaneous Records: l843-
Church Minutes: l853-
Note: This is the oldest Swedish Lutheran church
in Michigan. It also houses the records of a
Danish Lutheran church, founded in l876, with
which it later merged.
LEROY
23. Zion (Swedish), l902
Registers: l902-
Note: Council and congregational minutes, l902- ,
are also available.
MANISTIQUE
24. Zion (Swedish), l885
Registers: l885-
Note: Minutes of board and annual meetings, l885- ,
also exist. The records, l885-l930, have been
microfilmed. The church also houses the
records of the Norske-Danske Evangelical Church.
MARQUETTE
25. St. Mark's Evangelical (Finnish), l899
Registers: l899-
Note: Records exist for church auxiliaries, such
as L.C.W. , Churchmen, and Altar Guild. The
church retains photocopies of its earliest
registers; the originals have been deposited
at Suomi College.
MUSKEGON HEIGHTS
26. Bethlehem (Norwegian), l927
Registers: l927-
Note: Records of societies,, l927- , are also
available .
NORWAY
27. Bethany (Swedish) , l880
Registers: l893-
Annual Reports: some, including a few older ones.
Note: Congregational meeting minutes, l880- , are
Mich i'jan
also maintained. All of the older records have

been microfilmed and are available to respon
sible parties for duplication.
PALMER
28. Concordia (Finnish primarily; some Swedish), l890
Registers: l890-
Note: Church council, annual meeting, and woman's
group minutes and Sunday School reports also
exist. The church serves as the center for
the Richmond Temperance Society.
RAPID RIVER
29. Calvary (Swedish), l900
Registers: l900-
Note: There are some gaps in the annual reports
prior to l950. The church also maintains
some early historical files.
REDFORD
30. St. John (Finnish), l9l4
Registers: l9l4-
Annual Reports: l9l4-
Note: Records of the church council, l9l4- ,
and of youth, women's and men's groups and of
Diaconate also exist.
REED CITY
3l. Zion (Swedish), l872
Registers: l872-
Note: The church also keeps council minutes,
l9l6- . In l948 Zion Lutheran Church (Swedish)
merged with St. Paul Lutheran Church (German),
which had been founded in l870.
REPUBLIC
32. Bethany (Finnish), l886
Registers: l886-
Annual Reports: l950- ; some in previous years
RICHVILLE
33. St. Michael (German), l85l
Registers: l85l-
Note : Documents pertinent to the history of this
church are housed in the Concordia Historical
Institute, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo.
ROGERS CITY
34. St. Michael (German), l873
Registers: l873-
Note: Records also exist for the Century Club and
Centennial Committee.
Michigan 53
ROSCOMMON
35. Messiah (Swedish), l935
Minutes, l935-
Note: Some records exist for the parish women's
organization .
SAGINAW
36. Holy Cross Evangelical (German), l84 9
Registers: l849-
Note: Some records of the Ladies' Guild are also
available.
37. St. John (German) , l856
Registers: l856-
Note: Limited records also exist for the Ladies
Aid Society and the Church Business and Profes
sional Women Society.
38. St. Paul (German), l85l
Registers: l85l-
ST. JOSEPH
39. Swedish Lutheran Church, l875
Registers: l875-
Note: All records have been microfilmed and are
available at the Lutheran School of Theology
Archives, Chicago.
SEBEWAING
40. Immanuel Evangelical (German), l85l
Registers: l85l-
Annual Reports: c. l85l-
Note: Records before l9l8 were written in German
script and are difficult to read. The earliest
annual reports provide such information as
amount of donations and pastors' salaries and
home allowances. The church also maintains
minutes of the meetings of the voting body,
l85l- ; these note wages, housing allowances,
and number of members.
SOUTH HAVEN
4l. First (German), l90l
Registers: l90l-
Note: Incomplete minutes of boards and organiza
tions are also available.
TUSTIN
42. Augustana (Swedish), l874
Registers: l874-
Note: Council and congregational minutes, l874- ,
also exist.
54 Michigan
WHITEHALL
43. Lebanon (Swedish), l872
Registers: l872-
Note: Some records also exist for church-related
organizations .
III. UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST IN MICHIGAN

CHURCH RECORDS
The United Church of Christ churches listed represent
the old Evangelical and Reformed churches which were
primarily German. Entries are listed by city or
town. The founding date is then listed when provided.
Registers noted generally include baptismal, confir
mation, marriage, and death information.
ANN ARBOR
l. Bethlehem (German), l833
Registers: l87l-
Annual Reports: l957- , and some earlier
CHELSEA
2. St. Paul (German-Schwabbisch) , l885
Registers: l885-
Note: Records for the women's fellowship and some
financial records are also available.
DEARBORN HEIGHTS
3. St. Paul (German), l872
Registers: l872-
DETROIT
4. Immanuel (German), l893
Registers: l893-
Annual Reports: c. l930-
Note: Minutes of various church organizations are
also available.
5. St. John's-St. Luke Evangelical Church (German) , l833
Registers: l833-
Note: St. John's is the oldest evangelical church
in Detroit. In l969 it merged with St. Luke
parish. Records, l894-l969, for St. Luke are
housed at St. John's. Also available are records
of the following organizations: St. John's
Verein, Willing Workers, Ladies' Aid, and Young
People's Society.
6. Trinity Evangelical (German) , l885
Registers: c. l889-
Note: Records for some church and neighborhood
groups also exist.
Mi i jn n 55
FARMINGTON
7. Salem (German), l875
Registers: l880-
Note: Minutes of the Church Board, Women's Guild,
and the Sunday School exist as well. Records,
l880-l920s, include those of Immanuel Evangeli
cal Church, Clarencevi l le .
FULTON
8. First (German), l866
Registers: l866-
Note: Records are also available for youth, adult,
and women's fellowships.
GRAND HAVEN
9. St. Paul (German) , l882
Registers, l882-
Note: The church houses church council minutes,
l882- , and records for the women's fellow
ship, originally called "Frauen Verein."
JACKSON
l0. St. John (German),
Registers: ca. l9l0-
MANCHESTER
ll. Bethel (German), l840
Registers: l864-
l2. Emmanuel (German), l862
Registers: l908-
MT. CLEMENS
l3. Zion (German) , l854
Registers: l862-
NILES
l4 . St. John (German), l860
Registers: l860-
Note: Many old committee and pastors' records and
some photographs are also available.
OWOSSO
l5. St. John (German), l894
Registers: l894-
PORT HURON
l6. St. John (German and German-Russian), l864
Registers : l864-
Note: The church also maintains a church newslet
ter, l925- .
Michigan
RICHMOND
l7. St. James (German), l858
Registers: l858-
Annual Reports: l97l- , and some earlier ones.
Note: Records of women's and youth fellowships,
minutes, and financial records are also avail
able.
ST. JOSEPH
l8. St. Peter (German), l882
Registers: l882-
TAYLOR
l9. St. Paul (German), l883
Registers: l883-
WARREN
20. St. Paul (German), l864
Registers: l864-
CHRISTIAN REFORMED CHURCH IN MICHIGAN

CHURCH RECORDS
The following churches responded to our inquiry noting the
existence of records in their possession. Entries are
listed by city or town. The founding date is then
given, when provided. Registers noted generally
include baptism, confirmation, marriage, death, and
membership information. All churches maintain consis
tory minutes and prepare annual reports. See Calvin
College listing in Appendix M-III which lists records of
all Christian Reformed Churches in Michigan which the
College maintains on microfilm.
ALLENDALE
l. First (Dutch), l88l
Registers: l88l-
Consistory minutes: l88l-
Note : Some records exist for Women's Society
(Dorcas) and Men's Society.
DETROIT
2. First (Dutch), l9l4
Registers: l9l8-
Consistory minutes: l9l8-
Note: Minutes of some church societies, c. l9l8- ,
also exist. Some church records, however, were
destroyed in a l930 fire.
Michigan 57
EAST LANSING
3. First (Dutch), l934
Consistory Minutes: l934-
ELLSWORTH
4. The Christian Reformed Church (Dutch) , l90l
Registers: l904-
Note: Some records of the Ladies' and Men's Soci
eties are available.
FALMOUTH
5. Prosper (Dutch), l894
Registers: l894-
Note: Some records of the bible study and social
societies within the church are available.
FREMONT
6. First (Dutch), l882
GRAND RAPIDS
7. Boston Square (Dutch) , l942
Registers: l942-
8. Burton Heights (Dutch) , l905
Note: Extensive membership files, l905- , are
maintained. A Korean congregation has met at
Burton Heights Church since l976.
9. First (Dutch) , l857
Registers: l857-
Note: Some correspondence and financial records,
l857- , are available.
l0. Grandville Avenue (Dutch) , l89l
Registers: l893-
Concistory Minutes: l893-
Note : Membership roles include birth and death
dates and previous church membership in the
United States and/or Europe.
ll. Neland Avenue (Dutch), l9l6
Registers: l9l6-
l2. West Leonard (Dutch), l889
Registers: l909-
Note: Some records for ladies' and men's church
groups also exist.
58 Michigan
HOLLAND
l3. Fourteenth Street (Dutch), l902
l4 . Noordeloos (Dutch), l857
Registers: l857-
l5. Prospect Park (Dutch) , l907
Registers: l907-
Note: Financial records, l907- , are also main
tained .
KALAMAZOO
l6. First (Dutch), l869
NEW ERA
l7. The Christian Reformed Church (Dutch)
Note: The church maintains extensive birth and
family records, l880s- , and records of numer
ous church societies are also available.
ZEELAND
l8. First (Dutch), l862
Registers: l862-
Note: Church directories, l942- , and minutes for
some church societies exist.
l9. North Street (Dutch), l882
2 membership books « dates not indicated.
V. REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA IN MICHIGAN

CHURCH RECORDS
then given, when provided. Registers, if listed, gen
erally include baptism, conformation, marriage, death
and membership information. All churches maintain con
sistory minutes and prepare annual reports.
DETROIT
l. First (Dutch), l872
Registers: l872-
Annual Reports: c. l9l0-
Note: Records also exist for the Ladies 'Aid Society,
a quilting group.
GRAND HAVEN
2. Second (Dutch), l85l
Consistory Minutes: l85l-
Michigan 59
GRAND RAPIDS
3. Oakdale (Dutch), l889
Registers: l889-
4. Seventh (Dutch)
Registers: l890-
Annual Reports: l958- , and some earlier
Note: Records also exist for the Women's Guild,
Golden Agers, Choirs, Sunday School, and catech-
tical classes.
HOLLAND
5. Fourth (Dutch), l896
Registers: l896-
6. Hope, l862
Note: This parish was established by the English-
speaking residents of Holland, who came at the
invitation of A. C. Van Raalte to teach in the
Pioneer School (later Hope College) .
7. North Holland (Dutch), l852
KALAMAZOO
8. Second (Dutch), l885
Organizations :
Women's Foreign Missionary Society, l887-l95l
Young Ladies' Mission Band, l9l3-l95l
Ladies' Aid Society (Women's League), l907-l939,
l944-l955
Note: This church split from its Dutch-speaking
"parent", the First Reformed Church, establishing
itself as an English-speaking congregation. The
church maintains files of correspondence and
business records, l885- , and there is a collec
tion of miscellaneous undated photographs. The
records, l885-l976, are available on microfilm
at Western Michigan University.
ZEELAND
9. Beaverdam (Dutch), l870
Registers: l870-
. OTHER DENOMINATIONS
l. B'nai Israel (East European orthodox Jewry), l935
Pontiac
Records (l935- ) , include business records and some
annual reports.
Michijan
Chinese Community Church (Chinese) , l9l5

Detroit
Records, l962- , include baptism, minutes of monthly
meetings, and photographs.
Note: earlier records were stolen.
Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (Russian) , l9l5
Detroit
Records, date not indicated, include baptisms,
deaths, marriages, and financial reports.
Note: Few records exist for early years.
Hungarian Reformed Church (Hungarian) , l9 4l
Allen Park
Records, l94l- , include minutes, printed items, and
correspondence. Minutes of various church organ
izations also exist.
Note: Other records are housed at the Bethlen Home,
in Ligonier, Pa., and at the Hungarian Founda
tion in New Brunswick, N.J.
Hungarian Reformed Federation of America (Hungarian)
Allen Park
Records, l900- , include minutes, correspondence,
and printed items.
Note: Earlier records are at the Bethlen Home,
Ligonier, Pa.
Korean Community United Presbyterian Church of Metro
politan Detroit (Korean) , l96 7
Southf ield
Records, l967- , include session minutes, correspon
dence, a weekly bulletin, church registers, a
quarterly publication "Sae SSaech", and annual
reports (l97l- ) .
Note: Records of various church organizations also
exist .
The Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (Romanian) ,
l929
Jackson
Records, l929- , include minutes, correspondence
(l952- ) , and printed items (l936- ) .
St. Clement Ohridski Macedono Bulgarian Eastern Ortho
dox Church (Bulgarian) , l964
Dearborn
Records, l964- , include baptism and marriage records.
Note: Records of Men's Club and Ladies' Club are
also available.
St. George Greek Orthodox Church (Lebanese, Syrian,
and Palestinian) , l936
Flint
Records, dates not indicated, include baptism, mar
riage, and funeral records, and annual reports.
Note: Records of various church organizations also
exist .
St. Nicholas Orthodox Church (Ukrainian, Byelorussian,
Carpatho-Russian , "Great" Russian, Czechoslovaki-
an, Polish, Serbian, Slav-Macedonian from Greece,
Yugoslavian, Romanian, and Bulgarian), l9l6
Mi chi j.ifi 61
Flint
Records, l9l6- , include baptism, marriage, Chris-
mation, and death records, commemorative book
lets, annual reports, and bulletins.
Note: The parish was founded as St. Nicholas Rus
sian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in l9l6 by
immigrants from Ukraine, Byelorussia, Carpatho-
Russia, Bukovina, "Great" Russia, and Romania.
l l . St. Paul Macedono Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Cathedral
(Bulgarian) , l970
Dearborn Heights
Records, dates not indicated, include baptism, mar
riage, and funeral records.
Note: Records also exist for the Detroit chapter of
the Macedonian Patriotic Organization.
l2. St. Thomas Albanian Orthodox Church (Albanian), l929
Detroit
Records, dates not indicated, include annual reports
baptism and marriage records, and minutes of the
board and general meetings.
ADDENDUM
Gloria Dei Lutheran Church (Finnish and Swedish)
Hancock
Registers: l975- .
Note: In addition, Gloria Dei houses the records of
several earlier Lutheran churches in the Hancock
area, including Gloria Dei-Salem, l965-l975; Salem,
l942-l964; St. Matthew, l948-l964; Hancock Evangeli
cal, l889-l937; Swedish Evangelical, l898-l942;
Hancock Swedish Evangelical, l897-l90l; and Hancock
Lutheran, l90l-l947.
62 Michijan
APPENDIX M-II
Records of Voluntary Organizations
in the State of Michigan
I. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN REPORTING

EXTANT HISTORICAL RECORDS
GENERAL
l . International Institute of Detroit
Detroit
Note: The International Institute of Detroit was estab
lished by the Detroit YWCA in l9l9. The Institute
merged with the Industrial Women's Service Center of
the YWCA in l934 and changed its name to The Interna
tional Center. The Center withdrew from the YWCA in
December, l944 and again became known as the Interna
tional Institute.
Records, l9l4- . Access not determined.
Location A. International Institute, Detroit (30 feet)
Records include minutes of the Board of Directors
(l946-l957) ; minutes of the Members Council (l947-
l97l); staff meeting minutes (l948-l958); director's
correspondence (l940-l958) ; International Institute
News (l945-l960) ; records of building fund campaign
(l944-l95l) ; general Institute program and club
records (l926-l940) ; records of the Old World Market
(l930-l97l); records of displaced persons program
(l945-l950) ; records of the Friends of the Ukrainian
Bandurists Chorus (l953-l958); newspaper clippings
(l920-l947) ; Institute-sponsored studies of nationality
communities in Detroit (l9l9-l934); files on immigrant
cultures (ca. l920-l940) ; minutes and reports of the
Americanization Committee of Detroit (l9l7-l930) ;
records of the Nationality Committee, Detroit Council
of Social Agencies (l940-l94l) ; Nisei in Detroit: cor
respondence and newsletters (l945-l948); AFII National
Convention records (l948-l957) .
Location B. YWCA of Metropolitan Detroit, Detroit (3 feet)
Records include minutes of the Committee of Management
(l92l-l944); annual reports of the chairman of the Com
mittee of Management (l920-l944) ; annual and monthly
63
narrative (and statistical) reports of the directors

and nationality secretaries (l9l9-l944) ; correspon
dence (l9l4-l944); memoranda (l930-l944); Preliminary
Foreign Survey of Detroit (l9l9); survey of the Inter
national Center by the Detroit Council of Social
Agencies: minutes and report (l936); records of the
Nationality Committee of the Detroit Council of Social
Agencies (l938-l94l) .
Additional data may be obtained from the general
records of the Detroit YWCA. See, in particular, the
minutes of the Board of Directors (l9l9-l944) ; annual
reports (l9l9-l944); Association scrapbooks (l9l9-
l944); and copies of The Blue Triangle (l9l9-l922)
and the Triangle Newsette (l922-l929).
ALBANIAN
2 . First Albanian Teke Bektashian in America
Taylor
Records, l953- • include pamphlets and lists of contri
butors .
ARAB
3 . Arab American University Graduates
Ann Arbor
Records include sporadic notes and correspondence, l968- .
4 . Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services
Detroit
Records, l972- , include minutes, correspondence, printed
items, and other material.
5 . The Arab Women's Union
Troy
Records, l968- , include minutes.
6 . Jordan Club of Detroit
Detroit
Records, l972- , include minutes, correspondence, and
printed items.
ARMENIAN
7 . Armenian American Veterans' Memorial Association
Southf ield
printed items.
8 . Armenian Relief Society Day School
Dearborn
printed items.
BELGIAN
9 . Belgian American Business Men's Band
Detroit
Records, l93l- , include minutes.
l0. Queen Elizabeth Circle
Warren
64 Michigan
BYELORUSSIAN
ll . Byelorussian Veterans
Grosse Pointe Shores
Records, l945-l978, include correspondence, books, and
other printed material.
CROATIAN
l2 . Croatian Catholic Center
Detroit
CZECHOSLOVAKIAN
l3 . Czechoslovakia National Council of America
Dearborn Heights - Michigan District
Detroit - Stefanik Chapter
Detroit - Masaryk Chapter
Owasso - Masaryk Chapter
Records, l959- , include minutes and correspondence.
l 4 . Sokol Detroit, Inc.
Dearborn Heights
Records, l875- t include monthly minutes, correspon
dence, and printed items (Sokol News) .
l5 . Sokol Detroit Ladies Auxiliary, Unit of American Sokol
Detroit
a monthly publication Sokol Detroit News, l957- .
l6 . Western Fraternal Life Association (Zapadni Cesko-
Bratrske Jednoty) , #225
Ashley
Records, l9ll- , include minutes, programs of activi
ties, membership list, photographs, library records,
and the Fraternal Herald (Bratrsky Vestnik) , l965- .
There are also some records of Lodge St. Louis and
Lodge American Slovak, both of which have joined the
Ashley chapter.
l7 . Western Fraternal Life Association, #266
Ionia
DANISH
l8 . Danish Brotherhood of America, Lodge 227
Detroit
Records, l907- , include minutes, photographs, and only
current correspondence.
l9 . Danish Brotherhood of America, Lodge 70
Greenville
Records, l893- , include minutes and membership roll.
2 0 . Danish Brotherhood of America, Lodge 30, and
Danish Sisterhood of America, Lodge 22
Muskegon
Records: Brotherhood, l888- ; Sisterhood, l892- .
Include minutes, some correspondence, and printed
i tems .
2l . Danish Sisterhood of America, Lodge l25
Detroit
Records, l9ll- , include minutes, correspondence, and
Michigan 65
printed items.
DUTCH
22 . Dutch Immigrant Society
Grand Rapids
Records, l960- , include minutes, miscellaneous printed
items, and DIS magazine (l970- ).
ESTONIAN
23 . The Estonian-American Republican Club of Michigan
Huntington Woods
FINNISH
24 . Detroit Finnish Summer Camp Association
Detroit
printed items.
2 5 . Finnish Cultural Center
Farmington Hills
a pamphlet and photograph file.
2 6 . Knights of Kaleva, Osmon Maja #ll
Ironwood
printed items, and member's personal history.
27 . Knights of Kaleva, Taaton Maja #l8
Ishpeming
miscellaneous printed items.
28 . Ladies of Kaleva, Kyllikin Tupa #7
Ironwood
Records, l906-l979, include minutes.
29 . Ladies of Kaleva, Allittaren Tupa #27
Negaunee
Records, l909- , include partial minutes and correspon
dence and books and Kalevainen yearly magazines.
FRENCH
30 . Alliance Francaise de Detroit
Detroit
printed items. Some early records are housed in the
Burton Historical Collection, the Detroit Institute
of Art archives, and at the organization's New York
headquarters .
3l . French Women's Benevolent Club
Detroit
Records, l933- , include membership records and miscel
laneous printed items (l935-l960).
32 . Societe St. Jean Baptiste
Warren
66 Michigan
FRISIAN
33 . Frisian Information Bureau
Grand Rapids
Records, l943- , include correspondence and printed
items .
GERMAN
34 . Carpathia Club
Warren
Records, dates not indicated, include minutes, corres
pondence, and printed items.
35 . Catholic Kolping Society of America
Detroit
photographs .
36 . Concordia Singing Society
Detroit
Records, l865- , include minutes, recent correspondence,
printed items (l937- ) , and miscellaneous photographs
including those of the twelve founders of the Society
and the first operetta performed in l867.
37 . Deutsch-Amer ikanischer Schuetzenver ien
Royal Oak
38 . Deutscher Kinderchor
Warren
Records, l955- , include printed items and minutes
(l960- ) .
39 . Frankenmuther Unterf tuetzungs Verein (Frankenmuth Mutual
Aid Society)
Frankenmuth
Records, l868- .
Note: The Frankenmuth Mutual Aid Society is now the
Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company.
40 . G.B.U. Detroit
Detroit
Records, dates not indicated, include minutes and cor
respondence, which vary with each district.
Note: This is a fraternal insurance society.
4l. German-American Cultural Center
Detroit
printed items. The nineteen affiliated organizations
maintain their own records. A few are over one hun
dred years old.
4 2 . German Park Recreation Club of Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
Records, l920 (?)- , include minutes and correspondence.
4 3 . Germania Club Downriver
Southgate
Records, l969- , include minutes, correspondence, mem
bership list, financial reports, photographs, and mis
cellaneous printed items.
Michigan 67
4 4 . Schwaben-Verein Detroit
Detroit
printed items (l97l- ) .
45. Sport Club l924
Rochester
46 . Steuben Society of America, Carl E. Schmidt Unit 2l
Detroit
Records, l94 5-l969, include minutes, correspondence,
and printed items. The parent organization in New
York houses records, l9l9- .
GREEK
47 . Daughters of Penelope, Antenor #2l6
Lansing
printed items.
Note: This organization was established in l949 and was
active until l957. It was then reactivated in l964.
Records exist for the earlier period but are not com
plete.
48 . Order of Ahepa (American Hellenic Progressive Associa
tion) , Omega Chapter #37l
Troy
49 . Pan-Arcadian Federation
Southgate
Records, l930- , include minutes; correspondence and
printed items (l959- ) ; and some yearbooks.
50 . Pan-Thessalonian Union
Detroit
printed items.
5l . Philoptochos Society, St. Constantine and St. Helen
Detroit
Records, l93l- , include minutes. An ethnic cookbook
was published in l957.
HUNGARIAN
52 . Coordinating Committee of Hungarian Churches and Organi
zations of Metropolitan Detroit
Detroit
printed items.
53 . M.H.B.K. Hungarian Veterans
Detroit
Records, l95l- , include correspondence and printed
items .
54 . Szatmar County Association
Allen Park
Records, dates not indicated, include minutes and cor
respondence .
68
INDIAN
55 . India Club of Greater Flint
Flint
Records, l974- , include correspondence and printed
items ,
ITALIAN
56 . Amicus Club
Detroit
57 . Duca Degli Abruzzi Lodge
Caspian
Records, l9l4- , include correspondence, printed items,
photographs, and minutes (l924- ).
58 . Fogolar Furlan of Michigan
Livonia
Records, l974- , include minutes, correspondence, printed
items, and photographs.
59 . Italian American Cultural Society
St. Clair Shores
printed items, and other material.
60 . Italian Sons and Daughters of America, 20th Century Lodge
Berkley
Some records are housed at the national office in Pitts
burg .
6l . Piemontese Social Club
Detroit
Records, l9l3- , include minutes, membership records,
photographs, and miscellaneous printed items.
62 . Venetian Club of Mutual Aid
Detroit
printed items.
6 3 . Venetian Women's Club
East Detroit
Records, l936- , include minutes and membership lists,
correspondence and printed items (l959- ) , and a
monthly newsletter (l970- ) .
JEWISH
64 . Jewish Community Council of Metropolitan Detroit
Detroit
printed items, and photographs (l949- ) . Early records
are housed at the Burton Historical Collections.
65 . Jewish Family and Children's Service
Detroit
printed items.
66 . Jewish Home for Aged, Borman Hall
Detroit
Records, l907- , include minutes, printed items, corres
pondence (intermittent until l970) , and photographs.
A.' i tin 69
6 7 . Jewish Labor Committee

Detroit
Records, c. l950- , include minutes, correspondence,
and printed items. Early records are housed at Wayne
State University.
68 . Jewish War Veterans of the United States
Detroit
printed items, and photographs.
69 . Kalamazoo Jewish Federation
Kalamazoo
Records, l949- , include correspondence, financial
reports, and minutes (l978- ).
70 . Pioneer Women, Greater Detroit Council
Detroit
Records, l925- , include membership cards, fund-raising
cards (l935- ) , and minutes and correspondence
(l964- ) .
7l . Sephardic Community of Greater Detroit
Detroit
Records, l94 5- , include minutes, correspondence, and
a newspaper (l955-l958) .
KOREAN
7 2 . The Korean Society of Ann Arbor and Its Vicinity
Ann Arbor
Records: annual address book of recent membership.
LATINO
73 . Comite de Festejos Guadalupanos
River Rouge
printed items.
74 . Asociacion Argentina de Detroit
Detroit
printed items.
75 . Peruvian-American Medical Society
Detroit
printed items, and programs of meetings.
LATVIAN
76 . Association of Latvian Foresters in the U.S.
Grand Rapids
Records, l950- , include minutes, correspondence, Meza
Vestis (Forest News) , and a jubilee collection of
articles (l968) .
77 . Latvian Association in Detroit
Detroit
printed items.
78 . Latvian Boy Scouts in Exile
Berkley
Records, l950- , include minutes, correspondence (l958- ) ,
70 Minh ijun
and printed material (l92l- ) .

79 . Latvian Center "Garezers"
Three Rivers
printed items, and slides.
80 . Latvian Foundation, Michigan Chapter
Kalamazoo
Records, l970- , include minutes, correspondence, mem
bership lists, and financial reports.
LITHUANIAN
8l . American Lithuanian Catholic Federation Ateitis
Southf ield
printed items.
82 . The Society of the Grand Duchess "Birute" in Detroit
Detroit
Records, l922- , include printed items.
MACEDONIAN
83 . Macedonian Patriotic Organization "Fatherland," Detroit
Chapter
Detroit
printed items.
MALTESE
84 . Malta Club of Macomb County
Warren
printed items, membership rolls, and announcements.
85 . Maltese-American Benevolent Society
Detroit
Records, l929- , include minutes and printed items.
NORWEGIAN
86 . Norwegian Club of Detroit
Detroit
87 . Sons of Norway, Sogne Fjord 523
Muskegon
8 8 . Sons of Norway, Samhold Lodge 473
Pontiac
Records, l964- , include minutes and newsletter, "Sam-
holdutsikten" (l973- ).
PHILIPINO
89 . Silliman Alumni International of Michigan
Richmond
Records, l974- , include minutes and occasional news
letters .
71
POLISH
90. Friends of Polish Art
Detroit
Records, l964- , include minutes, correspondence (l972- ),
and miscellaneous program booklets, invitations, and
clippings (l972- ) .
9l . Koscuiszko Democratic Club
Hamtramck
photographs .
92 . Polish American Century Club
Hamtramck
Records, l9l7- , include minutes, correspondence, and
printed items.
93 . Polish American Citizens Club
Wyandotte
Records, l92l- , include correspondence.
94 . Polish American Congress
Hamtramck
printed items. The Congress also has records of other
Polish organizations which are now dissolved.
95 . Polish Engineering Society
Mt. Clemens
printed items.
96 . Polish Falcons of America, Nest 959
Allen Park
Records, l96 3- , include minutes, correspondence, and
97 . Polish Falcons, Nest 3l
Detroit
Records, ca. l930- , include minutes, correspondence,
photographs, and five-year books.
98 . Polish Falcons Hall, Nest 79
Detroit
items, and anniversary booklets (l9l0- ).
99 . Polish Falcons of America, Nest 86
Hamtramck
printed items.
l00. Polish Falcons of America, Nest l24
Saginaw
Records, l9l5- , include minutes. Early records are
deposited in the Saginaw Public Library. See page l59
of this guide.
l0l . Polish League of American Veterans, Post 75
Dearborn
l02 . Polish League of American Veterans, Post l
Detroit
72 Michigan
l0 3 . Polish Legion of American Veterans, Post l62

Bay City
l04 . Polish Legion of American Veterans, Post 7
Wyandotte
Records, l937- , include minutes, some correspondence,
and photographs.
l05 . Polish National Alliance
Detroit
items, and correspondence (l940- ).
l06 . Polish National Alliance, Council l5 Dom Polski
Detroit
printed items, photographs, and scrapbooks.
l07 . Polish National Alliance, Council l67
Detroit
Records, l929- , include minutes and printed items.
l08 . Polish Roman Catholic Union Hall
Detroit
Records include minutes (l950-l977) , miscellaneous
printed items (l962-l977) , and photographs (l930-
l976) .
l09 . Polish Roman Catholic Union, Circuit 8
Warren
Records, l9l7- , include minutes.
ll0. Pulaski Civic Club
Ecorse
other miscellaneous material.
ROMANIAN
lll . American Romanian Orthodox Youth
Erie, Pennsylvania (contains records of local chapter
in Jackson, Michigan)
printed items, convention reports, and historian
reports .
ll2 . Association of Romanian Orthodox Ladies' Auxiliaries
Jackson
Records, l949- , include minutes and correspondence
and printed items (l963- ).
RUSSIAN
ll3 . Russian American Association
Detroit
printed items, and photographs.
SCOTTISH
ll4. Clan MacKenzie
Swartz Creek
Records, l968- , include minutes, charter, and member
ship records.
M inh.i j a n 73
ll5 . Detroit Burns Club

Detroit
Records, l867-l880 and l9l2- , include minutes.
SERBIAN
ll6 . Ravanica Mother's Club
Detroit
ll7 . Serbian Singing Federation
Detroit
Records, l93l- , include minutes, correspondence, and
printed items.
SLOVAK
ll8 . First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association
Detroit
ll9 . First Catholic Slovak Union, Branch 6l5
Dearborn
l20. First Catholic Slovak Union, Branch 743
Detroit
Records, l92l- , include minutes, membership books,
miscellaneous printed items, and correspondence
(l97l- ) .
l2l . Slovak Catholic Federation
Saginaw
SLOVENE
l22. SNJP, Lodge 677, "Wolverine"
Detroit
Records, l929- , include minutes, treasurer's records,
printed items, and weekly "Prosveta" by D. S. Obed.
l2 3. SNJP, Lodge 765, "The Big Chiefs"
Southf ield
l24 . Slovene American Club
Melvindale
Records, l926- , include minutes, secretary-treasurer
books, and some correspondence and printed items.
l25. Slovene National Home Club and Hall
Detroit
Records, l923- , include minutes and financial records.
SWEDISH
l26 . Arpi Swedish Male Chorus and Ladies Auxiliary
Detroit
programs. Some minutes and other records exist for
the Auxiliary.
74 Michigan
l27 . Detroit Swedish Council

Detroit
research notes.
l28 . Fram-Vasa Lodge
Detroit
l29. Gladstone Swedish Club
Rapid River
Records, l939- , include minutes (l950- ).
l30. The Jenny Lind Club of Detroit
Detroit
Records, l937- , include minutes and membership books.
l3l. Ladies Auxiliary of the Swedish Engineers' Society
Detroit
Records, l925- , include minutes, and by-laws.
l32 . Vasa Order of America, Norden Lodge 350
Flint
Some records are at the headquarters of the national
organization in Illinois.
SWISS
l33. Detroit Swiss Society
Detroit
TURKISH
l34 . Turkish American Cultural Center of Michigan
Farmington
Records, l974- , include minutes, correspondence, mis
cellaneous printed items, and a newsletter.
UKRAINIAN
l35. Ukrainian American Association of University Professors
Mt. Pleasant
Response indicated only that some records do exist.
l36. Ukrainian American Center
Detroit
Records, l9l7- , include minutes, correspondence, and
printed items.
l37 . Ukrainian Gold Cross in the United States
Detroit
printed items.
l38. Ukrainian Graduates of Detroit and Windsor
Detroit
Records, l940- , include minutes, monthly bulletin
"The Graduate", and six scrapbooks (l936- ).
l39 . Ukrainian Self Reliance Federal Credit Union
Detroit
Michigan 75
II. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN REPORTING

NO EXTANT RECORDS
l. Alliance Francaise de Lansing, East Lansing (French)
2. American Arab Relief Agency, Detroit
3. American Hellenic Congress, Dearborn (Greek)
4. Armenian-Detroit Cultural Organization, Southfield
5. Club Colombiano, Southfield (Latino)
6. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, St. Joseph #903,
Calumet
7. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Lovro #77,
Ironwood
8. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Josip #l92,
Painesdale
9. Estonian Educational Association ("Kotu") of Detroit,
Detroit
l0. Finnish Center Association, Farmington
ll. First Catholic Slovak Union, #76l, Lansing
l2. First Catholic Slovak Union, #774, Sanford
l3. German American Marksmanship Club, Pontiac
l4. The Irish American Association of Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor
l5. Japan Society of Detroit, Detroit
l6. Knights of St. Casimir Society, Grand Rapids (Polish)
l7. Loyal Wing Club, Detroit (Italian)
l8. National League of Greek Cypriots, St. Clair Shores
l9. Polish American Academic Association, Hamtramck
20. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #78, Alpena
2l. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #3046, Cass
City
22. Slovak Catholic Sokol, Assembly 250, Flint
23. Western Fraternal Life Association, Brothers of
Michigan, #5l, Carney
III. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN NOT

REPORTING
ALBANIAN
l. Albanian American Moslem Society, Taylor
2. Albanian American National Organization, Dearborn
3. Albanian Congress of Michigan, Detroit
4. Albanian Democratic Party, Birmingham
5. Royal Party, Taylor
6. Villagers' Party, Detroit
ARAB
7. American Arab Yemen Benevolent Society, Dearborn
8. American Moslem Association, Dearborn
9. American Moslem Women's Society, Dearborn
l0. American Ramallah Federation, Dearborn Heights
ll. American Syrian Lebanese Association, Detroit
l2. The Amsyrleb Club of Flint, Flint
l3. Arab American Congress for Palestine, Livonia
l4. Arab World Festival, Dearborn Heights
l5. Arabic Cultural Foundation, Detroit
l6. Assyrian American National Union of Flint, Flint
l7. Cedars of Lebanon Bar Association, Detroit
l8. Chaldean Center, Detroit
76
l9. Chaldean-Iraqi Association, West Bloomfield

20. Deir-Mimas United Relief Society, Lansing
2l. Federation of Islamic Associations in America and
Canada, Dearborn
22. Hathihe Ramallah, Dearborn Heights
23. Iraqi Club, Detroit
24. Islamic Society of Detroit, Detroit
25. Ladies Cedar Club of Flint, Flint
26. The Ladies Cedar Club, Lansing
27. Ladies of St. Joseph, Lansing
28. The Men's Cedar Club of Lansing, Lansing
29. Ramallah Club of Detroit, Redford
30. Ramallah Men and Women's Society of Detroit, Livonia
3l. The Ramallah Youth Society, Livonia
32. Sand's Club of Detroit, Grosse Pointe Park
33. Syrian American Workman Association (St. Joseph's
Relief Society) , Lansing
34. Syrian-Lebanon Ladies of Charity, Detroit
35. United Citizens' Society, Dearborn Heights
36. United North Lebanese Society, Detroit
37. World Lebanese Cultural Union, St. Clair Shores
38. Yemen Association of Detroit, Detroit
ARMENIAN
39. Armenian Cultural Center, Southfield
40. Armenian General Benevolent Union, Southfield
4l. Armenian Group of Genesee County, Flint
42. Armenian Relief Society, Grand Rapids
43. Armenian Youth Federation, Dearborn
44. Cultural Society of Armenians of Istanbul, Royal Oak
45. The New Yazgad Association, Southfield
46. Society of Afkeretsis, Birmingham
ASIAN
47. Asian American Council, Detroit
AUSTRIAN
48. Verein der Oesterreicher (Austrian Society of Detroit),
Detroit
BELGIAN
49. Belgian-American Business Men's Association, Warren
50. Belgian Businessmen's Auxiliary, Detroit
5l. - Belgian American Ladies Club, Grosse Pointe Farms
52. Belgian Military Circle, St. Clair Shores
53. St. Charles Beneficial Society, St. Clair Shores
54. United Belgian American Societies of Detroit, Detroit
55. Vlaamse Familie Kring, Mt. Clemens
BULGARIAN
56. Bulgarian Ladies' Benevolent Society, Detroit
57. Bulgarian Macedonian American Cultural Club, Detroit
58. Bulgarian Macedonian Benevolent Society, " Soedinenie , "
Detroit
BYELORUSSIAN
59. Byelorussian American Association, Troy
60. Byelorussian Youth Organization, Royal Oak
CANADIAN
6l. Nova Scotia Club, Detroit
77
CHINESE
62. Association of Chinese Americans, Livonia
63. Chinese-American Women's Club, Detroit
64. Chinese Association of Greater Flint, Grand Blanc
65. Chinese Benevolent Association, Detroit
66. Chinese Chamber of Commerce Youth Club, Detroit
67. Chinese Cultural Center, Farmington Hills
68. Four Seas Club, Royal Oak
69. On Leong Merchant Association, Detroit
70. OCA Young Adults, Orchard Lake
CROATIAN
7l. Croatian Board of Trade, Hamtramck
72. Croatian Fraternal Lodge 35l, Detroit
73. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sacred Heart ES
#270, Ahmeek
74. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Ivan Krst.
#533, Battle Creek
75. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Ivan
Krstitelj #302, Bessemer
76. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Rok #48,
Calumet
77. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, C.C.C.C. E.S.
#703, Calumet
78. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Hrvatska Sloga
#69, Caspian
79. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Zrinski i Frank-
opan #56l, Flint
80. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Sv. Trojstvo
#262, Hancock
8l. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Holy Cross ES
#259, Hermansville
82. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Happy Aces,
ESL #823, Kalamazoo
83. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Rad. Sloga #6l3,
Kingsf ord
84. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Src Isus. #335,
North Escanaba
85. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Farmerska Sloga
#634, Paw Paw
86. Croatian Fraternal Union of America, Hrv. Polj.
#583, Watervliet
87. Croatian Slav Home, Flint
88. Mothers' Club of Nest 3l8, Detroit
CZECHOSLOVAKIAN
89. Czechoslovakian American Club of Senior Citizens,
Dearborn Heights
90. Lodge Havlicek #5, Sokoj. Detroit, Dearborn Heights
9l. Lodge Pingree of Czechoslovakia Society, Dearborn
Heights (merged with Lodge Havlicek #5)
92. Lodge Pribyslava, Dennice of Unity of Bohemian Ladies
and Gentlemen, Dearborn Heights
93. Western Fraternal Life Association, Detroit
94. Western Fraternal Life Association, Nova Cechie #247,
Flint
95. Western Fraternal Life Association, Detroit #249,
Dearborn Heights
96. Western Fraternal Life association, Perun #73,
Menominee
78 Mi ('hi jan
97 . Western Fraternal Life Association, Owosso #242 , Owosso

DANISH
98. Danish Brotherhood of America, #l6 3, Edmore
99. Danish Brotherhood of America, #2l0, Grand Rapids
l00. Danish Brotherhood of America, #5l, Ludington
l0l. Danish Brotherhood of America, #238 Juhl, Marlette
l02. Danish Brotherhood of America, #l8l, Sidney
l03. Danish Brotherhood of America, #l06, Trufant
l04. Danish Brotherhood of America, #227, Ypsilanti
l05. Danish Club of Detroit, Detroit
l06. Danish Club, Flint
l07. Danish Hall, Luddington
l08. Danish Soldiers Society, Detroit
l09. Rebild, Detroit
ll0. Society Denmark, Detroit
DUTCH
lll. Hollandia Society in Detroit, Union Lake
ESTONIAN
ll2. Legion of Estonian Liberation, Michigan Post, Dear
born Heights
FINNISH
ll3. Finnish American Historical Society of Michigan,
Southfield
ll4. Friends of Finland, Flint
ll5. Knights of Kaleva, Detroit
ll6. Knights of Kaleva, Kullervon Maja #l4, Mass
ll7. Knights of Kaleva, Ahtolaisen Maja #33, Negaunee
ll8. Ladies of Kaleva, Farmington Hills
ll9. Ladies of Kaleva, Ainon Tupa #l3, Mass
l20. Ladies of Kaleva, Etellattaren Tupa #9, South Range
l2l. Ladies of Kaleva, Laaksottaren Tupa #l0, Wakefield
l22. Sauna Society, Escanaba
FRENCH
l23. Alliance Francaise de Grosse Pointe, Grosse Pointe
l24. Le Club LaSalle, Warren
FRISIAN
l25. Frisco, Grandville
l26. "Gysbert Japiks", Grand Rapids
GERMAN
l27. Arion-Verein , East Detroit
l28. Berliner Club, Detroit
l29. Concordia Damenchor, Detroit
l30. Flint Teutonia SC, Grand Blanc
l3l. G.A.C.C.
.A.C. C. Senior Citizens Group, Detroit
l32. G..B.U. Distrikt 276, Roseville
l33. G..B.U. Distrikt 630, Ann Arbor
l34. G..B.U. Distrikt 70l, Pontiac
l35. G.B.U. Saxonia Gemischter Chor, St. Clair Shores
l36. German American Club 707, Grand Rapids
l37. German-American National Congress, Benton Harbor
l38. German American Women's Club, Burton
l39. German-American Youth Group, Grosse Pointe Shores
l40. German Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Dexter
l4l. G.T.E.V. "Edelweiss," East Detroit
l42. Kolping Society, Schutzen-Abteilung , Utica
l43. Liederkranz Club, Lansing
79
l44. Michigan Saenger-Bezirk , Detroit

l45. Saengerchor Detroit, Detroit
l46. Saenger-Halle, Detroit
l47. Schwaebischer Maennerchor, Sterling Heights
l48. Schwaebischer Unterstuetzings Verein of Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
l49. Siebenburgen Sachsen Unterstutzungsverein , Royal Oak
l50. Transylvania Saxon Sick Beneficial Society, Warren
l5l. Verein Essener Freunde, Taylor
l52. Verein Der Plattdeutschen , Washington
l53. Verein Essener Freunde, Warren
GREEK
l54. Daughters of Penelope, Cnossus #l74, Ann Arbor
l55. Daughters of Penelope, Epthime #66, Detroit
l56. Daughters of Penelope, Iris #242, Flint
l57. Daughters of Penelope, Messene #90, Grand Rapids
l58. Daughters of Penelope, Antiope #l09, Muskegon
l59. Daughters of Penelope, Doris #l57, Pontiac
l60. Daughters of Penelope, Dares #252, Southfield
l6l. Daughters of Penelope, Thamyris #272, Warren
l62. Eperotic Society of Michigan, Sterling Heights
l63. Federation of Hellenic Societies, Detroit
l64. The Federation of United Greek Societies, Detroit
l65. Icarian Society, Lincoln Park
l66. Macedonian Society, Detroit
l67. Megas Alexandros Society, Allen Park
l68. Modern Greek Cultural Association, Franklin
l69. Order of Ahepa, Chapter #374, Dearborn
l70. Order of Ahepa, Elpis Chapter, Harper Woods
l7l. Order of Ahepa, Chapter #39l, River Rouge
l72. Order of Ahepa, Alpha Chapter #40, Troy
l73. Pan-American Federation of America, Royal Oak
l74. Pan-Corinthian Federation, Grosse Pointe Woods
l75. Pan-Cretan Federation, Highland Park
l76. Philoptochos Council District #7, Orchard Lake
l77. Philoptochos Society, Bloomfield Hills
l78. Philoptochos Society, Detroit
l79. Philoptochos Society, Farmington
l80. Philoptochos Society, Lincoln Park
l8l. Rhodian Society "Kolossos," Detroit
HUNGARIAN
l82. Detroit's First Szekely Magyar Association, Detroit
l83. First Szekely Hungarian Association, Hungarian Park
Committee, Grosse Ile
l84. Hungarian-American Club, Riverview
l85. Hungarian American Democratic Club, Detroit
l86. Hungarian Butcher ' s and Grocer ' s Association , Allen Park
l87. Hungarian Hall, Muskegon Heights
l88. Hungarian Order of Franciscan Fathers, Dewitt
l89. Hungarian Radio Hour, Detroit
l90. Hungarian Reformed Federation of America Insurance,
Lincoln Park
l9l. Hungarian Social and Athletic Club, Detroit
l92. William Penn Fraternal Association, Women's Auxiliary,
Dearborn
l93. World Federation of Hungarian Veterans (MHBK) ,
Detroit
0 M i chi-ian
IRISH
l94. The Dearborn Gaels, Westland
l95. Detroit Padraig Pearse Club of the Gaelic Athletic
Association, Detroit
l96. Four Provinces, Plymouth
l97. Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, Warren
l98. Gaelic League, Detroit
l99. Irish American Club, Detroit
200. The Knights of Equity, Detroit
ITALIAN
20l. Assunta Society, Detroit
202. American Committee on Italian Immigration, Detroit
203. American Italian Barbers, St. Clair Shores
204. American Legion, Holy Family Post #540, Detroit
205. American Legion, Columbus Post #354, and Auxiliary,
East Detroit
206. Boys Town of Italy, Detroit
207. Cepranese Society, Warren
208. Christopher Columbus Society, Auxiliary, and Hall,
Sault Ste. Marie
209. Club Pacentro, East Detroit
2l0. Club Supino, Dearborn
2ll. Columbian Federation of Italian American Societies,
Lodge Figli Delia Sicilia, Detroit
2l2. Columbian Federation of Italian American Societies,
Lodge Roman Social Club, Detroit
Lodge Statale Del Michigan, Detroit
Lodge Yolanda, Detroit
Lodge Young Americans, Detroit
Lodge Castellamare Del Golfo, East Detroit
Lodge Castellamare Del Golfo (Fem. ) , East Detroit
Lodge Amerigo Vespucci, Warren
Lodge High Liters, Warren
220. Columbus Day Celebration Committee, St. Clair Shores
22l. Cosmopolitan Christian Club, Detroit
222. Dante Alighieri, Troy
223. Downriver Italian Club, Dearborn
224. Emiliana Society, Detroit
225. Esperia Club, Detroit
226. Fogolar Furlan of Michigan, Southwestern Chapter,
Battle Creek
227. Holy Family Society, Detroit
228. I Ciocari, Detroit
229. Italian American Chamber of Commerce, East Detroit
230. Italian American Club of Pontiac, Pontiac
23l. Italian American Club of Washtenaw, Ann Arbor
232. Italian American Club of Wyandotte, Wyandotte
233. Italian American Fraternal Club, Dearborn
234. Italian American Ladies Auxiliary, Flushing
235. Italian American Law Wives, East Detroit
236. Italian American Lawyers, Detroit
237. Italian Cultural and Community Center , St . Clair Shores
Michigan 81
238. Italian Realty Company, Detroit

239. Italian Riverfront Festival Committee, Detroit
240. Italian Sons and Daughters of America, Buon Amici
Lodge #223, Detroit
24l. Italian Sons and Daughters of America, Santa Maria
Lodge #220, Sterling Heights
242. Italian Study Group, Troy
24 3. Italo-American Travel Agency, Detroit
244. Ladies of the Loyal Wing Club, Warren
245. Lido Club, Detroit
246. Lombardi Women's Society, St. Clair Shores
247. Our Lady of Grace, Detroit
248. Pescosolido Society, Detroit
249. Piemontese Ladies Social Club, Detroit
250. Polizzi Generosa Society, East Detroit
25l. Prosperity Club, Detroit
252. St. Cataldo Society, Detroit
253. St. John the Baptist Society, Detroit
254. St. Joseph the Worker of Cinisi, Utica
255. St. Maria Altar Society, Detroit
256. St. Matthew's Lodge No. 9 AF & AM, Saginaw
257. St. Pancratius Societies, Detroit
258. St. Rocco Society, Detroit
259. San Pancrazio Martire Society (Women's), East Detroit
260. Santa Maria Del Campo D'Alvito, Detroit
26l. Societa di Mutuo Soccorso Lombarda, Detroit
262. Societa Femmenile Abbruzzi e Molise, Detroit
263. Society Fem Madonna Del Ponte Di Partinico, Detroit
264. Society M.S. Giordono Bruno, Iron River
265. Society Maria SS Madonna Dei Miracoli, East Detroit
266. Society Mt. Casalverana, East Detroit
267. Society Monte San Giulano, Warren
268. Society San Giovanni Bassista , St. Clair Shores
269. Society Santa Fara di Cinisi, Detroit
270. Society Trapani , Detroit
27l. Sons of Columbus, East Detroit
272. Sorana Society, Detroit
273. United Italo-American Club, Detroit
274. Venetian Club, Detroit
JAPANESE
275. Japanese American Citizen League, Troy
276. Japanese American Youth Club, Allen Park
JEWISH
277. American Jewish Congress, Michigan Region, Southfield
278. B'Nai B'Rith Hillel Foundation, East Lansing
279. B'Nai B'Rith Metropolitan Detroit Council, Southfield
280. B'Nai B'Rith Metropolitan Detroit Men's and Women's
Councils, Southfield
28l. B'Nai B'Rith Youth Organization, Southfield
282. Flint Jewish Community Council, Flint
283. Hebrew Free Loan, Jewish Community Center, West
Bloomf ield
284. Jewish Community Fund, Grand Rapids
285. Jewish Federation, Kalamazoo
286. Jewish National Fund, Oak Park
287. Jewish Welfare Federation, East Lansing
288. Jewish Welfare Board, Detroit
82 Michijan
289. Jewish Welfare Federation of Lansing, Lansing

290. Rabinical Commission of Detroit, Detroit
29l. Labor Zionist Alliance, Farmington
292. Northeastern Michigan Jewish Welfare Federation, Bay
City
293. Saginaw Jewish Welfare Federation, Saginaw
29 4. Temple Israel - Bay City Jewish Community Associa
tion, Bay City
29 5. United Hebrew Schools, Southfield
296. United Jewish Charities, Detroit
297. Zionist Organization of America, Southfield
KOREAN
298. Asian Presbyterian Council, Detroit
299. The Korean Association of Southwestern Michigan,
Kalamazoo
300. Korean Club, Flint
30l. Korean Society of Metropolitan Detroit, Detroit
LATINO
302. Caballeros Catolicos, Detroit
303. Caballeros de San Juan, Flint
304. Circulo Mutualista Mexicano, Detroit
305. Club Chilean, Detroit
306. Club Cubano, Detroit
307. Club los Buenos Vecinos, Dearborn
308. Club Puertoriqueno, Detroit
309. Club Republica Domenicana, Lathrup Village
3l0. Columbian Club, Auburn
3ll. Damas Catolicas, Detroit
3l2. Hispanos Unidos of Detroit, Detroit
3l3. Latin American Club, Muskegon Heights
3l4. Latin American Community Association, Detroit
3l5. Mexican Center, Port Huron
3l6. Mexican Civic Union, Saginaw
3l7. Peruvian Club of Michigan, Detroit
3l8. Sociedad Cubana, Detroit
LATVIAN
3l9. Latvian Girl Guides, Dearborn Heights
LITHUANIAN
320. Detroit Lithuanian Club, Detroit
32l. Lithuanian American Community of the USA, Detroit
Chapter, Franklin Village
322. Lithuanian Club, Muskegon Heights
323. Lithuanian Cultural Center, Southfield
324. Lithuanian Golden Age Group, Detroit
MACEDONIAN
325. Cultural Club Macedonia, Warren
326. United Macedonians of Detroit, Sterling Heights
MALTESE
327. American Maltese Community Club of Dearborn, Dear
born
328. Friends of Malta Society, Warren
329. The Maltese American League, Lincoln Park
NORWEGIAN
330. The Noregs Singers, Detroit
33l. Norwegian Club of Detroit, Detroit
Michigan 83
332. Norwegian National League of Detroit, Detroit

333. Sons of Norway, Sonja Henie 490, Lansing
3 34. Sons of Norway, Muskegon
335. Sons of Norway, Nordkap Lodge #378, Redford
336. Sons of Norway Vennskap 5l6, St. Joseph
PAKISTANI
337. Pakistan Cultural Group, Detroit
PHILIPINO
338. Association of Philippine Practicing Physicians in
America, Rochester
339. Catholic Filipino American Club, Detroit
340. Federation of Filipinos of Michigan, Detroit
34l. Filipino American Association, Detroit
342. Filipino American Club of Pontiac, Pontiac
343. Filipino American Retirees Club, St. Clair Shores
344. Filipino American Retirees Club of Michigan, Mt.
Clements
345. Filipino Womens Club of Metropolitan Detroit, Detroit
346. Philippine Medical Association in Michigan, Grosse
Pointe Woods
347. Samahang Philipino NG Michigan, Detroit
348. Samahang Philipino NG Pontiac, Pontiac
POLISH
349. All Saints Rosary Society, Flint
350. Alliance of Poles, Circuit XI, Hamtramck
35l. American Polish Citizen's Club, Hamtramck
352. Dom Polski (Polish Community Center) , Flint
353. General Pulaski Civic Center, Dearborn
354 . Kosciuszko Democratic Club, Hamtramck
355. Kosciuszko Hall, Saginaw
356. National Medical and Dental Association, Michigan
Chapter, Hamtramck
357. Polish Acitivities League, Detroit
358. Polish Aid Society, Grosse Pointe Farms
359. Polish American Library Association, Detroit
360. Polish Army Veterans Association, Post #7, Detroit
36l. Polish Army Veterans Association, Post #78, Detroit
362. Polish Army Veterans Association, Flint
363. Polish Army Veterans Association, Post #97, Grand
Rapids
364. Polish Army Veterans Association, Post ll3,
Hamtramck
365. Polish Army Veterans Association, Post 95, Wyan.
dotte
366. Polsih Army Veterans Invalid Home, Sterling Heights
367. Polish Century Club, Detroit
368. Polish Dance and Fun Club, Munising
369. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 823, Detroit
370. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 939, Detroit
37l. Polish Falcons of America, Grand Rapids
372. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 82l, Hamtramck
373. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 336, Jackson
374. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 652, and the Polish
Federated Home, Lansing
375. Polish Falcons of America, Nest 276, Muskegon
376. Polish Falcons of America, District XIII 9667, Ster
ling Heights
84
377. Polish Ladies Circle, Flint

378. Polish Legion of American Veterans, Department of
Michigan Headquarters, Detroit
379. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l6, Dear-
born Heights
380. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 3, Detroit
38l. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 4, Detroit
382. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 5, Detroit
383. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post ll, Detroit
384 . Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l2, Detroit
384 . Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 76, Detroit
385. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l69 , Detroit
386. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 8, and
Auxiliary, Flint
387. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 6, Hamtramck
388. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l0, Ham-
tramck
389. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l65 , Warren
390. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post l66 , West-
land
39l. Polish Legion of American Veterans , Post 74, Wyan-
dotte
392. Polish National Aid Society, Grand Rapids
393. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #2705, Au Gres
394. Polish National Alliance, Council 54 Dom Polski ,
Detroit
395. Polish National Alliance, Division l0, #57, Grand
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
398. Polish National Alliance, Division l0, #l544, Grand
Rapids
399. Polish National Alliance, Council l22, Hamtramck
400. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #635, Linwood
40l. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #2485, Rogers
City
402. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #l30, Saginaw
403. Polish National Alliance, Division 7, #2297,
St. Charles
Standish
Standish
406. Polish Roman Catholic Union Club, Hamtramck
407. Polish Roman Catholic Union, Circuit #46, Hamtramck
408. Polish Roman Catholic Union, Circuit #96, Wyandotte
409. Polish Sea League, Flint
4l0. Polish Sea League, #l4, Swartz Creek
4ll. Polish Union Lodge, Muskegon
4l2. Polish Veterans Post #l55, Flint
4l3. Polish Women's Alliance, Council 3A Kazimiera Peszyn.
ska, Detroit
4l4. Polish Women's Alliance, Council 3B Evelyn Pacyna,
Detroit
4l5. Polish Women's Alliance, Council 20 Helen Wojdynski,
Detroit
4l6. Pulaski Club, Saginaw
4l7. Pulaski Hall, Bay City
4l8. Pulaski Lodge, Muskegon
4l9. St. Elizabeth Polish Community House, Detroit
420. St. Joseph Society, Flint
42l. Veritas Literary Society, Royal Oak
ROMANIAN
422. Bucovina Society, Detroit
423. Dunareana Society, Warren
424. Muncitorul Roman Society, Pontiac
425. Society Gheorghe Lazar, Detroit
426. United Romanian Society, Livonia
427. Viata Romaneasca Society, Sterling Heights
RUSSIAN
428. Congress of Russian Americans, Birmingham
429. Russian American Citizens Club of Wayne County,
Detroit
SCANDINAVIAN
430. The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Detroit
43l. North Star Association, Escanaba
SCOTTISH
432. Association of Scottish Clans, Dearborn
433. Daughters of Scotia, Westland
434. Glasglow Ranger's Club, Dearborn
435. Glengarry Club, Berkley
SERBIAN
4 36. American Serbian Memorial Hall, Detroit
437. Lovcen Club, Farmington
438. St. Sava Cultural Club, Warren
439. Serbian Benevolent Society, Burton
440. Serbian Brother's Help, Warren
44l. Serbian Pensioner's Club, Detroit
SLOVAK
442. First Catholic Slovak Union, #788, Allegan
443. First Catholic Slovak Union, Detroit
444. First Catholic Slovak Union, #72l, Elsie
445. First Catholic Slovak Union, #633, Flint
446. First Catholic Slovak Union, #33, Ironwood
447. First Catholic Slovak Union, #569, Manistique
448. First Catholic Slovak Union, #830, Mount Pleasant
449. First Catholic Slovak Union, #595, Muskegon
450. First Catholic Slovak Union, #748, Niles
45l. First Catholic Slovak Union, #744, Oakley
452. First Catholic Slovak Union, #756, Owosso
453. First Catholic Slovak Union, #780, Saginaw
454. First Catholic Slovak Union, #8l7, Swartz Creek
455. First Catholic Slovak Union, #584, Taylor
456. First Catholic Slovak Union, #78l, Warren
457. National Slovak Society of the USA, Assembly 553,
Detroit
458. National Slovak Society, Lincoln Park
459. Slovak Catholic Sokol, Assembly l55, Ironwood
460. Slovak Catholic Sokol, Assembly l92, Owosso
46l. Slovak Festival, Detroit
462. Slovak Hall, Muskegon
463. Slovak League of America, Branch #34, Detroit
464. Slovak League of America, Flint
86 Michigan
465. Slovak League of America, Branch #l5, Lincoln Park

SLOVENE
466. Slovene National Benefit Society, Detroit
467. Slovenian Federation of Socialist Labor Party,
Detroit
468. Slovenian Women's Union of America #28, Calumet
469. SNJP, Lodge l2l "Zevza", Detroit
470. SNJP, Lodge 564 "Young Americans", Detroit
47l. SNJP, Lodge 5l8 "Dalnogleb", Melvindale
SWEDISH
472. Du Nord Lodge #ll0, Scandinavian Fraternity of Amer
ica, Detroit (East 7 Mile)
473. Du Nord Lodge, Detroit (Barns Drive)
474. Lucky Star, Warren
475. Pontiac Lodge-Vasa, Pontiac
4 76. Scandia Women's Chorus, Farmington
477. Swedish Club, Detroit (7 Mile)
478. Swedish Club, Detroit (Leona)
479. The Swedish Engineers' Society of Detroit, Detroit
480. Vasa Order of America, Fram Lodge #267, Detroit
48l. Vasa Order of America, We Lodge #5l2, Detroit
482. Vasa Order of America, Pontiac Lodge #5l0, Pontiac
UKRAINIAN
483. Free Ukraine Society, Jackson
484. Ukrainian-American Citizens Club of Palmer Park,
Detroit
485. Ukrainian-American People's Home, Dearborn
486. Ukrainian-American Social Club, Detroit
487. Ukrainian-American Youth Association, Hamtramck
488. Ukrainian Club Society, Saginaw
489. Ukrainian Community Center, Hamtramck
490. Ukrainian Democratic Club, Hamtramck
49l. Ukrainian Hetman Organization of America, Hamtramck
492. Ukrainian Home Association, Flint
493. Ukrainian Michigan League, Detroit
494. Ukrainian National Association, Hetman Ivan Mazzepa
Society, Flushing
495. Ukrainian National Club Orlyk, Hamtramck
496. Ukrainian National Temple, Detroit
497. Ukrainian Sport Club, Detroit
498. Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, Flint
499. Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, Grand Rapids
WELSH
500. Detroit Welsh Society, Royal Oak
YUGOSLAVIAN
50l. Yugoslavia Club, Hamtramck
ADDENDA : Associations Reporting Records
Slovak (Detroit area) : Lodge Pribyslava, Denise (l879- ) ,
Lodge Pingree-Havlicek (l874- ) , Carpatho-Ruthenian Soci
ety (l978- ) , Western Fraternal Life ZCBJ #249 (l920- ) ,
Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol Lodge #l64 (l909- ) .
Finnish: Ladies of Kaleva-Sammottaren Tupa #l7, Ishpeming,
(l908- ) ; Finnish American Historical Society of Michi
gan, Detroit (l947- ); Ladies of Kaleva-Ainon Tupa #l3,
Mass City (l907- ) .
Polish: Polish Falcons, Nest 82l, Hamtramck (l909- ).
87
APPENDIX M-III
Collections in the College and University

Libraries in the State of Michigan
l. CALVIN COLLEGE AND SEMINARY

ARCHIVES AND COLONIAL ORIGINS COLLECTIONS
3207 Burton S.E.
Grand Rapids
The Calvin College and Seminary Archives and Colonial
Origins Collections, organized in l940 by Henry Beets,
collects material relating to Dutch settlements in
the United States. Some finding aids are available.
Copying facilities are available in the Calvin College
Library.
Collections :
l . Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholar
ship Records.
l976-
3 rolls of microfilm
Minutes and reports.
From Toronto, Ontario.
2 . Henry Beets Papers.
l900-l950
5 boxes
Correspondence, manuscripts, sermons, and some
printed items.
Beets, from Grand Rapids, was clerk of the Christian
Reformed Church and founder of mission groups.
3. J. R. Brink Papers.
l872-l953
l foot
Manuscripts .
Home missionary. Served Dutch settlements in Canada,
Michigan, Illinois, and Nebraska.
4 . L. P. Brink (l876-l936) Papers.
l899-l935
l/2 box
88 Michijan
Correspondence and speeches.

Brink was a Christian Reformed missionary to the
Navaho Indians.
5. Calvin College and Seminary Archives.
l869-present
53 feet and l00 boxes
Speeches, photographs, miscellaneous manuscripts,
student and faculty course material.
These materials concern all aspects of the college
and seminary, including alumni activities, student
life and government, newspaper publicity, commit
tee reports, and various faculty, staff, and
departmental activities. Earliest material per
tains to a preparatory school.
6. Christian Labor Association Papers.
l934-l967
l/2 box
Manuscripts and correspondence.
This was an anti-Marxist, anti-nationalist, Christian
organization.
7. Christian Reformed Church, Christian Schools, Records.
l89l-present
Minutes.
Certain Christian Reform Church schools have per
mitted their records to be microfilmed and depos
ited in the collection. The following Michigan
communities are represented:
Ada Holland (2 schools)
Allendale Hudsonville (2 schools)
Battle Creek Jemson
Beaver Dam Kalamazoo (4 schools)
Byron Center Kelloggsville
Cutlerville Lamont
Dearborn Martin
Ellsworth McBain
Fremont • Moline
Grand Haven Muskegon (2 schools)
Grand Rapids (l3 schools) South Olive
Grandville (2 schools) Vogel Center
Grant Wyoming
Grosse Pointe Zeeland (2 schools)
. Christian Reformed Church, Council (consistory)
Minutes .
l82 5-present
l024 rolls of microfilm
Minutes .
Approximately 688 separate Christian Reformed congre
gations have permitted their records to be micro
filmed and deposited in the Calvin College Col
lection. The following Michigan Christian
Reformed Churches are represented:
Mi c hi jan 89
Ada - Ada Christian Reformed Church, Minutes and

other material, l909-l975 (some gaps).
Aetna - Aetna Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l92l-l964.
Allendale - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l88l-l977.
Allendale - Second Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l952-l97l.
Ann Arbor - Ann Arbor Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l955-l960.
Ann Arbor - Ann Arbor Christian Reformed Church
Campus Chapel, Minutes and other material,
l957-l97l.
Atwood - Atwood Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l896-l973.
Battle Creek - Battle Creek Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes, l932-l967.
Bauer - Bauer Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l902-l976.
Belding - Oakwood Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l972-l976.
Borculo - Borculo Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l893-l970.
Byron Center - First Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l902-l976.
Byron Center - Second Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l952-l977.
Cadillac - Cadillac Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l946-l958.
Caledonia - Caledonia Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l954-l973.
Cascade - Cascade Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l952-l973.
Comstock Park - Comstock Park Christian Reformed
Coopersville - Coopersville Christian Reformed
Cutlerville - Covenant Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l962-l972.
Cutlerville - Cutlerville Hills Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes, l968-l97l.
Cutlerville - East Cutlerville Christian Reformed
Cutlerville - First Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l893-l969.
Dearborn - Dearborn Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l938-l959.
Decatur - Decatur Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l927-l978.
Detroit - First Christian Reformed Church, Minutes
and other material, l9l4-l966.
Dorr - Dorr Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l937-l972 .
Drenthe - Drenthe Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l882-l97l.
Dutton - Dutton Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l9l5-l973.
East Lansing - East Lansing Christian Reformed
Michigan
Eastmanville - Eastmanville Christian Reformed

East Martin - East Martin Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes, l92l-l978.
East Saugatuck - East Saugatuck Christian Reformed
Ellsworth - Ellsworth Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l90l-l969.
Ferrysburg - Ferrysburg Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes and other material, l953-l965.
Flint - First Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l93l-l975.
Fremont - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l88l-l976.
Fremont - Trinity Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l954-l976.
Fruitport - Fruitport Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes l954-l972.
Graafschap - Graafschap Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes and other material, l849-l97l.
Grand Haven - First Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l879-l975.
Grand Haven - Second Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l88l-l975.
Grand Rapids - Alger Park Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Alpine Avenue Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Arcadia Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l959-l975.
Grand Rapids - Beckwith Hills Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Bethel Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l3-l973.
Grand Rapids - Boston Square Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Bristolwood Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Brookside Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Burton Heights Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes and other material, l904-
l973.
Grand Rapids - Calvin Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l946-l964.
Grand Rapids - Cascade Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes l952-l973.
Grand Rapids - Church of the Servant Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes, l973-l974.
Grand Rapids - Creston Christian Reformed Church,
l9l5-l975.
Grand Rapids - Eastern Avenue Christian Reformed
l974.
Grand Rapids - East Leonard Christian Reformed
l975.
Grand Rapids - East Paris Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes and other material , l902-l972.
Michigan 91
Grand Rapids - Faith Christian Reformed Church,

Minutes, l960-l97l.
Grand Rapids - First Christian Reformed Church,
Grand Rapids - Fuller Avenue Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Grace Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l96l-l968.
Grand Rapids - Grandville Avenue Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes, l89l-l959.
Grand Rapids - Highland Hills Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Ideal Park Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Immanuel Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes and other material, l948-l97l.
Grand Rapids - Kelloggsville Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes and other material, l875-l973.
Grand Rapids - La Grave Christian Reformed Church,
Grand Rapids - Madison Square Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Mayfair Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l892-l977.
Grand Rapids - Millbrook Christian Reformed Church,
Grand Rapids - Neland Avenue Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes, l9l5-l974.
Grand Rapids - Oakdale Park Christian Reformed
l976.
Grand Rapids - Plymouth Heights Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Princeton Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l963-l972.
Grand Rapids - Riverside Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l953-l974.
Grand Rapids - Roosevelt Protestant Reformed
Grand Rapids - Seymour Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l939-l973.
Grand Rapids - Shawnee Park Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - Sherman Street Christian Reformed
l970.
Grand Rapids - Twelfth Street Christian Reformed
Grand Rapids - West Leonard Street Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes and other material,
l889-l965.
Grand Rapids - Westview Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l892-l96l.
Grand Rapids - Woodlawn Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l967-l975.
Grand Prairie - La Grace - Alberta Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes, l955-l977.
Grandville - Hanley Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l959-l97l.
Grandville - Hope Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l6-l977.
Grandville - Ivanrest Christian Reformed Church,
Grandville - South Grandville Christian Reformed
Grant - Grant Christian Reformed Church, Minutes,
l90l-l977.
Hamilton - Hamilton Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l950-l965.
Hancock - Hancock Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l9l2-l947.
Highland - Highland Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l4-l973.
Holland - Calvin Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes and other material, l956-l976.
Holland - Calvary Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l959-l977.
Holland - Central Avenue Christian Reformed
l976.
Holland - Faith Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l965-l975.
Holland - l4th Street Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l940-l975.
Holland - Gibson Christian Reformed Church, Min
Holland - Harderwyk Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l880-l970.
Holland - Holland Heights Christian Reformed
Church, Minutes, l95l-l96l.
Holland - Maple Avenue Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes and other material, l9l3-l97l.
Holland - Marantha Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l957-l976.
Holland - Montello Park Christian Reformed Church
Minutes, l940-l975.
Holland - Niekerk Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l866-l969.
Holland - Ninth Street Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l850-l95l.
Holland - Park Christian Reformed Church, Minutes
l952-l974.
Holland - Pine Creek Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l908-l977.
Holland - Prospect Park Christian Reformed Church
Minutes, l906-l970.
Holland - Providence Christian Reformed Church,
Hudsonville - First Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l902-l97l.
Hudsonville - Hillcrest Christian Reformed Church
Hudsonville - Immanuel Christian Reformed Church,
Hudsonville - Messiah Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l964-l972.
Inkster - Cherry Hill Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l962-l978.
Mi chijan 93
Jackson - Jackson Christian Reformed Church, Min

utes, l957-l97l.
Jamestown - Jamestown Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l894-l974.
Jenison - Baldwin Street Christian Reformed
Jenison - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
Jenison - Ridgewood Christian Reformed Church,
Jenison - Trinity Christian Reformed Church, Min
Jenison - Twelfth Avenue Christian Reformed
l977.
Kalamazoo - Almo Avenue Christian Reformed Church,
Kalamazoo - Comstock Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l3-l973.
Kalamazoo - Eastern Hills Christian Reformed
Kalamazoo - Faith Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l965-l973 (missing parts of l967-l968).
Kalamazoo - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
Kalamazoo - Grace Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes and other material, l9l5-l972.
Kalamazoo - Knollwood Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l955-l977.
Kalamazoo - Millwood Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l93l-l972.
Kalamazoo - Northern Heights Christian Reformed
Kalamazoo - Parchment Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l933-l974.
Kalamazoo - Prairie Edge Christian Reformed
Kalamazoo - Second Christian Reformed Church,
Kalamazoo - Southern Heights Christian Reformed
Kalamazoo - Third Christian Reformed Church, Min
Kalamazoo - Westwood Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l95l-l978.
Lake City - Lake City Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l966-l973.
Lamont - Lamont Christian Reformed Church, Min
Lowell - Calvary Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l965-l973.
Martin (see East Martin) - East Martin Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes, l92l-l978.
McBain - Calvin Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l872-l953.
McBain - McBain Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l9l6-l973.
Middleville - Middleville Christian Reformed
Mi ch i j an
Moline - Moline Christian Reformed Church, Min

utes, l906-l975.
Montague - Montague Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l892-l928.
Muskegon - Allen Avenue Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l889-l974.
Muskegon - Bethany Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l903-l972.
Muskegon - Calvin Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l965-l967.
Muskegon - East Muskegon Christian Reformed Church,
Muskegon - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l867-l960.
Muskegon - Grace Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l953-l970.
Muskegon - Green Ridge Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l959-l969.
Muskegon - Immanuel Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l887-l963.
Muskegon Heights - Muskegon Heights Christian
Reformed Church, Minutes, l9l0-l964.
New Era - New Era Christian Reformed Church, Min
Noordeloos - Noordeloos Christian Reformed Church,
North Blendon - North Blendon Christian Reformed
Oakland - Oakland Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l898-l96l.
Overisel - Overisel Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l883-l975.
Portland - Portland Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l4-l969.
Reeman - Reeman Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l890-l973.
Rockford - Plainfield Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l906-l962.
Roseville - Immanuel Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l959-l969.
Rudyard - Rudyard Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l90l-l972.
Rusk - Rusk Christian Reformed Church, Minutes
and other material, l897-l964.
South Olive - South Olive Christian Reformed
Spring Lake - Spring Lake Christian Reformed
St. Joseph - St. Joseph Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l962-l976.
Troy - North Hills Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l962-l973.
Vogel Center - Vogel Center Christian Reformed
Wayland - Wayland Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l957-l967.
Wyoming - Beverly Christian Reformed Church, Min
Mi nh i jan 95
Wyoming - Calvary Christian Reformed Church, Min

utes, l957-l976.
Wyoming - Franklin Street Christian Reformed
Wyoming - Lee Street Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l926-l974.
Wyoming - Rogers Heights Christian Reformed
Wyoming - Thirty-sixth Street Christian Reformed
Wyoming - Wyoming Park Christian Reformed Church,
Minutes, l9l9-l977.
Zeeland - Bethel Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l950-l973.
Zeeland - First Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l862-l9l6.
Zeeland - Haven Christian Reformed Church, Min
Zeeland - North Street Christian Reformed Church,
Zeeland - Third Christian Reformed Church, Min
utes, l9l3-l969.
Note: Permission must be obtained from the church
consistory whose records are to be studied.
9 . Christian Reformed Church, Ministers.
l857-present
l5 feet
Primarily newspaper and magazine clippings.
Vertical file concerning every minister, living and
deceased.
l0 . Christian Reformed Church, Minutes of Classes.
l838-present
Minutes .
Minutes of approximately 37 separate classes (a
classis is a group of churches) throughout the
United States. The following Michigan Christian
Reformed Church classes are included:
Grand Rapids, l870-l977
Grand Rapids North, l972-l974
Grand Rapids South, l938-l974
Grand Rapids West, l898-l970
Grandville, l959-l977
Holland, l848-l858, l870-l978
Muskegon, l888-l976
Zeeland, l908-l974.
ll . Christian Reformed Church, Synod Proceedings.
l857-present
l2 feet
Bound volumes.
Proceedings of the governing body of the Christian
Reformed Church in North America.
Note: permission required.
96 Michigan
l 2 . Rev. Paul De Koekkoek Papers .

l923-l970
4 l/2 feet
Correspondence .
De Koekkoek was a minister and itinerant missionary.
The collection includes information regarding
Dutch communities in the United States.
l3. John C. De Korne (l888-l95l) Papers.
l9l0-l95l
l/2 box
Correspondence, reports.
De Korne was a Christian Reformed missionary to
China.
l4 . Frank and Albert Dozema Correspondence.
l898-l953
6 inches
Correspondence .
The collection concerns theological subjects pri
marily .
l5 . Ganzewoort Canadian Immigration Project.
l945-l970
Documents and pamphlets.
l6 . Lee S. Huizenga Papers.
l90l-l949
3 boxes
Manuscripts, correspondence, articles, reports,
photographs .
Huizenga was a Christian Reformed missionary to
China .
l7 . Albert Hyma Papers.
l928-l970
l box
Correspondence .
l8 . Immigrant Correspondence Collection.
l834-l925
l l/2 boxes
Correspondence .
These are immigrant letters collected by Herbert
Brinks .
l9 . Barend K. Kuiper Papers.
(l855) l902-l955
6 feet
Correspondence .
Kuiper was a member of the Department of History at
Calvin College and an associate of Eerdmans Pub
lishing Co. Kuiper 's research activity was pre
occupied with the question of Americanization,
particularly with regard to Dutch immigrants.
20 . Nathaniel Institute (Mission to the Jews in Chicago)
Records .
l92l-l956
Michigan 97
l box
Minutes, correspondence, and superintendent reports.
Dutch and Jewish materials included.
2l . Pine Rest Christian Hospital Association, Grand
Rapids, Minutes.
l9l0-
Minutes .
22 . Henry J. Van Andel Papers.
l882-l968
9 feet
Manuscripts, correspondence, and miscellaneous
printed items.
Van Andel was professor of Dutch Culture at Calvin
College.
23. Christian Vander Veen Papers.
l857-l899
l box
Manuscripts, correspondence, and sermons.
Vander Veen was a theologian and professor at Hope
College .
24 . Albertus C. Van Raalte Papers.
l836-l876
3 boxes
Manuscripts, correspondence, and sermons.
Van Raalte was founder of the Dutch settlement,
Holland, Michigan.
25. Women's Missionary Union Minutes.
l926-l966
Minutes .
These are from Muskegon and the surrounding area.
26 . Effa Zwier Materials.
This collection contains translations of selected
letters from the Den Bleyker family papers housed
at the Bentley Library, University of Michigan.
2. CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY

CLARKE HISTORICAL COLLECTION
Mt. Pleasant
The Clarke Historical Collection, founded in l954, col
lects materials relating to the history of Michigan
and the old Northwest.
Col lections :
l . Mrs. Barbara (Hecht) Helmreich Papers.
Undated
l item
Typescript .
Michigan
German .
Brief description of the emigration of the Helmreich
family from Germany to Frankenlust, Michigan,
including biographical data on her family.
2 . John Illikman Papers.
ca. l883-l892
l item (l6 pages)
Typescript.
German.
Memorandum of the journey of Illikman and his family
from Austria to Saginaw, Michigan, in l88 3 and a
diary of income and farming expenses/ l883-l892.
3 . Joseph Seeman Letter.
l883
l item
Correspondence .
Bohemian .
Seeman, publisher of the Saginaw Evening News, writes
of why people emigrated from Europe and of condi
tions of laborers in Bohemia.
4 . Ferdinand Stahl Letters.
l884-l885
7 items
Correspondence .
German.
Stahl is writing from Fort River Lumberjack Camp no.
l0, Delta county, and from Escanaba to "a friend."
HOPE COLLEGE
ARCHIVES
Holland
Albertus C. Van Raalte established Hope College as a
center of learning in this Dutch settlement. The
Archives of Hope College (l857- ) are extensive and
include official minutes, student and financial
records, faculty, student and official college publi
cations. The collection also includes material relat
ing to student organizations. Official administrative
and faculty correspondence is organized and listed by
individual rather than by office. The archives also
houses collections relating to the Dutch community in
Holland, Michigan. A sample consisting of those col
lections most relevant to migration studies follows.
For complete listing see Andrew Vander Zee, Guide to
the Archives of Hope College (Holland, Michigan,
l972) . Finding aids are available and all material
can be copied.
Collections :
l . John J. Banninga Papers.
l920-l963
l05 items
Correspondence; some printed items, clippings and
Michigan 99
photographs .
Banninga was a missionary to India of the Congrega
tional Church. Collection includes correspondence
(also by his wife, Helen Vogelson Banninga) mainly
concerning the establishment of the Helen and John
Banninga Fund for the Pilgrim Collection at Hope
College Library, for the purchase of books and
materials related to the "influence of the Nether
lands in the making of the English Commonwealth and
the American Republic," particularly as a result of
the experience of the Pilgrim Fathers in Holland,
l608-l620. Also included are bibliographies and
pamphlets relating to the Pilgrims.
2 . Theodore Romeyn Beck Papers.
^ l862-l893
96 items
Correspondence .
Beck was a professor at Hope College. Relevant items
include his Civil War letters.
3 . Gerrit John Diekema Papers.
l890-l930
2 feet
Correspondence, addresses, clippings, and diary.
An attorney from Holland, Michigan, Diekema (l859-
l930) served as United States Representative, Min
ister to. the Netherlands, chairman of the Republi
can party in Michigan, and member of the Board of
Trustees for Hope College. Included in the collec
tion are miscellaneous correspondence (l902-l909,
l9l5-l9l6, l928-l930) and speeches, as well as the
diary (l880-l88l) of his father , Wieska Diekema.
4 . Irwin Jacob Lubbers Papers.

l9l8-l963
8 feet
Personal and official correspondence, speeches, diary,
clippings, and photographs.
Lubbers taught at Voorhees College (Vellore, India) ,
Hope College, and Carroll College, before becoming
president of Central College, l934-l945, and of
Hope College, l945-l963.
5 . Oggel Family Collection.
l84l-l946
l66 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous items.
The collection consists mainly of the "American" let
ters of the eight children of Johannes Pieter Oggel
and his wife, Adriana de Pree Oggel, all of whom
migrated to America in l855 and l856: Johannes,
Pieter, Dirk, Marinus, Dina, Engelbert, Hendrik, and
Jacobus. Correspondence is primarily late nine
teenth century. Correspondents with the Oggel
family in Axel include relatives of the family,
e.g. Jan and Dirk de Pree. Two key correspondents
with Johannes Pieter Oggel, the father, were the
Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte and the Rev. Cornelius
l00 Mlshi., in
Vander Meulen, leading ministers in the Afscheiding

movement which Oggel had joined.
6 . Hessel D. Oosterhoff Letters.
l89l-l90l
3 items
Correspondence .
Oosterhoff was a farmer and supporter of Hope College.
7 . Philip Phelps Papers.
l834-l897
l foot
Scrapbook; miscellaneous correspondence, addresses,
photographs, and clippings.
Phelps (l826-l896) was president of Hope College,
l862-l878. The collection documents his early
life, first pastorates, temperance activities in
New York state, and presidency of the college.
8 . Charles Scott Papers.
l845-l966
52 items
Correspondence ,. cl ippings , and miscellaneous papers.
Scott was affiliated with Hope College from l866-l892,
serving as acting president, l88l-l885, and as
president, l885-l892.
9 . Christian Vander Veen Papers.
l890
2 items
Manuscript.
Vander Veen was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America. The collection includes a copy of a
manuscript address, "The Genetic History of Hope
College . "
l0 . Albertus Christiaan Van Raalte Papers.
l825-l876
4 inches
Deeds, ministerial papers, correspondence, clippings,
obituaries, biographical data.
Van Raalte was founder and leader of the Dutch colony
in Holland, Michigan, and minister of the Reformed
Church in America.
ll . Benjamin Van Raalte Letters.
l862-l865
58 items
Translated copies of correspondence.
These letters were written while Van Raalte (l840-
l9l5) served in the Western Union Army.
l2 . Christine Catherine Van Raalte Letters.
l869
2 items
Translated copies of correspondence.
l3 . John Van Vleck Letters.
l857
3 items
l0l
Copies of correspondence.
These are letters written by Van Vleck (l828-l865),
principal of Holland Academy, l855-l859, to A. C.
Van Raalte.
l4 . Gerrit Henry Veldhuis Papers.
l84 8
2 items
Correspondence .
Written from Syracuse, New York, to the Netherlands,
these letters describe life in Buffalo, New York
and Holland, Michigan.
l5. Wynand Wichers Papers.
l922-l969
l30 items
Speeches, clippings, articles, and correspondence.
Wichers (l886-l97l) served on the faculty of Hope Col
lege, l909-l925, and as president, l930-l945.
l6 . Mary Loomis Yntema Papers.
l958-l967
2 0 items and l volume
Clippings, correspondence, and printed and miscella
neous items.
Included in the collection is The Family of Hessel 0.
Yntema, Frisian Immigrant to Michigan, l847, by
Mary E. Yntema, l958, which contains letters by
Hessel Yntema and other items concerning pioneer
times .
4. KALAMAZOO COLLEGE
LIBRARY
Thompson and Academy Streets
Kalamazoo
Collection :
Michigan Baptist Convention Records.
l8l0-l955
9 shelves
Minutes and annual reports.
Nationality: mixed.
Some materials relate to the activities of early mission
aries in western Michigan.
5. MARYGROVE COLLEGE
LIBRARY
8425 West McNichols
Detroit
Collection :
Archives of the College.
l900-
40 linear feet
l02 Michigan
Manuscript and mostly printed items.

Nationality: mixed.
This is the archive of the College, a Catholic women's
school established by the Sisters of the Immaculate
Heart of Mary. The collection is weak on official
records .
Restrictions: yes; no finding aid available; material
available for copying.
6. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES AND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
East Lansing
The Michigan State University Archives and Historical
Collections was organized in the early l950s to pre
serve the archives of the University and to collect
historical materials relating principally to rural
life in Michigan. Copying is permitted. Finding
aids are available.
Collections :
l . Edna Z. Emley Papers.
l836-l94l
8 folders
Correspondence and other papers.
German.
2 . McIntosh Blacksmith Shop Records.
l883-l9l7
2/3 cubic feet
Ledgers and journals.
Scottish .
This firm was located in Vernon, Michigan.
3 . Harald Smith Patton Papers.
l9l5-l94l
l cubic foot
Correspondence and journal.
Canadian.
4 . Charles Hutchinson Thompson Papers.
l843-l9l6
2/3 cubic feet
Journals, diaries, genealogy, and correspondence.
Scottish .
7. MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY ARCHIVES
Houghton
The Michigan Technological University archives houses a
number of collections relating primarily to life in
the upper Peninsula. In addition to the manuscript
collections listed, the library has an important col
lection of printed material relating to mining
Miithijan l03
companies i,n the area which employed a great number

of immigrants in the early years of the twentieth cen
tury .
Collections :
l . Clarence Bennetts Collection #24.
l950s
l item (l70 pages)
Manuscript .
Cornish.
Journal relating to the history of his family and
activity with the Cliff and Central Mines.
2 . Peter Crebassa Letters in the Drier Collection.
l83l-l870
l50 items
Correspondence .
French .
Pertain mostly to the fur trade. Twelve other letters
of Crebassa are part of the Keweenaw County Histor
ical Society Collection #l23. Crebassa was Indian
agent and L'Anse postmaster.
3 . Greenlee Collection.
l93l-l957
7 volumes
Bound financial records.
Finnish .
Financial records of Opas and Valvo j a , Finnish lan
guage newspapers of Calumet.
4 . Keweenaw County Historical Society #l90. Alfred
Nicholls Collection.
l9l7-l93l
l folder
Articles and clippings.
Cornish .
Articles written by Nicholls about Cornish miners and
their customs.
5 . Keweenaw Historical Collection #l89. Dr. A. I. Law-
baugh .
Undated
l item (ll pages)
Reminiscences .
Cornish.
Reminiscence of a physician in early days of the Cop
per Country and Phoenix, Cliff Mine.
6 . Norum, Hjalmer Collection,
ca. l900-l920
l item (2 pages)
Manuscript .
Norweigian .
Membership list of the Norweigian Lutheran Church of
Calumet .
7 . Photographs .
Undated
l04 Michigan
6 photographs .
Italian and Finnish.
Photographs of Italian and Finnish workers in the Cal
umet area.
8. ORCHARD LAKE SCHOOLS

THE LIBRARY
Orchard Lake
The Orchard Lake Schools include Saints Cyril and Metho
dius Seminary, St. Mary's College, St. Mary's Prepara
tory. The college and preparatory have traditionally
educated men of Polish descent. The seminary has pre
pared men to serve as priests in Polish national Roman
Catholic parishes. The library of the school houses
the Polish American archive which remains for the most
part closed to research. The following is a general
description of its holdings.
The collection is divided into two main sections: the
Records of the Orchard Lake Schools and the Polish
American Historical Collection. The schools' records
date from l885 to the present and relate mostly to
administrative matters. A few fragmentary diaries of
faculty members exist, but for the most part faculty
papers have not been deposited in the archive. The
archive does have a fairly complete run of school
publications which date from l890.
The Polish American Historical Collection consists of a
variety of material. The precise quantity and dates
could not be determined. Included is a collection of
approximately l,000 "begging" letters written by Poles
in need of financial assistance to parish priests.
The collection also includes parish jubilee books;
i* yearbooks of Polish fraternal groups; a Polish direc
tory for Hamtramck (ca. l930) and two Polish direc
tories for Detroit (l908, l9l7) ; thirty feet of Polonika
Amerikana , which is comprised of fiction, plays, medi
cal advice, and religious tracts; programs of events
in various Polish communities; Polish devotional books;
and a considerable collection of Polish language peri
odicals published in America.
9. SACRED HEART SEMINARY

LIBRARY
270l Chicago Blvd.
Detroit
Sacred Heart Seminary was organized in l9l9 as a cleri
cal high school and college. The founding of this
institution under the supervision of Bishop Michael
James Gallagher was prompted by the lack of clergymen
available to the Detroit diocese. Besides the follow
ing items listed from the seminary library, which are
Michi .jan l05
available for use, the seminary itself maintains an

archive (l928- ) which is currently closed for
research purposes. The archive includes faculty
records, class lists, and correspondence. Faculty
and students during the early period were predomi
nantly Irish.
Collections :
l . The Angelus.
l884-l896
4 volumes
Newspaper.
Nationality: mixed.
Illustrated weekly newspaper in Detroit.
2 . Detroit Catholic Temperance Society, Gabriel Richard
Collection .
ca. l850
l volume
Manuscript.
Irish .
Includes a membership list and contributions.
3 . Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Detroit, Records.
l836-l848
3 volumes
Ledgers .
Irish .
Includes treasurer's report ledgers and a list of pew
holders, l836-l839.
4 . Parish History Collection,
ca. l880-
3-5 linear feet
Printed items.
Nationality: mixed.
Comprehensive collection of parish histories published
in the Detroit area.
5 . St. John Catholic Church, Davison, Michigan, Records.
l894-l923
l volume (l50 pages)
Ledger .
Nationality: mixed.
Financial records.
6 . St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Detroit, Records.
l859
2 volumes
Manuscript .
Irish .
Two account books: "Register of subscriptions in aid
of the Mission of St. Patrick's - Detroit" and
"Account with Rev. James A. Hennessy."
7 . SS. Peter and Paul Catholic Church, Detroit, Records.
l890-l903
l volume (l92 pages)
Manuscript .
Michijan
Nationality: mixed.
Memorandum of the accounts kept.
8 . Trinity Catholic Church, Detroit, Receipt Book.
l840-l848
l item (26 pages)
Manuscript.
Irish .
'SUOMI COLLEGE
FINNISH AMERICAN HISTORICAL ARCHIVES
Hancock
Suomi College was founded in l896 to serve children of
Finnish immigrants in the upper peninsula. Over the
past forty years various faculty members at the
school have worked to preserve the historical records
of the Finnish community. Their efforts have
resulted in the collections of the Finnish American
Historical Archives. Copying is available. All col
lections pertain to the Finns and for the most part
Finns in Michigan.
Collections :
l . Amerikan Suomalainen Tyovanen Ydistys (Finnish Work
ing People's Association of America), Rauha #4,
Records .
l909-l929
l box
Bound volumes.
Minutes of annual board of directors meetings and
miscellaneous records of the Rauha #4 in Ironwood,
Michigan .
2 . Edith Aspholm Papers.
ca. l920s and l930s
l box
Clippings and scrapbooks.
Aspholm was a Caspian schoolteacher.
3 . Cooperative Association Collection.
l939-l964
l box
Board minutes and loose financial reports.
Artificial collection which includes records of
groups in:
Timmins, Ontario - finance statements, l958-l959,
2 inches
Virginia, Minnesota - minutes, l939-l942, l
volume
Nashwak, Minnesota - miscellaneous items, l958-
l964, l inch
Rentola, (?) - minutes, l939-l943, l volume
Toivola, Michigan - minutes, l930-l964, l/2 box.
4 . Delaware Tercentenary Papers.
ca. l938
Mich igan l07
5 boxes
Correspondence and printed items.
This material relates to the nationwide celebration
among Finnish Americans of the arrival of the first
Finnish settlers in the Delaware River valley in
l638.
Farmers' Groups Collection.
l9l0-l957
l box (ll volumes)
Bound manuscripts.
Artificial collection consisting of minutes and
records of the Plowman Association, Covington,
Michigan, l9l3-l957, 2 volumes; Grange, Wainola,
Michigan, ca . l9 35, 6 small volumes; and Savo
Farmers, Frederick, South Dakota, l9l0-l938, 3
volumes .
Finland Aid Society Records.
l939-l952
l/2 box
Notebooks .
Miscellaneous records of this Warren, Ohio, society
to assist post-war Finland.
Finnish American Historical Society Records.
ca. l939
l box
Miscellaneous correspondence and printed items.
Materials pertain to Finland Day celebration at the
l939 World's Fair.
Finnish Club Records.
ca. l9l9-l930
l box
Minutes .
A Socialist organization headquartered in Munising,
Michigan .
Finnish National Illness, Injury and Burial Associa
tion, Wegaunee and Kearsarge, Michigan, Records.
ca. l900-l940
l box
Bound volumes, minutes, and accounts.
Finnish Workers Federation, New York City, Records.
Undated
5 boxes
Typescripts of plays.
Plays performed by Finnish worker groups.
Friends of Temperance Records.
l890-l920
4 boxes
Minutes and correspondence.
Temperance association with branches in Bessemer, Calu
met, Ironwood, Kearsarge, Michigan; and Buhl, Min
nesota .
l08 M i -hi im
l2 . Jonas Grove Papers.

ca. l940
l box
Correspondence and financial records.
Grove was treasurer of the Finnish-American Relief
Organization in Cleveland, Ohio.
l3 . Alfred Haapanen Papers.
l9l6-l938
l box
Scrapbooks .
Include clippings in Finnish.
l4 . Help Finland Records.
ca. l940-l950
l2 boxes
Correspondence, publications, financial records, and
recordings of the efforts to assist Finland in the
difficult days following World War II.
l5 . Historical Societies Records.
ca. l940s
2 boxes
Bound volumes and miscellaneous manuscript and printed
items .
Pertains to Finnish historical societies in Iron and
Marquette counties. Emphasizes Hiawathaland pro
ject and St. John's celebration.
l6 . Jacob J. Hoikka Papers.
ca. l890-l9l5
2 boxes
Printed items, clippings, and some correspondence.
Hoikka was an early missionary to Finnish communities
in the United States and active in the Suomi
Synod. Some material written in Swedish.
l7 . Armas K. Holmio Papers.
l967
8 boxes
Miscellaneous notes.
Research notes for Michigan and Canadian history;
mostly pertain to Suomi Synod, of which Holmio was
the historian.
l 8 . Independent Temperance Societies Collection.
ca. l890-l955
8 boxes
Minutes, account books, and some correspondence.
Includes records for societies in:
Allouez, Michigan - l volume, l907-l9l0
Ashtabula, Ohio - l box, ca. l900-l925
Astoria, Oregon - l volume, l897-l906
Coburntown, Michigan - 2 volumes, l934-l955
Ilwaca, Washington - 4 volumes, l898-l9l5
Ishpeming, Michigan - 4 volumes, ca. l9l0
Negaunee, Michigan - l volume, l90l-l902
Mi •h i îr. l09
New York, New York - l box, ca. l900-l920

Waukegan, Illinois - l box, l899-l954
Weirton, West Virginia - 4 volumes, l9l2-l946
West Concord, New Hampshire - 6 volumes, ca . l907-
l9l7.
Also included are records, l928-l953, of the Eastern
Finnish Temperance People's League (2 volumes) and
records, l9ll-l954, of the Illinois Finnish Temper
ance League (2 volumes). There is also one box with
bound volumes designated as records of an athletic
club, sewing club, Huvitoimikunta , Illanvietto Nuroiso
Seura, Kantele Sekakuoro, and Voimistelu Seura
Sivuutta ja.
l9 . Iron County, Michigan, League of Finnish Voters Records.
l934-l939
l volume
Bound minutes.
20 . Iron River, Michigan, Workers' Club Records.
ca. l920-l940
l box
l2 volumes of bound minutes of meetings and other
records .
2l. Juho Jasberg Papers.
ca. l9l5
7 l/2 boxes
Miscellaneous manuscript and printed items.
Jasberg was an author, temperance advocate, and poet.
The collection includes 5 letterbooks of the Fin
nish Publishing Company, ca. l900. Also included
are Jasberg 's own writings and correspondence.
22 . John Kantola Records.
ca. l920s
3 volumes
Ledger
Kantola was a "dealer in fuel."
23 . Lending Libraries Records.
ca. l9ll-l9l2
3 volumes
Bound ledgers.
Records of the People's Free Travelling Library of
Wolverine, Michigan, l9ll-l9l2 (2 volumes) , and of
the Toveri People's Lending Library of Eveleth,
Minnesota, l9ll-l9l2 (l volume) .
24 . Matti Luttinen Papers.
ca. l940
l bundle
Manuscript .
Luttinen lived in South Range, Michigan.
2 5 . Victor and Hjalmer Makela Papers.
ca. l940-l960
l box
Correspondence .
The Makela family lived in Negaunee, Michigan.
ll0 i c h i j -in
2 6 . Matti and Lempi Merijarvi Papers .

ca. l950
l box
Typescripts, correspondence, and miscellaneous printed
i terns .
Merijarvi was a director of the California Conference
of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church. The col
lection contains primarily sermons.
2 7 . Monessen-Monongehela River Working People's Illness,
Injury and Burial Aid Association Records.
ca. l900-l940
2 boxes
Bound minutes and ledgers.
Included are records for branches in Baltimore, Mary
land; East Chicago, Illinois; Fairport Harbor, Ohio;
Wierton and Glassport, Pennsylvania; and Warren, (?) .
28 . Musical Societies Collection.
ca. l905-l936
l box
Bound records.
Records of:
(l) Eastern Finnish Singers and Band Players League,
miscellaneous records, l9ll-l926, 4 volumes.
(2) Sibelius Seurs, Duluth, Minnesota, by-laws and
minutes, l9l5-l935, l volume.
(3) Brass Band of Crystal Falls, c. l906, l volume.
(4) Huima Gymnastics Club of South Range, minutes,
l905-l9ll, l volume.
(5) Kilste Gymnastics Club of Kearsarge, l9l4, l
vo l ume .
2 unidentified items are also included.
29 . Martti Nisonen Collection.
ca. l920s-l940s
5 boxes
Musical manuscripts.
This is a collection of original compositions and
arrangements. Box 5 includes manuscripts of other
Finnish American composers. Born in Finland,
Nisonen was Professor of Music at Suomi College,
l922-l946.
30 . Oral History Collection.
l970-l977
Over 300 tape recordings.
Taped interviews with Finns in the Upper Peninsula,
conducted by Arthur Puotinen. The collection also
includes musical recordings.
3l . Lauri Pikkusaari Papers.
ca. l940-l960
l box
Correspondence and typescripts.
These are letters and writings of this Finnish-Canadian
author .
y.i •):: : u lll
32 . Alvar and Thyra Rautalahti Papers.

ca. l920-l960
7 boxes
Scrapbooks, sermons, correspondence, and miscellaneous
items .
Alvar Rautalahti was a theologian, lecturer, and min
ister to St. Mark's Lutheran Church, Waukegan,
Illinois. He also served as director of the Fin
nish Suomi Synod. The collection also includes
speeches and writings of his wife, Thyra Rautalahti.
3 3 . Arvi Henry Saarisuu Papers.
ca. l960-l970
l bundle
Scrapbooks, clippings, and typescripts.
The collection includes primarily sermons and notes
of Saarisuu, who lived in Hancock, Michigan.
34. Suomal Sairastus ja Loukkaus Apuyhdistys (Finnish Ill
ness, Injury, and Aid Society), Hancock, Michigan,
Records .
l892-1962
5 boxes and l volume
Minutes and account books.
This was a mutual beneficial society.
35 . Suomalainen Kansallis-Raittius Veljeysseura (Finnish
National Temperance Brotherhood) Records.
l888-l97l
63 boxes, l7 loose volumes (Most of the boxed records
are bound volumes.)
Minutes, correspondence, and financial records.
Seven boxes pertain to the National Society and include
Board of Directors minutes, articles of association,
and accounts. The remainder of the collection con
sists primarily of records of member societies,
including the following in Michigan:
Amasa Grand Marais Painesdale
Atlantic Mine Hancock Palmer
Baltic Mine Iron Mountain Redridge
Baraga Ironwood Republic
Bessemer Jessieville Rockland
Boston Kearsarge Rudyard
Chassell Mass City Saulte Ste. Marie
Coburntown Mansfield Stambaugh
Covington Michigamme Tamarack Mills
Crystal Falls Munising Trout Creek
Diorite National Mine Victoria
Dodgeville Negaunee Welch
Dunn Mine Onnela Winona
Fulton Oskar Wakefield
In addition, the collection contains the "Copper Coun
try Membership Book" and records of the Iron Coun
ty and Marquette Temperance Leagues. There were
also branches of SKRW in Maine, Massachusetts, Min
nesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wis
consin.
ll2 Michigan
36 . Suomi College Records.

l893-
2 3 boxes, l4 volumes
Correspondence and accounts.
These records of the college and seminary include
those of various college organizations.
37 . Suomi Home Foundation, Brooklyn, New York, Records.
l940s and l950s
l box
Financial record books and correspondence.
This was a mutual aid societv.
38 . Suomi Synod Archive.

A . Original deposit.
l890-l922
36 boxes
Correspondence, office files, minutes, and miscel
laneous materials.
The general content of this collection pertains to
the administration of the Suomi Synod of the
Lutheran Church. The collection reflects all
aspects of the synod's activities and includes
materials from the following:
Miscellaneous Swedish correspondence to J. J.
Horkka, l box.
Synod office files, l890-l950, 3 boxes.
Synod office correspondence, l950-l962, 4 boxes.
Consistory minutes and files, l890-l962,
2 boxes.
Church convention minutes, l890-l950, l box.
Records of the 70th Anniversary of Syomi Synod,
l box .
Records of Suomi College, l948-l962, l box (The
college was founded in l890) .
Suomi Synod Home Missions, l9l6-l962, 3 boxes.
Book Concern Board, l9l9-l962, l box.
Suomi Seminary, l957-l962, l box.
Foreign missions, l9l7- , l box.
Brotherhood of Suomi Synod, l948-l962 , l/3 box.
Parish Education, l933-l958, l/3 box.
Suomi Synod Luther League, l92l-l962, l/3 box.
Suomi Synod Pastor's correspondence, ca. l920-
l960, 7 boxes.
Suomi Synod Congregations, ca . l920-l960, 5
boxes. Included are Ahmeek, Alston, Amasa,
Askel, Atlantic Mine, Aura, Baltic-South
Range, Baraga, Bessemer, Bruce ' s Crossing,
Calumet, Champion, Chassell, Covington,
Daggett, Dafter, Detroit (Bethlehem Lutheran,
Northwest Immanuel, St. John's), East Tawas,
Eben Junction, Elo, Ewen, Freda, Grand Marais,
Gwin, Hancock, Ironwood, Ishpeming, Jacobs-
ville, Kaleva, Keweenaw Bay, Kingsford, Kyro,
L'Anse, Lake City, Marquette, Mass, Michi-
gamme , Mohawk, Newberry, Palmer, Painsdale,
Pelkie-Kyro, Redridge, Republic, Rock Ruyyard,
Michigan ll3
St. Ignace, Sault Ste. Marie, South Range,

Stambaugh-Iron River, Toivola Trenary, Trout
Creek, Uusi Syomi, Wakefield, Winona, and
Wainola .
Suomi Synod Women's Lutheran Guild, ca . l945-
l965, l box.
Lannenpiiri, correspondence and early conference
minutes, l909-l9l9, 2 boxes.
Miscellaneous printed material, l box.
B . Additional Deposits.
These are an additional 6 3 boxes for which no con
tents list is available. They include supple
mentary material on the Suomi Synod Luther
League, missions, pastors (Lake Erie and West
ern conferences) , Synod Bible Camp, and many
Michigan conference records. Most of these
additions are recent. Also deposited are many
early records of Finnish churches, some of which
date back to l900. These are primarily Michi
gan, Ohio, Minnesota, and Massachusetts congre
gations .
39 . Toivola People's Hall Records.
l940s-l950s
l box
Miscellaneous manuscripts.
40 . K. L. Tolonen Papers.
ca. l895
l bundle
Manuscript .
Primarily correspondence to Tolonen, who was a Finnish
pastor in Ishpeming and other places.
4 l . Dr. John Wargelin Papers.
ca. l923-l953
3 boxes
Correspondence, notes, scrapbooks, diaries, and photo
graphs .
The collection includes Wargelin 's college notes at
the University of Michigan, as well as his sermon
notes. There are many photographs of Finnish com
munities in the Upper Peninsula.
4 2 . Workers Organizations Collection.

l929-l94l
5 volumes
Bound minutes and ledgers.
Artificial collection, of which 4 volumes certain to
an organization in Crystal Falls, Michigan (min
utes and financial records, l929-l94l). The other
volume consists of the minutes of an International
Workers of the World union branch in Virginia, Min
nesota, l929-l93l.
Michigan
4 3 . Young People's Groups Collection.

l90l-l93l
l box
Bound items.
Included are
(l) Etelan-Tahti , Erwin Township, Michigan, min
utes, l920-l93l, l volume
(2) Nuorten Sears, Kearsarge, Michigan, Minutes
and bylaws, l908, 2 volumes
(3) Young People's Society, Boston, Massachusetts,
minutes, l90l-l905, l volume.
There are also two unidentified volumes.
UNIVERSITY OF DETROIT
LIBRARY
West McNichols Road at Livernois
Detroit
The University of Detroit was founded in l877 by the Soci
ety of Jesus for the education of young men of the
Roman Catholic faith in Detroit. Though the student
body was predominantly Irish in its early years, the
ethnic composition of the student body changed as the
Roman Catholic population of the city became increas
ingly of mixed origin.
Collection :
Archive of the University.
l877-
26 file cabinets (each 4 drawers), l7 scrapbooks, and
approximately 30 linear feet of printed items.
Manuscript and printed items; photographs.
Nationality: mixed.
These are the official records of the University of
Detroit. Twelve cabinets are classified by subject,
six by individual name. Six "confidential" cabinets
contain early official records and the "autograph
collection." Many photographs and some early faculty
papers are also included.
Finding aid available: card index and a color coded
arrangement scheme; access is restricted.
Note: The Library also has the Detroit Catholic Vindica
tor, April 30, l853-April 25, l857, the official organ
of the Diocese of Detroit. Each volume has a manu
script summary and index prepared by Richard Elliott.
Michigan ll5
l2. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

A. BENTLEY HISTORICAL LIBRARY (MICHIGAN HISTORICAL COL
LECTIONS)
ll50 Beal Avenue
Ann Arbor, Michigan
The Michigan Historical Collections was founded at
the University of Michigan in l935 as a project to
collect, preserve and make available important
archives and manuscripts relating to all aspects
of the history of Michigan. In l974 the Bentley
Historical Library was constructed to house the
collection. Extensive finding aids are available
for each collection. Copying is permitted. In
addition to the manuscript collections listed,
the library has a substantial collection of
printed material, including reminiscences, disser
tations, and student papers related to specific
topics in immigration history.
Collections :
l . Americanization Committee of Detroit Papers.
l9l4-l93l
200 items
Correspondence, minutes of meetings, reports, and
other miscellaneous materials.
Nationality: mixed.
This committee, concerned with assimilation of
foreign-born residents of Detroit, had educa
tional programs for immigrants during and after
World War I.
2 . James Burrill Angell (l829-l9l6) Papers.
l845-l9l6
l3 feet
Primarily correspondence and speeches.
Nationality: Chinese.
Angell was president of The University of Michi
gan, l87l-l909, and U.S. Minister to China,
l880-l88l. The collection includes material
relating to Chinese immigration to the United
States.
British in Michigan (including Cornish, Scottish, and
Welsh)
3 . Jeannette Smith Benjamin Reminiscences.
ca. l930
3 items
Manuscripts and genealogical material.
British.
The collection includes reminiscences about her
immigration to the United States from England.
4 . William P. Brown Papers.
l852-l9l4
9 items and 8 volumes
Correspondence, diaries, cash books, deeds.
British .
ll6 Mich ijan
An English immigrant, Brown was a farmer in Wash

tenaw county.
5 . Henry Ernest Candler Papers.
l794-l864
25 items and l volume
Genealogical information, biographical data, family
letters, diary; some typescript copies.
British.
The collection contains Detroit genealogical infor
mation on the Candler family, biographical data
on Detroit mayor William W. Wheaton; and family
letters and diary of William Robert Candler
consisting of a few personal accounts and en
tries, including a discussion of his decision
to leave England for America.
6 . William R. Carnegie (l866-l945) Diary.
l887
l item
Manuscript .
British (Scottish) .
Carnegie's diary includes a description of his
voyage from Aberdeen, Scotland to Detroit and
his first impressions of the U.S. and Detroit
in particular.
7 . George Clark Account Book.
l8l5-l867
l volume
Manuscript .
British .
Of relevance is the journal of Clark's wife,
Rebecca Beech Clark, which describes her voyage
to America from England.
8 . Lura Lincoln Cook Reminiscences.
l962
l volume
Manuscript .
British .
These reminiscences concern her parents, Burr and
Esther Hoare Lincoln, and include a description
of the immigration of the Hoare family from
England to Harbor Beach, Michigan.
9 . Fogg Family Papers.
l843, l848, l86l, l868
5 items
Correspondence, will.
British.
Relevant items include the correspondence of the
Fogg family, farmers in Litchfield, Michigan,
with relatives in Stockton, England, as well
as the will of Henry Lynep, a seaman.
l0 . William Forbes Letter.
l835
l item
Michigan ll7
Correspondence (typescript) .
William Forbes, a surveyor and farmer, gives full
account of the settlement and agricultural con
ditions in Allegan county in this letter to
James Forbes of Peterhead, Scotland.
ll . Charles Foster Diary.
l836-l839
l volume
Manuscript .
British .
An English immigrant to the United States, Foster
recounts his voyage to America, his stay in
New York City, and his subsequent settlement
in Monroe, Michigan. The diary contains impres
sions of Detroit and Monroe, with observations
on the people and the political and economic
conditions of frontier Michigan, and material
on the wildcat banking phenomenon.
l2. William Garrick (l8l9-l883) Letter.
l862
l item
Correspondence .
In this letter to his broter, David, in Scotland,
Garrick, who was a railroad bridge inspector,
describes his family life in Grand Rapids, food
prices, housing, and the Civil War.
l3. Alfred Jenkin Paper.
Undated, c. l965
l item
Manuscript.
British (Cornish) .
"The Cornish Emigration" is a history of the move
ment of the Cornish and especially of Jenkin 's
family to other regions of the world.
l4 . Donald D. Kinsey Manuscript.
Undated
l item
Manuscript .
British (Cornish) .
"Drill Cores: Folklore of Michigan's Upper Penin
sula from the Collection of Walter F. Gries"
includes nationality stories relating primarily
to the Cornish miners of Michigan's copper
country.
l5. Peter McPherson Diary.
l798
l item
Diary (typescript copy) .
McPherson, a Scottish immigrant, gives an account
of a trip through upper New York state,
ll8 Michi jan
including his observations on the country near

Johnstown and Niagara Falls, and his impressions
of the inhabitants of this region.
l6 . William Malpass Papers.
l880, l883
l5 items
Correspondence .
British .
The collection includes a letter, l880, from a
minister in England discussing the desirability
of immigration to the United States.
l7 . Nina L. Ness Collection,
ca. l793-l900
l relevant volume
Diary .
British .
This collection, assembled by Ness, a White Pigeon,
Michigan book dealer, includes a diary, l830,
of Robert Wade, an immigrant from England to
White Pigeon.
l8 . Thomas Noy Diaries.
l849, l882-l883, l897-l902
4 volumes
Manuscript.
British .
The diaries, l849, of Thomas and Elizabeth Noy,
describe their voyage from England to America.
There are also memorandum books, l882-l883 and
l897-l902, of their farming activities in Kent
county, Michigan.
l9 . Presbyteries of Detroit of the Presbyterian Church
Records .
l828-l974
l0 feet and l4 volumes
Miscellaneous records.
British (Welsh) .
20 . Richards Family Papers.
l833-l875
6 items
Correspondence .
British .
The collection contains a letter from William
Richards, l833, to his brother, describing his
arrival in the United States from Warwickshire,
England; his settlement on a farm in Saline,
Michigan; and his comments on life and customs
in the United States, including a description
of agricultural methods and prices.
2l . Ruggles and Rademaker Salt Company, Manistee,
Records .
l868-193l
48 boxes and l8 reels of microfilm.
Letterbooks, daybooks, journals, ledgers, and
other business records.
M :' .'h i j an ll9
British .
The collection includes records of the Buckley and
Douglas Lumber Company, a predecessor of Rug-
gles and Rademaker, which was founded by an
English immigrant, Edward Buckley.
22 . Isaac Taylor (l8ll-l887) Letters.
l848-l885
8 items
Correspondence .
British .
An immigrant to Chelsea and Unadilla, Michigan,
from Liverpool, England, Taylor discusses fam
ily affairs and farming conditions in Michigan.
23. Arthur Cecil Todd Papers.
l954-l966
l reel of microfilm
Research notes, reminiscences, and correspondence.
British (Cornish) .
These are research materials amassed by Todd, a
history tutor at the University of Exeter,
Cornwall, England, relating to his study of
Cornish immigrants to the United States.
Included are correspondence and reminiscences
of immigrants and their families in Michigan's
Upper Peninsula.
24 . Richard F. Trevellick Biographical Sketch.
l9l0 ~ '
l item, l7 pages.
Manuscript.
British.
Trevellick was a nineteenth century Detroit labor
leader.
25 . Upjohn Family Papers.
l8ll-l940
2 volumes, l foot, and l reel of microfilm.
Journals, genealogical records, biographical
sketches, correspondence, sermon notes, day
books, and miscellaneous accounts.
British .
Of relevance are the journals, l830, of William
Upjohn, describing his voyage from England to
America and his trip on the Erie Canal.
26. William Watts Letter.
l836
l item
Correspondence (typescript copy) .
British.
An English immigrant miller, Watts writes to
friends in England of his journey to Michigan
and conditions in Ypsilanti.
l20 Michijan
Canadians in Michigan
27 . Mary Ellen Thomas Robbins (l884-l956) Reminis
cences .
l953
l volume
Manuscript.
Canadian (English) .
Robbins describes life in Canada, the discovery
that she was a mulatto, and her subsequent
migration to and life in Battle Creek.
2 8 . Stephen Rose Reminiscences.
l830
l item - 9 pages
Manuscript.
Canadian (French) .
Included are a genealogy of the Rose family; remi
niscences of the family's settlement in the
Detroit area and later on the Indian preserve
at Swan Creek; and a description of French-
Canadian life in the Detroit area, as well as
material on the Indians.
Danes in Michigan (See also Scandinavians in Michigan)
29 . Marie Appel Papers.
l9l0-l948
50 items
Personal correspondence.
Appel was a Danish immigrant who lived in Mar-
lette, Michigan.
30 . Dansk Soldaterforening Michigan (Danish Soldiers
Society of Michigan) Records.
l943-l977
6 inches
By-laws, minutes, membership lists, and miscel
laneous correspondence, newsletters, and
printed material.
This was an organization of veterans of Danish
military service.
Soren Kristiansen Papers.
l883-l885, l89l-l892
l7 5 items
Diary; ship's correspondence; receipts and
accounts; and miscellaneous printed material.
Kristiansen was captain of the Great Lakes ship
ping vessel "Kalos" and later keeper of the
Escanaba, Michigan lighthouse. Included in his
diary, l89l-l892, are descriptions of voyages
in and around Onehama on Lake Michigan.
August Rasmussen Letter.
l856
l item
Correspondence (typescript translation).
Mi c hi j an l2l
This Montcalm county farmer is writing to his

brother in Denmark, urging friends to come to
Michigan .
33. St. Peter's Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church,
Detroit, Records.
• l924-l962
l foot
Correspondence, minutes of organizations and church
board meetings, announcements, bulletins, and
newspaper clippings.
This collection contains the minutes of Frentids
Vel, a Danish Lutheran youth organization; of
the Young American Danish Lutheran Home Circle;
and of the Danish Sisterhood of America, Royal
Oak Lodge, no. l64. The correspondence, l939-
l958, relates particularly to Danish relief
during World War II.
34 . Salling, Hanson and Company Records, Grayling,
Michigan .
l88l-1928
2 feet, 44 reels of microfilm, and l volume.
Bound records on microfilm.
This lumber firm, founded in l878 by three Danish
immigrants (Rasmus Hanson, Nels Michelson, and
Ernest N. Salling), dominated the early eco
nomic life of Grayling.
35 . Udvandrerarkivet , Aalborg, Denmark Collection
(Danes Worldwide Archives) .
l873-l923
4 reels of microfilm of selected materials housed
in the Archive
Correspondence, journals, and family histories.
The materials selected, largely in Danish, concern
the immigration of Danes to Michigan as
reflected in letters home, journals, and fam
ily histories. The filmed portion of the
Archives consists of the following manuscript
collections :
a. Peder Kj0lhede Letters, l879-l885. Pastor
at Ashland. (on reel 1)
b. Julius Petersen Letters, l887-l92l, to his
brother Rasmus (both of Chicago) . The
letters contain explanatory notes by their
brother Karl who remained in Denmark and
preserved their letters.
c. P. S. Vig Notes. Notes for manuscript and
letters on Danes in the war. Vig was
author of Danish in Amerika.
d. Alfred E. Grann and wife Clippings, l95l-
l952, and family history. Grann was a
Birmingham, Michigan engineer.
e. Ole Amble Interview (typed in English) . Amble
talks about the Danish Lutheran Church in
Gowen, Michigan.
l22 Michigan
f. Hans J^rgen Biography and Letters. J0rgen,

pastor in Minnesota and Ashland, Michi
gan, came to Gowen , Michigan in l875.
Includes letters of the Ashland church.
g . Mrs. Christiane Hansen Family History.
Includes information concerning Pastor
Jorgen Hansen who came to Danish Church
in Manistee in l884.
h. Simon Kjems Article. Concerns his trip in
l89l. Kjems was pastor and teacher at
Ashland, Michigan folk high school.
i. A. S. Nielsen Letters. Danish Evangelical
Lutheran pastor; called to Chicago,
August 4, l878. Contains letters from
his church members and other pastors in
American Danish church, ca. l870s and
l880s.
j . N. C. Christensen (and others) Letters. To
friends and family in Denmark from Kan
sas and Chicago, l870s and l880s.
k. Ole Mikkelsen. Biography of Arnold Anderson.
l. Peter Jensen Letters, l905-l923. Written to
his parents in Denmark, this correspon
dence concerns his job, schooling, and
life in America. Jensen lived in Racine,
Wisconsin.
m. Peder KjgSlhede Letters. l880-l908: from
family, friends, and other pastors.
l887-l892: mainly from the United States
and written by Danish Lutheran pastors
and parishioners. Postmarked Greenville
and Manistee, Michigan; Racine, Wisconsin;
Des Moines, Iowa; Chicago; and other
locations. (on reels 3 and 4)
n. J. U. Heiberg Papers. Pastor who served in
Chicago, l873-l879, then returned to Den
mark where he was an influential member
of the Church board concerned with the
church in America. Contains miscellane
ous correspondence, diary, biographical
sketch, and log of his visit to Danish
churches in the United States in l892
(included stops at Muskegon, Gowen, Ash
land Folk High School, and Manistee,
Michigan) .
Dutch in Michigan
36. Herbert F. Baker (l862-l930) Papers.
l904-l926
5 feet and l volume.
Clippings; scrapbook; correspondence.
Baker was a Republican state representative, l907-
l9l2; speaker of the Michigan House of Repre
sentatives, l9ll; state senator, l9l9-l922;
Michigan l23
and official of various farm and insurance

organizations. Included is material concerning
the Dutch in Michigan, especially letters,
August ll, l924 and October 27, l924, from the
editor of De Hiusvriend.
37. Henry Beets Scrapbook of Clippings.
l846-l933
l reel of microfilm
Scrapbook .
Collected by Rev. Beets of Grand Rapids, the clip
pings concern the Dutch in the U.S.
38 . Henry Cook Papers.
l9l9 (?) -l969
5 items
Autobiography and genealogical material.
The autobiography describes Cook's passage in l84 6
from the Netherlands to Detroit and St. Clair,
and his subsequent settlement in Holland,
Michigan. There is also material concerning
the genealogy of the Cook family of Allegan
county.
39 . Den Bleyker Family Papers.
l828-l936
7 feet and 6 reels of microfilm
Correspondence, miscellaneous business and family
papers .
The correspondence, l850-l872, of Paulus Den Bley
ker includes letters from A. C. Van Raalte,
founder of Holland, Michigan; the business
papers of Paulus and Jan Den Bleyker deal with
real estate holdings and the Dutch migration to
Michigan. The collection also contains papers
of the Buell and Bunce families.
40 . M. Durper Reminiscence.
l900
l item
Manuscript .
Durper recounts his emigration from the Nether
lands, his life in Michigan, and the Holland,
Michigan fire in l87l.
4l. Hollandsche Presbyteriaansche Church, Grand Rapids,
Records .
l905-l907
l vo l ume
42 . Cornelia (Steketee) Hulst (l865-l957) Papers.
l898-l949
3 inches
Correspondence, miscellaneous manuscript and
printed items.
Hulst was a Grand Rapids high school English
teacher. The collection includes correspon
dence concerning her studies of classical
l24 i. h i ik
subjects, poems, publications, and excerpts

from reviews.
43. Immigration Sources Project (Netherlands) , Uni
versity of Michigan, Collection.
ca. l850-l933
67 items
Primarily correspondence.
Collected in the Netherlands under the auspices
of the project by Professor Herbert Brinks of
Calvin College, these are letters and other
materials of Dutch immigrants to Michigan
written to friends and relatives in the Nether
lands .
44 . William Hendrik Korfker (l843-l929) Autobiography,
c. l925
l item
Autobiography (mimeographed) .
Korfker, a Dutch immigrant to Muskegon, Michigan,
provides a commentary on life, his work, and
his religious convictions.
45. Emil Lorch (l870-l963) Papers.
l89l-l963
l8 feet
Correspondence; notes; miscellaneous manuscripts.
Of note is a memo, February l2, l9 37, concerning
Holland, Michigan. Lorch was director and dean
of the University of Michigan College of Archi
tecture and Design.
46 . Henry Lucas Papers.
l846-l930
l4 reels of microfilm
Photographs and miscellaneous manuscripts.
Lucas collected these papers in connection with
his book, Netherlands in America.
47. Florence Nieuwenhuis Collection.
l948 and undated
3 items
Autobiographies; genealogical materials.
Included are the autobiography of Christiaan Marinus
Den Herder, early founder of Zeeland, Michigan;
and an autobiographical sketch of Jacob Den
Herder, which largely concerns life in Zeeland
and the political and social activities of the
Dutch community; and a genealogy of the Leestma
family .
48 . Hoyt D. Post Journal.
l850
l item
Manuscript.
Post was an early settler in Ottawa county.
l25
4 9 . Reformed Church, Graafschap, Records.

l857-l879
l6 items
Included are letters concerned with obtaining a
minister in the Netherlands.
5 0 . Reformed Church, Jefferson, Records.
l852-l865
l item
Minutes and baptismal records (typescript copy) .
5l . Reformed Church, Ridgeway, Records.
l843-l855
9 items and l volume
5 2 . Jelle A. Van der Meer Letter.
l848
l item
Correspondence .
In this letter written to friends in Vriesland,
Netherlands, Van der Meer describes his passage
to America and settlement in western Michigan.
5 3 . Frances Vander Mey Papers.
l943
4 volumes
Annotated copies of minutes.
This collection relates to the history of Holland,
Michigan, l848-l849, as recorded in the minutes
of the People's Assembly.
54 . Ray Vande Vusse Collection.
c. l834-l880
28 items
Correspondence .
Among this correspondence, assembled by Vande
Vusse, a Holland, Michigan stamp collector,
are letters, l838-l843, from Thomas Bradford
of Niles discussing politics, religion, family
affairs and business activities; letters, l844-
l846, from the Phelps family of Niles comment
ing on their journey to Michigan from New York,
the Baptist Church, and the manner of court
ship; letters, l86l-l863, of the Stow family
of Ypsilanti, Grand Rapids, and Lyons to Fred
erick A. Stow, lieutenant in the 3rd Michigan
Infantry, Co. B; and a Civil War letter from a
Dutch immigrant in service. There are also
miscellaneous letters from Allegan, Bedford,
Br istolville , Charlotte, Holland, and Mackinac
Island, Michigan.
5 5 . Adrian Van Koevering Papers.
l936 and undated
l item and 3 volumes
Manuscript .
Included is a detailed study of Dutch settlement
in Michigan.
l26 M i chi j an
56 . Albertus Christian Van Raalte Papers.

l776-l897
23 items and 3 reels of microfilm
Correspondence, deeds, and land grants.
Van Raalte was a minister and founder of Holand,
Michigan.
57 . Charles Weissert Papers.
l893-l947
2 feet
Manuscript .
Of relevance is Thomas Van Wik's description of
his family's emigration to Michigan in l892.
58. A. Westerhof Letter.
l880
l item
Correspondence .
Westerhof, of Grand Rapids, is writing to Rev.
C. Van der Veen, of Drenthe, calling him to
the pastorate in Grand Haven, Michigan.
Finns in Michigan (See also Scandinavians in Michigan)
Note: More than 400 printed items have been deposited
in the Collections by the University of Turku,
Finland, including books and programs relating to
temperance, labor, churches, education, and mis
cellaneous topics.
59. John Bonifas Bennett (l905-l964) Papers.
l928-l964
2 feet
Correspondence; campaign materials.
Bennett was a Republican congressman from Ontona
gon in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Included
is material concerning the role of Finnish-
Americans in the election l946.
60 . Roy Hinsman Holmes Papers.
l899-l950
5 feet
Of note are the studies of rural Michigan communi
ties made by the students of Holmes, who was
an assistant professor of sociology at the Uni
versity of Michigan.
6l . Amas K. E. Holmio History,
c. l970
3 volumes
Manuscript .
This is Holmio' s unfinished "History of the Michi
gan Finns . "
6 2 . Emil Edward Hurja Papers.
l932-l939
l reel of microfilm.
'hi i.m l27
A Michigan financial and business analyst, Hurja

was Assistant Chairman of the Democratic
National Committee. Included are materials
relating to state politics and particularly to
the role of the Finns in Michigan politics.
The originals of these materials are in the
Franklin Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park.
63. Institute of General History, University of Turku,
Turku, Finland: Collection of American Letters.
l880-l965
4l reels of microfilm (app. l2 , 000 letters , with
l,500 from Michigan)
Correspondence.
These are letters sent by Finnish immigrants in
America to Finland. The letters were located
in Finland and filmed by the Institute.
64 . Institute of General History, University of Turku,
Turku, Finland: Questionnaires.
c. l974
2 5 items
Questionnaires .
Sent out by the Institute of General History,
these questionnaires contain information relat
ing to Finnish immigrants to Michigan who
returned to Finland.
65. Kaisa Nelson Letter.
l905
l item
Correspondence .
Writing to her family in Finland, Nelson, who
lived in Crystal Falls, Michigan, tells of the
burning of her house and the death of her two
sons in the fire.
66 . Isaac N. Polniv (l874-l95l) Reminiscences.
l949-l950
l reel of microfilm
Manuscript diary.
Polniv was a Finnish immigrant to Calumet and Ewen ,
Michigan.
67. Riento Young People's Club, Verona, Michigan,
Records .
l907-l908, l92l-l924
9 items
Articles of incorporation, constitution, corres
pondence .
This was a social and cultural society for young
people of Finnish descent in Gogebic county.
68 . Suomi College Archives and Historical Collections.
l880-l970
l00 reels of microfilm
Miscellaneous organizational and personal papers
and photographs.
Included are materials of Finnish-American
l28 Michigan
religious congregations, temperance societies,

and labor organizations. Only selected materi
al was filmed. See Suomi College entry in this
section of the guide for a complete listing of
holdings .
French in Michigan
69 . Frederick Clever Bald (l897-l970) Manuscripts.
l9l7-l9l9, l938-l970
7 feet
Correspondence, lecture and research notes, mis
cellaneous manuscripts.
Of interest is Bald's master's thesis, l936,
entitled "The De Bonne-De Repentigny Seigniory
at Sault Ste. Marie, l750-l867." Bald was pro
fessor of history and director of the Michigan
Historical Collections at the University of
Michigan .
70 . Francois Chovin Papers.
l793
2 items
Manuscripts .
Chovin was an early Detroit resident. The papers
concern land transactions.
Navarre Family Papers.
l79l-l858
300 items
Business records, correspondence, and legal
papers.
Included in these papers are the business records,
l786-1828, and correspondence, l79l-l823, of
Francois Navarre; and legal papers, l828-l858,
and correspondence, l8l9-l862, of Joseph
Navarre. The Navarre family lived in Monroe,
Michigan .
St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church, Detroit, Records.
l704-l844
3 reels of microfilm
Registers of baptisms, marriages, deaths, and
burials .
Note: Access to this collection is restricted.
73. Emerson R. Smith Papers.
l937-l962
3 feet
Genealogical and historical materials, correspon
dence .
Included is material concerning Indians and French
in the area around the Straits of Mackinac,
particularly St. Ignace and Mackinac Island.
74 . Charles Adams Weissert (l878-l947) Papers.
l893-l947
2 feet
Miscellaneous manuscripts .
Mic hi j an l29
Included in the papers of this Kalamazoo newspaper

man are materials on the early French traders
in Michigan.
Germans in Michigan
7 5 . Allmendinger Family Papers.
l890-l974
4 feet
Correspondence, scrapbooks, genealogy, and photo
graphs .
These are the papers of the David F. Allmendinger
family of Ann Arbor. Topics include Helena
Allmendinger ' s radio show, the Ann Arbor Organ
Company, and family members still living in
Germany .
76. Herbert F. Baker (l862-l930) Papers.
l904-l926
5 feet and l volume
Clippings, scrapbook, and correspondence.
Baker was Republican state representative, l907-
l9l2; speaker of the Michigan House of Represen
tatives, l9ll; state senator, l9l9-l922; and
official of various farm and insurance organi
zations. Of relevance is a letter from Staats-
verband, Michigan, March 27, l9ll.
77 . Hermann Frederick Belser (l829-l900) Papers.
ca. l847-l90l
25 items
Autobiography; journals; miscellaneous legal docu
ments, clippings, and family material.
An immigrant from Germany, Belser was the pastor
of Zion Lutheran Church, Ann Arbor. The auto
biography covers the years l829-l856 , describing
his education in Germany and his immigration to
America in l853; the journals, l853-l855, are
concerned with his pastorate in Huntington,
Indiana .
7 8 . Bethlehem Evangelical Church, Ann Arbor, Treasurer's
Book .
l909-l9l6
l vo l ume
Account book.
Records of members' giving are included.
79. C. Gottlob Blaich Papers.
l853-l92l
35 items
Of relevance are letters, l853-l863, to the Blaich
family in Ingham county from relatives in Tazen-
hausen, Wurttemburg , Germany . Although most con
tain primarily family news, there are occasional
references to emigration to the United States,
including Michigan and Ohio, from that part of
Germany .
l30 Michigan
80. Robert Brethschneider (l8l9-l877) Papers.

l848-l907
l volume and 50 items
Correspondence, record book, miscellaneous records.
Brethschneider was an officer in the Prussian
army, l837-l849; captain in Company E, 2nd
Michigan Infantry during the Civil War; and
later a Niles, Michigan soap manufacturer. The
materials deal generally with life in Germany
and Civil War service; the record book, l868-
l877, lists German settlers in the Dieckerill
section of Niles, whom Brethschneider brought
to the United States.
8l . Tobias Johann Casjen Diekhoff Papers.
l853-l93l
50 items
Correspondence, diaries, miscellaneous documents
and certificates.
Diekhoff was professor of German at the Univer
sity of Michigan.
82 . Enoch Dieter le Account Book.
l879-l9l9
6 items
Embalming, marriage and confirmation certificates.
Dieterle ran a funeral home in Ann Arbor.
83. Edward Dorsch Papers.
l852-l9l4
3 volumes and l37 items
Correspondence; poetry; and miscellaneous notes,
records, and memoranda.
Dorsch was a physician and member of the State
Board of Education. Included in the collection
are a record of calls and charges, l852-l855;
memorandum of expenses of trips from Monroe to
Ypsilanti and Detroit; prescriptions; and per
sonal correspondence, l886-l9l4, with relatives
in Germany.
84 . Hans Ergenzinger Diary,
ca. l840
l volume
Diary.
An immigrant from Stuttgart, Germany, Ergenzinger
lived in Marshall, Michigan.
85 . Warren Washburn Florer Papers.
l877-l94l
2 feet
Of relevance are a historical sketch, "German
element in Michigan," and other papers relating
to Germans in Michigan. Florer was a professor
of German at the University of Michigan.
Michigan l3l
86 . German Christian Agricultural and Benevolent Soci

ety of Ora Labora Records.
l850-l949
6 volumes and 3 inches
Historical sketches, maps, clippings, and miscel
laneous records .
Included in the papers of this Huron county com
munitarian society are a constitution, l863;
account books, l865-l893; clippings, l888-l949,
about the colony and its founder, Emil Bauer;
a report, l862-l868, of the colony; and maps of
the lands held.
87 . Haass Family Papers.
l898-l94l
Scrapbooks, obituaries, and miscellaneous papers.
This collection contains the papers, l898, of
Charles W. F. Haass, Lutheran clergyman of
Detroit, including church program, and notes
and prayer in German; scrapbooks, l9l3-l93l,
of Julius H. Haass, Detroit banker, containing 1
obituary notices of family members; and the
papers, l936-l94l, of Walter F. Haass concerning
banking in Detroit and the career of his father,
C. W. F. Haass.
88 . Edwin Louis Hessenmueller Letter.
l865
l item
Correspondence .
Hessenmueller, a student at the University of
Michigan, writes of his life in Ann Arbor and
at the University.
89 . Immanuel Congregation, German Evangelical Lutheran
Church, Presque Isle, Moltke Township, Records.
l876-l919
l item
Register.
Included is a roster of members and a section on
church protocol.
90 . Herman Kiefer Papers.
l838-l9ll
l foot
Articles, clippings, and printed items.
Kiefer was a Detroit physician and Regent of the
University of Michigan.
9l . Gottfried Kinkel Papers.
l852-l857
l2 items
This collection deals with the activities of Kin
kel, a German revolutionist of l848, on a visit
to the United States (including Detroit) , dur
ing which he attempted to raise money on behalf
of the German American loan.
l32 Miihi jan
92 . Ladies Arbeiter Aid Society, Ann Arbor, Records.

l9l7-l975
3 volumes and 4 items
Minute books, organizational history, and member
ship list.
This was a German-American insurance and social
society for working women.
93. Kaspar Limpert (l808-l879) Letter.
l835
l item
Correspondence .
Limpert describes Ann Arbor and conditions of the
time in this letter to Wilhelm Goering, Wurz-
burg, Germany.
9 4 . Liskow Family Papers.
Undated
5 items
Correspondence, newspaper clippings, and miscella
neous family documents.
The Liskow family were German immigrants who set
tled in Saginaw, Michigan. The collection con
tains a family history, l85l-l882, as extracted
from various family documents; letter, l864;
and newspaper clippings concerning family mem
bers .
9 5 . John Adams List Papers.
l848-l872
79 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous papers.
These deal with the German community of Franken-
muth, Michigan, where List resided.
96 . Wilhelm Loehe Papers.
l846-l860
l reel of microfilm
Loehe was a Lutheran minister and organizer of the
Franconian colony of missionaries in Michigan.
Of particular relevance are autobiographies of
the founders of Frankenmuth, Michigan.
97 . Lorenz Loesel Papers.
l830-l9ll
l reel of microfilm
Correspondence, business and miscellaneous papers.
Loesel was a German immigrant to Frankenmuth,
Michigan .
98 . Look Family Papers.
l85l-l903
25 items
Correspondence .
These letters describe the life of this Detroit
family .
Mi chijan l33
99 . Rudolf Muenzinger Papers.

l859-l936
2 volumes and l00 items
Correspondence, clippings, and certificates.
Muenzinger was a German Lutheran pastor of Metz
and Lupton, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio.
l00. Oppermann Family Letters.
l864-l87l
3 inches
Correspondence and miscellaneous newspaper clip
pings .
The letters were written by members of the family
in Cincinnati, Ohio, to relatives in Saginaw,
Michigan. The clippings also concern Saginaw.
l0l. Caroline Pfabe Letters.
l897-l898 and undated
3 items
Correspondence .
These letters, written by a German immigrant to
Ann Arbor to her family, describe daily life
in the l890s.
l02. Frederick Pistorius Letter.
l862
l item
Correspondence .
In this letter to the Reverend Mr. Hildner, Pis
torius writes of the impending draft. A soldier
from Detroit, Pistorius served as a first lieu
tenant in the Ninth Michigan Cavalry during the
Civil War.
l03. Jacob Reichert Letters.
l869-l870
2 items
Correspondence .
Immigrant life in Michigan and particularly Ann
Arbor is described in these letters to Reichert 's
cousin in Germany.
l04. Ella Rock Biographical Sketch.
l954
l item - 20 pages
Manuscript.
This material deals with the life of Heinrich
Friedrick Bernhard Rock (l849-l9l8) , a German
immigrant to Wexford county.
l05. Rominger Family Papers.
l838-l945
2 feet
Correspondence, obituaries, genealogical informa
tion note books, and journals.
Most of uhese .materials concern Carl Rominger, Ann
Arbor physician and state geologist of Michigan.
The early correspondence is with members of the
l34 Michigan
family remaining in Germany and is written in

German script.
l06. Schmalsriedt Family Papers.
l853-l900
50 items
Correspondence, land contract, and miscellaneous
papers .
This family lived in Washtenaw county. Included
are Civil War letters of Friedrich Schmalsriedt
while a member of the First Michigan Cavalry;
and letters from family members in Munchingen,
Germany, discussing family affairs and includ
ing mention of German immigration to Michigan.
l07. Frederick Schmid (1807-l883) Notebook.
Undated
l volume
Manuscript.
Rev. Schmid, of Ann Arbor, kept this notebook while
a theological student in Basel, Switzerland.
l08. Friedrich Schmid Letters.
l953
l vo l ume
Typescript.
The Schmid Letters is a translation of the letters
written between the years l833 and l879 by Pas
tor Friedrich Schmid, pioneer German missionary
of Ann Arbor, Michigan, to his seminary in
Basel, Switzerland. St. Louis, l953.
l09. D. Seger Letter.
l849
l item
Correspondence .
This letter of D. Seger of Clarence, Michigan to
N. W. Wagner of Ann Arbor, tells of sickness
and poor crops.
ll0. Washtenaw County, Scio Township, Records.
l839-l866
3 volumes
Minutes and financial records.
Written partially in German, these are the records
of school districts no. 2, 5, and 8.
lll. Robert Lee Watson Paper.
l970
l item
Manuscript .
"A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Ernst Adolph Buek"
is a history and chronology of a German immi
grant to Livingston County, Michigan.
ll2. Carl May Weidman Papers.
l92l-l972
4 feet and l volume
Correspondence and miscellaneous manuscripts.
Michijan l35
Weideman was a Detroit trial attorney; Democratic

congressman, l933-l9 35; and Wayne county cir
cuit judge. The materials concern politics, his
judicial work, and the activities of the Ameri
can Turners, a German-American organization.
ll3. John Weissert (l828-l883) Correspondence.
l86l-l865
29l items
Correspondence .
These are the letters of and to John Weissert, a
soldier from Hastings, Michigan, who served in
Company C, Michigan Engineers and Mechanics
during the Civil War. Most were written by
Weissert to his wife and son during the war;
some were written to Weissert and his family
by John M. Bessmer, soldier in Company F, 8th
Michigan Infantry.
ll4. C. Victor Wurster Reminiscences.
Undated
l item
Reminiscences .
Social events and customs among Ann Arbor's Ger
man community are described.
Hungarians in Michigan
ll5. William Lockwood Collection.
l903-l963
l reel of microfilm
Correspondence .
Included are letters of Hungarian immigrants to
the United States.
Irish in Michigan
ll6. William Narcissus Lyster Papers.
l839-l86l
l reel of microfilm
Sermons, poems, reports, and correspondence.
Lyster was a missionary at large of the Diocese of
Michigan of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
Included are drafts of letters to his family
in Ireland; and to colleagues, primarily con
cerning his work and the communities to be
visited .
ll7. Joseph McMahon Papers .
l832-l906
25 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous manuscripts.
McMahon lived in Manchester, Michigan. Relevant
items include a letter, l832, concerning immi
gration from Ireland to America and a descrip
tion of conditions in Ireland.
36 M in hi g a n
ll8. Kerby A. Miller Collection.

ca. l820-l978
l foot
Letters and reminiscences.
Collected by Miller, professor at the University
of Missouri, Columbia, and at the Institute of
Irish Studies, Belfast, Northern Ireland; these
are letters and reminiscences of Irish immi
grants to the United States and Canada, includ
ing two letters relating to Irish in Michigan.
ll9. Most Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church, Detroit,
Records .
l834-l869
3 reels of microfilm
Baptism, marriage, and burial registers.
This parish was made up largely of Irish immigrants.
Note: Access is restricted.
l20. Cornelius William Tuomy (l887-l966) Papers.
l870-l947
l foot
Correspondnece , ledger books, and diary.
These are the papers of Tuomy and his sister,
Katharine G. Tuomy, real estate agents of Ann
Arbor. Includes comment on the Irish community
in America.
l2l. Underwood Family Letters.
ca. l855-l903
2 5 items
Correspondence .
These letters of the Underwood family of Lenawee
county and of the Crandall family of Gratiot
county include correspondence received from
relatives in Ireland.
Japanese in Michigan
l22. Edward William Blakeman (l880-l963) Papers.
l909-l963
2 feet and l volume
Blakeman was a counselor in religious education
at the University of Michigan. Relevant materi
als relate to Japanese-Americans in Ann Arbor
during World War II.
Jews in Michigan
l23. Leo Morris Franklin Papers.
l906-l94l
3 volumes
Sermons, lectures, and miscellaneous manuscripts.
Franklin was a rabbi in Detroit.
l24. Michael Arthur Gorman (l892-l958) Papers.
l920-l958
2 feet
l37
i jrrespondence and topical files.

Included in these papers of Gorman, editor of the
Flint Journal, is material concerning newspaper
coverage of a Nazi speaker in Flint.
l25. Harry Burns Hutchins (l847-l930) Papers.
l879-l930
22 feet
Correspondence, reports, and speeches.
Hutchins was professor of law and president of
the University of Michigan. Relevant material
concerns Jewish students at the University,
including correspondence, l9l6 and l9l7, between
Hutchins and Rabbi Leo M. Franklin.
l26. Isaiah Leo Sharfman (l886-l969) Papers.
l9l4-l962
9 feet
Professional and personal papers and correspon
dence .
Sharfman was professor of economics at the Univer
sity of Michigan, referee with the National
Railroad Adjustment Board, and a member and
chairman of various emergency and arbitration
boards under the Railroad Labor Act. The papers
largely concern his work toward the settlement
of labor disputes; publication of his books;
and his work towards establishing a zionist
movement in Michigan, l9l4-l9l8, especially
in correspondence with Louis D. Brandeis and
Horace M. Kallen.
l27. Sunrise Co-operative Farm Community, Sagniaw,
Records .
l936
l reel of microfilm
These materials concern legal proceedings against
the cooperative and detail its founding and
daily operations. The Sunrise Co-operative, a
libertarian collectivist colony, was founded
in the Saginaw Valley during the Depression by
Jewish idealists.
l28. Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg (l884-l95l) Papers.
l927-l95l
8 feet and 24 volumes
Correspondence, scrapbooks, diaries, and speeches.
Vandenberg was a Republican member of the U.S.
Senate, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, and delegate to the United Nations
Conference in San Francisco in l945. Relevant
material concerns Jews in Michigan, especially
correspondence with Philip Slomovitz of the
Jewish News.
l29. Workmen's Circle, Michigan District Committee,
Papers .
l943-l962
l38 Michigan
3 feet
Correspondence, newspaper clippings, financial
records, minute books, and newsletters.
This was a Jewish cooperative burial society and
social welfare organization in Detroit.
Poles in Michigan
l30. Herbert F. Baker (l862-l930) Papers.
l904-l926
5 feet and l volume
Clippings, scrapbook, correspondence.
Baker was Republican state representative, l907-
l9l2; speaker of the Michigan House of Repre
sentatives, l9ll; state senator, l9l9-l922;
and official of various farm and insurance
organizations. Relevant material concerns the
Polish American Political Club of Hamtramck,
especially letter, August l9, l924.
l3l. Don Binkowski Papers.
l958-l977
38 feet
Correspondence, political campaign materials, and
miscellaneous manuscripts.
Binkowski was a district judge from Warren in
Macomb county. The materials relate to local and
and state Democratic politics; Binkowski 's
activities with Polish-American organizations;
and his work as delegate to Michigan Constitu
tional Convention, l96l-l962, as Warren city
councilman, and as attorney and judge.
l32. Japheth Hind Correspondence.
l926-l935
l0 items
Correspondence .
These letters of Hind, a cashier at the State Sav
ings Bank, Bad Axe, Michigan, contain comments
on the management of a family farm, farm produc
tion and economics, and attitudes toward ethnic
groups, especially Poles.
l33. Leo J. Nowicki Reminiscences.
l975
l volume
Manuscript.
"Profile of an American by Choice" is an autobio
graphical account of Nowicki' s life as a Polish
immigrant to Detroit and Hamtramck, and his
career as a Wayne county official and Democra
tic lieutenant governor, l937-l939.
134. Polish National Alliance. Polish Farmer's Society,
Lodge 2984, Belleville, Michigan, Records.
l94l-l973
l reel of microfilm
Minutes and miscellaneous records.
Michigan l39
l35. Francis X. Schulak Notebook.

Undated
l reel of microfilm
Manuscript.
In this notebook Schulak, a Polish priest, kept
notes on travels to Polish communities in the
United States, including settlements in Michi
gan, in the nineteenth century.
l36. Benjamin Conrad Stanczyk Papers.
l950-l964
ca. 500 items
Correspondence, speeches, and miscellaneous manu
scripts .
Stanczyk was a Polish leader of Detroit. These
materials deal with affairs of the Polish com
munity and the Democratic party.
Russians in Michigan
l37. George H. Balloff Reminiscences.
ca. l975
2 items
Manuscripts .
Included are descriptions of Balloff 's early life
in Russia, immigration in l904 to the United
States, and later career as a pharmacist.
Scandinavians in Michigan (See also Danes, Finns, and
Swedes)
l38. International Order of Good Templars Papers.
l855-l970
20 feet
Correspondence, minute books, financial ledgers,
scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, pamphlets,
proceedings, and periodicals.
The International Order of Good Templars was a
fraternal temperance lodge. The collection
contains records of the National Grand Lodge,
and of local lodges in Illinois, New York,
and Washington, including Scandinavian-American
lodges .
l39. Norse Civic Association Papers.
l934-l964
5 feet
Correspondence, minutes, membership lists, photo
graphs, and organizational receipts.
The Norse Civic Association was a civic organiza
tion of Scandinavian-Americans. Also included
are papers, l935-l944, of the Leif Erikson
Memorial Association.
; .- i
l40. Olson Family History.
l946
l item
Manuscript.
The Olson family were immigrants to western Michi
gan from Norway.
l40 M i c h i j u ?i
l4l. Mrs. Knut S. Poppe Papers.

l856 and l963-l964
4 items
Manuscripts .
These papers relate generally to Scandinavians in
Michigan .
l42 . Scandinavian Fraternity of America. North Star
Lodge No. 27, Escanaba, Records.
l887-l970
3 feet
Minutes, cashbooks, and membership dues records.
Slovaks in Michigan
l43. Carl Brablec Papers.
l957-l976
2 feet
Regental files, miscal laneous manuscripts, clip
pings, and printed items.
Brablec was a school administrator and regent of
the University of Michigan, l958-l966. Relevant
materials include those collected by him relat
ing to the history of Czech-Americans, especi
ally Moravian-Americans, in Michigan.
l44. Bertrand Kotnik Papers.
l960
2 items
Manuscripts .
The collection contains articles relating to
Catholic missions of the Grand Traverse Bay
area and work among the Indians.
l45. Slovak Catholic Sokol, Ironwood, Records.
l908-l932
l volume
Membership records.
Swedes in Michigan (See also Scandinavians)
l46. Johan Gustav Runeskeold Baner Papers.
l9l4-l938
3 feet
Scrapbooks with correspondence, newspaper clip
pings, and poetry; also correspondence and mis
Baner was a Swedish-American writer from Ironwood,
Michigan .
l47. Emigrant Institute, Vaxjo, Sweden, Papers.
l869-l932
l foot
Correspondence .
These are letters, collected by the Emigrant
Institute, from Swedish immigrants to Michigan
and Indiana to their friends and families in
Sweden .
-•- i i-h i j in l4l
l48. Gunderson Family History.

l969
l item
Manuscript.
This history of the Karener Gunderson family of
Ironwood, Michigan, contains a description of
Swedish immigrant life in northern Michigan.
l49. Ad Johanson Letters.
l903-l906
4 items
Correspondence .
These are letters Johanson, of Lilla Edet, Sweden,
received from family and friends in Grand
Rapids and Manistique, Michigan, and Rockford,
Illinois. They relate to personal affairs and
life in America.
l50. John A. Markstrum Papers.
l962-l967
l5 items
Miscellaneous printed items and manuscripts.
Included are a history and other materials con
cerning the Detroit Swedish Engineers' Society
and the Ladies Auxiliary of the Society; and a
history, l967, of the Swedish Lutheran Church
of Cedarville, Michigan.
l5l. Ferdinand Nelson Reminiscence.
Undated
3 volumes
Manuscript .
Nelson, Muskegon, Michigan, gives an account of
his journey from Sweden to America and his
activities, l903-l968.
l52. Karl Persson Diary.
l888-ca. l925
l item - 2l pages
Typescript.
Persson was a Swedish immigrant and Detroit busi
nessman .
l53. Swedish Athletic Club, Detroit, Records.
l923-l929
l volume
Minutes of meetings.
ADDENDUM: ITALIAN
l54. Carolyn Sinelli Burns Papers .
l943-l968
6 feet
Correspondence and files.
Burns was a Detroit civic worker and fund-raiser.
Includes records of Piemontese Ladies Social
Club (l945-l960) and American Italian Profes
sional and Business Women Club (l950-l965) .
l42 Mich Cgan
B. HARLAN HATCHER LIBRARY - LABADIE COLLECTION

Ann Arbor, Michigan
The Labadie Collection was established during the
early part of the century when Joseph Labadie, a
prominent Detroit anarchist, donated his library
to The University of Michigan. Although the Col
lection was originally concerned mainly with
anarchist and labor history materials (and it is
in these fields that it remains strongest) , its
scope was later widened considerably to include
all kinds of social protest literature together
with political views from both the extreme left
and. the extreme right.
Collections:
l . American Committee for the Protection of the For
eign Born Papers.
l933-l970
90 linear feet
Correspondence, minutes, conference proceedings,
legal records, case files, and miscellaneous
printed items.
--iv ;-. •, The committee, formed in l933 to handle problems
concerning the rights of the foreign born, was
particularly active in monitoring deportation
cases in the l930s., and was also involved in
naturalization and employment discrimination.
No finding aid available; not available for
research until fully processed.
2 . Stephanus Fabijanovic Papers.
l904-l933
• . - l987 items . •• , • o'
Correspondence, manuscripts, and photographs.
Yugoslav ,, ,
Fabijanovic was an immigrant Slavic baker and
writer. The papers relate to his philosophical
and anarchist thought, union activities,
travels, and social comments.
Finding aid available: card catalog; copying per
mitted. -
3 . Emma Goldman Papers.
l90l-l940 I .
l66 items
Lithuanian. . , •• •
Goldman (l869-l940) was a Lithuanian immigrant and
anarchist. The papers pertain to her activi
ties on behalf Of radical causes, including her
early advocacy of birth control and the editor
ship of the radical journal Mother Earth. She
was deported to Russia in l9l9.
Finding aid available; no restrictions on access;
the collection is available on microfilm.
Mie hi s in l43
4 . Karl Peter Heinzen Papers.

l848-l88l
German.
Papers reflect Heinzen 's career as a publisher.
He was a consistent advocate of radical and
unpopular causes in his native Prussia and
later, after emigrating to New York, continued
his writing and publishing in various cities
in the United States.
Finding aid available; no restrictions on access;
copying permitted.
WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY

A. WALTER P. REUTHER LIBRARY
Cass Avenue
Detroit
The Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs was
established at Wayne State University in l960 with
the goal of collecting and preserving original source
material relating to the American labor movement and
related social, political, and economic reform move
ments. In l975 the collection moved into the newly
constructed Walter P. Reuther Library. The archives
of Wayne State University is also housed in the Reu
ther Library. Extensive finding aids are available.
Copying is permitted for research use.
ARCHIVES OF LABOR HISTORY AND URBAN AFFAIRS.
The Archives also includes the files of the Reuther
family, of German background, as well as the offi
cial files of the United Auto Workers, especially
local organizations, the union local press, and
newsletters .
Collections :
l . The Association of Catholic Trade Unionists,
Detroit, Records.
l938-1952
38 manuscript boxes and l paige box.
Correspondence, clippings, and printed items.
Nationality: mixed.
The Association of Catholic Trade Unionists was
a liberal group whose purpose was to
"strengthen the union, promote their success
and prepare them for their role in a new
age of economic democracy." Its strong anti-
Communist sentiments were reflected in its
publication, Michigan Labor Leader, which
later became the Wage Earner. In addition
it promoted labor schools where the problems
of religion and labor were discussed and
worked to interpret the views on labor of
the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church
for the workers of Detroit.
l44 Michigan
2. Father Raymond S. Clancey Papers.

l896-l970
ll manuscript boxes
Correspondence, articles, speeches, and printed
i tems .
Nationality: mixed.
Clancey (l904-l97l), known as Detroit's "Labor
Priest," served as executive secretary of
the (Detroit) Archdiocesan Labor Institute
and later as Director of the Social Action
Department of the Detroit Archdiocese. He
spoke regularly on relevant social issues
within the context of Catholic thought.
3 . The Displaced Persons Collection.
l937- l965
4 7 manuscript boxes
Official files: forms, correspondence, printed
items .
Nationality: mixed (Cuban, Hungarian, Latvian,
Lithuanian, Mexican, Ukranian) .
The Michigan Commission on Displaced Persons
was established in l949 by Executive Order
of Gov. G. M. Williams. The commission
worked jointly with Michigan sponsors, fed
eral and state governments, and volunteer
organizations in resettling displaced persons
and refugees.
4 . The Jewish Labor Committee Papers.
l949-l962
l0 manuscript boxes
Correspondence, minutes, reports, press
releases, publications, and miscellaneous
printed items.
Jewish.
Includes material relating to the Detroit Com
mission on Community Relations.
5. Stanley and Margaret Collingwood Nowak Papers.
l938- l957
8 manuscript boxes and 2 scrapbooks
Diaries, correspondence, and miscellaneous
printed items.
Polish.
A Polish immigrant, Stanley Nowak (l903- ) was
active as a United Auto Workers organizer
in the mid l930s. He was chiefly responsi
ble for organizing the foreign born, especi
ally Polish, workers. He also served in the
Michigan State Senate and later as editor of
Glos Ludowy (The People's Voice) . Margaret
Nowak (l908- ) , active in her own right,
kept a diary, l939-l944.
6 . Harry Ross Collection.
l9l2-l962
ll manuscript boxes and l scrapbook.
Michigan l45
Some correspondence; primarily miscellaneous

printed items and clippings.
Polish
Ross (l90l- ) spent thirty years with the
United Automobile Workers as an interna
tional representative. The collection con
tains two boxes pertaining to Dodge Local
#3, which was a local of primarily Polish
membership located in Hamtramck, Michigan.
United Automobile Workers Local #3 Records.
l939-l962
l9 boxes
Polish, Black, Arab.
These are the official files of this Hamtramck
union local. The local began as a primarily
Polish one. Reflecting the demographics of
Hamtramck, as the population shifted from
primarily Polish to black and Arab, the com
position of the local likewise changed. The
collection is unprocessed as of this report.
Any material prior to 20 years old is open.
United Automobile Workers Oral History Collec
tion .
l959-l963
l3l volumes
Typescripts .
Nationality: mixed.
These are interviews conducted with Michigan
labor leaders by the staff of the University
of Michigan and Wayne State University Insti
tute of Labor and Industrial Relations.
Selected interviews do shed light on Michi
gan immigrant labor. Copies are also avail
able at the Bentley Historical Library at
The University of Michigan. Permission
required.
United Community Services Records.
l878-(l9l0-l938) l945
4l manuscript boxes, 30 volumes, 2 folders.
Correspondence, minutes, reports, case files,
Nationality: mixed.
This large collection pertains to many aspects
of social welfare in Detroit in the early
twentieth century. Case files do note
nationality of family.
Note: no names contained in case files may be
cited .
John Zaremba Papers.
l935-l96l
9 manuscript boxes.
Minutes, correspondence, and office files.
Polish.
Zaremba (l894-l963) was active in the early
l46 Michigan
efforts to organize the Dodge Main Plant in

Hamtramck, Michigan. The collection includes
the minutes of the United Auto Workers Dodge
Looal #3 (1936-l942) , a local of primarily
Polish membership.
WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES

Collection :
Samuel M. Levin Papers.
l87l-l975
l0 manuscript boxes.
Correspondence, clippings, lecture notes, speeches,
and miscellaneous printed items.
Polish, Jewish.
Levin (l888-l975) , professor of economics at Wayne
State University, was born in Liskovo, Poland.
The papers contain material relating to Jewish
life in Michigan. Particularly relevant is an
exchange of letters in Hebrew between Levin and
his father while the younger was a student at
the University of Michigan, l908-l9l2.
B. CENTER FOR URBAN STUDIES - ETHNIC STUDIES DIVISION
5229 Cass Avenue
Detroit
Collection :
Demographic Maps.
ca. l945-present
A growing collection
Computer map printouts.
Nationality: mixed.
These maps were compiled by the Ethnic Studies Divi
sion under the direction of Professor James Ander
son to illustrate migration of various groups par
ticularly from the city to the suburbs, based on
census data.
l4. WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES AND REGIONAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS
Kalamazoo
Collections :
l . Mrs. Loretta B. Bingham Collection.
l874, l909, l9ll
l pertinent item
Correspondence .
German .
Includes letter written by Mennonite Church Elder
for Cornelius Buller who is seeking to emigrate
to America to escape conscription into the
Russian army.
2 . Barbara Cousins Collection.
l904
Michigan l47
l item
Constitution .
Dutch.
Included is a copy of the constitution of the Hol
land American Aid Society of Kalamazoo.
3. Mrs. Walter Hirschy Collection.
l890-l974
Bulk not indicated
Manuscripts .
German .
Includes personal message cards in German, ca.
l873.
4. Mrs. Jack Hoestra Collection.
l933-l934
l item - 8 pages
Reminiscences .
Dutch . .
This is Paul Klaus Dame's recollection of his life
He came to America in l894 and settled for a
time in Fulton, Michigan, later moving to
Chicago.
5. Mrs. Sarah Holzer Collection.
l870-l895
Bulk not indicated • t . . •.,
Correspondence.
German .
Letters written to John Wagner, who came to the
United States to avoid the draft in Germany.
6. Dr. Elizabeth Mayer Collection.
l846, l862, l865, l904
6 items
Correspondence and program.
German.
Five letters from members of the Louis Rapp fami
ly. The earliest (l846) relates Wilheim Rapp's
happiness at being in America; the others pri
marily deal with family news and army camp life
Also included is the 36th convention program
from the Allgemeiner Arbeiter-Bund of the State
of Michigan, held in l908.
7. Victor Reisig Collection.
l838-l939
Bulk not indicated.
Miscellaneous maps and documents. ,
Ge rman , Rus s i an ,
Family documents: birth and death certificates;
letter of attestation from village church
school; passport. Bible records, map of Poland
(l9 39) and map of German settlement in Ukraini
an Wolynia also included.
8. Dr. Nancy Scott Collection.
l923-l936
Bulk not indicated.
l48 Mi ch i j i n
Miscellaneous manuscripts and printed items.

Czechoslovak! an .
Materials collected and written by Scott while in
Czechoslovakia .
9 . Turn Verein Collection.
l879-l882
Bulk not indicated
Newspaper clippings
German .
Turn Verein was an organization in Kalamazoo.
l5. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

BEARDSLEE LIBRARY
Holland
Collections in the Beardslee Library pertain to Dutch
immigration .
Collections :
l . John Walter Beardslee (l837-l92l) Papers.
l874-l9l4
50 items
Correspondence, personal receipts and bills.
Beardslee was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America and professor at Western Theological
Seminary, l888-l9l7. Included are correspon
dence concerning denominational affairs; an
essay on Western Seminary; and receipts and
bills relating to property in Constantine,
Michigan .
2 . Evert John Blekkink (l858-l948) Papers.
l895-l928
30 items
Sermons, scrapbook, and miscellaneous lecture notes
and manuscripts.
Blekkink was a minister of the Reformed Church in
Seminary, l9l3-l928.
3. John J. Brower Letters.
l967-l969
2 items
Correspondence .
These letters concern the Dutch immigration to
western Michigan in the l9th century and parti
cularly the migration to and founding of
Drenthe, Michigan.
4 . Adolphos A. Dykstra (l9ll-l966) Papers.
l932-l966
l40 items and l0 volumes.
Sermons, prayers, miscellaneous manuscripts and
notes, personal memorabilia, bound church bulle
tins .
Dykstra was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America. The collection includes sermons
preached on V-E and V-J days, l94 5; bound notes
of and papers relating to his student life at
Western Seminary, l935-l938; personal papers of
his wife, Bernice Mollema Dykstra; and bound
church bulletins of his pastorates in Minnesota;
Indiana; Iowa; and Kalamazoo, Michigan.
John H. Karsten (l834-l9l4) Papers.
l863-l9l4
500 items and ll volumes
Personal and ministerial correspondence, and mis
Karsten was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America. Included in the collection are let
ters, l863-l864, concerning his early ministry
in Michigan; and correspondence and other
papers, l897, relating to the semi-centennial
of the Dutch in Michigan.
Henderik Georg Klein (l793-l883) Papers.
l839-l883
2 items
Correspondence and record of sermon texts.
In the letter Klein, a minister of the Reformed
Church in America, repents his leaving the
Reformed Church in the Secession of l857.
John E. Kuizenga (l876-l949) Papers.
l899-l949
4l items
Correspondence, sermons, newspaper clippings, and
miscellaneous teaching records.
Kuizenga was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America and professor at Hope College, Western
Theological Seminary, and Princeton Theological
Seminary .
Lester Jacob Kuyper (l904- ) Papers.
l929-l970
l25 items
Student papers and class notes, official and per
sonal papers and correspondence, lectures.
Kuyper was a minister of the Reformed Church in
Seminary, l939- .
Michigan Lakeshore Ministerial Association Records.
l869-l882
l volume
Articles, regulations and minutes.
The signature of A. C. Van Raalte heads the list
of the membership of this organization, which
was also known as the Hollandsche Predikanten
Vereeniging .
John R. Mulder (l893-l964) Papers.
l928-l960
l50 Michigan
l3 and l/2 feet

Personal correspondence and papers, class lectures
i and resource materials, annual reports and
official seminary records.
Mulder was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America; professor, Central College; and pro
fessor and president, Western Theological Semi
nary .
ll . Reformed Church in America, Centreville, Michigan,
Records .
l888-l889
l2 items
Correspondence .
These letters concern attempts of members to leave
the Reformed Church and to take the Constantine
church into the Congregational denomination.
l2 . Reformed Church in America, Constantine, Michigan,
Records.
l848-l9l3
9 volumes and 2 2 items
Minutes, registers, correspondence, and manuscript
item.
Included are minutes of the consistory, l843-l9l3;
Sunday school registers, l877-l887; an address
on the history of the church; and correspondence
relating to the attempts of the congregation to
retrieve its property from the members who
split and joined the Congregational Church.
l3 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of Grand
Rapids, Michigan, Records.
l923-1954
4 volumes
Minutes of classis meetings and other records.
l4 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of Grand
River, Michigan, Records.
l869-l922 ' .
7 volumes
Minutes and miscellaneous records.. ;
Included is a report of the classis on federal
union with the German Reformed Church, l89l-
l892.
l5 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of Kalamazoo,
Michigan, Records.
l923-l937
l vo l ume
Minutes of classis meetings and other records.
l6 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of Michigan,
Records .
l922-l923
l volume
Minutes .
Michijan
l7 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of Muskegon,

Michigan, Records.
l923-l965
4 volumes and 4 notebooks
Minutes and journals.
l8 . Reformed Church in America, Classis of North Grand
Rapids, Michigan, Records.
l854-l97l
3 volumes
Minutes .
l9 . Reformed Church in America, [Central Reformed
Church], Graafschap, Michigan, Records.
l85l-l927
7 volumes
Register and notes.
20 . Reformed Church in America, Particular Synod of
Michigan, Records.
l956-l970
l4 items
Published annual minutes.
2l . Reformed Church in America, Women's Missionary
Union, Records.
l933-l974
8 inches
This organization was involved in Americanization
process for women.
22 . Jacob Vander Meulen (l872-l955) Papers.
l900-l942
4 7 items
Sermons, class notes, and official correspondence.
Vander Meulen was a minister of the Reformed Church
in America; and professor and president, Western
Theological Seminary.
23. William O. Van Eyck Papers.
Undated .
l vo l ume
Manuscripts .
This collection consists of two manuscripts, col
lected by Albertus Pieters. The first, printed
by the permanent committee on history and
research of the Reformed Church in America in
l950, is entitled "The Union of l850." The
second includes brief histories of communities
near Holland, Michigan.
2 4 . A. C. Van Raalte Papers .
l838-l9l5
l foot
Correspondence and record book.
Included in this collection are letters, l838-l87l,
and a record book, l874-l9l5, concerned with
real estate. Van Raalte was the founder of
Holland, Michigan.
l52 Michi jan
2 5 . Western Theological Seminary Records .

l868-l970
22 feet
Student files; catalogs; minutes; faculty sub
scription book; photographic plates; miscella
neous historical materials, records, and
printed items.
Western Theological Seminary is affiliated with
the Reformed Church in America. The collection
includes catalogs, l885-l970; minutes of the
board of trustees, l868-l958; minutes of the
Adelphic Society, l920-l930; minutes of the
executive committee for the reception of stu
dents, l886-l92l; Western Seminary Bulletin,
l947-l955; The Reformed Review, l955-l970; and
The Theolog, l928-l942, l96l-l967.
Michigan l53
APPENDIX M-IV
Collections in the Public Libraries

of the State of Michigan
BATTLE CREEK
Willard Library
7 West Van Buren Street
Collections :
l . Anthony Charnieda Fruit Market Records.
Dates not indicated
4 items
Photographs and secondary accounts.
Italian .
2 . German Cornet Band and Germania Orchestra Records.
Dates not indicated
l0 items
Photographs and newspaper accounts.
German .
3 . German Workingmen's Benevolent Association Records.
Dates not indicated
l0 items
Photographs and newspaper accounts.
German .
DETROIT
Detroit Public Library
520l Woodward Avenue
Burton Historical Collection
The Burton Historical Collection, housed in the Detroit
Public Library, collects mainly in the area of Detroit
history. A significant portion of the collection con
sists of eighteenth and nineteenth century manuscript
material relating to the history of the city in that
period. In addition to the collections listed below,
the library has a great deal of unique printed items,
particularly relating to early French settlement.
Recently the Burton Collection was designated as the
archives repository for the city of Detroit.
l54 Michigan
Collections :
l . Catholic Female Benevolent Society of Detroit
Papers .
l834-l837
l volume
Manuscript .
Irish.
Original manuscript in the Milwaukee Archdiocesan
Archives .
2 . Congregation Beth El, Detroit, Records.
l890-l970
279 boxes and 68 volumes
Manuscript and printed items.
Jewish .
These are the general records of the congregation
Beth El of Detroit, including the official
papers of Rabbi Leo Franklin (l890-l942) and a
file of his addresses and sermons. Also
included are the files of Rabbi Leon Fram (l929-
l938), Rabbi Benedict Glazer (l94l-l952), and
the official records and correspondence of the
congregation, l9l6-l970.
3 . The Detroit Poles: A Comprehensive Bibliography and
Compendium by James J. Tyre.
l975
l item
Manuscript .
Polish.
This is a bibliography principally of newspaper
articles but also of other printed material
relating to Poles in Detroit and the Polish Roman
Catholic parishes and bishops.
4 . Diederich Family Letters.
l866-l907
33 items
Correspondence .
German .
The letters reflect the interests of the German-
American groups to which the authors belonged.
5 . Dimler Family Papers.
l843-l928
l wallet
Correspondence .
German .
These are the papers of Andrew and Charles B. Dimler.
6. Richard R. Elliott Papers.
l9th century
22 volumes
Correspondence and miscellaneous records.
Irish .
A prominent Detroit businessman and civic leader,
Elliott (l823-l908) engaged in the business of
inducing emigrants to come to Michigan, bringing
approximately ll,000 to the state. Numerous
Michigan l55
volumes of the papers consist of original let

ters and other records of this immigration.
Americans of alien origin entrusted Elliott to
transmit money to relatives in Europe; in all,
records indicate that more than $2 million was
sent in small sums.
7. Charles Engel Papers.
l867-l890
l wallet
Miscellaneous items.
German .
Regarding Germans in Detroit.
8. Hugo Erichsen Papers.
ca. l860-l880
Bulk not indicated
Typewritten.
German .
Included is an autobiography covering the first
two decades of Erichsen 's life as a German in
Detroit .
9. Eugene Fecht Papers.
ca. l850
3 items
Manuscript essays.
German .
Fecht, a German immigrant, arrived in Detroit late
in l849 and departed for the Lake Superior cop
per mines in May, l850. One essay is entitled
"My Pioneer Life in Michigan."
l0 . Alpheus Felch Papers.
l823-l897
4 folders
Manuscript.
Dutch .
Contains a letter (January 3l, l850) from Albertus C.
Van Raalte concerning the Dutch settlement in
Holland, Michigan.
ll . Gutekunst Family Papers.
l854-l95l
l wallet
German.
These are the papers of Mina, John G., Veronica,
and Christian Gutekunst, Germans in Detroit.
l2. Harmonie Society, Detroit, Records.
l88l-l969
l9 boxes, 35 volumes
Correspondence, reports, and records.
Ge rman .
Included are the constitution and by-laws, programs,
membership lists, financial reports, pictures
and record books of this German Music Society.
l3. Jewish Historical Society of Michigan Papers.
l959-l963
l wallet
Jewish.
l4 . Jewish Welfare Federation Records.
l900-
Bulk not indicated
Minutes, correspondence, and printed items.
Jewish.
l5 . Charles A. Kanter Papers.
l852-l885
4 volumes, 5 items
Miscellaneous manuscript items.
German .
Includes two record books of the Germania Savings
Bank, l868-l885, listing depositors, their occu
pations, birth places, ages, and other remarks.
Kanter was a cashier at the bank.
l6 . Irving I. Katz Papers.
l962
5 boxes
Jewish.
These files and correspondence concerning Katz's
The Jewish Soldier from Michigan in the Civil
War include biographical notes and portraits
of Civil War soldiers and related subjects.
l7. Larned Collection.
l767-l879
7 volumes and 5 wallets
Manuscript .
Nationality: mixed.
Included is a letter, July l847, pertaining to the
care of sick emigrants in Detroit.
l8. John T. Mason Papers.
l826-l853
3 stub books and l wallet
Manuscript .
Irish.
Included are seven letters written in l833 regard
ing the Female Academy of St. Clare's Seminary.
l9 . Montefiore Lodge No. l2, Free Sons of Israel,
Records .
l864-l969
5 boxes and 7 volumes
Correspondence, scrapbooks, minutes, and miscella
neous records.
Jewish .
Included are constitution and by-laws, membership
lists, committee reports, cash books, bulletins
and newsletters.
Mio hi j an l57
2 0 . Lois Rankin Papers.

l930s
5 boxes
Correspondence, research notes, and miscellaneous
manuscripts .
Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Finnish, Greek, Hun
garian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian,
Russian, Syrian, Ukrainian, and Yugoslavian.
These materials pertain to Rankin's ethnic studies
of Detroit.
2l . Robert Stuart Papers.
l824-l905
l vo l ume
Manuscript items.
Nationality: mixed.
Included is a typed copy of a letter, March l85 3,
from Stuart's wife to daughter Kate regarding
the anti-Catholic crusade.
2 2 . Charles C. Trowbridge Papers.
l702-l925, primarily l8l5-l883
l3 boxes
Record books, journals, and correspondence.
Irish .
This material pertains to the Irish relief commit
tee in Michigan. Included are a record book of
contributions for relief of poor, Detroit, l846-
l847; and a report of the committee, l847.
Trowbridge was chairman of the executive commit
tee for Michigan. Also appended is the Irish
relief committee's treasurer's report, New York,
l847, as well as miscellaneous familv correspon
dence .
2 3. Vogt Family Papers.
l848-l390
l volume
Manuscipt .
German .
Included is a ledger of Johann Vogt, a German immi
grant in Detroit.
24 . William Woodbridge Papers.
ca. l763-l9l9
Approximately l45 wallets, 32 volumes, and 7 boxes
Swiss and German.
Included is a letter, March l82l: "I am sending out
about 250 Swiss who I expect will be good set
tlers [in Lord Selkirk's Red River Settlement]";
and two letters, June l84l, regarding the build
ing of St. Mary's German Roman Catholic Church.
25 . Augustus B. Woodward Papers.
l802-l930
2 boxes and l volume
l58 Mi chijan
French.
Contains Constitution of the Organization of French
Moral and Benevolent Society of Detroit and its
vicinity adopted July 23, l8l8.
3. HAMTRAMCK
Hamtramck Public Library
2360 Caniff Street
Collection :
Historical File
ca. l900 -
8 file drawers
Polish.
Included is assorted material on Hamtramck politics,
government and schools; Polish voluntary organizations
and churches. There is also biographical material on
local citizens and all local newspapers.
4. HOLLAND
Herrick Public Library
300 River Avenue
The Herrick Public Library has accumulated a very large
collection of local genealogical material, including
relevant census records, cemetary records, and direc
tories. Their collection includes genealogies of 24
families .
Collections :
l . Dutch and German Ships' Passenger Lists.
l847-l855
l item
Looseleaf notebook.
Dutch and German.
2 . Dutch Church Records.
ca. l850-l900
l box
Membership records.
Dutch.
Included are photocopies of membership records of the
Vriesland Dutch Reformed Church and of the follow
ing Holland churches: Graafschap Church, Drenthe
Presbyterian Church, Holland Reformed Church, and
Saugatuck First Congregational Church.
3 . Dutch Emigrants.
l847-l872
l vo l ume
Computer print-out.
Dutch.
Compiled by Robert Swierenga, this material lists all
Dutch who left the Netherlands, l847-l872.
Mi chi j an l59
KALAMAZOO
Kalamazoo Public Library
3l5, South Rose Street
Collection:
File Collection.
l836-
l2 file drawers
Miscellaneous manuscript items.
This is a general collection of manuscript sources relat
ing to Kalamazoo history. Most is not ethnic related,
but some might be of use. The collection includes
some records of local churches, l836-l907; area school
district minutes, l837- ; Public Library historical
materials, l870s-l952; records of the local WCTU chap
ter, l882-l92 3; records of the Child Welfare League,
l9l3-l956; records of the Kalamazoo County Agricultural
Society, l863-l880, l899; and several hundred glass
negatives, ca. l870-l9l0, of Kalamazoo people, build
ings, and industries.
LANSING
Lansing Public Library
40l S. Capitol Avenue
Collection :
George Frey Records.
l870-l890
3 volumes and photographs.
Record books and photographs.
German .
Frey was a blacksmith.
SAGINAW
Public Libraries of Saginaw
50 5 James Avenue
The library has an extensive collection of printed material
dealing with ethnic groups, primarily Germans, and the
history of the Lutheran Church in the Saginaw area.
Material relating to other groups and churches exists as
well .
Collections :
l . Polish Falcons of America, Nest l24, Saginaw, Records.
l909-l949
2 boxes
Minutes, financial records, miscellaneous manuscript
and printed items.
Polish.
The core of this collection pertains to the PFA nest
l24 in Saginaw. There is additional material per
taining to the national headquarters in Pittsburgh
and other related activities.
l60 Michigan
2 . Saginaw Post Zeitung.

l887-l9l7
Bulk not indicated
Bound copies of this newspaper.
German .
Note: This newspaper is not listed in the Michigan
Archival Association survey.
8. SAULT STE. MARIE
Bayliss Public Library
54l Library Drive
Collections :
l . American Fur Company Records.
l8th and l9th centuries
874 items and ll volumes
Correspondence, letter books, financial records.
French Canadian and Indian.
2 . Peter Barbeau Family and Business Papers.
l9th century
Correspondence, bills, receipts, ledgers.
French Canadian.
3 . John Johnston Family Papers.
l9th century
Correspondence and family records.
Scotch-Irish, Indian.
4 . Myron W. Scranton Family and Business Papers.
l9th century
3l28 items and 7 volumes
Correspondence, bills, receipts, ledgers.
French Canadian, English.
Note: These collections reflect the attitudes and business
interests of early immigrants to the Sault Ste. Marie
area. They were predominantly of French Canadian origin.
This immigration into the wilderness, however, was con
siderably different for these entrepreneurs than for their
fellow nationals who were migrating to established East
coast port cities, particularly those north of Boston.
The letters reveal very little ethnic consciousness.
SEBEWAING
Sebewaing Township Library
4l North Center Street
The library has a number of genealogies of families of Ger
man, Irish, and English descent. In addition, it has a
few unusual printed items regarding the German community
and particularly the activities of the local German Luth
eran Church.
l0. WYANDOTTE
Bacon Memorial Public Library
45 Vinewood
Michigan l6l
Collections :
l . Arbeiter Society and Hall Records.
l38l-l949
2 scrapbooks, l5 photographs
Clippings, photographs, and miscellaneous items.
German .
2 . Giannola, Vitale, Tocco, and Palazzola Scrapbooks.
l930s
4 volumes
Scrapbooks containing newspaper clippings.
Italian .
Includes material concerning bootlegging activities.
3. Nationality Groups Scrapbook.
l900-
5 volumes
Irish, Italian, German, and Polish.
4 . White Eagle Association, St. Stanislaus Kostka Society,
Oak Club, PRCU, PLAV, Records.
l880s-
2 volumes
Polish.
l62 Michigan
APPENDIX M-V
Collections in the Historical Societies

and Museums in the State of Michigan
l. BEAVER ISLAND HISTORICAL MUSEUM

Beaver Island
Collection:
Holy Cross Church, St. James, Records.
3 volumes
Birth, baptism, and marriage records.
Primarily Irish.
2. DEARBORN HISTORICAL MUSEUM.

9l5 Brady
Dearborn
Collections :
l . Clipper Brick Company Records.
Miscellaneous business records
German .
2 . William Daly, Dearborn, Diaries.
l box
Microfilmed copies.
Irish.
3 . Henry A. Haigh, Dearborn, Diaries.
2 boxes
Microfilmed copies.
English.
4 . Interviews with Mssrs. Majewski, Henson, Jasper, and
Rousse .
Transcriptions and tapes.
English, Belgian, and Polish.
Majewski was Polish; Henson and Jasper, English; and
Rousse, Belgian.
5 . Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church, Dearborn, Records.
Microfilmed copies of baptism, confirmation, marriage,
and death registers.
Irish and German.
Mi chigan
6 . St. Alphonsus Roman Catholic Church, Dearborn, Records.

Microfilmed copies of baptism, confirmation, marriage,
and death records.
German.
FLAT RIVER HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

Greenville
Collection:
Miscellaneous Danish Collection
Manuscripts, correspondence, scrapbooks, newspapers, and
printed items.
FORT WILKINS HISTORIC COMPLEX

Fort Wilkins State Park
Copper Harbor
Collection:
La Societe D' Etudes D 'Copper Harbor, Copper Harbor.
l item
Manuscript .
French .
Included is an inventory of supplies and machinery.
FRANKENMUTH HISTORICAL MUSEUM

6l3 South Main
Frankenmuth
Collections :
l . Community of Frankenmuth Collection.
l860-l900
300 items
Diaries; correspondence; miscellaneous certificates,
manuscripts, and legal material.
German .
2 . Frankenmuth Woolen Mill Company Records.
l879-l925
4 3 items
Business records, autograph letters, invoices, and
documents .
German .
3 . Gray Fuchs Club Records.
l889-l940
l box
German .
This was an all male social club.
4 . Johann Adam List Papers.
l825-l885
274 items
Correspondence; business, school, and church records.
Ge rman .
4
List arrived in Frankenmuth in l846.

5 . Rev. W. Loehe Papers.
l843-l890
4 00 items
Biography, correspondence, and miscellaneous printed
items .
German .
Includes material related to the founding of Franken
muth and letters from immigrants back to Germany.
6 . Loren Loesel Papers.
ca. l845
50 items
Microfilmed copies of manuscripts.
German .
7 . St. Lorenz Church Records.
l846-1 880s
2 feet and 24 volumes
Invoices, record books, and miscellaneous records.
German .
GRAND RAPIDS PUBLIC MUSEUM

54 Jefferson Street S. E.
Grand Rapids
Collection :
Photograph Collection
l box
Black, Dutch, German, Irish, and Polish.
IRONWOOD HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

226 E. McLeod Avenue
Ironwood
Collections :
l . Italian American Society Collection.
Several boxes
Membership lists, ledgers, books, booklets, photo
graphs, and correspondence.
Italian.
Includes records for the United Benevolent Society for
the Four Abrizzi.
2 . Scandinavian Book Collection.
l00-200 items
Printed material.
Finnish and Swedish.
KALAMAZOO PUBLIC MUSEUM

3l5 South Rose Street
Kalamazoo
Collection :
Museum Catalogue #56: 5l3
l869-l906
l65
l item
Minute book: l869-l88l, German; l88l-l906, English.
German and English.
9. LIVINGSTON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY

l07 East Grand River
Howell
Collections :
l . Deer Creek Ladies Aid Society Minutes.
l893, l900-l9l2
7 volumes
Minutes .
English-Irish .
2 . Ladies Literary Society of Howell Minutes.
l848
l vo l ume
Minutes .
English-Irish.
3 . F. G. Rounsville, Fowlersville , Business Ledgers.
l9ll-l9l7
4 volumes
Manuscript.
English-Irish .
l0. LUCE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY

4ll West Harrie Street
Newberry
Collection :
Finnish Collection
ca. l906-l907
Correspondence and church records.
Finnish.
The letters were written from Grand Marais and Newberry.
ll. MACKINAC ISLAND STATE PARK COMMISSION

P. O. Box 30028
Lansing
Collection :
Fort Mackinac Collection
l8l9-l895
l0 feet of microfilm
Military correspondence and post records.
Irish and German.
A good portion of the records pertain to first genera
tion Irish and German immigrants who served that post.
l2. MARQUETTE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY

J. M. Longyear Research Library
2l3 North Front Street
Marquette
l66 Michigan
Note: There is a $5.00 charge for non-members to use the

Society's research collections.
Collections :
l . Biographical Sketches.
l923-l924, l975
6 inches (app. 400 sketches)
Questionnaires .
Canadian, Dutch, Finnish, German, Irish, Norwegian,
and Swedish.
This is a collection of questionnaires compiled by
students of Professor L. A. Chase of Northern
State Normal School (now Northern Michigan Uni
versity) , Marquette, l923-l924. The purpose
apparently was simply to record the information
for the Marquette Historical Society of which
Chase was secretary. Some additions were made in
l975. The following questions were asked:
l. What is your full name?
2 . When were you born?
3. Where were you born?
4. What was your father's name?
5. What was your mother's name?
6. Is either of your parents still living?
Where?
7. When were you married? Where?
8. To whom were you married?
9. Is your wife/husband still living?
l0. When did you come to Marquette County?
ll. From what place did you come here?
l2. By what means and what route did you get
here?
l3. In what work have you engaged, since coming
here?
l4. State name of employer or company for whom
you have worked.
l5. Where are you now living? (Give post office
address)
l6. List children, present age or age at death,
residence.
l7. From what country did you or your ancestors
come to the United States?
l8. Any facts or anecdotes to the history of
Marquette County, Michigan may be added here
or on the reverse side of the sheet.
Many returns contain some response to #l8; some go
on in considerable length.
2 . German Aid Society, Negaunee. Records.
l887-l928
2 volumes
Minutes .
German .
3. Ladies Auxiliary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians,
Marquette County, Records.
l909-l927
l box
Minutes, correspondence, financial records, and
Michigan l67
miscellaneous manuscripts.
Irish.
Included are applications for membership, medical
approvals or disapprovals, by-laws, and rituals.
4 . Pamphlet File,
ca. l900-l9l7
l0 inches
Clippings, papers, and miscellaneous printed items.
Cornish, Finnish, French, Greek, Irish, Italian,
Jewish, Slovene, and Swedish.
5 . Scandinavian Social and Beneficial Society Records.
l872-l930
4l volumes
Minutes, ledgers, by-laws, and miscellaneous records.
Primarily Swedish.
This collection has not yet been cataloged.
6 . St. John the Baptist Society, Negaunee, Proceedings.
l886-l889
l volume
Minutes .
French .
This was a mutual benefit society of primarily, but
not exclusively, French membership concerned
largely with funerals and aid for members.
MONROE COUNTY HISTORICAL COMMISSION

l26 S. Monroe Street
Monroe
Collections :
l . Finzel's General Hardware Store, Monroe, Records.
l893-l9l9
2 record books and photographs.
German .
2 . Greening Nursery Company, Monroe, Records.
l895-l94l
l box and 2 scrapbooks
Financial papers, catalogs, German language adver
tisement .
German .
3 . Gutman Family Collection.
l869-l9l5
Correspondence, photographs, and miscellaneous family
records .
German.
4 . Hermann Grocery Store, Monroe, Records.
l86l-l904
5 boxes and 2 3 record books
Financial records, miscellaneous material, and photo
graphs .
German .
5 . Navarre Family Collection.
l8l3-l829
l68 Michigan
5 boxes
Correspondence and miscellaneous family records.
French .
6 . Schrauder Meat Market, Monroe, Records.
l868-l93l
29 volumes
Record books.
German .
l4. ARCHIVES OF THE NETHERLANDS MUSEUM

l2th Street and Central Avenue
Holland
This is the location of the Museum; the archives are
housed in a vault in City Hall. Permission of the
Director of the Netherlands Museum or of the Secretary-
Treasurer of the Board of Trustees of the Museum is
required. The collections pertain primarily to the
Dutch immigrants who settled in Holland, Michigan.
Collections :
l . M. S. Bakker Diary.
l872
l item
Manuscript .
2 . T. Romeyn Beck Letter.
l878
l item
Typescript copy of letter.
Concerns the affairs of Hope College.
3 . Henry Beets Papers.
l905-l9l7
2 items
Beets was a minister of the Christian Reformed Church.
Included are a copy of his article, "De Afscheiding
van de Geref. Holl. Kerk in Noord-Amerika in
l822..," and a brief sketch of Calvin Theological
Seminary.
4 . Klaas Janszoon Beukema Letters.
l836-l852
20 items
Correspondence .
Beukema was a Groningen immigrant who settled near
Lafayette, Indiana in l835. The letters describe
his emigration and settlement in the United States.
5 . Jan Binnekant Papers.
l853-l880
l0 items
Financial, legal, and business papers.
Binnekant was an early Holland, Michigan resident
and businessman.
Mi chi jan l69
6 . George Birkhof, Jr. Paper.

l897
l item
Manuscript .
An address entitled, "The Hollander as an American
Citizen. "
7 . Seine Bolks Papers.
l849-l897
5 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous manuscript items.
Bolks was a minister of the Reformed Church in America
and a leader in the l847 Dutch emigration to the
United States.
8 . Arend J. Bosman Paper.
l883
l item
Manuscript.
A testimony by the mayor of Dinxperlo, Gelderland,
the Netherlands, for the family of Arend J. Bosman,
emigrating to America, April l883.
9 . Geert Broene Paper.
ca. l905
l item
Mimeographed copy.
Broene was a minister of the Christian Reformed
Church. This is a copy of his autobiography.
l0 . Mrs. Finne Capell Letters.
l875-l899
l2 items
Correspondence .
These letters were written in The Hague, the Nether
lands, to her brothers and sisters in America.
ll . H. J. Coster Papers.
l836-l866
8 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous records.
Included are records of military service, correspon
dence with relatives in the Netherlands, and land
records .
l2 . Gerhard De Jonge Papers.
l902-l929
24 items
De Jonge was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America. Included are essays on topics relating
to the history of the Reformed Church and the
Dutch immigration to Michigan, such as the Seces
sion of l857, Hope College, Classis of Holland,
Western Theological Seminary, foreign missions,
Synod of Chicago, and s laveholding .
l 3 . Anthony de Kok Paper.
l887
l70 Michigan
l item
Typescript.
Translation of his spiritual biography.
l4 . Hendrik De Kruif, Sr., Papers.
l852-l86l
36 items
Miscellaneous manuscripts, business records, and
family documents.
De Kruif was an associate of Rev. A. C. Van Raalte
on the voyage to America, l846, and a son-in-law
of Jannes Vande Luyster, founder of Zeeland,
Michigan. Included are an account of the voyage,
business papers, receipts, certificate of citizen
ship, and family genealogy.
l5 . Jacob Den Herder Paper.
Undated
l item
Manuscript.
An autobiographical account of Den Herder's life in
the Netherlands, his trip to the United States
with the Jannes Vande Luyster family, and settle
ment at Zeeland, Michigan.
l6 . Peter De Pree Papers.
l859-l9l0
4 3 i terns
Correspondence, scrapbook, and miscellaneous printed
and manuscript items.
De Pree was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America. Included are materials relating to the
40th anniversary of the laying of the keel of
the missionary ship on June 24, l864, on Black
Lake, Holland, Michigan and to the 40th anniver
sary celebration of Zeeland, Michigan, l887. Ser
mon notes and articles written by De Pree are also
included.
l7. A. G. de Waal Paper.
l852
l item
Manuscript.
This is a call to the Rev. de Waal of the province
of Zeeland, the Netherlands, to the Reformed
Church of Graafschap, Michigan.
l8 . Gerrit J. Diekema Papers.
l895-l930
3 feet
Correspondence, miscellaneous manuscripts, and photo
graphs .
Diekema was a United States Congressman, Minister to
the Netherlands, and chairman of Michigan's Repub
lican party. included are copies of numerous pub
lic speeches and papers relating to his service in
the Netherlands.
Michigan l7l
l9 . Henry E. Dosker Papers.

l900-l907
5 items
Included are the following articles and addresses:
The Holland Churches in Ottawa County; Sketch of
the Life of Rev. A. C. Van Raalte; The Leaders of
the Colonization, l907; The Revival of l800; and
John Calvin.
20 . Johannes Elenbaas Paper.
l882
l item
Manuscript.
"A Sketch of the History of the Dutch Colony, l347-
l882."
2l . Isaac Fairbanks Papers.
l858-l903
42 items
Diaries, correspondence, legal papers, and miscella
neous manuscript items.
An early settler in the area of Holland, Michigan,
Fairbanks was a merchant, Justice of the Peace,
and founder of the Methodist Church of Holland.
Included are diaries, l858-l903.
22 . William F. Ferry Papers.
l893-l897
4 items
Correspondence and manuscript items.
Ferry was a Presbyterian minister and founder of
Grand Haven, Michigan. Included are biographical
materials and a letter relating Ferry's contacts
with A. C. Van Raalte, the founder of Holland,
Michigan .
2 3 . First Reformed Church, Holland, Michigan, Records .
l850-l832
10 items
Minutes and miscellaneous records.
Included are a subscription list for the building of
the Pillar Church, l356; minutes, l850-l853; and
a typescript of the meeting of the congregation,
l8 82, when it voted to secede from the Reformed
Church in America.
24 . B. Grootenhuis Paper.
Undated
l item
Manuscript .
"Our History," a personal account of "the origin,
meaning and purpose of our settlement in Holland,"
Michigan .
25. Willis M. Heusinkveld Genealogy.
l966
l item
Manuscript .
l72 Mi a hi j an
Included is material on the families of Arend Jan

Vanderbeek and Derk Bruins and personal accounts
relating to the emigration of these families to
America .
2 6 . Holland, Michigan, Records.
l847-l900
l l/2 feet
Included among these sundry materials relating to the
government and civic life of Holland, Michigan are
regulations for the water rates, l887; common coun
cil papers; a petition protesting efforts to dimin
ish liquor sales in the city; papers of the Justice
of the Peace; the city charter, l9l3; materials of
the City Clerk and City Treasurer; tax assessment
rolls; election tickets, l856-l880; voter regis
tration lists, l867-l880; programs of various city
events; handbills; membership certificates of
city churches; papers of the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union and Young Men's Christian Asso
ciation; contracts and marriage licenses, l892-
l898; tax receipts, l849-l877; bonds, l865-l882;
warranty deeds, l856-l860; chattel mortgage records,
l874-l885; leases, l872-l880; and bounty receipts.
2 7 . Hope Reformed Church, Holland, Michigan, Records.
l860-l97l
l5 items
Included are a subscription list for the first build
ing, l860; constitution of the Ladies Aid, l883;
the Christmas program, l879; and typescripts of
news clippings on its history.
2 8 . Jan Kolvoord Papers.
ca. l847-l9l2
5 items
Correspondence, maps, and reminiscence.
Koolvoord was a merchant in Hamilton, Michigan. In
cluded are reminiscences of the Kolvoord migration
to America, l847; letters concerning the history
of the Kolvoord family and settlement in Holland,
Michigan; and two maps, l849, of the Holland
Colony.
29 . Matthew Kolyn Essays.
l903-l907
2 items
Manuscript .
These essays are entitled "Immediate Causes for the
Success of the Settlement" and "Hollanders in
America . "
30 . Adrian Kriekard Papers.
l870-l932
Bulk not indicated
Scrapbook of clippings; correspondence.
Kriekard was a minister of the Reformed Church in
l73
America and founder of the Holland Home, Grand

Rapids. The clippings relate to the histories of
Holland and Zeeland, Michigan and the Reformed
Church and to news of Reformed Church missionaries.
There are also items of correspondence, l870-l896.
3l . Albert A. Pfanstiehl Letters.
l9l9-l920
ll4 pages
Typescript copies.
These letters narrate the family history, including
their settlement and early days in Holland, Michi
gan, and Pfanstiehl 's ministry and education at
Hope College and McCormick Theological Seminary.
32. J. V. Pieters Letter.
l848
l item
Correspondence .
Writing from Hew York to his family in the Nether
lands, Pieters describes his passage to America.
33 . Plugger's Store Records.
l853
2 items
Record book.
These are the records of A. Plugger, a Holland, Michi
gan merchant. The first entries cover shipping
between Chicago and the Holland Colony, l853; later
the book was used to record business transactions
of the store.
34 . Charles F. Post Letter.
l87l
l item
Correspondence .
Post relates his personal exoeriences at the time of
the Holland fire, October l87l.
35 . Henry Denison Post Papers.
l849-l89l
l4 items
Correspondence, business papers, reminiscences, and
miscellaneous records.
Included are reminiscences of his wife and a tran
script of the Holland township board meetings,
l849-l885. Post was an early resident of Holland,
Michigan .
36. Hoyt G. Post Diary.
l848-l850
l item
Typescript copy.
Post was an early resident of Holland, Michigan.
37 . H. J. Prakke Papers.
l847-l97l
Bulk not indicated.
Correspondence, newspaper clipping, and manuscript.
l74 Michigan
Included are letters to relatives in Drenthe, the

Netherlands, l847 and l860; a newspaper article
from the Emmer Courant, the Netherlands, l948,
entitled "Herdenking van de Holland, Michigan,
trek"; and a lecture given by Prakke at Holland,
Michigan, l97l, on the immigrants from Drenthe who
accompanied A. C. Van Raalte to America.
38 . Theodore Romeyn Minutes.
l847
4 pages
Manuscript .
This is a copy of the minutes of a January l847 meet
ing, held in Detroit, of a committee organized to
aid Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte and his settlement
at Black Lake.
39 . Anthony Rosbach Address.
l887
l item
Manuscript .
"The Settlement at Noordeloos, Michigan."
40 . Charles Scott Papers.
l768-l893
4l items
Correspondence, account book, and miscellaneous manu
script items.
Scott was a minister of the Reformed Church in Ameri
ca and president of Hope College, l885-l893. In
addition to Scott's personal papers, the collection
includes the Thompson and Gardenier correspondence,
l768-l879.
4l . Cohen Stuart Letter.
l874
l item
Correspondence .
This letter to the leaders of Holland, Michigan,
l874, expresses Stuart's interest in the Dutch
immigrants but also reports the loss of confidence
by Dutch investors in American securities.
4 2 . ten Brink Family Papers.
l858-l866
4 i tems
Correspondence and citizenship certificate.
43 . Third Reformed Church, Holland, Michigan, Papers.

l872-l970
30 items
Certificates and miscellaneous printed items.
Included are certificates of membership transfer,
l872 and l874; church programs, bulletins,
anniversary booklets; pastoral letters; a history
of the church, l899; and handbills protesting the
number of Third Church members on the local school
board .
M i c hi j an l75
44 . Pieter Van Anrooy Papers.

l897-l929
5 items
Genealogy and manuscript and printed items.
Included is an account of his family's voyage to
America and settlement at Holland, Michigan, l847.
A typed account is entitled, "Reisverhaal en Dag-
boek van een Landverhuizer" ; a handwritten one
is entitled, "Dagboek van een Kolonist."
45 . Jannes Van de Luyster Papers.
l8l3-l873
2 feet
Correspondence and miscellaneous records and family
papers .
Van de Luyster was a pioneer of Zeeland, Michigan.
Included are letters, l8l3-l8l5; records of the
consistories and classical meetings and the busi
ness and financial records Van de Luyster kept as
bookkeeper for the Dutch colony of Zeeland from
the time of its formation in the Netherlands. Cost
of passage and other records of the arrival of
families from the Netherlands and a description of
the potato famine are included.
46 . Hein Vander Haar Papers.
5 items
l842-l875
Correspondence and chattel mortgage.
Included are letters relating his experiences in the
Colony at Holland, Michigan, l85l, and or. a trip
to Nevada, l85 5.
47 . W. Vander Haar Letter.
l846
l item
Correspondence .
Vander Haar was one of the signers of the "call" to
A. C. Van Raalte to come to a church in Arnhem,
the Netherlands. The letter concerns meeting with
Van Raalte before he left for America.
48 . William 0. Van Eyck Papers.
l872-l930
l55 items
Included is a list of Dutch immigrants in Holland,
Michigan, who became American citizens, l852-l859.
49 . Albertus C. Van Raalte Papers.
l835-l876
l foot
Correspondence; account book; and miscellaneous
records, and manuscriot and printed items.
A minister of the Reformed Church in America, Van
Raalte was founder and leader of the Dutch colony
at Holland, Michigan. Included in the collection
are correspondence; a pamphlet protesting Van
l76 M i ch i gan
Raalte's translation to Richard Baxter into Dutch for

distribution to the immigrants, l853; marriage
records; addresses; "daybook" of the Holland colony,
l847-l85l; a copy of the petition to the Michigan
Senate and House for a harbor, l849; Van Raalte's
account book recording donations for the erection of
Van Vleck Hall, Hope College; contract for building
piers at Holland Harbor, l858; the program and Van
Raalte's address for the 25th anniversary celebration
of the founding of Holland, l872; and the address
preached at the funeral of firs. Van Raalte, l87l.
50 . Benjamin Van Raalte Papers.
l862-l869
5 5 items
Correspondence .
Benjamin Van Raalte was the son of A. C. Van Raalte.
These letters were written while the younger Van
Raalte was serving in the Twenty-fifth Michigan
infantry regiment during the Civil War.
5l . Gerrit Van Schelven Papers.
l86l-l927
5 feet
Correspondence, photographs, and miscellaneous manu
script and printed items.
Van Schelven was postmaster, justice of the peace,
printer, publisher of the Holland City News, edi
tor, local historian, and corresponding secretary
of the Semi-Centennial celebration of Holland,
l897. His correspondence includes his Civil War
letters and papers as clerk of the 25th Michigan
Infantry regiment; and relates to the incorpora
tion of the City of Holland, the Holland Harbor
Commission; the attempts to regain possession of
the Pillar Church for the First Reformed Church,
and the Semi-Centennial celebration. In addition
there are addresses on almost all aspects of the
history of Holland, Michigan and the Dutch immi
gration to western Michigan. Van Schelven' s
interest in the history of the Dutch immigration
induced him to collect the reminiscences and mem
oirs of the Dutch pioneers, many of which have
been published by Henry Lucas in his two-volume
work , Dutch Immigrant Memoirs and Related Writings
(l955) .
5 2 . Myra Manting Weaver Papers.
l794-l948
38 items
Correspondence and miscellaneous certificates and
printed items.
Included are twelve letters, ca. l867-l868, written
at Graafschap, Michigan by "Grandmother Van Anrooy";
miscellaneous papers of the Manting family, includ
ing medical papers of Dr. Geert Manting; Dutch
military documents; land grant certificate, l848;
Walsh-De Roo Milling Company certificates; and
clippings concerning the bankruptcy of the company
and the history of the Holland Harbor.
Michigan 111
5 3 . Isaac N. Wyckoff Papers.

l849-l866
2 items
Manuscript .
Wyckoff was a minister of the Reformed Church in
America and friend of A. C. Van Raalte. Included
are a "Report of a Visit to the Holland Colonies
in Michigan and Wisconsin..., l849" and his
inaugural "charge" to Dr. Philip Phelps, President
of Hope College, l866.
l5. SANILAC COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

Port Sanilac
Collections :
l . John Jones Journal,
ca. l890
l item
Autobiographical journal.
Welsh.
2 . Loop-Harrison Family Records.
Dates and bulk not indicated
Letters, diaries, and photographs.
English .
3 . McGregor-McLeod Family Papers.
Dates and bulk not indicated
Photographs and accounts.
Scottish-Canadian .
4 . McGregor-Thayer Family Diary.
Date not indicated.
l item
Manuscript .
Scottish-Canadian .
l6. SCHOOLCRAFT HISTORICAL POST MUSEUM

Manistique
Collections :
l . Lumber records.
Swedish, German, and Finnish.
2 . Swedish clubs records.
These organizations were formed to provide insurance
for their members.
l7. WYANDOTTE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

30l Maple Street
Wyandotte
Collections :
l . Ancient Order of United Workers, the State of Michi
gan, Minute Book.
l898-l909
l78 Michigan
l item.
Manuscript .
Nationality: mixed.
2 . Arbeiter Society Membership Book.
l908-l9l8
l item
Manuscript .
German .
Michigan l79
APPENDIX M-VI
Collections in Other Institutions

in the State of Michigan
BISHOP BARAGA ASSOCIATION

239 Baraga Avenue
Marquette
Not open for research.
In l935 a group of individuals began the long process of
seeking cannonization as a saint in the Roman Catholic
Church for Bishop Frederic Baraga. Over the years the
cause has gathered increased momentum. Critical in this
process is the detailed investigation of a candidate
through his or her writings. Thus the association has
over the years collected all the papers of the Bishop as
well as of institutions with which the Bishop corres
ponded. The archive is thus substantial but remains
uncataloged. Bishop Baraga was born in Slovenia in l797
and came to Michigan in l830, where he remained until
l868. His work was primarily among the Indians but his
activities touched all of the population of upper Michi
gan. His papers (l666-l868) fill 20 file drawers and are
in one or another of seven languages with which he was
familiar, though primarily German, French, English, and
Ojibaway. All the material has been translated into Eng
lish. In addition the association has searched and micro
filmed relevant portions of the collections in the
Archives of Propaganda Fide, which v/as the agency of the
Vatican responsible for church affairs in the U.S., then
considered a mission country. Also the association has
microfilmed substantial portions of American Fur Company
papers, Bureau of Indian Affairs records, and Diocese
records. Smaller collections have been filmed as well.
In total the archives has over 400 rolls of microfilmed
records relating to the activities of Bishop Baraga and
the Catholic church in the Upper Peninsula.
HENRY FORD ARCHIVE

Henry Ford Museum
Dearborn
The Henry Ford Archive consists mainly of Ford family mate
rial and most of the early records of the Ford Motor
l80 Mi chi.jan
Company. There are no records relating to immigrants per

se but records do exist for the Sociological Department
and for the Henry Ford Trade School. These records shed
some light, though perhaps indirectly, on Ford's interest
in Americanization. In addition, the archive has a col
lection of miscellaneous company publications which deal
with Ford employees, their ethnic background, and the
sociological program. The archives has a collection of
approximately 200 scrapbooks of clippings, five to ten of
which pertain to the English language school. There is
also a collection of oral histories of persons connected
with the Ford family or the company. These were done in
the l950s. Some of those interviewed included immigrants
(e.g. William Mielke, Alex Lumsden, Henry Noppe, Kristian
Orberg, Israel Sack, Robert Shaw, Isabelle Smith, and
A. G. Wolfe) . Note that in Facts From Ford, Detroit,
Ford Motor Company, l920, it was stated, "The company
endeavors to keep Foreign Born Employees in proportion to
the foreign population of Detroit," which included over
60 different nationalities.
Collections :
l . Office of the Treasurer, General Sociological Depart
ment Ledger (Accession 459) .
l920-l925
l item
Manuscript .
Disbursements to individual employees and families for
hospitalization and other purposes is indicated.
2 . Ford Old Timers Collection (Accession 6l6) .
l945-
6 inches
Included are several biographical sketches of employees
of the company who were foreign-born or sons of
foreign-born .
3 . S. S. Marquis Papers (Accessions 63 and 293).
l9l4-l923
8 inches and l roll of microfilm
Correspondence, photographs, and miscellaneous reports.
Marquis was head of the Sociological Department.
Included is a lengthly deposition "before Judge
Samuel Alschuler between the packers and their
employees regarding a general increase in wage rates."
4 . Henry Ford Trade School, Rouge, l9l9-l927. Foreign
Student Records, l9l7-l927.
l9l7-l927
8 feet
Correspondence and reports.
Included are the individual records of foreign stu
dents who came to the Trade School to learn Ameri
can ways, particularly Ford ways. Most intended to
return to their native country, some to serve Ford's
international operations.
Mi chij 'in l8l
3. ARCHIVES OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN.

Michigan History Division
3405 North Logan
Lansing
Collections :
l . Annual Reports Filed with the Michigan Corporation and
Securities Commission.
l93l-
An ongoing collection
Standard forms
Nationality: mixed.
In accordance with Section 8l of Act. No. 32 7 of the
Public Acts of l93l, the State of Michigan, all non
profit corporations are required to file an annual
report. These include voluntary and ecclesiastical
corporations. Among the questions asked in the
standard Michigan annual report form, the following
provide historical data: name of corporation; loca
tion of registered office; date of incorporation;
names of officers; the purposes of incorporation;
and the value of all real and personal property and
cash owned at time of filing of the report.
2 . Circuit Court Exhibits; Record' Group-4 8 Lot 3; Records
of Berrien County.
l92l-l922
5 boxes and l outsize item
Miscellaneous .
Nationality: mixed.
This material was confiscated by the State of Michigan
authorities during the raid, August 22, l922, on a
convention of the Communist Party of America at
Bridgman, Michigan. Many of the files contain
printed programs, platforms, theses on various sub
jects, periodicals, and newspapers as well as mimeo
graphed, typewritten and manuscript materials. The
printed materials are in many languages, including
German, French, Magyar, Croatian, Russian, and Lith
uanian. These records have been on deposit at West
ern Michigan University, Kalamazoo, since l972.
3 . Executive Office Record.
l8l0-l926
l38 feet and 8 inches
Correspondence, petitions, proclamations, legal forms,
vouchers, and reports.
Nationality: mixed.
This is a large collection which reflects executive
office activity in the state of Michigan. The mate
rial is arranged by subject. The following file
titles appear relevant to immigration topics:
B-l3 Affairs Outside - National - U.S. Immigration
Investigation Commission, l894
B-3l Appointments - Commissioners - lands - Aid to
Holland Colony, l848
B-55 Appointments - State Officers - Emigration
Commissioner, no date.
B-l57 Miscellaneous Immigration, l843-l9l0
2 Michijan
B-l79 State Institutions - Emigration Commission,

l845-l835
B-243 Reports - State Officers - Emigration Agent,
l843-l385 (includes Van Kluck's Report on
Immigration)
B-250 Receipts - State officers - Emigration Agent,
l88l
B-25l Accounts - Emigration Agent, l859-l885.
4 . Natural Resources Record Group 60-8, Box 49.
l867
l folder
German.
Included are applications for homestead from the Ger
man Christian Agricultural and Benevolent Society.
5 . State Record Group 56-26, Box l98.
l859-l860
l folder
Receipts .
Nationality: mixed.
These are receipts of salary expended to the Emigra
tion Commissioners.
PATHFINDER SCHOOL
Pioneer Study Center
ll9 30 West Bay Shore Road
Box l032
Traverse City
Collections :
l. Bohemian Pioneer Families Collection.
Inclusive dates and bulk not indicated
Photographs, correspondence, diaries, accounts, and
genealogical records.
Bohemian .
These materials pertain to 25 families of Grand Tra
verse and Leelanau counties.
2 . Ludwig Kroupa Family Papers.
l850-l977
Bulk not indicated
Genealogical records, photographs, diaries, and
accounts .
Bohemian .
3. Evelyn Kyselka Papers.
Diaries, record books, and photographs.
Bohemian .
4 . Procop Kyselka Diary.
ca. l850
l item
Manuscript.
Bohemian .
M i chi j a n l83
5 . William Votruba Papers.

Photographs and miscellaneous manuscripts.
Bohemian .
UKRAINIAN ARCHIVES
ll756 Charest Street
Detroit
Collections: (All collections listed are Ukrainian)
l . Joseph and Anastasia 3ilovs Papers
l950-l975
2 boxes
Correspondence .
2 . Detroit Material.
l920- ?
l2 boxes
Miscellaneous printed items and photographs.
These are general sorts of material relating to
Ukrainian activities in the Detroit area.
3 . Michael Dmytrenko Papers.
Inclusive dates not indicated
2 l/2 boxes
Clippings and catalogs.
Dmytrenko was an artist in Detroit.
4 . Immigrant Letters.
l9l4-
l box
Correspondence .
5 . Kalenik Lissiuk Papers.
l924-l977
5l volumes and 2 boxes
Lissiuk was a businessman, philanthropist, and cultural
activist. Born in the Ukraine in l889, he invented
a special concrete block machine and made consider
able money with which he supported a number of
Ukrainian causes. He was also a prolific author on
Ukrainian subjects. Lissiuk lived in many places,
primarily California.
6 . Dr. Sophia Parfanovych Papers.
l948-
20 boxes
Parfanovych was the author of l4 books and publisher of
a Ukrainian medical magazine. She lived in LaPeer,
Michigan .
7 . Dr. Ivan Rozhin Papers.
l900-ca. l970
20 boxes
Diary, correspondence, and photographs.
Rozhin was an author, professor of Veterinarian Science,
4 Michigan
and wrote much in Ukrainian history. Some of the mate

rial pertains to Russia before and during the revolu
tion .
8 . Yar Slavutych Papers.
ca. l940s-l960s
l box & many books
Miscellaneous Drinted items.
Slavutych was a poet who lived in Canada.
CZECHOSLOVAK SOKOL CULTURAL CENTER

23600 W. Warren
Dearborn Heights
Housed in the headquarters of Sokol Detroit, the oldest
and largest non-religious Czechoslovak organization in
the state of Michigan, the center is attempting to build
a historical collection of manuscript and printed items.
At the heart of this collection are the records of Sokol
Detroit, l875- . The center is also working to locate
and acquire the records of the many Slovak organizations
which meet regularly at the Cultural Center. To date
the Center holds about 35 feet of material.
ROMANIAN AMERICAN HERITAGE CENTER

Grass Lake
This center is working to build a historical collection
relating to Romanian Americans in Michigan.
Finnish Americans visiting the old country in 1939 (+)
' Michigan Historical Collections

* Immigrant Archive, University of Turku
Hall of the Walon Lahde (Source of Light) Temperance Society, Eveleth, Minnesota, 1904 (Finnish) (+)
til* (. 1. , ,.J
. •'. - I A. . ... ./.. l" i
i.-./,".'•..
/y ^ .
. ... - Sr.-.....
Minutes of the German Christian
Benevolent and Agricultural Society of
Ora Labora, Michigan, )uly1865 (*)
FMIHUC tMH*»i»3 SlUrA!
IKANDInWk^MERIKA LINIEN
jiuo^hit* cVf™u* rU****" '%M*
fa" S**c?4JZ~*
Immigrant letter to Finland, 1915 (t)

Hotel in Hanko, Finland, that housed emigrants awaiting ship departure (+)
Nestar Kulkki lumber camp. Maple Ridge, Michigan, c. 1900 (Finnish) (')
II

IN THE ARCHIVES OF FINLAND
by
Keijo Virtanen
During most of the period of the heavy overseas emi

gration from Europe, Finland was not an independent nation
but rather an autonomous grand duchy of Russia. This status
began in l809 and ended with the revolution in Russia in l9l7.
Finnish emigration began as a mass movement in the latter part
of the l9th century. Compared to similar movements in other
Scandinavian countries, it was a fairly late phenomenon.
Caught with "American fever," most Finns chose to emigrate to
North America, particularly the United States, though some
did head toward Australia, South America, and South Africa.
In the l920s, with the passage of legislation to restrict
immigration in the United States, the majority of the few
Finns emigrating chose Canada. By l930 the flow of emigration
from Finland had reached a total of 350,000 individuals.
After that date overseas emigration was modest.
Finns comprised only a small fraction of the total

number of Europeans leaving for America in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, but in a certain few areas of
the United States where Finns settled in substantial numbers,
Finnish influence had an impact. For example, according to a
recent study made at Northern Michigan University, the lan
guage of Finnish-Americans has had an effect on the English
spoken in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. From the point of
view of the motherland, however, the departure of the emi
grants was of profound significance. Finland's population
reached three million only a few years before World War I.
Thus the outward "flow of one-third million emigrants, most of
whom were in their most productive working years, was a major
loss for Finland.
Emigration from Finland was encouraged mainly by eco
nomic factors. In the latter part of the last century most
Finns lived in rural areas where opportunities for improving
l90 Finland
one's economic condition were severely limited. An important

reason for this condition was the practice whereby the eldest
son usually inherited the farm from his parents, forcing the
other children to make their living elsewhere. In the eastern
part of the country, particularly, there was a large landless
population. Many of the surplus rural population moved from
the farms to cities and towns within Finland; others chose to
leave for America. That area known as "Emigration Finland"
consisted of the coastal areas of western Finland, from north
ern Satakunta province in the south to the northern ends of
the Gulf of Bothnia in the north. In other parts of Finland,
emigration abroad was less significant; moving to the Finnish
industrial regions was far more common.
For Finland as a whole, emigration was heaviest during

the first decade of the 20th century. The peak year was l902
when more than 23,000 Finns left the country. There is no
doubt that most emigrants planned to come back in a few years
after they had improved their economic condition in the new
land. Quite typical was the emigrant who told his relatives
that he would come back as soon as "the pockets were full of
money." Of the 350,000 Finns who went to "seek gold" in
America, however, only about one-fifth returned permanently
to the old country. More than half of those who returned had
spent less than five years overseas. Most Finnish immigrants
thus stayed the rest of their lives in their new land, though
their original plan had been to make only a long working trip.
In general it can be said that Finnish emigration was quite
socio-economically and demographically similar to the other
Scandinavian countries even though the phenomenon itself
started later than in Sweden, for example. Also the return
percentage was low compared with return rates typical of
nationalities of the "new" immigration, such as the Italians.
The most important Finnish-populated areas in the

United States were in the northern portions of the country.
According to the Census of l930, Michigan had more Finns than
any other state (about 74,000 first and second generation).
Other important "Finnish" states were Minnesota (60,000), New
York (27,000), Massachusetts (26,000), California (l6,000),
Wisconsin (l4,000), Ohio (l2,000), and Oregon (l2,000). Today
Michigan has the highest population of Finnish descent in the
union. Many were attracted to the state by the job opportuni
ties in the Upper Peninsula. The first Finns came to the Cop
per Country of Michigan in the l860s, imported by one of the
large mining companies operating there. After the first
Finns settled, they encouraged their friends and relatives to
come. Thus the Finnish immigrant, who had never been a miner
in Finland, of necessity learned the trade in the United
States. This was the case not only in Michigan but in other
states as well, most notably Minnesota. No other nationality,
it has been said, ever dug so much iron from American soil.
From the copper mines of Houghton and Keweenaw counties the
Finnish population spread to other parts of the upper Penin
sula, such as the iron districts in Marquette County and
along the Gogebic Range. Aside from mining, the most common
occupations for the Finns were lumbering and farming.
Finland l9l
During the past decades a number of Finnish scholars

have studied the period of Finnish emigration. Anna-Leena
Toivonen's doctoral dissertation on the emigration from
Southern Ostrobothnia province, which was published only in
Finnish in l963, remains the most important of these. This
same year also marked the beginning of a larger project on
Finnish emigration. The father of the project was Professor
Vilho Niitemaa, then the head of the Institute of General His
tory at the University of Turku. Scholars suggested that to
understand the emigration of Finns in the l950s and l960s to
such countries as Sweden, for example, it was very important
to find comparative research material from the history of the
earlier overseas migrations. This observation, in addition
to the limitations of previous studies and the need for more
systematic analysis, became the chief arguments for a migra
tion studies project. As a historical phenomenon the Finnish
overseas emigration was seen as a relevant research target.
The plan of the Institute's project called first for

a gathering in one research center of all the relevant
research materials for use by scholars and students. The
ultimate goal was to write a comprehensive study of the his
tory of Finnish emigration. By l970 the project was well
established. Financing was first on a temporary basis but
from l968 to l976 the State Commission for Humanities was the
principal source of support for the project. State Commission
funds have been supplemented by private grants and grants from
other state agencies.
The program to find letters that were written overseas
by Finnish immigrants and sent to Finland was the first large
scale operation of the project. In l964 about 6,000 letters
were located in the area of Satakunta province. Two years
later a similar search was conducted in Varsinais-Suomi pro
vince where 5,500 letters were discovered. The letters had
come from all over the world and some dated back to the l870s.
Since then the America letter collection has been augmented
by a similar collection from South Ostrobothnia province. In
l968, to supplement information in the letters, the Institute
sent about 20,000 questionnaires to North America to be filled
out by Finnish immigrants. Some 3,000 completed question
naires were returned. In l969 and l974 similar questionnaires
were prepared and sent to returned emigrants in Finland.
About 2,000 were completed and returned. Both the letters
and the questionnaires give valuable data, especially on the
individual experiences and feelings of the emigrants.
In l970 the Institute was able to shift the emphasis
to collecting materials from the Finnish settlements in the
adopted lands. The project started in the United States to
gather and microfilm the records of various Finnish organiza
tions and the papers of individuals. Because the materials
had not been collected systematically in any particular place,
we had to travel from one Finnish center to another to find
the sources for which we were looking. Each year from l970
to l976 we collected materials in the United States and
Canada. In general we attempted to film any material which
we thought relevant for the study of the Finnish migration,
but concentrated on filming the records of Finnish church
l92
congregations, labor societies, and temperance societies.

These nine trips produced more than three hundred reels of
microfilm or approximately half a million pages of church
records of minutes of Finnish-American organizations. Until
l972 the Institute concentrated on the materials which were in
the eastern half of the United States, from New York and New
England to Minnesota. Since then the emphasis has been on the
West Coast and Canada. Florida, the "paradise" of the retired
Finnish-Americans, was the only southern state surveyed.
Perhaps the most important work at the Institute of

General History (from l975, the Institute of History) recently
has been the indexing of the emigrants who left Finland before
World War I. The work was started in l970 by recording rele
vant data from passport and passenger lists of the steamship
companies on computer cards. The first phase includes the
years l873, l882, l890, l905, and l9l3. To date there is
information on 70,000 of the 350,000 emigrants. During the
years the Institute continued collecting more data from the
Finnish sources. In addition to the passport and passenger
lists, the records of the Finnish parishes are particularly
valuable. In general it can be said, however, that the Insti
tute of History has tried to collect relevant materials both
from Finland and from the destination countries of the emi
grants. Thus scholars have the sources available to treat
research problems from the perspective of both the departure
and the destination country. With this material they can
study the background and structure of Finnish emigration and
also the life of the immigrants overseas.
As the most active collecting phase was completed by
l977 and as the project appears quite permanently established,
one could rightly ask what has been its contribution to migra
tion studies so far. To date (by the end of l978) the schol
ars of the Institute have published three doctoral disserta
tions and four licentiate theses, and the students in the
project have finished 30 M.A. theses, all pertaining to vari
ous aspects of migration studies. The project has also pro
duced about l00 articles which have been published either in
the publications of the Institute of History or elsewhere.
The scholars of the Institute have actively participated in
various conferences and seminars in their field, especially
in Scandinavia but also in North America. During the coming
two or three years scholars of the Institute will publish at
least three doctoral dissertations on Finnish migration.
They also will continue to study the special problems in Fin
nish emigration, many of which will contribute to the ultimate
goal, the comprehensive history of Finnish emigration. The
emphasis will be on the emigration to the North American coun
tries but Australia, South America, Africa and Siberia will
also be included. An undertaking of this scope certainly
requires a core group of scholars. The Institute of History
has had this goal in mind as it has trained students in vari
ous aspects of migration history.
The work done at the Institute of History at the Uni
versity of Turku has been basic to the strategy of my survey
for the Immigration Sources Project. In addition to its
collections, I located several archives where materials can
Finland l93
be found. They include the National Archives of Finland (Hel

sinki), and all six of the provincial archives (located in
Turku, Hameenlinna , Oulu, Mikkeli, Joensuu, and Vaasa) . The
provincial archives hold the passport lists of their respec
tive areas. The National Archives have the material which
has been the basis of the Finnish Official Statistics of Emi
gration, such as copies of the passport lists, copies of emi
grant lists made by Finnish church ministers, and lists of
the returned emigrants prepared by the provincial clerks. In
addition, I visited several Finnish parishes. The church
books are an important source in migration studies. Member
ship records include the names of persons who have left for
America, and there is usually also a note of a possible
return (the information includes name, age, birth, residence,
occupation, baptism, marriage, confirmation, funeral). The
other church records, based on the membership records, are
not as reliable. In general it can be said that compared to
most European countries the Finnish parish church material is
very important for the history of the Finnish migration.
More than 90 percent of the Finnish population belongs to the
church and thus appears in the church registers. But there
are about 500 parishes in Finland and these quantitative
records are housed among a huge bulk of other church material.
The Institute of History has a collection of church material
which has been gathered through specific research projects.
For instance, I have made a card index of all the emigrants
from six Finnish towns, using mainly church records and pass
port lists.
Helsinki University Library contains the best collec

tions of Finnish-American printed material, particularly news
papers. The Archives of the Finnish Foreign Ministry include
the death certificates of Finns who have died abroad. This
material is valuable for the study of the residence of the
immigrants in the destination countries. Also available are
reports sent by Finnish consuls abroad. This material occa
sionally provides descriptions of the conditions of Finnish
immigrants in different localities.
Given the extensive work of the Institute and my own

familiarity with Finnish sources, I can say with reasonable
certainty that the above mentioned archives contain all mate
rials relevant for the study of the migration of the Finns.
Access to all these archives is very open since most of them
are public places. Their research facilities are good.
There are always professional staff who know their archives
and assist scholars and other researchers. Copying machines
are available everywhere. If someone plans to come to Finland
to do research in migration history, it is always useful to
contact the Institute of History in advance.
The appendices which follow list a variety of source

materials, including records of Finnish-American organizations,
church books of Finnish-American parishes, photographs, manu
scripts of Finnish-American plays, etc. The strength of these
materials is in their ability to throw light on the background
factors of emigration, including socio-economic structure and
demographic features. In this respect the passport lists,
membership records of the churches, and the passenger lists
l94 Finland
of the steamship companies are most important. They all have

some limitations which means that they must be used to supple
ment each other. For example, everyone had to have a passport
to leave. At the early stages of emigration, however, there
were persons who managed to go without one. On the other
hand, there were people who took the passport but who did not
travel at all. We can compare the passport information with
the church books. The minister usually knew when somebody
left for America. But we cannot be absolutely sure about
this. Sometimes it happened that the minister did not record
the departure because he thought that the person probably
would return soon. Final checking can be made with the help
of the passenger lists, which mention the town of destination.
But a passenger list does not indicate the place of residence
of the person in Finland. Therefore it is more difficult to
link this information with the information in the other source
groups. This is the reason individual studies done at the
Institute are so important. They concentrate on some certain
area where the researcher can locate each individual emigrant.
This example tells something about the record keeping prac
tices in Finland. In principle these "official" records are
complete but a closer examination indicates that it is not
quite so. Therefore we must compare all the available mate
rials. In contrast to other European countries, however, the
sources available in Finland are probably more complete.
On the other hand, the America letters are essentially
only a sample. Since the Institute of History has about
l8,000 of them, it is a good sample. The same can be said
about the interview material and various kinds of private
collections such as personal memoirs, tokens, etc. It may
be concluded that the research on migration topics in Finland
has treated two different aspects of Finnish overseas migra
tion. First, it has dealt with the strength and demographic
factors of migration from a quantitative point of view.
Secondly, it has described the activities of the Finnish community
abroad (church, temperance, labor, newspapers, etc.). The
material for these kinds of studies is well concentrated and
quite easily available to scholars. The Institute of History
at the University of Turku is the place in Finland which holds
most of the usable manuscript material on Finnish overseas
migration. The other archives and libraries really only sup
plement its holdings.
Fin land l95
APPENDIX F-I
Sources Available in the Institute of History
(General History) ,
University of Turku
(Finland)
EMIGRATION HISTORY RESEARCH CENTER

Institute of History (General History)
University of Turku
20500 Turku 50
Hours: 9:00-4:00
Collections :
a. Questionnaires for l) Finnish emigrants abroad; 2) Re
turned emigrants I; 3) Returned emigrants II
l890-l970
l) 2600 questionnaires; 2) l500 questionnaires; 3) 400
questionnaires .
Completed forms
Each questionnaire contains approximately 60 questions
concerning the individual emigrant's motives for de
parture or return, his activities in the new country,
his work and employment, etc.
Finding aid available; no restrictions on access.

b. Emigration Card Index
l860-l930
3l,000 cards.
Cards
The material recorded on these cards was gathered for in
dividual studies at the Institute. There was consid
erable effort to find emigrants from as many sources
as possible. Approximately l8,000 cards are for
emigrants from Northern Satakunta province. There
are also cards for emigrants to Australia and to
Siberia, and for emigrants from the towns of Lohtaja,
Kuusamo, Elimaki, Leppavirta, PolvijSrvi, Jokioinen,
Kristiinankaupunki , Taivassalo, Kustavi, Rymattyla,
Velkua, Merimasku, Ini3 and Houtskari. The individual
cards contain demographic data and passenger list
data by name of passenger.
c . Card Index on Young Women who have Emigrated since World

War II
l945-l975
l425 cards
Cards, handwritten
Since the end of World War II, many young Finnish women
have emigrated, primarily to European countries (but
also to America) , to work in various jobs and have
l96 Finland
married citizens of other countries. This card index

is based on engagement and marriage announcements pub
lished in the largest newspaper in Finland, the
Helsinki News (Helsingin Sanomat) . The information
includes names, where engaged or married, name of
husband, and date of marriage.
No finding aid available; no restrictions on access.
d . Micro film Program in the United States and Canada

l875-l976
299 reels of film.
Microfilm
Collections microfilmed in North America in l970-l976:
l. Finnish-American Historical Society of Michigan
2. Historical Museum of Kaleva, Michigan
3. Finnish Lutheran Church of Kaleva, Michigan
4. Finnish Lutheran Church of Waukegan, Illinois
5. Finnish-American Historical Society of Minnesota
6. Finnish Society of Cloquet, Minnesota
7. Finnish Lutheran Church of Virginia, Minnesota
8. Finnish Lutheran Church of Hibbing, Minnesota
9. Finnish-American Historical Society of Nashwauk,
Minnesota
l0. Finnish Workers' Club of Keewatin, Minnesota
ll. Finnish Lutheran Church of Negaunee, Michigan
l2. Finnish Lutheran Church of Marquette, Michigan
l3. Finnish Lutheran Church of Ishpeming, Michigan
l4. Temperance Society Vaino, Ishpeming, Michigan
l5. Finnish Lutheran Church of Republic, Michigan
l6. Finnish Lutheran Church of De Kalb, Illinois
l7. Finnish-American Historical Society of Illinois,
De Kalb Chapter
l8. Finnish Lutheran Church of Iron Mountain, Michigan
l9. St. Michel Lutheran Church, Iron Mountain, Michigan
20. Finnish Lutheran Church of Crystal Falls, Michigan
2l. Finnish Lutheran Church of Brooklyn, New York
22. St. John's Lutheran Church, Brooklyn, New York
2 3. Golgatha Lutheran Church, Brooklyn, New York
24. Finnish Congregational Church of Englewood, New
Jersey
25. Finnish Lutheran Church of Harlem, New York
26. Finnish Lutheran Church of Bronx, New York
27. Finnish Society of Greater New York, New York
28. Finnish Lutheran Church of Jersey City, New Jersey
29. Finnish Lutheran Church of New Rochelle, New York
30. Finnish National Society of New York, New York
3l. Finnish Newspaper Co., Brooklyn, New York
32. Imatra Society, Brooklyn, New York
33. Finnish Congregational Church of Fitchburg, Massa
chusetts
34. Finnish Lutheran Church of Fitchburg, Massachusetts
35. Finnish Socialist Association of Gardner, Massachu
setts
36. Finnish Congregational Church of Quincy, Massachu
setts
37. Finnish Congregational Church of Gardner, Massa
chusetts
38. Finnish Congregational Church of West Wareham,
Massachusetts
Fin land l97
39. Raivaaja (Pioneer) Newspaper Co., Fitchburg, Mas

sachusetts
40. Finnish Socialist Association of Fitchburg,
Massachusetts
4l. Finnish Socialist Association of Cape Ann, Massa
chusetts
42. Finnish Socialist Association of Milford, New
Hampshire
43. Finnish Socialist Association of Jersey City, New
Jersey
44. Finnish Socialist Association of Worcester, Massa
chusetts
45. Finnish Lutheran Church of Worcester, Massachusetts
46. Knights of Kaleva, Fitchburg, Massachusetts
47. Finnish Lutheran Church of Gardner, Massachusetts
48. Finnish Congregational Church, Maynard, Massa
chusetts
49. Finnish Socialist Association of Newport, New
Hampshire
50. Finnish Congregational Church of Troy, New Hampshir
5l. Help Finland Association, Troy, New Hampshire
52. Finnish Lutheran Church of Maynard, Massachusetts
53. Finnish Lutheran Church of West Barnstable,
Massachusetts
54. Finnish Lutheran Church of Hyannis, Massachusetts
55. Finnish Socialist Association of Quincy, Massa
chusetts
56. Finnish Congregational Church of West Paris, Maine
57. Finnish Congregational Church of Harrison, Maine
58. Help Finland Association, Fairport Harbor, Ohio
59. Finnish Socialist Association of Fairport Harbor,
Ohio
60. Temperance Society of Fairport Harbor, Ohio
6l. Ms. Lillian Oinonen Collection, Ohio
62. Mr. John Asuma Collection, Cleveland, Ohio
63. Finnish Historical Society of Warren, Ohio
64. Help Finland Association, Cleveland, Ohio
65. Temperance League of Ohio, Pennsylvania and West
Virginia
66. Finnish Historical Society of Conneaut, Ohio
67. Finnish Socialist Association of Cleveland, Ohio
68. Temperance Society, Conneaut, Ohio
69. The collections of Ms. Elina Stark (Warren, Ohio),
Mr. Eli Joki (New Castle, Pennsylvania) , and
Mr. John Asuma (Cleveland, Ohio)
70. The collections of Ms. Elina Stark (Warren, Ohio),
Ms. Lillian Oinonen (Painesville, Ohio) , and
Alma Saari (Fairport Harbor, Ohio)
7l. Knights of Kaleva, Fairport Harbor and Ashtabula,
Ohio
72. The Choir of Cleveland, Ohio
73. The Finnish Veterans of Ohio
74. The Finnish Central Committee, Fairport Harbor,
Ohio
75. The Finnish-American Historical Society of Fair-
port Harbor, Ohio
76. Help Finland Association of Cleveland, Ohio
77. The Finnish Youth Association of Ohio
78. Materials on the Conneaut, Ohio, Finns
l98 Finland
79. Prof. John I. Kolehmainen Collection, Tiffin, Ohio

80. Finnish Club of Fairport Harbor, Ohio
8l. Mr. John Maki Collection, Fairport Harbor, Ohio
82. Ms. Amanda Lake Collection, Fairport Harbor, Ohio
83. Finnish Lutheran Church of Fairport Harbor, Ohio
84. Materials on the Fairport Harbor, Ohio, Finns
85. Finnish National Church of Fairport Harbor, Ohio
86. Ms. Alma Saari Collection, Fairport Harbor, Ohio
87. Mr. Paul Hakala Collection, Ashtabula, Ohio
88. Finnish Socialist Association of Ashtabula, Ohio
89. Finnish Lutheran Church of Ashtabula, Ohio
90. Finnish Lutheran Church of Conneaut, Ohio
9l. Finnish Lutheran Church of Cleveland, Ohio
92. Mr. John Asuma Collection, Cleveland, Ohio
93. Finnish Congregational Church of Milwaukee, Wis
consin
94. Finnish Lutheran Church of Norway, Michigan
95. Finnish Lutheran Church of Metropolitan, Michigan
96. Rev. Arvi Saarisuu Collection, Crystal Falls,
Michigan
97. Finnish Lutheran Church of Crystal Falls, Michigan
98. Swedish Lutheran Church of Crystal Falls, Michigan
99. Finnish Lutheran Church of Stambaugh, Michigan
l00. Finnish Lutheran Church of Amasa, Michigan
l0l. Swedish Lutheran Church of Amasa, Michigan
l02. Finnish Lutheran Church of Pequaming, Michigan
l03. Finnish Lutheran Church of Covington, Michigan
l04. Finnish Lutheran Church of L'Anse, Michigan
l05. Finnish Lutheran Church of Uusi Suomi, Michigan
l06. Finnish Lutheran Church of National Mine, Michigan
l07. Finnish Lutheran Church of Palmer, Michigan
l08. Finnish Lutheran Church of Princeton, Michigan
l09. Finnish Lutheran Church of Gwinn, Michigan
ll0. Finnish Lutheran Church of Grand Marais, Michigan
lll. Finnish Lutheran Church of Munising, Michigan
ll2. Swedish Lutheran Church of Munising, Michigan
ll3. Finnish Temperance Society, Newberry, Michigan
ll4. Swedish Lutheran Church of Newberry, Michigan
ll5. Finnish Lutheran Church of Newberry, Michigan
ll6. Swedish Lutheran Church of Sault Ste . Marie, Michigan
ll7. Finnish Lutheran Church of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
ll8. Finnish Temperance Society of Calumet, Michigan
ll9. Finnish Lutheran Church of Laird, Michigan
l20. Finnish Lutheran Church of Elo, Michigan
l2l. Finnish Lutheran Church of Nisula, Michigan
l22. Finnish Lutheran Church of Pelkie, Michigan
l23. Finnish Lutheran Church of Ironwood, Michigan
l24. Finnish Lutheran Church of Wakefield, Michigan
l25. Finnish Lutheran Church of Ramsay, Michigan
l26. Finnish Lutheran Church of Iron Belt, Wisconsin
l27. Finnish Lutheran Church of Montreal, Wisconsin
l28. Finnish Lutheran Church of Marengo, Wisconsin
l29. Finnish National Lutheran Church of Ironwood,
Michigan
l30. Help Finland Association, Duluth, Minnesota
l3l. Suomi Conference, Minnesota Chapter
l32. Finnish National Society of Thunder Bay, Ontario
l33. Finnish National Lutheran Church of Thunder Bay,
Ontario
Finland l99
l34. Finlandia Club, Thunder Bay, Ontario

l35. Suomi College Collection, Hancock, Michigan
l36. Finnish Lutheran Church of Rice River, Minnesota
l37. Finnish Lutheran Church of Duluth, Minnesota
l38. Finnish Lutheran Church of Superior, Wisconsin
l39. Finnish Temperance Society of Duluth, Minnesota
l40. Finnish Lutheran Church of Copper Cliff, Ontario
l4l. Central Cooperative Wholesale, Minnesota
l42. Finnish Temperance Society of Sparta and Gilbert,
Minnesota
l4 3. Finnish Temperance Society of Virginia, Minnesota
l44. Work People's College, Duluth, Minnesota
l45. Tyomies (Workingman) Newspaper Co., Superior, Wis
consin
l46. Walter Harju Collection, Minnesota
l47. Finnish Lutheran Church of Lappi, Ontario
l48. Finnish Lutheran Church of Thunder Bay, Ontario
l49. Finnish Lutheran Church of Copper Cliff, Ontario
l50. Collections of Finnish-Canadian Historical Society
l5l. Archives of Vapaus (Freedom) Newspaper Co., Sud
bury, Ontario
l52. Finnish Socialist Federation, East (Yonkers, New
York)
153. Finnish Socialist Federation, Illinois
l54. Finnish People's Hall, Redgranite, Wisconsin
l55. Mr. Onni Saari Collection, Ashburnham, Massachusetts
l56. Finnish Lutheran Church of Toronto, Ontario
l57. Ms. V. M. Kasari Collection, Fairport Harbor, Ohio
l58. Tourist Club, Lake Worth, Florida
l59. Finnish Lutheran Church of Lake Worth, Florida
l60. Mr. Wallu Jaakkola Collection, Lantana, Florida
l6l. Finlandia Foundation, Lantana, Florida
l62. Finnish Rest Home, Lantana, Florida
l63. Mr. Arvi Tokkola Collection, Lantana, Florida
l64. Finnish Pentecostal Church, Lake Worth, Florida
l65. Finnish Veterans, Lake Worth, Florida
l66. Finnish Socialist Association of Lake Worth, Florida
l67. Finnish Lutheran Church of New Port Richey, Florida
l68. Finnish Lutheran Church of Sudbury, Ontario
l69. Finnish National Organization of Vancouver, British
Columbia
l70. Finnish Athletic Club of Vancouver, British Columbia
l7l. Help Finland Association, Vancouver, British Columbia
l72. Finnish Church of Nanaimo, British Columbia
173. Finnish Lutheran Church of Vancouver, British Col
umbia
l74. Concordia Lutheran Church, Vancouver, British Col
umbia
l75. Brotherhood Organization, Vancouver, British Colum
bia
l76. Finnish Sports Club, Vancouver, British Columbia
l77. Finnish-Canadian Hunting and Fishing Club, Vancouver,
British Columbia
l78. Finnish Rest Home, Vancouver, British Columbia
l79. Finnish Socialist Association of Vancouver, British
Columbia
l80. Finnish Lutheran Church of Astoria, Oregon
l8l. Swedish Lutheran Church of Astoria, Oregon
l82. Mr. Arvo Salo Collection, Astoria, Oregon
200 Flnl a v a
l8 3.Temperance Society of Astoria, Oregon

l84. Brotherhood Organization, Astoria, Oregon
l85. Ladies of Kaleva, Astoria, Oregon
l86. Help Finland Association, Clatskanie, Oregon
l87. Brotherhood Organization, Quincy, Oregon
l88. Brotherhood Organization, Svensen, Oregon
l89. Finnish Congregational Church, Astoria, Oregon
l90. Brotherhood Organization, Longview-Kelso , Washington
l9l. Ladies of Kaleva, Portland, Oregon
l92. Help Finland Association, Portland, Oregon
l93. Finnish-American Historical Society of the West,
Portland, Oregon
l94. Finnish Lutheran Church of Portland, Oregon
l95. Finnish Congregational Church of Portland, Oregon
l96. Finnish Congregational Church of Kelso-Longview ,
Washington
l97. Finnish Lutheran Church of San Francisco, California
l98. Finnish Lutheran Church of Berkeley, California
l99. Finnish Club, Los Angeles, California
200. Vapaa Sana (Free Word) Newspaper Co., Toronto,
Ontario
20l. Archives of Finnish Organizations of Canada, Toron
to, Ontario
202. Finnish Lutheran Church of Montreal, Quebec
203. Ms. Hilkka Vuorimies Collection, Montreal, Quebec
204. Finnish Society of Montreal, Quebec
205. Finnish Lutheran Church of Alango, Minnesota
206. Finnish Socialist Association of Berkeley, Cali
fornia
207. Prof. Walfrid Jokinen Collection, Minnesota
208. Temperance Society, Hutter, Minnesota
209. Finnish Cooperative Farm Association, MacKinnon,
Georgia
2l0. Ms. Helmi Mattson Collection, Kelso, Washington
2ll. Ms. Edith Koivisto Collection, Hibbing, Minnesota
2l2. Prof. John I. Kolehmainen Collection, Brimson,
Minnesota
2l3. Tyomies (Workingman) Newspaper Co. , Superior, Wis
consin
2l4. Finnish Congregational Church of Los Angeles, Cal
ifornia
2l5. Finnish-American Society, Los Angeles, California
2l6. Lutheran League, Reedley, California
2l7. Finnish Lutheran Church of Los Angeles, California
2l8. Finnish Lutheran Church of Clatskanie, Oregon
2l9. Finnish Lutheran Church of Deep River and Naselle,
Washington
220. Finnish Congregational Church of Hockinson, Wash
ington
22l. Finnish Temperance Society of Hockinson, Washington
222. Mr. Zachary Sakrison Collection, Hockinson, Wash-
i'. gton
Note: This has probably been the most important single
program at the Emigration History Research Center, and
was financed by the Finnish government. Material was
collected between l970 and l976. The collection also
includes copies of American dissertations done in
Finlin.i 20l
American universities which deal with Finnish immigrants.
e . America Letters: l) Satakunta province; 2) Varsinais-

Suomi province; 3) Etela-Poh janmaa province
l880-l966
l) 25 reels of microfilm; 2) l6 reels; 3) l6 reels.
Microfilmed letters with additional explanatory material
The collection contains approximately l8,000 letters sent
back to Finland by Finnish immigrants living in
America and other overseas countries.
Finding aid available for groups l and 2, in progress for
group 3; no restrictions on access.
f. Passenger Lists for Steamship Companies: l) Suomen Hoyry-
laiva OsakeyhtiS (Finnish Steamship Co.); 2) Gothen
burg (Sweden) Police; 3) Malmo (Sweden) ; 4) Stockholm
City (Sweden) ; 5) Trondheim Police (Norway)
l) l892-l930; 2) l869-l9l4; 3) l869-l888; 4) l869-l902;
5) l869-l900
l) 20 reels of microfilm; 2) 29 reels; 3) l reel; 4) 20
reels; 5) 4 reels.
Microfilm
The passenger lists provide the passenger's name, age,
destination by town, how the ticket was purchased
(prepaid or not) , agent, ship line, name of ship and
date of departure. This material is useful for ob
taining data such as where the immigrants had their
first place of residence, or whether or not the person
who took a passport really left for America. Swedish
and Norwegian materials have been microfilmed because
the Finnish Steamship Co. was founded in l892, and
before that date Finnish emigrants had to use other
Scandinavian ports for departure.
g. Records of Finnish Parishes

l860-l970
6 reels of film, l5 reels of tape.
Microfilm or tape
The parish records include membership records, records
of missing persons, records of returned persons and
death certificates. These records have been copied
in order to obtain information on emigration before
l893 when official statistics were not available.
There are about 500 parishes in total, of which
the records of about 25 have been copied.
Finding aid in progress; no restrictions on access.
h . Interview Collection
l890-l975
l5l reels of tape
Tapes
Emigrants who left Finland between l890 and l975 have
been interviewed. The variety of questions asked was
designed to encourage the emigrant to relate his own
story and opinions. Most of the interviews were
202 Fin land
conducted by Dr. Reino Kero in l966-l967 in the United

States, but there are also interviews made at a later
date and some made in Finland.
i . Private Collections
l880-l976
Approx. 500 collections from individuals and societies.
Books, pamphlets, booklets, photos, letters, buttons,
tapes, films, memoirs, clippings, minute books,
diaries, etc.
Finding aid available for each collection, in Finnish;
no restrictions on access.
j . Suomi-Seura (Finland Society) Collection
l930-l960
90 large folders.
Clippings from periodicals
Suomi-Seura is the most important society which main
tains contacts with emigrants and the home country.
The Society has collected clippings from Finnish and
foreign papers and magazines on Finnish migration
since l930.
No finding aid available although there is an organized
sequence within the folders; no restrictions on access.
k . Finnish-American and Finnish-Canadian Theatrical Plays
1890-1940
5l microfiche, l00 original.
Microfiche, original manuscripts
This is a collection of plays written by Finns and per
formed in Finnish halls in America. The plays are
unpublished.
l . Finnish- American Newspapers

l876-l976
Primarily after l9l0
Microfilm and original
The Helsinki University Library has more complete col
lections of Finnish-American newspapers; however, the
best collections at the Institute are as follows:
Raivaaja (Pioneer), Fitchburg, Mass., l938-l946
(film) and l970-l976 (original) ;
Tyovaen Osuustoimintalehti (Worker Cooperative) ,
Superior, Wis., l930-l965 (original);
Naisten Wiiri (Women's Banner), Superior, Wis.,
l953-l976 (original);
Industrialist! (Industrialist), Duluth, Minn.,
l9l4-l975 (original);
Tyomies (Workingman) , Superior, Wis., l922-l976
(original) .
Finding aid available: N/A; no restrictions on access.
Finl ind 203
m. Computer Program
l873, l882, l890, l905, and l9l3
A total of 73,000 cards.
Each emigrant is on one card, and the results are on
computer lists.
Each card contains information on an emigrant based on
passport and passenger lists (name, age, occupation,
destination, sex, marital status, family, place of
residence in Finland, etc.). This material has been
analyzed and provided a number of statistical stud
ies .
Note: This material covers all the Finnish emigrants
of the above mentioned years. It is hoped that the
same information for emigrants of years prior to
l893 can be obtained, because there are no official
statistics on migration before that year. The work
is quite slow and expensive but the results are very
reliable because they are based on both passports
and passenger lists. The errors of either source can
be seen this way.
n. The Toholampi "Micro or Case" Study
l860-l892
Microfilmed records of the parish; approx. 3,000 com
puter cards.
Each member of the parish is on one card, and the re
sults are on computer lists.
This is a joint project with other Scandinavian coun
tries. Each country has taken one rural commune and
attempted to register the mobility of any resident in
to and out of the parish. So both migration abroad
and within the country are registered. Every card
includes information such as name, age, occupation,
destination, sex, marital status, place of departure,
family, place of birth, etc.
o . The All-Scandinavian Project to Create a Map of the

Emigration of Each Country
l860-l930
Several maps.
Maps
Several maps have been produced based on the materials
and work done by the Institute over the years.
Note: Most of the material for all countries has been
published recently in a book From Sweden to America:
A History of the Migration (Eds.: Harold Runblom and
Hans Norman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, l976) .
204 Finland
p. Photographs
l890-l976
Approx. l250 items.
Original or reprinted photographs
The collection covers all aspects of emigrant and im
migrant life, in Finland and abroad.
Finland 205
APPENDIX F-II
Sources Available in National Archives
(Finland)
NATIONAL ARCHIVES (VALTIONARKISTO)

Hallituskatu l7,
00l70 Helsinki l7
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
a . Tilastollinen Paatoiinisto (Central Bureau of Statis
tics)
l882-l924
l20 boxes or large folders.
Handwritten books and forms
The Central Bureau of Statistics has maintained the
official statistics on Finnish emigration. The
statistics were published from l893-l939. Included
are handwritten copies of all Finnish passport
lists; lists of returned emigrants, compiled by
provincial clerks; and materials sent by Finnish
church ministers (lists of persons who emigrated
from the parish) .
b. Passport Lists: l) Uusimaa province; 2) Hanko city
l) l880-l920; 2) l890-l903
One book per year.
Handwritten books
Contains information for each person who took a
passport abroad, including name, date of birth,
date of departure, age, occupation, destination,
sex, family information, marital status, and town
of departure.
ARCHIVES OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY OF FINLAND

Ritarikatu 2 B,
Hel sinki
Hours: 9:00-3:00
Collections :
a. Death Certificates for Finnish Immigrants
l860-l976
Approx. 80,000 forms (about 90% from the United States
and Canada) .
Typewritten forms
This is the complete set of consulate death certifi
cates, copies of which are in various consulates
06 Finland
around the world. There is considerable informa

tion on each certificate as follows:
l. Full name:
2. Original name in Finland:
3. Place of birth:
4. Date of birth:
5. Last place of residence in Finland:
6. Last place of residence in USA:
7. Place of death:
8. Date of death:
9. Cause of death:
l0. Place of burial:
ll. Name and address of
surviving spouse:
l2. Names and addresses of
surviving children:
l3. Names of brothers and sisters:
l4. Names of parents:
(even if deceased)
l5. Names and addresses of persons who might be
able to give additional information:
No finding aid; no restrictions on access.
b . Reports of Consuls and Honorary Consuls in the
United States
l900 to the present
Bulk unknown exactly
Typewritten reports
Contains reports on the various activities of Finnish
consuls in their working area. Honorary consuls
sent their correspondence through the official
Finnish consulates in New York and San Francisco.
No finding aid available; access restricted.
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Unioninkatu 36,
Helsinki
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collection:
Finnish Newspapers Published Abroad
l876-l976
Hundreds of reels on microfilm and thousands of volumes
as originals.
Microfilm and original newspapers
Helsinki University Library has a very complete collec
tion of printed materials, particularly newspapers,
on Finnish migration. The newspapers were published
by Finnish immigrants in the United States. Helsinki
University is gradually microfilming the newspapers,
and a list of the runs filmed to date follows:
pualWlj LOZ
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ojaomu ojauinu
831TV
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'9T TT"288T'9 £88T'5 T2 2£2 L .9*6T'2T' TT'£T. £*6T' 22 9^.9
'* *T-*88T'T £88T'6 T2 2£2 SI £*6T'TT' 2T'0£. 8*6T' 22 £Z.9
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'82 T68T'2T'92.T68T'8 T2 0*2 OT •6*6T'2T TT'T2. 056T' 22 6Z.9
£2 .056T'TT TT'9 T56V 22 089
UBH^Jainv 'jBâtcons 8 .T56T'TT 0T'T2 256T' 22 T89
£2 .256T'0T 0T'£ £56T' 22 289
'T£ -068T'£ '8 8 068T T2 6T2 9 •£56T'0T '9T 6 *56T' 22 £89
'* '92-T06T'6 8 £06T' £2 098 81 •*56T•6 2T'0£ *56T' 22 *89
'2 2T'0£-£06T'6 £06T' £2 T98 2 -956T'T "5T 6 956T 22 *89
'9 2T'£2-*06T'T 506T' 2T £9£ 8T .956T'6 0T'2T £56T 22 589
'£ '£T-906T'T /. Z.06T' £2 T98 ST .£56T'0T 2T'£T 856T 22 989
'*2 '82-Z.06T'£ £ 606T' £2 298 91 .856T'2T '6T £ 096T 22 £89
'* -606T'8 '5 £ TT6T' £2 £98 22 .096T'£ '62 9 T96T 22 889
'2T -TT6T'/. '9 £ £T6r £2 *98 T .T96T'£ 2T'8T 296T £2 200
"8 TT'£T-£T6T'£ £T6T' £2 698
'52-£T6T'TT,5T 2 5T6T' £2 998
'* T2-9T6T'T £ 9T6T' 2T i9L
'£2 2T'0£-9T6f£ 9T6T' 2T *9£ '* -906T'T •L £06T'£ OT 069
'* -£T6T'T '£ 2 £T6T' £2 998 '*T ,0£-Z.06T'£ 806T'* OT T69
'9 '52-£T6T'2 6 £T6T' £2 Z.98 'L '5T-806T'5 606T'£ OT 269
'LZ '*T-/.T6T"6 5 8T6T' £2 898 •22 -606T'£ '8 0T6T'6 OT £69
'9T 2T'T£-8T6T'5 8T6T' £2 698 '5T -0T6T'6 •6 TT6T'TT OT *69
'* •6T-6T6T'T 8 6T6T' £2 0£8 ,2T-TT6T'TT'9T 2T6T'2T OT 569
'T2 -6T6T'8 '9 * 026T' £2 T£8 -2T6T'2T'6T '5 *T6T'2 OT 918
'8 -026T'* 2T'2 026T' £2 2Z.8 '2T •52-*T6T'2 5T6T'£ OT LiS
'T2-026T'2T'* L T26T' £2 ££8 'T -5T6T'* '9 9T6T'* OT 8£8
'£2 -T26T'Z. '6 £ 226T' £2 *£8 •£T "92-9T6T'* Z.T6T'£ OT 6£8
'TT 0T'92-226T'£ 226T' £2 5/.8 '2 -£T6T'8 '6 6T6T,T OT 0*8
,6T-226T'OT'82 9 £26T' £2 9^.8 '9T -6T6T'T 'L 026T'0T OT T*8
'T2 'T2-£26T'9 2 *26T' £2 LLB -026T'0T'*T 'T 226T,9 OT 2*8
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Fin land 2ll
APPENDIX F-III
Sources Available in Local Archives
(Finland)
l. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF HAME (HAMEEN MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO )

Hameenl inna
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collection :
Passport Lists for Hame Prov ince
l880-l930
One book per year.
Handwritten books
The collection consists of lists of persons who took
passports abroad, and includes name, date of birth,
date of departure, age, occupation, destination, sex,
family information, marital status, and town of de
parture .
2. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF JOENSUU (JOENSUUN MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO)

Joensuu
Hours: 9:00-5:00
This is a new Provincial Archive, founded in l974. It
is located in the Karjala province area, and it is
very possible that in the near future the materials
referring to Karjala, such as passport lists, will
be moved here from the Provincial Archive of Savo-
Karjala in Mikkeli.
3. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF OULU (OULUN MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO)

Oulu
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
Passport Lists for Oulu Province, l865-l930
Passport Lists for Raahe City, l865-l903
One book per year per province or city
Handwritten books
The collections consist of lists of persons who took
passports abroad, and include such information as
name, date of birth, date and place of departure, age,
occupation, destination, etc.
2l2 Finland
4. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF SAVO AND KARJALA ( SAVO-KARJALAN

MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO)
Mikkeli
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
Passport Lists for Kuopio Province, l880-l930
Passport Lists for Mikkeli, l883-l930
Passport Lists for Viipuri, l880-l930
Passport Lists for Joensuu City, l893-l899
One book per year per province or city.
Handwritten books
passports abroad, and include such information as
name, date of birth, date and place of departure,
age, occupation, destination, etc.
5. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF TURKU (TURUN MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO)

Turku
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
Passport Lists for Turku and Pori Province, l840-l930
Passport Lists for Aland Islands Province, l865-l930
Passport Lists for Rauma City, l865-l903
Passport Lists for Pori City, l885-l903
Passport Lists for Uusikaupunki City, l865-l903
One book per year per province or city.
Handwritten books
passports abroad, and include the usual passport in
formation—name, date of birth, date and place of
departure, age, occupation, destination, etc.
Note: All Finnish passport materials from provincial ar
chives and national archives are available for loan
to the Turku Provincial Archive. Also the other materi
als mentioned in the National Archives can be obtained
through loan by the University of Turku. Arrangements
must be made in advance, however, as it does take some
time to get the materials to Turku.
6. PROVINCIAL ARCHIVE OF VAASA (VAASAN MAAKUNTA-ARKISTO)

Vaasa
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
Pa ssport Lists for Vaasa Province, l860-l930
Passport Lists for Kokkola City, l874-l903
Passport Lists for Kristiinankaupunki City, l860-l903
Pa s sport Lists for Pietarsaari City, l865-l903
Passport Lists for Uusikaarlepyy City, l87l-l903
Passport Lists for Kaskinen City, l874-l892
Passport Lists for Kokkola Bailiff, l885-l897
Fin land 2l3
One book per year for each

Handwritten books
These passport lists are probably the most important ones
because Ostrobothnia was the area of heaviest emigra
tion from Finland. The collections consist of lists
of persons who took passports abroad, and include the
usual passport information--name, date of birth, date
and place of departure, age, occupation, destination,
etc .
Finding aid available: NA; no restrictions on access.
7. CITY ARCHIVE OF MARIEHAMN

Mar iehamn
Aland Islands
Hours: 9:00-3:00
Collection :
Passport Li sts for Mariehamn City
l882-l9l4
One book per year.
Handwritten books
Aland is an autonomous area of Finland, and therefore
the city archives have some materials on emigration.
Of particular interest are the passport lists, which
contain information such as name, age, occupation,
date and place of departure, destination, etc.
Finding aid available: NA; no restrictions on access.
8. FINNISH CHURCH PARISHES

Correspondence to any one of the approximately 500 Finnish
parishes should be addressed to the particular town
of interest. For example: "Lohtajan seurakunta,
Finland." ("Seurakunta" is the Finnish word for
parish. )
Hours: usually 9:00-3:00
Collections :
Church Records
l860-l930
Usually at least 20 very thick books in each parish; the
amount varies according to the size of the town.
Handwritten books, lists and forms
In every Finnish parish there are the following materials
on migration:
a. ) Membership records: a new book is compiled every
ten years which notes persons who have left for
America or returned, as well as other information
about all parish members such as name, age, birth
date, residence, occupation, baptism, marriage,
confirmation, and funeral.
b. ) Records of persons who do not currently live in
the parish, which of course includes emigrants.
c. ) Records of persons who have returned to the par
ish after living elsewhere.
d. ) Death certificates for Finns who have died in
2l4 Finland
other countries. (The Finnish Foreign Ministry has

a more complete file of these.)
e. ) Lists of persons who are assumed dead, based on
a law which says that if no information has been
obtained on a parish member who would be more than
l20 years old, then the person may be declared
dead by a court decision. These lists naturally
contain the names of many emigrants.
Finding aid available: N/A; restrictions on access vary,
but are generally favorable.
Note: Virtually all the 500 Finnish parishes have mate
rials on Finnish emigrants. The amount of informa
tion varies depending on where the church is located
(in an "emigrant" area or not) . However, the church
records are a very good source for emigration studies
because they are well maintained by comparison with
other European countries. Studies involving the papers
usually must be done on a church-by-church basis be-
because emigration data is mixed among other church
material .
Ill

IN THE ARCHIVES OF IRELAND
by
JoEllen McNergney Vinyard
Inclusion of the Irish in the Immigration Sources Pro

ject is appropriate for several reasons, especially given the
long continuum of Irish emigration to America, the large num
ber of Irish among the nineteenth century American population,
and the enduring impact of subsequent generations in the twen
tieth century. Along with almost every other nationality, the
Irish claim that at least one of their own was with Columbus
when he discovered America. Certainly there were Irish immi
grants and communities in the pre-Revolutionary colonies. The
influx of Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century contri
buted mightily to a reshaping of the social, political, and
economic character of the United States. In the years from
l82l to l870 alone, 2,389,000 Irish came to the United States,
making them the largest single immigrant group in the nation
during that period. Meanwhile, the population of Ireland
dropped from about 8,000,000 in l840 to only slightly over
4,000,000 by the end of the century and so the impact of immi
gration was considerable on both sides of the Atlantic. While
the number of immigrants has declined in the twentieth cen
tury, the flow has not stopped completely. Nearly 368,000
arrived between l92l and l970. Additionally, those who con
tinue to identify themselves as Irish in ancestry constitute
one of the significant segments of the American population.
It is not surprising that the Irish have long held a

place of prominence in American writing, scholarly and other
wise. Specialized studies have examined Irish-Americans from
many perspectives: in various cities, politics, the Catholic
Church, and Irish-American nationalist organizations, plus
there are books and articles on the famine Irish, the Scotch-
Irish, the rich Irish, and other assorted types. Despite all
of this effort, the Irish-American people remain an elusive
group .
2l6
Newspaper reports or eye-witness accounts have neces

sarily figured prominently in much of the discussion about
the ordinary Irish men and women — the hundreds of thousands
who left few records of their day to day lives, their motiva
tions, ambitions, and attitudes. Yet much of that contempor
ary material was written either by unsympathetic critics or
by highly partisan defenders. As a result the eminent and
the notorious came most readily into view. Social and urban
historians have recently begun the major effort required to
understand the Irish-American population in general. Immi
grants and their children, whose lives and actions belong
somewhere between notable greats like Andrew Jackson, Woodrow
Wilson, or John F. Kennedy, and the fictionalized stereotypes
like Studs Lonigan are the focus of this research. The sur
vey of holdings reveals, as hoped, that there is considerable
and valuable material available in Ireland which can help
fill gaps in our understanding.
While nativist spokesmen and newspapers raged that the

"illiterate" Irish would certainly spell doom to the American
nation, those immigrants were writing thousands upon thousands
of letters home. Whether in flawed or faultless sentences,
they keenly described their new country and their personal
experiences in it. This flow of information back across to
Ireland was an important stimulus to the continual tide of
emigration. At the time the letters often provided their
readers with important clues for improving upon the chances
for success and adjustment when they, in turn, would arrive
in America. The letters which have survived offer present
day readers important clues about the Irish who came. Toge
ther with official governmental records, ship lists, prisoners'
petitions, wills, diaries, and reminiscences, the letters
belong to a large reservoir of manuscript information in Ire
land which relates directly to the process of immigration and
the Irish in America.
I began the search for records in Ireland in the hope
that new materials might be located in sufficient bulk to
stimulate more systematic research on this particularly illu
sive emigration. Searching Irish records and archival col
lections has been somewhat complicated by the l92l partition
between the northern six counties (Northern Ireland) and the
remaining twenty-six (the Irish Free State and, since l949,
the Republic of Ireland) . Each country now has a separate
public record office which serves to locate and maintain res
pective historical documents. Yet because of their long his
tory as a single country, many collections in North and South
cut across the political boundary.
In formulating a search strategy, I confined my sum
mer's work to the Republic of Ireland. By far the largest
group of immigrants to America came from these counties.
Until l92l Dublin was the single center of government and
therefore could be presumed to have greater potential for
time-series material. Guides to documents indicated that the
Republic has more libraries and archives. I was hopeful that
by concentrating my efforts in the Republic and particularly
Dublin, I might achieve a better grasp of the scope and depth
of material available.
Ire land 2l7
It was possible, however, to gain some information

about Northern Ireland's collections without visiting there.
Many manuscripts are located in the Public Record Office in
Belfast, an institution with well cataloged holdings. By
corresponding with the archivist, Brian Trainor, general
information about their holdings was gained and many of their
manuscript collections on immigrants are identified in the
published source guides described below. A further help with
Northern Ireland was provided by Prof. Kerby Miller, a histo
rian at the University of Missouri-Columbia who has done
extensive research in Ireland on American immigration. With
his generous cooperation, the Project was able to learn about
materials and to accession copies of letters from Irish-Ameri
cans which he has located in the Public Record Office of
Northern Ireland.
The search strategy for the Republic of Ireland was

designed around the primary goals of the Immigration Sources
Project: to learn the extent and diversity of private and
public collections and to assess their potential value for
research on the Irish in America. Accordingly, I concentrated
the summer's work in three general areas: (l) to learn whether
private individuals were a potential and realistic resource
for letters from Irish immigrants; (2) to identify as many
established collections, large and small, throughout Ireland
as possible (including governmental offices, church records,
public and private libraries, county archives, etc.); and
(3) to provide a description of the contents of the collec
tions and their research possibilities. Given the willingness
of so many people to share their time, sources, and knowledge,
and because Ireland is a small nation and major archival col
lections are centralized and well-cataloged, it was possible
in the course of fifty days to realize substantial progress
in each of these areas.
To test whether private individuals were a likely

source, six months before going to Ireland I placed announce
ments about the Immigration Sources Project and our search for
letters in ten newspapers published in various parts of the
country. Thirty people responded to the notices. Some had
letters which they or their ancestors had received from Amer
ica; others were interested in the topic and willing to pro
vide help and direction. From talking with various people, it
quickly became apparent that private collections were a poten
tially large resource. Individuals with letters were widely
scattered throughout the country. Since the future of these
collections in private hands is uncertain at best, I felt it
would be important to contact anyone who offered their family
letters. Since so many people were far from access to copying
machines, this often necessitated a visit and in some cases
two visits. Within the context of a fifty-day search this
sort of pleasant but time consuming activity, I felt, had to
be cut short. I sampled a fair number of the initial contacts
I had made before leaving for Ireland but cancelled plans to
make additional media appeals for letters. Since my return
Prof. Miller has undertaken a wider search for material and
has located a number of additional collections in private
hands .
2l8 Ire land
Thousands of personal papers, however, are surely

scattered about Ireland in private homes where they have long
remained, either treasured or accidentally spared in moves or
housecleanings . When they can be located, the value of such
materials is increased since their present-day owners often
can supply accompanying information which places their immi
grant ancestors within a context of family circumstances
stretching back perhaps four generations or more. The private
letters which I did find and which are described in the appen
dix do generally mirror, however, the themes in the hundreds
on deposit in archives where the researcher with limited time
or funds has quick access.
In carrying out the second part of the search — to

locate the established collections — I used a combination of
manuscript guides, bibliographies, and the suggestions of
Irish historians, librarians, researchers, governmental archi
vists, and other knowledgeable, helpful people. Within the
first two or three weeks in Ireland, twenty institutions
emerged as clearly the most important collections. A few,
when visited or contacted, had little or nothing that related
to immigration. But the depositories located and described
in the appendix represent most of the major and a majority of
the minor holdings in the Republic.
There has been a continual and impressive effort to

maintain manuscript collections in Ireland despite economic
difficulties. Along with the rest of the country's records,
materials on emigration are generally well cataloged. In
part, this is often a result of the work of civil servants
who, throughout the late eighteenth, nineteenth, and early
twentieth centuries filed items meticulously and compiled
volumes of manuscript finding aids. Collections in public
and private libraries and in government offices are made
accessible to researchers with ease and efficiency. The col
lections of the Folklore Archives are predominantly in Gaelic;
elsewhere letters and records are commonly in English.
Information on various holdings is indexed in two fine

sources, Bernard Alman Crick and Marriam Alman, A Guide to
Manuscripts Relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland
(l96l; a new edition has just been published) and Richard
Hayes , Manuscript Sources for the History of Irish Civilisa
tion (l965). Neither is exhaustive but the larger libraries
have updates of their holdings. Most of the archives also
have staff members with an interest in emigration who are
aware of fugitive materials overlooked in regular cataloging.
The bulk of archival material in the Republic of Ire

land is located in Dublin, although a few of the county
libraries are beginning to collect manuscripts from private
individuals in their vicinities. The Cork Archives Council,
founded recently, is one of the most successful regional
attempts to date. In Dublin three libraries have important
collections pertaining to American immigration: the National
Library, Trinity College Manuscript Library, and the Folklore
Archive Commission at the University College Dublin. A fourth
library in the city, that of the Royal Irish Academy, has a
limited amount of material from or on immigrants and the
Ire land 2l9
Ordnance Survey of Ireland Manuscript Memoirs offers valuable

detail on emigration during the l830s.
The National Library holdings are the most extensive
and diverse. It has several collections pertaining to poli
tical activities of Irish-Americans on behalf of various
Irish nationalist movements. The Devoy Papers and also the
Gaelic League Ledger provide lists of the names and addresses
of contributors to the Gaelic American Defence Fund. Devoy ' s
two diaries describe his travels around America to raise money
for the Irish National League cause and discuss American poli
tics, elections, and immigrant attitudes. Similar information
is to be found in the Irish National League Papers and the
Jeremiah O' Donovan Rossa Papers. The Larcom Papers, a large
collection, relates to Fenianism in America. There are sev
eral diaries, essays, and hundreds of letters in the various
National Library collections written by ordinary immigrants
who described their day to day circumstances in America — an
early eighteenth century diary of a Quaker woman about a jour
ney from Dublin to Philadelphia to Salem and back to Cork;
six letters, each of several pages, from County Tyrone emi
grants discussing homes, jobs, and salaries in early nine
teenth century New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The National
Library also has a substantial collection of newspapers and
periodicals in which information about or from immigrants
appears in letters and articles across the years. The Trinity
College Manuscript Library likewise has several valuable col
lections. The Dillon Papers are especially good because they
cover a long period of time, include political activity as
well as miscellaneous reports from immigrants, and provide
some of the best information which I found on pre-famine Irish
of some "stature" who came to America.
In the Folklore Archive Commission at University Col

lege Dublin, perhaps 90 percent of the material is in Gaelic.
But the Archive also has about 2,000 pages of material com
prising the replies to questionnaires on emigration which
Arnold Schrier sent out to Irish residents in l955 in the pro
cess of research for his book, Ireland and the American Emi
gration, l850-l900. This is a unique and excellent collec
tion with hundreds of individual replies to such questions as
"Do you know of any friends or relatives who went to America
before l900? When did they go? How old were they? What were
their occupations? Were they married? If married, did they
take their family? Why did they go? What did they say about
America in letters home?"
Many important official records were destroyed by
fires over the past two centuries when government buildings
became targets during Irish uprisings and the civil war.
There remains, however, a long though broken time series of
material on emigrants in a number of Dublin government offices.
Among the best for research on political and social topics are
those at the State Paper Office in Dublin Castle. Here are
over a hundred cartons on the Fenians, with information on
Irish-Americans involved in the movement. Also, the Series
of Unregistered Papers contain dozens of petitions to emigrate
from the eighteenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries, plus
passenger lists of emigrants to ports in the United States
between l859 and l867.
220 Ire land
The Public Record Office has some limited information,

notably the Quit Rent Office Papers which deal with Crown
plans to subsidize emigration to America from Crown estates.
The Genealogical office, housing important though specialized
resources, would be a significant resource for certain types
of research. Occasionally there are letters from immigrants
mingled amid the case files of individual family genealogies.
Church records seem to be disappointingly elusive and

uneven in quality when available. Some Church of Ireland
parish records dating from l922 are in the Public Record
Office, but a fire in that year destroyed many from the pre
vious era deposited there. Since certain churches with suf
ficient storage space had retained their own records, however,
local collections are still available from place to place.
Roman Catholic records were usually kept in the individual
parishes and in some cases may date back at least as far as
the Catholic Emancipation in l829. But survival of these
records varies depending upon the fortunate combination of
conscientious priests, avoidance of fires, and continuity of
the church buildings. Regardless of denomination, church
records regularly contain only birth, marriage, and death
lists of parishoners. In looking at a few collections and
from talking with priests and clerks at the Public Record
Office, it seems that any mention of immigrants in America
would appear only by luck — in a rare marginal note or a stray
letter.
Some information about the work of Irish Catholic
priests and nuns among their countrymen in America can be
found in the correspondence files of the Capuchin, Franciscan,
and All Hallows College archives. St. Patrick's College, May-
nooth, was the major Irish seminary and trained priests who
went to America, but none of the archivists suggested it as
a potential source and I was not able to visit there. Bibli
ographies and people consulted indicated that many of the
records of the Irish Catholic Church are in Rome. Yet it
would seem likely that there is much more church-related mate
rial, Protestant and Catholic, than I found in the process of
this search.
Records of the Quakers, who were a unique minority

among Irish immigrants in America, proved the easiest to
locate and offer the greatest assurance of almost complete
documentation of their migration experience. In Dublin there
is a small library maintained by the Society of Friends where
a tiny staff has long been engaqed in a search for their mem
bers who dispersed throughout the world. They had only two
collections pertaining to American immigrants but both contain
interesting commentaries about Irish Quaker families.
The various manuscript materials on the migration and
settlement of the Irish available in Ireland have enormous
research potential from a variety of perspectives. For exam
ple, detailed descriptions about nineteenth century occupa
tional, social, and economic conditions, plus lists of emi
grants from Antrim, Londonderry, and a few other areas, sur
vive in the Ordnance Survey Manuscript Memoirs. Such informa
tion can provide opportunities to urban historians,
Ire land 22l
geographers, economists, and sociologists who study the inter

relationships between place, population, and migration. This
same group of scholars could find value in the Irish immigrant
accounts of American cities, farmlands, frontier army posts,
and mining towns. For those interested in the causes behind
emigration, the sources document a variety of reasons which
led Irishmen to America. The economic lure loomed most impor
tant to many in every decade. A petitioner requesting to
emigrate in l8l0 wrote the Irish government that he had
resolved "though with reluctance" to leave for America. He
was "ecouraged thereto by a relative who fills an official
situation in Baltimore... who promised that on my arrival
there he can procure me a civil employment." This petitioner
was also feeling the effect of absentee landlords. This one
letter is an example of the connection between the political
and economic situations that came together to prompt emigra
tion. A saddler, the petitioner found that "owing chiefly to
the low residence of our gentry" the saddlery business had so
much declined that he was unable to support a "small family in
in a country town."
Some had been duped into immigrating for work that

either failed to materialize when they landed in America or
turned out quite differently than they had expected. In l864
one group of Dublin men signed up to work, they thought, on
the United States railroads. After a passage of fourteen
days, they reported that "we were brought out here for to
be made soldiers of." Only a subscription collected by their
countrymen in Boston paid their way out of the army. So they
wrote others at home to beware "of the sort such as emigration
agents . "
Both Catholics and Protestants revealed religious rea

sons for immigrating to America. Catholics, in their letters
home, repeatedly told of the religious freedom they enjoyed.
And there were Protestants who asked Dublin Castle officials
to allow them to leave Ireland for America because of Catholic
neighbors who "swear that there shall not be one of us living
in the course of a short time." Two men, in l8l8, insisted
they could no longer contend with the "barbarous usage received
from the popish professions" and must be allowed to emigrate
or to join the local police force.
Many letters support themes persistent in the litera

ture on Irish immigrants — chain emigration, the informal net
work that functioned among the Irish in America, connections
between personnel in the American and Irish Catholic church.
It is possible to use the Irish manuscript collections to
examine individual vs. family emigration, the import of skills,
the role of women, pre-famine vs. post-famine emigration,
social and economic successes of the Irish in America, and the
human ability to adapt old habits to new conditions.
In the records and letters there is ample confirmation

of the conventional wisdom that Irish immigrants saw America
as a refuge from injustice. Remarks such as "hurra [h] for the
land of liberty — I will be with you on friday morning Bound
for it. adieu to the Land of Lord tireny and oppression"
appear frequently. Similarly, there is constant evidence that
222 Ire land
immigrants were well aware of the problems of migration to

America and often tried to warn others against placing too
much hope in a "promised land" when the sober reality was "as
much suffering in New York today [l876] as there is in any
part of Ireland." Yet segments of Irish settlers often
obscured by the larger East coast Irish settlement are also
represented in the letters from Wisconsin farmers, West coast
residents, and confirmed Catholic teetotalers. A few writers
requested money from home rather than sending it, a number
looked back upon their decisions to leave with great regret,
and a large group clung to the hope that they could soon go
back to live in Ireland.
Perhaps the greatest potential of the Irish manu

scripts is in the diversity of people they include. The let
ters were written by men and women, Protestant and Catholic,
who originated in every class and county in Ireland. They
wrote of their lives from places spread all across America
with circumstances ranging from Eastern city lawyer to convent
nun to Indian-fighting soldier on the frontier. Their col
lective experiences and impressions span well over a century
in time.
The major weakness the collections pose for certain
types of research is also to be found in their wide-ranging
character. While the materials represent a long time span,
they are not so numerous for any one period that they could
provide a dependable, complete documentation of immigrants
in the era. Similarly, although there are letters from every
part of the United States and from people in many occupations,
there are not enough from any one place, class, or group to
be considered truly representative. And at least in this sur
vey, some important segments of the Irish immigrant popula
tion —New England mill town workers, for example —were entirely
absent. It is possible, of course, that a more extensive
search would fill the gaps. Certainly the thousands of let
ters which are available, coupled with the official Irish
records and other documents, all improve upon our ability to
get beyond generalizations.
This guide is intended primarily to highlight the
presence, range of content, and potential value of resources
about the United States immigrants available in Ireland. That
so much information could be found in fifty days suggests
there is a possibility for much more. Certainly there are
other undiscovered and equally important holdings which belong
here. But the evidence is clear. In accounting for the sig
nificance of the American experience, it is well worth looking
beyond our own shores. The letters and records so carefully
preserved in Ireland are one more part of that people's long
contribution .
Ire land 223
APPENDIX I-I
Sources Available in National Archives
(Ireland)
l. NATIONAL LIBRARY
Kirby Street
Dublin
Hours: l0:00-l2: 30; 2:00-5:30, 7:00-9:30; Sat. 9:00-l:00
Collections :
a. F. S. Bourke Collection: "Notes of Recent American
Opinion and Action on the Irish Home Rule Question"
(MS 10,74l)
June 7, l9l7
l2 pages.
Typewritten pages
Describes attitudes of Irish-Americans on Irish Home
Rule, discussing such things as a meeting in Fan-
euil Hall, Boston, at which there was a three min
ute ovation by the crowd when they heard the Germans
had sunk 400,000 tons of Allied ships! Also actions
of Irish in American politics as spill-over of the
candidates' stands on Ireland. (All of this is in
a detailed description of a meeting held between
prominent Irish- Americans and Balfour at the British
Commission in Washington.) Gives good insight into
Irish-American attitude toward World War I.
Finding aid available: see above manuscript number;
b. Brabazon Papers (MS l0, 360 [4])
l764rl765
3 letters, each 3-4 pages.
Manuscripts
Letters from Robert Pillson of New York to Harry Bra
bazon, a merchant in Drogheda. Pillson had moved
to New York City to become a mercantilist, handling
grain shipments, etc., on commission. Information
about prices, trading regulations, Continental
trade .
c. Papers of Cornelius J. Cremen (MS l7,805)
March l3, l900
l relevant letter.
Manuscript
Letter written to Cremen in London from his cousin in
New York City. Contains little but personal
224 Ire I and
material; also reference to the Boer War, saying

"New York, at an average, sides with the Boers but
the Queen has taken their sympathy."
d. Letter of George Crosby (MS l3,549)
March 28, l847
l letter.
Manuscript
Written by Crosby (originally from Co. Galway) to his
mother in Crauyhwell, Co. Galway. Tells about the
efforts of the American government on behalf of
famine-stricken Ireland (although rather briefly) ;
primarily personal matters.
e. Mrs. Sydney Czira Papers (MS l8,8l6)
l9l4-l922
60 pages.
Typescript
Drafts of articles and notes by Mrs. Czira (who uses
the pseudonym of John Brennan) regarding her activi
ties among Irish Republicans and the Republican
party in the United States.
f. Devoy Papers - Account Book of the "Gaelic American
Defence Fund" (MS 9828)
l9l8
67 pages in bound account book.
Manuscript
Gives names and addresses of contributors to the Gaelic
American Defence Fund including amounts contributed.
Many are from clubs and associations such as the
Wolfe Tone Club, New Haven ; the Gaelic Athletic
Association of California, etc.; very detailed ac
counting; majority of contributions are small and a
majority are from New York area, but the entire
country is represented.
g. John Devoy Papers — two diaries (MSS 98l9-9820)
October, l894 - February, l895
MS 98l9: ll5 pages; MS 9820: l77 pages.
Handwritten, small bound volumes
Describes Devoy 's travels around America to raise money
and support for Irish National League cause. Dis
cusses meeting with Irish leader from Detroit. De
scribes American politics, election, Ancient Order
of Hibernian Clubs, American attitudes, etc. Very
detailed .
Ire land 225
Finding aid available: see above manuscript numbers;

h. Edgeworth Papers (MS l8, 780) (l) (2) (3)
l792-l796; depositions in l805-l806
9 letters and a will.
Manuscripts
In MS l8,780 (l) are letters from and about Richard
Edgeworth who was a plantation owner in North Caro
lina until his death in l796. Contains comments on
farming, on the people there. Good letter from Edge-
worth's widow regarding her "situation." In
MS l8, 780 (2) are several depositions from people
in North Carolina stating that the three children
of Richard Edgeworth and his wife Elizabeth are in
deed Richard Edgeworth's, that the parents were
married, etc. (apparently so they could then inherit,
etc. through their grandfather Edgeworth in Ireland) .
In MS l8,780 (3) is more correspondence from North
Carolina regarding the widow and her children, their
land and education (family appears to be Protestant).
Note: a good collection because it shows the great ef
fort it took to maintain contacts with family mem
bers after emigration and because there is consider
able information about the difficulties of an immi
grant widow with two small children.
i. Gaelic League Ledger (MS 32 78)
l9ll-l9l3
l bound ledger book.
Manuscripts
Ledger lists the American patrons or subscribers to the
Gaelic League by name, address and amount contributed.
Finding aid available: see manuscript number above;
j. Frank Gallagher Papers (MS l8, 3 35)
l928-l954
Approx. 50 letters.
Manuscripts
Letters to Gallagher (an author) from John T. Hughes of
Boston and his sister Mary. Very well informed and
descriptive (e.g., a very good letter prior to l928
election regarding the "uproar" over Al Smith,
priests and popes in American politics, etc.). Hughes
was a Boston lawyer. Information about other Irish
in America. Mary Hughes' letters to Gallagher con
tain references to life and culture in Boston, to
Irish- Americans there (and considerable personal
material). Includes political comments on Boss
Cur ley, Senator Joe McCarthy hearings, etc.
226 Ire land
k. Matthew Gaynor Letters (MS l3,554)

l847-l849
2 letters, 4 pages each.
Manuscripts, photostats
Written by Matthew Gaynor (originally from Co. West-
meath) in Utica, New York, to his parents in Clon-
kill, Co. Westmeath. Much specific information on
trades in America, prices, wages, living conditions,
the value of education. Also, one letter contains
advice and information on what to take along on a
trip to America.
l. Alice Stopford Green Papers (MS l0, 445)
ca. l880's - l890's
Approx. 20 pages.
Primarily typewritten; a handwritten essay
Contains an essay on the Irish in America from about
the time of the famine up to late l9th century;
very well written in the emotional style used when
Irish talked about this topic; some quotes with
documentation on speeches in the British Parliament
about the Irish, etc. Considerable discussion of
New York City and Tammany Hall, etc. Interesting
especially because it appears to be a very erudite
statement on the common and general attitudes a-
bout emigration.
m. Dr. E. R. R. Green (MS ll,428)
Primarily l9th century
Approx. 80 letters.
Manuscripts
Copies and some originals of letters from emigrants to
the U.S., collected in l96l by Dr. E. R. Green.
n. C. Grimshaw Collection (MS l5, 784)
l864-l866
2l letters.
Manuscripts
Letters requesting passage to America, arrangements
for paying, etc., sent to offices of C. Grimshaw,
a shipping company in Liverpool. One letter
closed saying, "hurra for the land of liberty I will
be with you on friday morning Bound for it adieu
to the land of Land Lord tireny [sic] and oppres
sion . "
Note: This is an unusual collection in that it focuses
on requesting passage and the reasons for leaving
Ire I and 227
Ireland .
"Incomplete Emigrant's Letter" (MS l5,647)
April l0, l897
l four-page letter (incomplete).
Manuscript
From Cycad Coal Fields, Park County, Montana. Describes
ranching there before the Panic of l893, effect of
the Panic on the area's towns, banks, farmers. Also
reference to McKinley's election.
Irish National League Papers (MS 8582/2)
l890
7 letters, 2 to 8 pages each.
Manuscripts
Written by the Rev. Charles O'Reilly, D.D. (given ad
dress was Adelaide St., Detroit) who was treasurer
of the Irish National League of America. Written
to Dr. Joseph E. Kenny of Dublin who was Treasurer
of the National League of Ireland. Describes fund-
raising efforts and problems with the American press.
Gives amounts of money raised. Supplies some in
formation on local events in Detroit and Wayne County.
John M. Kelly Letters (MS l0,5ll) (2)
l846-l848
7 letters.
Manuscripts
Contains letters from Thomas Reilly, living in Sara
toga, New York and Albany. Reilly describes him
self as an exile. He was working with Irish volun
teers in America preparing to invade Ireland. Good
description also of New York (his impressions) , and
his ideas about the United States.
Thomas J. Kelly Letter (MS l8,437)
March 24, l876
l letter.
Photocopy of manuscript letter
Discusses life in New York City and its promise (or
lack of it) for the Irish immigrants. "It is all
very fine for people in Ireland to think that if a
man is in America he has nothing to do but pick up
gold in the streets. I can tell you that there is
as much suffering in New York to-day as there is
in any part of Ireland, and it is a great mistake
for nineteen of twenty who come here with the purpose
of remaining in the city." "It is well enough if the
people have trades or want to work as servants.
Otherwise let them not come unless they have money to
go into the interior of the country where labor is
scarce . "
228 Ireland

s. Letters of Mylas Walter Keogh (MS 3885)
l86l-l869
3l letters (most 2 to 4 pages).
Manuscripts - bound into a ledger-size book
Letters from Keogh who was a cavalry officer in the
Civil War (for the North), written from various
posts. Also includes letters to him from friends
in the war. Describes battles, camp life, promotions
and commissions, arrangements for others from Ireland
to come and join the army. Letters regarding the
capture of his brother by the Confederate Army, in
cluding one from his brother detailing the capture
and confinement at Macon and later Charleston, and a
letter written after the war which describes his
post in Kansas. In all, a very good discussion of
army life during and after the Civil War.
t. Lalor Papers (MS 8567)
l843-l93l
28 letters.
Manuscripts
Letters primarily from William Lalor and cousins in
America to Richard Lalor of Tinskill, Leix and
other members of the family in Ireland. Letters from
Nevada, Denver, Marin County (California), New Orleans,
Lima (Indiana), New York, St. Louis are quite
descriptive of these locales—discuss mining, the
railroad, farming, prices, religion, working condi
tions, clothing styles, habits of Americans, and
the Irish in America. One letter (May l6, l880)
from New Orleans is a request to send over "l0 sober,
steady hands" and their families to work on the
plantation the writer owned.
u . Larcom Papers
l855-l869
Several dozen items.
Manuscripts
This is a large collection relating to Fenianism in
Ireland and America; includes names of Fenians,
pamphlets and newsletters, letters relating to the
movement, etc. For the folders in the Larcom Papers
relating to this topic see the following:
MS 75l7 MS 7675 MS 7678 MS 7695
MS 7697 MS 7677 MS 7693 MS 7729
MS 7676 MS 7680 MS 7685
Ireland 229
v . London: Public Record Office: CO. 384/l6 -- Colonial

Office Original Correspondence of the Secretary of
State
l827
l reel of microfilm - approx. 200-300 letters.
Microfilm (n. 90, p. 285)
Requests from Irish individuals to be allowed to emi
grate; most state destination as British North
America, although some state only "America." Reasons
for emigration often given, as well as trades or
skills .
Finding aid available: see above microfilm number; no
restrictions on access.
w. McCall Papers (MS l3,852) (9)
l885-l886
2 relevant letters (dated May l7, l885; June l7, l886).
Manuscripts
Letters from John Hughes in San Francisco to his brother
in Ireland (Co. Meath?) . Earliest letter provides
good description of his impressions of San Franciso.
x. Seamus O'Casaide Papers (MS 9830)
l848-l855
Manuscript
A list of Irish-Americans interviewed between l848 and
l855 by Jeremiah 0' Donovan for his book, A Brief
Account of the Author's Interview With His Country
men (Pittsburgh, l864).
y. Jeremiah O' Donovan Rossa Papers (MS l0,974)
l873-l9l5
Approx. 70 letters.
Manuscripts and some photostatic copies
Rossa was editor of the United Irishman in New York
City; also an author, "patriot" for the Irish
cause. This large collection of letters comes from
miscellaneous Irish correspondents in Ireland and
in the United States. Discuss various Irish persons,
business matters, and politics in the United States
and in Ireland.
z. O'Hara Papers (MS 20,328)
l83l-l838
5 letters - 2 to 4 pages each.
Manuscripts
Letters to Charles K. O'Hara in Sligo from Thomas
Gunning. Written from New York. The January, l832,
230 Ireland
letter is wonderful description of his journey to

Texas, lured there by extravagant promises of land
and wealth. Gives wages in New York City for var
ious jobs. Letter of November, l833, describes land
sales in Michigan and elsewhere, religion and mis
sionary efforts, Indians, President Jackson. Letter
of February 20, l834, discusses rechartering of The
Bank of the United States debates of l838; discusses
arrival of steam navigation and a trip the author
had made West.
aa. O'Neill Family Papers (MS 20, 970)
ca. l900
l letter.
Photcopy of manuscript letter
O'Neill family was from Castledermot, Co. Kildare.
Letter from Thomas Clinton of Brooklyn to
Patrick O'Neill (?) Clinton who had been in Cuba
in the Spanish-American War and who then became
recruiting officer for the Eighth U. S. Infantry.
Some discussion of the war and his selection for
the recruiter's post.
bb. John O'Neill Papers (MS l8,327)
l854-l866
8 letters and documents.
Manuscript letters and War Department documents from
Portar l ington in Ireland
Letters from John O'Neill who, in the l850' s, was in
Savannah, Georgia; gives very good description of
the city and the "sickness" that it experienced in
l854 [cholera?] . Describes the tar fires lit to
purify the air, coffins lined up, etc. Also letters
and documents regarding his capture and imprisonment
at Andersonville during the Civil War. Includes
a certificate of payment to his father for pay owed
O'Neill up to his death at Andersonville ($23,202)
and a "bounty" of $8000.
cc. Smith Diary (n. 36l7, p. 3235)
l852-l853
l reel-
Microfilm
Diary of Smith, who emigrated to America, l852-l853,
with some letters, poems, and a biographical note.
Finding aid available: see above microfilm number;
Ire land 23l
dd. James Stephens Diary (MS 4l48)

l859
38 bound pages.
Photostat copy. Original in Public Records Office,
Belfast.
This diary was written by Stephens while he was living
in Brooklyn. He had just come to America in October,
l858, to raise support for the Irish cause at home.
It describes his travels; a meeting with President
Buchanan; the struggle to raise men and money for
Ireland's defense.
ee. Studdert Papers (MS 20,629 and MS 20,628)
l840-l934
MS 20,629: l40 letters in l0 folders; MS 20,628: 3
letters .
Manuscripts
Collection of letters to or from Studdert family,
originally from Dromelihy, Cooraclare, Co. Clare.
Relate to family and estate business, but also to
economic, political, and social conditions in the
United States.
ff. Diary of (Ketchtichia Sudbury) Quaker Woman (n. 26 53,
p. l560)
l725-l727
l diary.
Manuscript on microfilm
Diary of a Quaker woman about a journey made from Dub
lin to Philadelphia - Salem - Cork.
Finding aid available: see above microfilm number; no
gg. County Tyrone Emigrant Letters (MS 2 300)

l8ll, l8l2, l8l8, l8l9
6 letters (each several pages) .
Manuscripts bound together in ledger-size book
Contains three letters from Bernard McKenna in New York
which describe his journey to America, his taking a
position as schoolmaster, his salary, the number of
students, etc. Discusses his marriage to a Quaker
woman. Two letters from Edward Toner in Westmore
land County, Pennsylvania, which discuss the Catho
lic Church in America, wages of the Irish in the
area, the effects of the Panic of l8l9. One letter
from John Campbell in Youngstown, Ohio, which gives
information about other Irish in the area; what to
bring when coming to America; jobs available to
others who might emigrate.
232 J><? "i in i
hh. Woulfe Letters (n. 49l6, p. 3887)

l863-l88l
Approx. 62 letters.
Microfilm: n. 90, p. 285
Maurice Woulfe, from Co. Limerick, arrived in Washing
ton, D.C. in the midst of the Civil War and vividly
described the war, life in Washington, political
attitudes, etc. Discusses other Irish there by
name as well as in general. Also, later letters
discuss his life in the U. S. Army after the war
(he was stationed near the Rocky Mountains and in
Kentucky) . Much description of frontier wars with
Indians, massacres, etc. Talks about morals of the
women, bank failures and hard times in l873. His
last several letters are written while he worked in
Washington, D.C. for the U. S. Government, as an
aide in the government asylum for the insane and
later the Bureau of Census.
Finding aid available: see above microfilm numbers;
2. STATE PAPER OFFICE

The Castle
Dublin 2
Hours: l0:00-5:00, Sat. l0:00-l2:30
Collections :
a . Papers of the Chief Crown Solicitor's Office
ca. l860
6 cartons
Manuscripts
Papers (miscellaneous collection) deal with many as
pects of Fenianism. Carton 22 has the official
history of Fenianism by Matthew Anderson, son of
the Crown Solicitor. Contains references to
American officers who were in the rising of l867.
b . Fenian Conspiracy Book: The Crown Case Against Luby ,

O'Leary, etc.
l865
304 pages.
Manuscripts
Information regarding trial in l865; gives lists of
persons (prisoners) charged with conspiracy, etc.
Contains several references to letters and money
received from Fenians in America.
c . Fenian Movement Records

l860-l870
92 cartons
Manuscripts and photographs
Cartons 62-64 contain dispatches from the British
Ire land 233
Minister in Washington and the Consul in New York,

on the strength of the Fenian Movement in those
two cities in about l867. Cartons 66-67 contain
photographs of suspected persons with their descrip
tions. In some cases, they lived in America. Car
ton 92 contains reports and press cuttings sent by
a " sub- inspector " who observed Irish activities in
New York City in l859.
Finding aid avilable; no restrictions on access.
d . Fenian Papers
l867-l874
22 cartons.
Manuscripts
These papers deal with the activities of suspects and
other aspects of Fenianism.
Finding aid available: indices in calendar form; no
e . Abstracts of cases under Habeas Corpus Suspension Acts
l866-l874
3 volumes.
Manuscripts
These volumes give names and personal details of per
sons suspected of connections with the Fenian Move
ment. There are references to prisoners who had
returned from America or who had been in the army
there. In many cases prisoners received their dis
charge by promising to emigrate to England or
America .
f . Rebellion Papers
l796-l803
Whole collection is in 36 cartons; most relevant items
listed below.
Manuscripts
l. Portion of a letter, August l, l797, written from
New York City to George Ivie, Dublin, describing
a voyage from Europe and conditions in New York City,
such as boarding houses, wages, dress, etc.
2. Papers of Thomas Russell (l767-l803), United Irish
man, describing his life in Philadelphia, George
Washington, etc.
3. Letter from Capt. Alexander Chesny, June 3, l797,
describing behavior of people of Charleston during
the American Revolution.
Finding aid available: good calendar and index; no
g. Series of Registered Papers (#l6765)
l863-l864
Approx. l00-l50 pages.
Manuscripts
Contains 20 related files which deal with Irish
234 Ire land
participation in the Civil War (this was in viola

tion of the Foreign Enlistment Act) , some of whom
joined up voluntarily at places like Cork where
they boarded an American warship, Kersage. Others
were duped into going to America with the promise
of work on the railroad and once in America, were
signed up for the army by the North or South. In
cludes personal depositions, etc. Especially de
scriptive is a letter from John Connor (#l4056 in
this file #l6765) describing his experiences.
Finding aid available: Manuscript Index in State Paper
Office (also, relevant documents are grouped together
to facilitate location of material); no restrictions
on access.
Note: Some of this material is difficult to read be
cause of the quality of the writing.
h. Series of Registered Papers (#2090, #2l28, #2l47,
#3023, #6847, #l0926)
l86l-l862
Several small files.
Manuscripts
Discusses American agents who were appointed to the
major ports in Ireland.
Finding aid available: Manuscript Index in State Paper
Office; no restrictions on access.
i. Series of Unregistered Papers — "Passenger lists of
emigrants" (to ports in the United States) [carton
92l A 4]
l859-l867
Several hundred forms, tied in bundles.
Manuscr ipts--wr itten on tables/charts
Provides passenger lists for several hundred ships
which sailed for the United Kingdom from other ports,
including New York, Boston, New Orleans, Dorchester
in Massachusetts; gives names of passengers, mari
tal status, profession, nationality and port at
which the person was to land. This would be very
good material for studying reverse migration.
Finding aid available: papers not indexed but are
grouped by year; no restrictions on access.
j. Series of Unregistered Papers — "Prisoners' Petitions
and Cases"
l778-l836
Several dozen letters in multiple boxes.
Manuscripts - unbound
Petitions are arranged alphabetically. They are from
prisoners awaiting trial for criminal offenses, and
some seek to be allowed to emigrate to America.
Finding aid available: Index which must be read through
to locate each relevant letter; no restrictions on
access .
Note: a good collection, but requires sifting through
Ire land 235
the 200 page index for each letter.

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
Four Courts
Dublin 7
Phone: 0l 778092
Hours: l0:00 - 5:00
Collections:
a . Church of Ireland Parish Records
Note: According to Bernard Allman Crick and Merriam Allman
A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to America in Great
Britain and Ireland (Oxford University Press, London,
l96l) , Church of Ireland parish records were made pub
lic records in l875 after disestablishment in l869.
But churches with suitable storage facilities were al
lowed to retain records locally. Many sent to the Re
cord Office were lost durinq the fire in l922, and the
surviving ones arrived after that date. The Record
Office can supply information as to which registers
survive and whether there are copies of those that
burned. However, examination of some of these records
and discussion with people in the Public Record Office
indicates that there is nothing in the Church records
about emigration — only birth, marriage and death mate
rial .
b. Quit Rent Office Papers: " Bal lykilcline , Co. Roscommon"
[2B-43-l27]
l848 and l849
Approx. 5 letters.
Manuscripts
All letters relate to requests to emigrate as a part of
a Crown "resettlement" plan of Irish to America —
these people were on Crown land.
Finding aid available: index; no restrictions on access
Note: It is very difficult locating specific letters in
this collection.
c. Quit Rent Office Papers: " Kilconcourse , Kings Co."
[2B-44-l]
Probably l848 or l849
l table.
Table
Detailed information in table form regarding "The Re
moval of Occupants from the Lands of Kilconcourse,
Kings Co." Deals with amounts paid to resettle
several families from Crown lands. Sent at Crown
expense to New York and Philadelphia.
Finding aid available: see reference number above; no
d. Quit Rent Office Papers: ll784-ll844
ca. l850
Approx. 50-60 pages.
Manuscript
This is a collection of material dealing with a Crown
236 Ire land
plan to subsidize emigration from the Crown estates.

It is missing (as of this report) ; however, the
documents are all printed in Analecta Hibernica,
no. 22, pp. 329-94, June, l960. The documents in
clude lists of names, accounts of the voyage, oc
cupations and holdings of emigrants in some cases,
plus landlord's letters and four letters from emi
grants shortly after arrival in the United States.
e. Quit Rent Office Papers [2B-43-l25]
l85l-l852
2 letters.
Manuscript
Letters deal with emigration from the Crown Estates in
Kingwilliamstown, paid for and planned by the
government .
Ire land 237
APPENDIX I-II
Sources Available in County Archives
(Ireland)
l. CORK ARCHIVES COUNCIL

Courthouse
Cork City
Hours: 9:30-l2:30, l:30-5:30
Collections:
a . Buckley Papers ( u l95)
l9ll-ca. l9l6
4 letters.
Typescript copies/originals also available
Letters from four different emigrants, from Ft. Wayne,
Indiana; San Francisco; Massachusetts; and New York;
written to Buckley relatives. Each contains a num
ber of references to various aspects of life in
America—care of the ill, religion, attitudes of
Americans to human life, attitudes of Irish in
America to home rule for Ireland, politics in Ameri
ca and World War I.
b. Eedy Letters (u 9)
l826-l836
l7 letters.
Xerox copies of manuscript letters; originals still
presumed tc be in hands of owner.
Most letters are written from New Brunswick, but some
contain references to Irish in the United States
and affairs there.
Finding aid available: see above manuscript number and
also a manuscript list of items in the papers; no
c. Hurley Letters (u l70)
187l-l938
l26 letters
Available in typescript or manuscript copies; manu
script best for exact capitalization/punctuation,
although typescript copies have been done carefully.
Letters are from Hurley brothers who went to United
States—Michael emigrated from Tawnies, Clonakilty
in l870 to Elko County, Nevada, the state of Wash
ington, and San Francisco; Dennis emigrated about
l870 and most of his letters (the bulk of this
238 Ire land
collection) are from Carson City. These describe

politics in America, wages, mining industry, other
Irish immigrants, ease of divorce in Nevada, types
of people there, etc.
Finding aid available: index and calendar; no restric
tions on access.
d . Thomas Laurnet Letter
January, l846
l letter.
Manuscript
Letter from emigrant to Mexico [Texas?] in l846, re
garding the potato famine. Writes that he and
others there had just shipped some seeds, potato
plants, and wheat to Ireland.
e. Letter from Dan Quinlan (u l2 8)

August, l802
l letter.
Typescript of original which is in private hands
Quinlan gives his place of origin as Kilbrogan. Letter
is written from New York, and describes chartering
a schooner from West Indies, going to Georgetown,
South Carolina, and conditions there; then to
Baltimore and New York. Prices, jobs, conditions
along the way are described.
f. Letters of William Rathbone (Ref. #l77, l78, l79)
l848
5 letters.
Manuscripts
Letters are in regard to sending l5 girls from Liver
pool to America to a man named Flower [Flour ?] who
lived near Albion, Edwards County, Illinois. The
girls were to work for specific families in Illinois.
Letters give details of working conditions and ar
rangements for girls. This is a rare example of
letters which discuss organized group emigration.
g. Analecta Hibernica, No. 22, l960: "State-Aided Emigra
tion Schemes from Crown Estates in Ireland, c. l850"
by Eilish Ellis.
Details plans, names, etc. Contains a set of documents
pertaining to this topic. Letters are very good.
h. Cork Magazine Advertiser: September, l848, Vol. l,
no. xi.
Emigration "advertisement" for Quebec, New York, and
Boston—placed by Gregory O'Neill, 9 Merchants
Ire land 239
Quay, Cork—who arranged for passages. Describes

ships, dates, costs, supplies on board, etc.
i . A Published Book by and entitled Paorais Piarair
Cunoun (Condon) , l777-l856 (published in l932)
l777-l856
This is a collection (in Gaelic) of letters and poems
written by the author. Born at Shanakill, Kilmodo-
noc, he emigrated to the United States in l825.
Settled at Utica where he acquired a farm in l834.
These letters describe American mode of life,
morals (and lack of morals) , prices of commodities,
etc .
2. COUNTY MEATH LIBRARY

Navan
Co. Meath
Hours: l0:00-5:00
Collection:
John Boyle O'Reilly
ca. l868-l869 (ship's journal).
l930-l970 (clippings) .
One file folder
Manuscript ship's journal; newspaper clippings; manuscript
correspondence
Ship's journal covers trip to Australia in l867. Collec
tion of clippings about O'Reilly's career (as a
"soldier, journalist and patriot"); provide a good
historical account of his background as a child,
his years as a soldier, Fenian activity in Britain,
escape to America (l869), his work for the Boston
Pilot, lecture tours in America. Letters relate to
O'Reilly's family and contain correspondence be
tween library and family members. These letters
contain much historical information also. Manuscripts
contain poetry and thoughts written on board ship
to United States. O'Reilly himself was a Fenian
so some material concerning Fenianism.
240 Ire land
APPENDIX I-III
Sources Available in Other Archives
(Ireland)
l . ALL HALLOWS COLLEGE

Drumcondra
Dublin 9
Phone: 373745
Collection:
Letters from Priests and Bishops
l843-l877
Approx. 2,000 letters.
Manuscript (microfilm edition at National Library)
Contains a selection of letters from over 20 of the Ameri
can bishops, with accounts of conditions and diocesan
organization, and reference to contemporary events.
Includes an M.A. thesis by Patrick F. Murray (l956)
which is a list of documents and a calendar (index)
of correspondence from the United States and elsewhere.
2. FOLKLORE ARCHIVE COMMISSION

Library, University College Dublin
Belf ield
Dublin
Hours: l0:00-l:00; 2:30-5:00
Note: There is a large section in the card catalogue (per
haps 3-4 inches deep) on emigration to America. Much
of this material is in manuscript form and consists of
poems, songs, reminiscences, etc. Almost 90 per cent
of it (including card catalogue entries) is written in
Gaelic .
Col lection :
Emigration to America Questionnaires
Survey taken in l955
5 bound volumes, each about 350-400 pages.
Longhand replies, some in Gaelic, most in English, general
ly in letter form, to ll questions sent out to several
hundred people across Ireland. Most are written by
the surveyors who handed out the questionnaires.
The questionnaire was prepared by Arnold Schrier and the
Irish Folklore Commission and was used by Schrier for
his Ph.D. at Northwestern and later for a book. The
volumes comprise hundreds and hundreds of replies to
the questions posed, and are organized by province.
Generally, they are extremely detailed and descriptive.
They contain reminiscences of old people, information
Ire land 24l
based on letters, poems, songs, folk tales, etc. Some

times emigrant letters are copied and included in these
volumes. Often the replies give reference to specific
places in America and describe conditions there.
No finding aid available; restrictions on access are not
clear .
Note: This is a unique and excellent collection of mate
rial. It includes much more material than is repre
sented by Arnold Schrier's book, Ireland and the Ameri
can Emigration, l850-l900 (Minneapolis, l958) . The
form of the questionnaire reads as follows:
l. Do you know of any friends or relatives who went
to America before l900? When did they go? How
old were they? What were their occupations? Were
they married or single? If married, did they take
their family?
2. Why did these people decide to emigrate?
3. Could you describe wakes held for those departing?
4. Were American wakes usually held for single indi
viduals or only for groups? Were wakes held for
people going to countries other than America?
5. What songs, stories or ballads grew up about emi
gration to America?
6. Were there particular phrases or descriptions in
letters sent from emigrants to America that espe
cially fired the imagination of people at home?
Did any phrases become traditional as sayings about
America?
7. In some areas the emigrant letter eventually became
an object of sarcastic cant. Were there any such
expressions popular in your area? When did the note
of sarcasm begin to appear?
8. Upon receipt of the letters, how were they read?
To whom were they read? Were they passed around?
9. When gifts of money arrived, was this made generally
known? How was the money usually used?
l0. When emigrants returned for visits from America,
did they create a favorable impression? Were they
sought after as sources of information about Ameri
ca? Did they brag, etc.?
ll. Some emigrants returned to stay. Why? What did
they do when they got back (regarding work, ideas
on emigration, politics)?
3. FRANCISCAN LIBRARY
Dun Mhuire
Killiney
Co. Dublin
Hours: by appointment
Note: The Library has a large collection, now in the pro
cess of being sorted, of l9th century correspondence
from priests, including those in America. The cor
respondence may include United States letters from
relatives and friends of various priests in the
Franciscan Order. Included are the O'Meara Papers,
a large l9th century collection which contains some
242 Ire land
letters about the placement of priests in America.

The Correspondence of Father Clement Anthony Reville
(l85l-l370) contains at least five letters from Irish
immigrants in America. Written from New York, Cincin
nati, Paint Rock (Iowa?) , and Dubuque, these letters
discuss conditions of employment, salaries, and some
details about various American cities.
GENEALOGICAL OFFICE
The Castle
Dublin
Note: This contains a very large collection devoted to
such matters as dealing with genealogical traces, and
has a series of Registered Pedigrees with references to
families or individuals. Also in the Registers of
Grants and Confirmation of Arms, it is possible to
find entries relating to Americans. There are also
other collections such as wills, funeral entries,
unofficial pedigrees, etc., which are useful for trac
ing ancestry or the immediate background of individuals.
5. IRISH CAPUCHIN ARCHIVES

Grange Road
Raheny
Dublin
Hours: by appointment.
Collections :
a. Correspondence between United States Bishops and Irish
Capuchins
l889-l959
48 items
Manuscript and typed material.
Correspondence dates from the original United States
Bishops' invitation extended to the Capuchins in
Ireland requesting them to send priests to the
northwest United States —Oregon and California.
(The Bishops who made the request were themselves
Irish in background.) Reference is made in the
correspondence to the Capuchins' interest in the
total abstinence movement (Fr. Matthew, famous for
the Total Abstinence Society Pledge, was an Irish
Capuchin) . There is some personal correspondence
in the collection also. This is probably quite
reflective of Irish clergy's views on the church,
the United States, Ireland, etc.
No finding aid available; permission required for
access.
Note: This is obviously a specialized collection with
more reference to church organizational matters than
to immigrants. However, it would appear very use
ful for anyone trying to arrive at a "rounded" view
of Irish life in America, because of the importance
of the church and especially the Irish-American clergy.
Ire land 243
b . Private Correspondence of Fr . Luke

January 2, l9l0 - November 2, l9l3; l9l8-l9l9
87 items.
Manuscripts
The collection contains correspondence between Fr. Luke
and other priests, bishops, etc. in America and
Ireland. Fr. Luke and a group of other Irish
Capuchins had been requested to go to Oregon and
California to start parishes, schools, hospitals
and missionary work there. Much of Fr. Luke's
correspondence is written from Baker City, Oregon.
He is very descriptive, discussing the growth of
that area, the character, work, life styles, reli
gious habits of the people, etc. The material is
especially good with regard to the development of
parish organizations, particularly with the help
of funds from Ireland.
No finding aid available; permission required for access.
IRISH MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION

73 Merrion Square
Dublin
Note: This Commission is involved only in the publication
of manuscripts relating to Ireland. But it also pub
lishes the Analecta Hibernica which prints manuscripts
and some are relevant to emigration:
No. 4, pp. l39-286 includes extracts from documents
on Virginia, discussing Irish prisoners trans
ported there, ca. l620; also includes documents
regarding two brothers, expelled from Ireland
for adherence to Catholicism who went to Vir
ginia, etc.
The Commission has also published The Correspondence
of Emily, Duchess of Leinster, l73l-l8l4, edited
by Brian Fitzgerald, vol. ii, pp. 36-38 and 57-
60 (Dublin, l953) , which contains letters from
Lord Edward Fitzgerald written from America in
l782 and l788.
No. 22, pp. 329-394, June, l960, contains papers
from the Quit Rent Office in the Public Records
Office of Ireland relating to a state-aided emi
gration scheme in the l850 's.
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY

l9 Dawson Street
Dublin
Hours: 9:30-5:00; Sat. 9:30-l:30
Collections :
a . Charlemont Manuscripts, l776-l796
l776-l796
l9 bound volumes of correspondence with table of con
tents at the beginning of each volume.
Bound manuscripts
This collection contains considerable reference to the
4 Ire land
Revolutionary War trade during the war, etc., and

also discussions of the American Constitution, of
George Washington, etc. Also described are condi
tions in America. A letter dated June 26, l796,
mentions emigration of thousands of Irish Catholics
to America under pressure of Orange persecution.
b. Ordnance Survey of Ireland Manuscript Memoirs
l833-l839
52 boxes (about 8 inches deep)
Manuscripts
The contents are based on a survey made in the l8 30' s
of most counties in Ireland. There are 52 boxes
and in most boxes there are a few long sheets which
provide important material on emigration, including
lists of emigrants and information about them
(though the categories of information vary) such
as names, ages, port of destination, religion,
occupation, sex, capital taken. There is very de
tailed material for the counties of Antrim and Lon
donderry (Northern Ireland) , giving lists by parish.
Some brief notes from Counties Armagh, Cavan, Done
gal, Down, Fermanagh, Leitrim, Longford, Mayo, Seigo,
Tyrone .
Finding aid available: typescript "List of Emigration
Tables" for Boxes l-52. It is very useful. The
index gives great detail. A sample entry for Box 3 ,
Antrim reads: "Ballymartin Parish, Memoir No. 3,
Bleakly' s fair sheets. Note on second last folio,
verso: Robert Parker emigrated to Philadelphia in
l837, aged 40, small farmer from Carnane townland.
l foolscap page." No restrictions on access.
SOCIETY OF FRIENDS LIBRARY

6 Eustace Street
Dublin 2
Hours: l0:00-l2:30; Thursdays, 2:00-5:00
Collections :
a . Diary of Frederick Pim
l864
2 volumes, l70-l75 pages each.
Bound manuscripts in longhand
The diary is written by Frederick Pim, a Quaker who
went to America to visit and see the condition of
trade there. He remained in America about six
months. In the diary are comments on the Civil
War, on life in America, descriptions of a Fourth
of July celebration in New York City; Harvard,
Boston and the Irish there; abolition and Blacks;
the draft; etc. Pim comments on other Irish Quakers
he visited along the way.
Ire land 245
b. Wright Letters (Packet #l0)

1844-1845
3 relevant letters — #'s 28, 29, and 30.
Manuscripts
The collection contains two letters from James S.
Wright to his aunt, Martha Wright, in Dublin, writ
ten while he spent a year in Ohio with his brother.
He was a prosperous Quaker merchant, and for a time,
was British Vice-Consul in Cuba. Then, in l845, he
was appointed U. S. Consul in Cuba. His letters
are detailed and descriptive regarding his trip
around the United States to Philadelphia (where he
witnessed a riot) , to New York, Boston, and Cincin
nati. There is considerable discussion of the oc
cupations, farms, life styles, etc. of .Quakers
(presumably Irish Quakers as the aunt knew them) .
Also included are good insights, through brief
passages, into Irish Quaker-Irish Catholic relations
in the United States. There is also one letter from
the brother in Ohio to the aunt.
9. TRINITY COLLEGE MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY

College Street
Dublin
Hours: l0:00-5:00; Sat., l0:00-l:00
Collections :
a. Corbet Letters (MS 5966-97)
l804 - ca. l830
l22 letters in about a 4" deep box
Manuscript
The letters pertain to William Corbet, born August l7,
l779, died l842. Corbet was from County Cork. Many
of the letters are written to his father and brother
who had emigrated to New York and lived on Liberty
Street there. Corbet was a soldier and very active
in the United Irishmen (was sent to prison, etc. ) ,
and the letters plus his diary often pertain to that
activity. But there is also information about Ameri
ca since he responds to statements made in letters
sent to him.
Finding aid available: catalogued in the manuscript
"update" in Crick, Bernard Alman and Alman, Merriam,
A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to America in Great
Britain and Ireland (Oxford University Press, London,
l96l) , hereafter Crick/Alman. There is also a manu
script index to the letters though it is difficult
to read. No restrictions on access.
b. Dillon Papers (MSS 6458-6909)

Note: Dillon was the last leader of the Irish Parlia
mentary Party and was a member of many movements
from the l860's on. Many of the Dillon Papers are
of a very specialized nature, concerning the struggle
246 Ireland
for Home Rule and Irish and American attitudes to

ward it. There are "typical" immigrant letters
also included in the collection.
b-l. Dillon Papers (MSS 6536-37)
l880
2 small diaries.
Scribbled entries
The manuscripts contain details of Dillon's tour
across America with Charles Stewart Parnell.
The names of various people contacted in the
cities they visited are given. There are dis
cussions of arrangements for meetings, and
Dillon mentions writing Judge Dwyer in Detroit
to make plans for Parnell to visit there. The
papers are very important for a study of the
Irish Land League and its ties with the Irish
in America.
b-2. Dillon Papers (MSS 674l-42; MS 6755; MS 6840)
l9l5-l9l9
Several dozen letters.
Manuscripts and typed letters, clippings, cables
These papers include correspondence from T. P.
O'Connor, Richard Hazleton, and Shane Leslie
respectively. There are discussions of fund-
raising efforts in the United States on behalf
of Home Rule. (These men represent the mod
erate point of view, and are opponents of Sinn
Fein.) They are very articulate and descrip
tive of the different classes of Irish Ameri
cans, of community leaders, and of attitudes
on World War I among Irish- Amer icans .
Finding aid available: see manuscript numbers; no
b-3. Dillon Papers (MS 68 37)
l89l
2 letters.
Manuscripts
The papers contain lengthy letters from John Devoy,
an Irish patriot living in Chicago, regarding
the issue of home rule. These letters are es
pecially interesting because of his stand on
mixing the Catholic Church and politics. He
argues it will have terrible consequences for
the prestige of Irish Catholics in American
politics.
Finding aid available: see above manuscript num
ber; no restrictions on access.
b-4. Dillon Papers (MSS 6844-46)

l87l-l927
3 large (5") cartons.
Handwritten as well as typed pages
Manuscript 6844, dated l87l-l9l7, contains
Ire land 247
correspondence to John Dillon from American

Irish in cities all across the United States,
regarding Irish American sentiment on the is
sues of the Irish National League and Home Rule
for Ireland. Interspersed are many comments on
the position of Irish in America and the inter
twining of Irish issues and American politics.
There are also some letters included in this
carton from Irish immigrants who knew Dillon,
heard of his trip through America in the l890 's,
and wrote asking him to visit, or to help lo
cate jobs for them through his "influential
friends," etc. There is much information a-
bout what Irish are doing in terms of jobs and
about Irish American interest in Irish politics.
Manuscript 6845, dated l9l8-l920, deals with
the period prior to home rule for southern
Ireland and the period during World War I.
American Irish sent Dillon clippings from
United States papers regarding these issues
and commented on them. There is especially
good material on American Irish attitudes re
garding World War I and Great Britain. Again,
there are some typical "immigrant letters"
mixed in this carton, in which the people who
knew Dillon years earlier write to congratulate
him and then tell him about their lives in
America. There is also material relating to
the American presidential election of l920.
Manuscript 6846, dated l92l-l927, contains cor
respondence dealing with Home Rule, etc., with
"immigrant letters" interspersed.
b-5. Dillon Papers (MS 6885)

l884-l885
40 letters, several pages each.
Manuscripts, generally readable, though some are
light and difficult to read.
Letters are from John Dillon to his cousin, Mrs.
Deane, written while he was at his brother's
ranch in Castle Rock, Colorado. Many contain
references to cattle ranching, prices, weather,
other Irish in the area, etc. Two letters
describe trips to Salt Lake City, Utah. Denver
also is discussed.
b-6. Dillon Papers (MS 6893)
1872-l873; l883-l884; l889; l892-l894; l896
l5 letters, often several pages each.
Manuscript
The papers contain letters to Mrs. Deane in Balla-
ghaderrin, Co. Mayo, from emigrants to America.
Mrs. Dean was John Dillon's cousin, probably a
wealthy lady or at least among the "leading set"
in the area. Some are to other Dillon relatives
in Ireland. These letters are from poor Irish
248 Ire land
who were often semi-literate, and who went to

America to work at various jobs, often menial.
They are sent from New York City; Washington;
Georgia; and from Littleton, Leadville, Denver
and Castle Rock in Colorado. Many of the writ
er's appear to have worked for members of the
Dillon family while in Ireland. The immi
grants' letters often contained money or news
and the request that Mrs. Deane pass it on to
their relatives or buy clothes for individuals
specified, etc. It is probable that the re
latives would have been unable to read the
letters. There is also information on working
conditions, wages, prices, personal feelings
about America, etc.
c. Hart Papers (MSS 6464-65)

l848-l849
Diary - 2 books.
Bound manuscript diaries
This is a travel journal belonging to Charles H. Hart
which described his trip to and then across America.
It provides a very good description of various
cities. While in Washington, D.C., he visited the
House of Representatives in session and the Senate.
Both of these experiences are described, as well as
his impressions of Webster and Calhoun. Hart trav
eled across the continent to California, via
Missouri.
Finding aid available: catalogued in Crick/Alman manu
script "update"; no restrictions on access.
d. Irish Race Convention (MS 7363)
l932
3 envelopes of about 4 0-50 items each and one notebook.
Xerox copies have been made of the originals, which
are described as fragile; originals are also in the
possession of this library.
The papers include material relating to the Irish Race
Convention held in New York City in l932, particu
larly its planning. There is correspondence from
Thomas J. Ford, editor of The Irish World in New
York City, as well as letters to politicians in
America involved in planning the convention, etc.
Finding aid available: see manuscript number; no re
strictions on access.
Note: This is a specialized collection but has the val
ue of showing the strong connections made by certain
Irish Americans between American and Irish politi
cal issues.
e. R. R. Madden Papers (MSS 494, 526, 527, 529)
ca. l840's; l842; l837; l862 respectively
4 letters, l to 3 pages each for most; 2 0 pages for
#526.
Manuscripts
Ire land 249
R. R. Madden was a member of the Society of United

Irishmen. #494 contains the rough draft of a let
ter from Madden to Mrs. Smyth about the United
Irishmen and their families who had gone to Ameri
ca. The letter was written while he was in New
York City, and describes the professions and stature
of these Irish exiles in the community. Many of the
Irishmen were "convicted rebels" in Ireland. #526
contains a lengthy biographical memoir of Dr. W. J.
Macneven, from Co. Galway, who was a medical doctor
as well as an exile. The memoir was written by his
daughter, Mary Jane, and describes his emigration
and activities in America. The material is excel
lent. #527 contains Macneven' s own account of his
life. #529 contains a letter regarding the work of
William James Macneven in New York, written by a
friend there. It details what he did for other
Irish immigrants, such as opening an employment
office in New York City in l8l6 for them; founding
sel f- improvement societies; writing a pamphlet on
how to get naturalized; etc.
Finding aid available: typed index to Madden Papers;
Note: Very good on providing information regarding pre-
f amine Irish of some "stature" who came to America.
Many of these were in the Rebellion on l798 in Ire
land .
f. Purdon Papers (MSS 4824-32)
l8l6-l873 for entire collection; Fetherston letters
cover l856-l87l; e.g., #330, #333, #335, #344, #507,
#509, #5ll, #536, #545, #548, #550, #558, #567A,
#573, #580, #587, #589, #597, #60l, #626, #63l,
#637, #638, #643, #662, #672, #684, #709, #7l6,
#72l.
7 boxes.
Manuscripts
William Stanley Purdon ran a printing business and
published The Farmers' Gazette, and was of the Dublin
Protestant middle class and professional set. His
sister, Marian Fetherston, emigrated to America, and
it is her letters which are relevant. She lived in
New Brunswick, and then Massachusetts. Initial let
ters are filled with business matters — she was ne
gotiating to buy a house, and was going before the
court herself, etc. She apparently would never have
gone to America had she not married Fetherston.
There are some letters from New York City which con
tain personal information regarding her family life
(#507, #509, #5ll, #536) during the period l864-
l866. While in New York City she lived on Canal
Street and gave music lessons, and then in l867
she prepares to return to Europe, leaving her hus
band working in Brooklyn. #548 discusses her arriv
al in Liverpool, and #550 describes steerage on the
return from Queenstown, via Liverpool. The letters
contain information about New York City lawyers, etc.
250 Tra land
#567A describes her looking after property left to

the whole family in New Brunswick, Boston, etc.
Finding aid available: catalogued in Crick/Alman manu
script "update"; typed index of papers is available;
l0. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN ARCHIVES

82 St. Stephen's Green
Dublin 2
Hours: l0:00-5:00
Collection :
Greene Family Collection
ca. l879-l900
6 letters regarding America.
Manuscript
The letters are from various emigrants to members of the
Greene family, and are sent from New Jersey, New York,
Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. They contain considerable
personal material, and somewhat less regarding the sit
uation in the United States. There is a good discussion
in two or three letters about the leave-taking and about
the voyage to America.
Finding aid available: index to the Greene Papers; no re-
ll. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LIBRARY

Belf ield
Dublin
Hours: l0:00-l:00; 2:30-5:00
Collection:
Ferriter Mansucripts 7-8
l883-l922
39 volumes
Manuscripts
The volumes contain copies by Patrick Ferriter of poems and
songs in Irish which appeared in the Irish American,
l888-l909. There are volumes of Gaelic manuscript mat-
erials assembled by Ferriter in Ireland and the United
States, l889-l922, which contain items from oral tradi
tion, private manuscripts in the United States, Irish
speakers, etc.
Finding aid available: not in detail; restrictions on access
are not clear.
Note: Collection is in Irish.
l2. LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GALWAY

Library, University College
Galway
County Galway
Hours: l0:00-5:00
Ire land 25l
Collections :
a. Douglas Hyde
ca. l9l6-l920's
2 volumes — small bound diaries, one about 50 pages,
the other about l50 pages.
Manuscript diaries
Within the Hyde Papers, Manuscripts 48 and 59 deal with
the papers of Eoin O'Cathail of Pentwater, Michigan.
Generally, the papers contain scattered recollections,
poems, and short stories. There is a discussion of
talking with an American Indian as well as other ac
counts of adventures on the American "frontier."
The ''papers are very well written.
Finding aid available: see manuscript numbers; no re
strictions on access.
b. Passenger List
l8l5-l8l6
Published material
This is a list drawn from the Journal of the American
Irish Historical Society, 29 (l930-l93l) , pp. l83-
206, by Charles Early. The JAIHS published a list
of about 3l50 names of arrivals at American ports.
The list was an amalgamation of the lists published
in The Shamrock, or Irish Chronicle, a weekly New
York newspaper, between l8l0 and l8l7.
Ire land
APPENDIX I-IV
Sources Available in Private Hands
(Ireland)
Mary E. Edgar
Ballintra
County Donegal
4 letters from Ellen Edgar Hewitt; l letter from Catherine
Edgar.
l885-l889
5 letters.
Manuscript
The letters discuss farming, farm prices, taxes, etc., in
Ida County, Iowa, show chain migration, and mention aid
from the United States to those in Ireland. The 4 let
ters from Ellen (Edgar) Hewitt are written to her cousin
Robert Edgar, County Donegal. (He was the grandfather of
Miss Edgar.) Ellen E. Hewitt was also from Ballydavid,
County Donegal, and left when young. Her family were
small farmers and relatively poor. She married Mr. Hew
itt, although it is not known whether they married in
Ireland or the United States. He too was. Irish and from
County Donegal. She was his second wife and he had a
son by his first marriage. They had no children of their
own. Although most of these letters to her cousin Robert
concern a farm she had acquired for him in Iowa, he
never did go to claim it. Eventually, therefore, Ellen
Hewitt sold the farm and sent him the money from the
sale. This money made it possible, it is believed, for
the Edgar family to stay on their farm in Ireland, where
they still live today. The l889 letter is from Robert
Edgar's daughter Catherine. She went to join the above
cousin Ellen in Iowa when she was l6 years old. She
never returned to Ireland, but married a man there named
Johnson. These people are Protestant Irish.
Mrs. Eileen McKenna

Balbriggan
County Dublin
Letters from a young girl, Mary Ann Landy, who went to
America with a group of young people from Balbriggan in
l885. Includes letter written on board the ship to the
United States.
l885-l886
4 letters.
Manuscript
The letters describe her trip to America, including a night
in Liverpool, and her reception in and reaction to New
York City. They illustrate the network of Irish immi
grants which existed in New York City, chain migration,
Ire land 253
and group migration from a local area in Ireland. This

girl was very young when she emigrated — about l6 or l7
years old. She came from Balbriggan, County Dublin,
which is a small town (even in l970) on the Irish Sea.
The family has no record or recollection of what became
of her beyond these letters.
Mr. C. HcKeown
Enniskillen
County Fermanagh
Northern Ireland
Letters of John Nolan
l880-l884
l6 letters
Originals on deposit at Public Records Office, Belfast;
typescript on deposit at County Fermanagh Museum, Ennis
killen .
The letters relate to John Nolan's work in hotels in New
York, Boston, and Panama.
Miss Elizabeth O'Toole

Bray
County Wicklow
Papers of Molly Mackey (Sister Agnes Frances) , including
letters from Sister John the Baptist, Mother Superior.
l898-l900
ll letters.
Manuscript
The letters are from Molly Mackey to her family from the
time she entered the convent in Troy, New York, until
the eve of her death in l900. There are also letters
to the family from her Mother Superior, Sr. John the
Baptist, of the Order of the Sisters of St. Joseph.
They provide good glimpses into convent life and the
recruitment of Irish girls. Molly Mackey was from Coun
ty Tipperary. She was one of l9 children who grew up on
a small farm in a cottage with three rooms. (It is prob
able, however, that they were not the poorest in the
area as others likely lived in mud huts at the time.)
The children all went to the local schools taught by
sisters, though they could not attend with great regu
larity because it was necessary to stay home when calves
were born or there was farm work to do. Molly went to
Troy to join the convent in l898. Clearly, she knew
other Irish girls already there and there appears to have
been a tie between the Tipperary priest and the Troy
Mother Superior (who seems to have come from Molly's
neighborhood) . The priest encouraged local girls in
terested in religious life to go to Troy. Molly took
the name Sr. Agnes Frances. She died in l900. The fami
ly long believed it was of a broken heart over the death
of her father. However, a family member (also a his
torian who lectured a year at a Boston college) has done
research on Irish girls in the convent and believes she
probably died of tuberculosis.
254 Ire land
5 . Dermot Sweeney
Loughrea
County Galway
Letter from Bernard Flynn and also letter of recommendation
for him.
l858, l868
2 letters.
Manuscript
Among these papers is a letter of recommendation for Martin
Flynn, who emigrated to Great Britain and is the brother
of Bernard who emigrated to the United States. More im
portant, however, is a letter from Bernard in New York,
detailing wages and conditions in the printing trade.
It is of interest as a good example of the "pull" of
wages and as a sign of the chain migration process.
Bernard Flynn went to Birmingham, England, with his
parents, brothers and sisters after the famine caused
his family to be evicted. Their house was burned down
by the landlord, probably to keep them off the land and
away. When they arrived in Birmingham, the boys went
to night school and learned trades. Mr. Sweeney (whose
mother was Martin Flynn 's daughter) thinks they could
not speak or write English before going to England ex
cept in very rudimentary form, as they spoke Gaelic at
home. They came from Bohola, County Mayo. The father
of Bernard and Martin Flynn finally went home again to
Ireland to die. Martin Flynn' s daughter met her future
husband at a Hibernian Hall in Birmingham. They returned
to Ireland to live after their marriage. Mr. Sweeney
stated that all the family retained a strong dislike for
the British and all things British, despite the years
they spent there.
6 . Mr. Patrick Waldron

Dublin
Letters of Thomas (Tot) Waldron.
ca. l906-l936
Approx. l00-l25 letters; another l00 postcards.
Manuscript
Waldron was very literate and a good observer of American
life, politics, habits, etc. Also, he was a traveling
salesman most of these years (for "Gold Dust" — a washing
powder) , and so he sent letters from towns and cities
all across America. He also retained contact with many
Irish immigrants and was active in a number of Irish
and Catholic groups.
IV

IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE NETHERLANDS
by
Herbert J. Brinks
The Netherlandic emigration to the United States never

assumed a mass character similar to that of Ireland, Poland,
or Germany. For example, in l846 fifty thousand Germans
arrived in the United States while only two thousand emigrants
debarked from the Netherlands. Although estimates vary,
recent studies indicate that the total emigration from the
Netherlands between l820 and l920 stood at less than 300,000
while the total influx from Europe surpassed thirty million.
Thus, Netherlanders have scarcely accounted for one percent of
America's foreign-born populace.
Because the Netherlands is a densely populated, small
country, one might expect a larger contingent of Dutch immi
grants in the United States, and historians have offered a
number of explanations for the scant emigration. One explana
tion points to long-term patterns of Netherlandic emigration
originating during that country's Golden Age. In the seven
teenth century the Netherlands experienced a high level of
employment and a Dutch counterpart to England's problematic
"sturdy beggar" did not seize public attention in Holland.
Instead, due to large swamp land reclamation projects, new
employment became available, and experienced workmen in the
Netherlands earned good wages across national borders where
their skills were in demand. There were, in fact, more Dutch
immigrants residing in Germany, England, France, and Denmark
than in the New World. An official of the New Netherlands
colony complained in l633 that "the peopling of such a wild
and uncleared land (New Netherlands) , requires more inhabitants
than our country can supply. Not because we do not have enough
people, in fact our provinces are swarming with people. The
problem is that anyone who wishes to work here in the Nether
lands can easily support himself. Such people are not likely
to leave home in order to try an uncertain venture."
256 The lie thertands
New Netherlands, although settled as early as l624,

never attracted large numbers from the homeland. From incep
tion on, its populace was a mixture, and despite official
efforts to attract added numbers from Holland, the Dutch com
ponent hovered at about seventy-five percent of the colony's
populace. These residents spoke a melange of some eighteen
languages and dialects. Thus, Peter Stuyvesant grumbled in
l66l that the place was being populated by "the scrapings of
all sorts of nationalities." Soon thereafter (l664) the
English captured the colony, and the image of the North Ameri
can-New World became further tarnished in the Netherlands.
In addition, the Dutch-Indonesian colonies offered greater
economic opportunities than New Amsterdam. Thus until the
mid-nineteenth century, America drew but few emigrants from
the Low Countries.
The rather dramatic transition, occurring in l846 when

two thousand Dutch emigres sailed to the United States, arose
from altered circumstances in the Netherlands. In the middle
years of the nineteenth century, Holland lacked economic
vigor — the consequence of unsuccessful competition with Eng
lish trade. More significantly the internal structure of the
Dutch economy was fractured and isolated. The agricultural,
or outer provinces, functioned almost independently of each
other, and together they had few sustained economic relations
with their urban and mercantile counterparts. Agriculture
produced little surplus for export. Most roads and canals
served only a local horizon. These conditions prevailed until
the l880s when the pace of industrialization quickened.
Prior to the growth of mechanized farming, agriculture
depended largely on seasonal day laborers and hired hands, and
the economic prospects for such folk, along with small farmers
and skilled workmen, was decidedly bleak. The localized and
virtually stagnant economy provided little growth and slight
chance for social improvement. Thus, beginning in l846 and
throughout the following seventy-five years, America attracted
a much larger number of Dutch emigrants than during the pre
ceding two centuries.
Although Holland's internal economy grew little prior
to the l880s, its port cities, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, pro
vided regular employment because of an increasing flow of
goods in and out of Central Europe. Thus, the worst economic
prospects were concentrated in the agricultural provinces.
Reflecting this fact, Dutch emigration was largely (75%) of
rural origin between l820 and l877. The emigrants' occupa
tional variety (day laborers 32.l%, farmers 22.2%, skilled
workers l9.l%) also reflected their rural origins. Those whom
the Netherlands Department of Interior Affairs described as
"needy" encompassed 22% of the whole number, while the middling
social class accounted for about 6 5%..l. Given their origins and
economic status, it is no surprise that the letters written
by these immigrants frequently contained comparisons of the
wages, land prices, and diets of the New and Old Worlds.
The flow of emigration, which grew from 979 in l845
to 2,63l the following year, experienced that rapid gain as a
consequence of two specific causes. The most dramatic of
The Netherlands 257
these, a potato famine, l845-l847, followed the blighting of

nearly 80% of the total crop in l845. One province, Drenthe,
suffered a total loss. But, by itself, the crop failure is
not a sufficient explanation for the increased emigration of
l846. Coupled with economic distress, a large portion of the
l846 emigration had suffered from official and social discrim
ination because of its religious viewpoint.
These ecclesiastical dissidents had objected to

rationalist influences in the policies of the Netherlands
Reformed (State) Church, and also to the loss of local auton
omy in ecclesiastical elections. King William I (l8l5-l840),
whose policies reflected the centralizing tendencies of the
Napoleonic era in the Netherlands (l806-l8l5) , attempted to
unify the country. He initiated the construction of canals
to connect isolated regions with urban centers and ports.
And, in an effort to centralize the administration of the
Netherlands Reformed Church, he by-passed the traditional
rights and privileges of regional bodies and reserved the
appointment of key officials for himself.
Two sources of discontent, rationalist influences and

an autocratic manipulation in church polity, gave rise to
ecclesiastical unrest and secession in l834. Several minis
ters, who had led the religious protests of the l830s, res
ponded to the economic disasters of the l840s by encouraging
and joining the emigration to North America in l846-l847.
Thus, the first large exodus from the Netherlands was a well-
organized effort clustered around the leadership of two promi
nent secessionist clerics, Hendrick P. Scholte, who settled
in Iowa, and Albertus C. Van Raalte, who settled in Michigan.
Once these settlements were established, correspon
dence from the newly immigrated Hollanders poured back into
the Netherlands. For the most part these communications
encouraged relatives and friends to leave the homeland in
favor of the New World. Their advice ranged from pious pro
phesies of doom, "Flee the certain wrath of God on the corrupt
mother country," to pragmatic counsel, "If I did not consider
my chances here [in Grand Haven, Michigan] to be much better
than in the Netherlands, I would return." Relying on such
reports, Holland's emigrants joined their American cousins in
a steadily increasing stream until l92l. But the ebb and flow
responded to push and pull factors such as economic stress in
the Netherlands and a variety of crises in the United States.
The events recited above provided instructive direc

tion to my search for "America" letters in the Netherlands.
Since the emigration was largely from the outer provinces,
I concentrated my efforts in these areas. Further, because a
considerable nucleus of the original efflux was identified
with or led by seceding ministers, I attempted to distribute
publicity for the project among the descendants of these folk.
But the exceedingly mobile character of Dutch society since
World War II necessitated a larger network of communication,
and a ready source for such publicity existed in nationally
distributed periodicals published by each of the church groups
from which immigrants have descended. These announcements,
coupled with radio interviews and regional newspaper accounts,
258 The Ne the planar,
provided contacts which led to the discovery of immigrant

sources in the Netherlands.
Much of the effort to establish these connections

occurred prior to the actual search in the field. Sending
questionnaires to the secretaries of some five hundred indi
vidual congregations produced a list of approximately l50
potential donors. Among these were several amateur and pro
fessional historians with a special interest in my project.
Of these, several parties were able to accompany me while
visiting individual prospects. These meetings frequently
produced additional leads. Thus, when the time for my return
came due, my work was not so much finished, as cut off.
In addition to these privately held "America" letters,

the various archives of the Netherlands also contain source
materials for immigration studies, and knowing the general
character of Dutch society can provide significant directions
for the most effective exploitation of these resources. Dutch
society is divided into three ideological or religious blocs:
Protestant, Catholic, and Humanist. Each of these groups
maintains an institutional support structure ranging from
schools, political parties, and television stations to athle
tic clubs and newspapers. As each group generates its own
archival material, the documents tend to be in the schools
and universities supported by the ideologically defined seg
ments of the society. Thus the main university and archival
cluster for Netherlandic Catholics is located at the Univer
sity of Nijmegen in the Catholic Documentation Center. The
more varied Protestant groups have archival concentrations in
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Kampen, and Den Haag. Archival sources
produced by the Humanists are more likely to be discovered in
universities such as Leiden, Groningen, and Utrecht. Yet,
because the separation of church and state is not rigid in
the Netherlands, many governemnt archives contain ecclesias
tical records. The most notable example of this occurs in
Rotterdam where the synodical archives of- the large "Gerefor-
meerde" church is housed in the Gemeente archives of Rotter
dam. Because Dutch-American church groups have maintained
vital relationships with their counterparts in the Netherlands,
the archives of these institutions contain correspondence
relating to the original emigration, as well as subsequent
interchurch relationships.
Governmental archives — the national archives in Den
Haag, those in each of the eleven provinces, together with the
records of the numerous Gemeenten — are devoted primarily to
the preservation of governmental records. Such personal
papers as they acquire are usually those of prominent public
officials. Since few immigrants were of that status or had
connections with that social class, "America" letters are
seldom found in governmental archives. Still, the vital sta
tistics which these archives have preserved are essential to
quantitative studies. Of special interest for such research
are the emigration statistics which were compiled between l847
and l877. These data record the first great wave of emigra
tion from the Netherlands and it has already been printed for
distribution in the United States.3 In addition, vital sta
tistics compiled by each Gemeente tabulate the movements of
The Netherlands 259
the whole populace. Such records include the names and des
tinations of both emigrants and migrants within the country.
In contrast to the already published immigration data men
tioned above, the Gemeente records extend, with local varia
tion, from l8l5 to the present; but because the notations on
the emigrants are mixed within the vastly larger number of
migrant notations, the research required to isolate and
record the names of the emigrants will be enormously time con
suming. But those scholars who may be interested in res
tricted regional studies will find the data manageable. To
assemble a complete list of emigrants from the Gemeente
archives would require a team effort involving several archi
vists over an extended period. But, further refinement of
existing clio- metric sources and an expansion of Swierenga ' s
Dutch Emigration Records past l880 will clearly require such
a project.
Students planning to do research in the Netherlands

will find a generally cooperative atmosphere in which to work.
Communication should present few problems because the vast
majority of the professional people in the Netherlands speak
English, German, and, to a lesser degree, French. The archi
val employees at the national and provincial levels are com
petent and knowledgeable. Similar skills and capacities are
evident in the libraries and archives of the universities and
larger cities. But, in the smaller towns of the rural pro
vinces, one may encounter communication difficulties. Should
problems arise because of linguistic barriers or administra
tive intransigence, it would be best to seek help from the
national or provincial archivists who can arrange access to
or the transfer of records for more convenient use.
In every technical sense the Netherlands is a good

host for researchers, but emigration history has not engaged
the attention of many Dutch scholars. As a consequence,
archival attention to the field has also lagged. But, of
course, emigration is a rather minor aspect of Dutch national
history, and given the pervasively foreign origin of America's
populace, it is not surprising that the impetus for studying
emigration has often arisen in the U.S.A. rather than Europe.
Among American historians considerable publication
has already been devoted to Dutch-American history. Some of
the most recent work has employed quantification techniques
which have yielded fresh and precise information on the
Holland-American emigration. These recent efforts, however,
have not "scooped" the topic because each new or refined gen
eralization raises its own cluster of unanswered questions.
Further, the raw data which has been assembled is amenable to
additional analysis while also constituting the foundation for
further research. Topical, regional, and comparative studies
remain a rich and largely unworked terrain. For example, the
examination of cultural differences existing with the various
Netherlandic provinces prior to their respective emigrations
will be vital to understanding the different patterns of Ameri
canization which the immigrated communities have followed.
Also there is no adequate study of either the Catholic or Jew
ish Dutch-American experience.
260 The Netherlands
For all such studies the Immigration Sources Project

has added considerably to the fund of available research
materials. The "America" letters which have been identified
and copied can enrich clio-metric efforts and suggest new
approaches for data analysis. Among other potential studies,
the "America" letters suggest the need to re-examine the pat
terns of geographic mobility within the Dutch-American com
munity. Some families hop-scotched across the whole continent
in search of success, but usually they selected new residences
within Dutch-American enclaves dispersed throughout the land.
This indicates a high level of communication within the vari
ous segments of the community, and invites careful studies of
Dutch-American migration patterns. Coming from stable vil
lages in the Netherlands, the immigrants were well aware that
their frequent resettlement disrupted their traditional life
patterns. One immigrant, who had lived successively in Iowa,
Nebraska, and Kansas, explained that this was the "American
mode," but nonetheless that they had retained a nucleus of
Dutch neighbors who attended a Dutch-language church. Thus,
amid the disruption of repeated domestic resettlement, the
church provided a constant reminder of cultural traditions.
While the immigrants' correspondence can suggest a

number of new questions for investigation, it will also enrich
the whole texture of Dutch-American studies. The letters
speak the hearts and minds of the so-called common man who
was often thought to be illiterate, but the following excerpts
from several correspondence will illustrate qualities far
beyond mere literacy. Most of the correspondence acquired in
the Immigration Sources Project reflects a Protestant view
point, which follows quite naturally from the pattern of emi
gration which was 79.3% Protestant and 20.3% Catholic.4 How
ever, one Catholic immigrant, who settled in Auburn, New York
provided an interesting account of his impressions. Comment
ing on the religious situation in America during the l850s
H. W. Vander Bosch wrote, "You can't imagine how dangerous it
is here for young people who don't stand firm in matters of
faith and worship. There are mumblings here against the
Catholic faith. A multitude, with all sorts of ideas from
Germany, Italy, and France, who had to flee from Germany and
elsewhere, because of the unfortunate revolution of l848, have
come here. They curse and rave against God and His command
ments. These people consider a belief in heaven and hell as
childish and they direct their fury at the Catholic faith,
the Pope, bishops and priests.
"Some of those with Catholic origins no longer admit the
fact, and some ordinary Americans are also anti-Catholic. In
some shops the bosses try to turn their Catholic emoloyees
from the faith, and most of these bosses are smooth talkers.
But it makes them even more angry when they see that the more
they seethe and bluster, the more the Catholic faith prospers.
Presently America has forty bishops and many monasteries,
seminaries, and other religious institutions. The most beau
tiful churches in America are being built by Catholics and
that requires generous giving. Also many learned and promi
nent Protestants are becoming Catholics. Still, many European
immigrants born of good Catholic parents fall into the hands
of these unchristian propagandists and lose their faith."
The Netherlands 26l
Some twenty years later (l869) Vander Bosch provided

a brief history of the Roman Catholic churches in Auburn.
"At this moment I am making a new pulpit for our church," he
wrote, "and now that I've begun to speak about the church
I'll tell you something about the customs and procedures of
our church and religion here. You can't imagine how many new
churches, schools, monasteries, hospitals, orphanages and
other useful Catholic institutions have been built here.
"Nineteen years ago, in l850, when we came to Port Byron
there was only one small Catholic church in Auburn. Until
that time the priest had always served another congregation
every other Sunday because Auburn could not support him alone.
"In l8 56 I made a plan for a new church with a foundation
l33 feet long. In a short time that church was also too small,
and now (l869) we have two churches with large memberships.
Our German congregation began with a poor wood building, but
in l850 we had the good fortune to buy a Protestant church
which had been built four years earlier — a sandstone building.
The people who built this church called themselves Tabernacle
Christians, but they did not gain enough members to maintain
the church and they had to give it up. The interior of the
church is 40 x 60 feet and I must tell you that it is already
too small.
"This fall we bought a house for the priest, and two months
ago we received a permanent priest. He is an Austrian from
the imperial city of Vienna. I'm sure that he won't be here
five years before the congregation will have to build a new
church and form a new congregation. Then anyone who wishes
to do the proper thing and go to church will have ample oppor
tunity what with three churches. In the larger cities churches
are built almost annually, and some are very expensive. It
should be obvious that a lot of money is donated here in
America . "
The dangers which Vander Bosch perceived in America's

anti-Catholic prejudice were not significantly at odds with
those noted by Protestant immigrants, who sought to protect
themselves with similar devices. Like Vander Bosch, Dutch
Protestants sought to construct a haven of orthodoxy around
their churches, and because Protestants came in large numbers
they were able to settle whole communities and regions in
which their churches provided a primary cultural center. The
most obvious example of this phenomena occurred in western
Michigan where Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte established the
colony of Holland, Michigan in l846.
The correspondence of J. H. Dunnink, who immigrated
to Michigan in l848, provides a good illustration of the
social patterns established by the Dutch Protestants. Jacob
Harms Dunnink settled in Beaverdam, a village near Zeeland,
Michigan where he reported the major events of his life to
his family in Staphorst, the Netherlands. In l850 he wrote,
"This year many Zeelanders [the province of Zeeland in the
Netherlands] came here. They were mainly poor laborers who
had to pool their money to pay for their transportation. Not
all of them could find work here in the Kolonie and they must
earn their bread by working among the Americans. They do well
262 The Netherlands
there, but because of the language problem they have difficul

ties understanding each other.
"Many people live in log houses here. The space between
the logs is sealed with clay. These houses are certainly
warm, but not elegant. There are no nice roads here, but we
are working on them a great deal.
"Trees are cut about three feet above the ground, then
they are cut up and dragged away. Potatoes are planted in
the new ground. They plant two or three in places between the
stumps and hoe the ground up around them so that it looks like
a mole hill. Also a great deal of wheat is raised between the
stumps. Farmers make soap from the ashes of the trees and
grease .
"Most of our association here has been with the Zeelanders
because we sell our butter in their village [Zeeland, Michi
gan] . We also go to church there and after church the chil
dren receive instruction. The people there are solemn and
God-fearing. The language of Canaan is much in use here and
the Bible occupies a very prominent place. There are other
kinds of people here too, but they are in deep subjection.
It seems that the Lord has preserved this place for the
Netherlanders because almost no Americans settle here, nor are
there any strange religious groups here."
Because they maintained ethnic ties both in America
and with their families in the Netherlands, the Dutch Protes
tant communities grew both internally and by accretions from
the Old Country. Newly arriving immigrants reported that they
felt quite at home in the New World. Writing from Grand Haven
in l854, Marcus Nienhuis exclaimed, "In this strange land we
find ourselves among so many friends and fellow countrymen,
it's difficult to believe that we are in a strange land."
Those who left the familiarity of the ethnic community
or chose never to join it, may also have cut ties with the
homeland, because few of the fifteen hundred letters identi
fied by the Immigration Sources Project originated outside
the ethnic enclaves. Such examples as do exist reflect dis
satisfaction with the main centers of Dutch-American culture
or tell plaintively of isolation and loneliness. Writing from
Iowa City in l9ll, a Mrs. Duba reports, "I live comfortably
enough, but have little pleasure, because I can't understand
the people here. There are Hollanders here but I don't see
them. This city is large and you can't tell what kind of
people surround you. " Explaining his decision to cut ties
with other Dutch-Americans, R. Lohuis complained that the
Dutch-Americans were too clannish, especially in religious
matters. Thus he said, "When we go to church, we go to the
English Church. We like that better." Yet, from every side,
Catholic, Protestant, and those without pronounced religious
views, Dutch-Americans provided their countrymen with gener
ous descriptions of their experiences, and occasionally they
ventured into the broader terrain of cultural analysis.
One last example, written from Zeeland, Michigan in

l908 contains the broad assessments of John D. Everhard, who
immigrated in l855. He served in the Northern armies of the
The Netherlands 263
Civil War and thereafter experienced some of the consequences

of industrialization in America. Offering a lengthy reflec
tion on his American experience Everhard wrote, "Now I am
going to write about America — this 'Wonderland' as you call
it. It really is a 'Wonderland' but you must use such a word
with care, because America is not the good land that it was
before the Civil War. It was then a good land, able to with
stand the test of a five year war and work toward a peace
that could have benefited the whole populace. But since then
this 'Wonderland' has changed. It seems to me that the desire
and potential to become rich is too strong these days. The
results are that we now have a multitude of millionaires, but
at the same time a large number of poor people. Forty years
ago it was considered nearly miraculous when a person became
a millionaire. Today it is very common and they seem to
sprout at the rate of a hundred per year. But when you inves
tigate they way they became millionaires, you are tempted to
cover your mouth in horror and cry out 'Oh land! Oh moralsi'
That is why I am a Democrat and no Taft man. I did not vote
for him— I am a full fledged Bryan man and agree fully with
his principles. Well cousin, once I start on this topic, I
could go on for twelve pages, but I'll stop now unless you
ask me to write more in a future letter.
"America is a good land, and even those who come here with
a large family can earn a living, and even save a little. But,
beware, as in all places, one must work. But, because the
country is so large, there's opportunity for everyone. It
seems, however that some Hollanders who have settled here are
afraid to move to other places where the possibility of
advancement is greater. For young people who are willing to
work and behave well, live respectably and orderly, America is
a good land and the chance of becoming wealthy or at least
having a good living is very good. However, one must work
diligently and have good training — not a drunkard, but a good
capable citizen.
"Some families came here from agricultural areas in the
Netherlands. Initially they worked in factories and became
acquainted with local conditions. . . . After a time they buy
or rent a farm and soon they begin to prosper —but not by
loafing. . 'that man Wichers, whom you mentioned, lives across
the road from me. He came from Zutphen and arrived here owing
the money it cost him to emigrate. Today he is one of the
wealthiest inhabitants of our town, but he worked for it. He
is worth at least $75,000.
"A gardener, however, cannot make a living here unless he
owns his own land — in English he is known as a truck farmer.
It is a small farm where they grow all sorts of things such
as celery, cucumbers, strawberries, lettuce, cabbage, and all
sorts of fruits. They usually get good prices and are com
pletely sold out. The earlier in the spring the crops can
be marketed, the higher the price. These are often small
farms of twenty to thirty acres, but with a good house, two
cows, and sixty to one hundred chickens. They make more money
than they need to live on.
"I could go on into considerably more detail about these
matters, but do not know if you would be interested. I speak
from experience, it is not fantasy. I am still actively
264 The Net her lands
involved with my fire and life insurance. One thing is sure,

if you have a good living there, do not think about America.
But if you are worried about the future of your children or
yourself, I believe your opportunities would be better here
than in the Netherlands."
Everhard's main theme, that hard work pays off in
America, merely repeats what most Dutch immigrants reported
from l820 to l920. The documents which the Immigration
Sources Project has identified and acquired can give specific
voices to that refrain and many others.
Notes
l. Robert P. Swierenga and Harry R. Stout, "Dutch Immi
gration in the Nineteenth Century, l920-l977: A Quantitative
Overview," Indiana Social Studies Quarterly, XXXIII, l975,
pp. 7-34.
2. Gemeente archives are regional archives similar in
scope and function to United States counties.
3 . Dutch Emigration Records, l335-l880: A Computer List,
by Robert P. Swierenga, l977. Swierenga' s list includes data
from both the emigration statistics and the vital statistics
records of the Gemeenten; this accounts for the extended time
period of Swierenga ' s list.
4. While the primary purpose of the survey of the
Netherlands was to locate manuscript material relevant to the
study of the emigration of the Dutch, Dr. Brinks was able to
copy all the immigrant letters which he found. Numbering over
l,500, these are now available for research in the Bentley
Historical Library at the University of Michigan and at the
Colonial Origins Collection at Calvin College, Grand Rapids,
Michigan. Funds for copying this material were provided by
the Dutch American Heritage Foundation. (Ed.)
The Netherlands 265
APPENDIX N-I
Sources Available in National and Regional Archives
(Netherlands)
l. ALGEMEEN RIJKSARCHIEF
Bleyenburg 7
Den Haag
Phone: 070-647800
Hours: 9:00-5:l5; Sat. 9:00-5:00
Collection :
Interior Department
l8l5-l870
30 meters
Official administrative reports from various departments
such as justice, population, and poverty.
In the general heading. Interior Department, are records
of the justice department (see note below) , and the
department of poverty where the social background of
the poorer immigrants can be studied. The population
department records include a category entitled "Land-
verhuizers" or emigrants. These records give lists
of family heads and single individuals leaving the
Netherlands. The Algemeen Rijksarchief contains the
provincial records of South Holland, and thus the
emigration records of that province. The national
archives also house the Landverhuizers records from
the eleven provinces, but some of these can also be
found in provincial archives. Their holdings, however,
are not identical (see Swierenga's Inventory below).
As the official archives of the government, the Alge
meen Rijksarchief has few private collections of
papers, and most of these are the papers of important
political leaders. Thus the possibility of finding
letters from immigrants is very slight.
Note: These records will be essential for studying the
social background of the emigrants, but of special
interest for the German emigration, are the justice
department records which deal with German refugees
who became dependents in port cities such as Rotterdam
and Amsterdam.
Inventory of Landverhuizing (Emigration) Lists in the

Netherlands, l835-l9l8. Compiled by: Dr. Robert P.
Swierenga, Prof. of History, Kent State University, Kent,
Ohio 44240 USA.
I. Algemeen Rijksarchief (general archives)- Den Haag
The Tweede Af deling (second division) has the fol
lowing lists:
The ïl ether lan, Ir.
Province Drenthe l845- l877

Province Friesland l845- l878
Province Gelderland l848- l877
Province Groningen l848- l877
Province Limburg l847- l877
Province Noord Brabant l847- l877
Province Noord Holland l848- l877
Province Overi j sel l848- l877 (l877 incom
plete)
Province Utrecht l845- l877
Province Zeeland l848- l877
Province Zuid Holland l848- l877
Provincial Ryksarchieven and Griffien
Rijksarchief in Drenthe (Assen)
Note: Lists are cited in the annual indexes to
the Commisaris des Konings, Algemeen Zaken
but all are missing.
Rijksarchief in Friesland (Leeuwaarden)
Lists available for years l845-l880.
Note: According to an l879 record, the lists for
l88l-l894 should be in the files of the
"Eerste Afdeling, M + S," but all are missing.
Rijksarchief in Gelderland (Arnhem)
Note: Lists are cited in the indexes to the Com
misaris des Konings, AZ , but all are missing
except from gemeente Eibergen, l844-l846, and
gemeente Maurik, l845-l847.
Rijksarchief in Groningen (Groningen)
l845-l864, l879-l90l.
Rijksarchief in Limburg (Maastricht)

the Commisaris des Konings, AZ , but all are
missing.
Rijksarchief in Noord Brabant ( S ' Hertogenbosch )
the Commisaris des Konings, AZ, but all are
missing.
Rijksarchief in Noord Holland (Haarlem)
Note: Records at the Provincial Griffie show that
all lists were destroyed by the archivist in
l929.
Rijksarchief in Overijsel (Zwolle)
Lists available for years l840-l9l8.
Rijksarchief in Utrecht (Utrecht)
Rijksarchief in Zeeland (Middelburg)
Lists available for years l845-l90l.
Rijksarchief in Zuid Holland (Den Haag) - no
records extant.
Zuid Holland Provincial Griffie
The Netherlands 267
RIJKSARCHIEF IN DRENTHE
Brink 4
Assen (Drenthe)
Phone: 05920-l3523
Hours: 9:00-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:00
Collection:
Population Register (Bevolkingsregister ) which includes
"Landverhuizers" or emigrants.
l843-l876
One volume for each year (approx. 20 ft.), but the emi
gration data is a small part of each volume.
Lists of emigrants' names reported by the village
(gemeente) officials to the Provincial government.
Each emigrant household head is listed with data such as
age, occupation, social status, reason for emigration,
church affiliation, place of origin, and destination.
Note: Similar records exist for every province in the
Netherlands. No personal correspondence from emigrants
is preserved in the Drenthe Archives. The published
summaries of the population registers have the title
Staat Der Bevolking .
The "bevolkings register" (population register) in the
Netherlands is a primary source for social history.
From the time when the Napoleonic Codes were adopted
in the Netherlands (l8l5) , the population of each
"gemeente" (city with surrounding villages and hinter
land) was required to register and acquire family
names. Thereafter the vital statistics in each gemeente
were recorded in the "bevolkings register." Among the
items listed are occupation, church affiliation, tax
records, and such matters. In l847-48, the general
government required a special report from each gemeente
to indicate which people were emigrating. This special
report (l847-l876), "Landverhuizers Berichten," was
required, but the regular "Bevolkings Register" always
included a notation on "verhuizers, " or people who moved
from the gemeente and their destination. Among these
were people moving to America. All these reports orig
inated in the gemeente; their contents were then com
piled by the various provinces (similar to state
governments in the United States) where they were
available for further summary or analysis by the general
government— particularly the Department of Interior
(Ministerie van Binnenland) .
RIJKSARCHIEF IN FRIESLAND
Boterhoek l
Leeuwarden (Friesland)
Phone: 050l00-27l03
Hours: 9:00-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:30
Collection:
Population Register which includes "Landverhuizers" or
emigrants .
l845-l880
68 The Netherlands
One volume for each year, part of which contains emigra

tion data.
Lists of emigrants' names reported by each village
(gemeente) to the provincial government.
place of origin, and destination.
Note: Similar records exist for every province.
RIJKSARCHIEF IN GELDERLAND
Markt l
Arnhem (Gld.)
Phone: 058"420l48
Hours: 9:00-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:00
Collection :
"Population Statistics" consisting of small collection of
immigrants' names.
l850-l865
One volume for each year - partly concerning emigration.
Lists of household heads who emigrated to America.
These records are in published form, but because of fire
during World War II the sources for these records are
lost.
Note: The archives in Arnhem, i.e., the Rijksarchief in
Gelderland, were largely destroyed during World War II.
RIJKSARCHIEF IN GRONINGEN
St. Jansstraat 2
Groningen
Hours: l:30-5:l5 (Visiting scholars may use the library
in the morning by contacting the Archivist.)
Collections :
a. Population Register including names of emigrants with
data .
l835-l864, occasional reports l879-l90l
Three folders.
Lists of emigrants - name, occupation, church affilia
tion, etc.
Note: The complete record of emigrants' names for
Groningen is in the Rijksarchief in Den Haag.
b . Provincial Groninger Courant
l850-l900
One volume per year.
Newspaper, bi-weekly.
Regular format, but including letters from immigrants
The Netherlands 269
in America and occasional larger reports from

America in a supplement.
Note: Extent of immigrant letters unknown - will
require several weeks' research.
6. RIJKSARCHIEF IN N 00 RD-HOL LAI.ID

Ceciliasteeg l2
Haarlem
Hours: 9:00-4:45
Collection:
Population Register (Bevolkingsregister) which includes
"Landverhuizer s" or emigrants, l848-l877.
Note: Originals destroyed in l929, copies preserved in
National Archives, Den Haag.
7. RIJKSARCHIEF FOR THE PROVINCE OVERIJSSEL

Sassenpoort (city gate) and an annex on Rodehaanstraat .
(Within one year a new building will open on Eiken-
straat . )
Zwolle
Phone: 5200-7384
Hours: 9:00-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:30
Collection:
Population statistics including records of emigration
found under general heading "Bevolkingsregister" and
specifically under "Landverhuizers . "
l840-l9l8
One volume for each year.
Lists of family heads who emigrated.
Name, age, occupation, etc.
8. RIJKSARCHIEF IN UTRECHT
Alexander Numankade 20l
Utrecht
Phone: 030-7ll8ll4
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collection :
Population register (Bevolking Register) which includes
records of "Landverhuizers" or emigrants.
l846-l905
Lists of emigrants' names reported by each village
(gemeente) in the Province Utrecht.
place of origin, and destination.
270 The Netherlands
9. RIJKSARCHIEF IN ZEELAND
St. Pieterstraat 38
Middelburg (Zeeland)
Phone: 0ll80-l2767
Hours: 9:00-l2:30 and l:30-5:00
Collections :
a. Afgescheidenen (separated) churches in Zeeland.
l834-l860
Approx. 6 folders.
Letters, reports, official minutes.
Letters from and about the emigration to North America;
notes from church gatherings which discussed the
emigration. Names include J. Van De Luyster and
C. Van Der Meulen, founders of Zeeland, Michigan.
Finding aid available: Index; no restrictions on access.
b. Population Register (Bevolkingsregister) which includes
"Landverhuizers " or emigrants.
l845-l90l
One volume for each year (approx. 20 ft.), but the
emigration data is a small part of each volume.
Lists of emigrants' names reported by the village
officials to the provincial government.
Each emigrant household head is listed with data such
as age, occupation, social status, reason for emi
gration, church affiliation, place of origin, and
destination.
Note: The contents of these records have been copied
and computerized and are available in the United
States. However, under the category "Reason for
immigration," many evaluative statements appear
which cannot be readily computerized.
The Netherlands 27l
APPENDIX N-II
Sources Available in City Archives
(Netherlands)
GEMEENTELIJKE ARCH IEFD IENST AMSTERDAM

Amsteldijk 67
Amsterdam
Hours: 8:30-5:30
Collections :
a. "Bevolkings Register" — population statistics
l8l5-l893
One volume per year.
Official list of names.
This is the generally available list of names in each
gemeente. It includes notations about people who
move from one city to another.
b . Holland Land Company
l789-l869
Approx. 950 folders and volumes.
Minutes, journals, ledgers, cashbooks, correspondence,
deeds, accounts, commissions, contracts, land regis
ter, printed material.
Collection pertains to the investment activities of the
Holland Land Company. The company held considerable
acreage in New York and Pennsylvania. Good informa
tion on the development of upper New York State.
Note: A microfilm copy of the collection can be found
in the Library of Congress. See Dr. Wilhelmina C.
Pieterse, Inventory of the Archives of the Holland
Land Company, l789-l869, Amsterdam, Municipal Print
ing Office, l976.
GEMEENTEARCHIEF APELDOORN
Molenstraat 59
Apeldoorn (Gld.)
Phone: 05760-7ll22
Hours: 9:00-l2:00, l:00-5:00
Col lection :
Population Statistics
l884-l897
One folder.
Lists of emigrants.
272
Names of emigrants with dates.

Note: This archive has microfilming services and will
process paper via Kodak in either l6 or 32 mm. film.
3. GEMEENTEARCHIEF ARNHEM
Koningstraat 32
Arnhem (Gld.)
Phone: 058-457ll
Hours: 8:00-4:30
No records pertaining to immigration as these were de
stroyed during World War II.
4. GEMEENTEARCHIEF DELFT
Oude Delft l69
Delft, South Holland
Phone: 0l5-l33lll
Hours: 9:00-l2:l5, l:30-5:00
These archives, like almost every city archive, contain
population statistics which include notations on those
who emigrated to America.
5. GEMEENTEARCHIEF DEVENTER
Stadhuis
Grootekerkhof 4
Phone: 05700-72l2l
Hours: 8:30-l2:30, l:45-5:00
Collections :
a . Family Archive Besier
l797-l83l
One folder.
Accounts of investments in America.
Reports from Amsterdam Banks on investments in America
by the Besier family (possibly related to loans
to U. S. government during Revolutionary War).
Note: Material not directly connected with immigration
between l850-l920.
b. Houck Family
l873-l874
Four letters.
Correspondence .
Includes 4 letters from an immigrant, W. H. de Lange , who
settled in Grand Rapids.
c. Bevolking Register - Population Register - including
lists of emigrants.
The Netherlands 273
l847-l876
One volume per year, part of which includes emigrant
lists .
Lists of family household heads.
Names with age, occupation, church affiliation, etc.
Note: The emigration list appears in the context of
official reports from various branches of the City
Government. Records of poverty, police work, and
other departments could be consulted to determine a
correlation between emigration and poverty or emi
gration and legal difficulties.
GEMEENTEARCHIEF IN HAARLEM
Jansstraat 40
Haarlem (N. Holland)
Hours: 9:00-4:45
Good collection of city archives - official and private
papers. Most papers are those of important city
leaders .
Slight possibility of sources relating to immigration.
Finding aid available: Index.
GEMEENTEARCHIEF KAMPEN
Oudestraat l33
Kampen
Phone: 05202-7855
Hours: 8:30-l2:00, l:30-5:l5
Collections :
a. Gereformeerde Kerk Seminary
l850-l970
20 feet
Official papers of the Seminary.
Papers of teachers, administrators, and some students.
Finding aid in progress; no restrictions on access.
Note: This seminary had strong connections with the
Dutch Reformed Churches in America. The founders
of the Seminary were also leaders in the emigration
movement to America.
b. Population Register which includes "Landverhuizers" or
emigrants .
l847-l876
One volume for each year which contains immigrant data.
Lists of emigrants' names reported by each village in
the area governed by Kampen.
Each emigrant household head is listed with data such
as age, occupation, social status, reasons for
emigration, place of origin, and destination.
274 The Netherlands
8. GEMEENTEARCHIEF VAN LEEUWARDEN

Grote Kerkstraat 29
Hours: 8:30-4:30
Collection:
Population Register including "Landverhuizers" or emigrants.
l847-l876
One volume each year, partly devoted to emigration.
Lists of household heads.
Gives names of household heads, as well as age, occupation,
etc .
9. GEMEENTEARCHIEF IN ROTTERDAM
Mathenesser laan 3l5
Rotterdam
Hours: 9:00-5:00
See "Index to Personal Papers" Catalogus van de Hand-
schriften Verzameling, 2 vols., inclusive dates:
twelfth century to the present. This is a two volume
index, with part of volume one including the list of
personal papers. These volumes may be used for an
extended search for immigrant letters. Most of the
personal papers are from community leaders and few,
if any, will contain immigrant letters.
Collections :
a. "Gereformeerde" Churches in the Netherlands
l836-l970
Bulk is large—entire bank of shelves
Church and synodical notes
Discussion of church polity, doctrinal issues, social
issues and the ordinary business of church life.
Finding aid available: Inventory; no restrictions on
access .
Note: In these papers are letters from ministers in the
sister churches of America, for example, A. C. van
Raalte in Holland, Michigan.
b . Helenius De Cock Papers
l850-l900
Four feet.
Correspondence, sermon notes, reports, and memorabilia.
Correspondence with family and colleagues concerning
family and church matters.
Note: In this collection are letters from A. C. van
Raalte, H. Scholte, S. van Velzen, A. Zwemer, and
perhaps other leaders of the Christelijke Afgescheid-
enen Kerk leaders. Some letters are written from
America, others refer to the Dutch-American settle
ments .
The Nether! and a 275
c. Bevolkings Register van Rotterdam (population register)

l8l5-l920
One volume for each year.
List of household heads, vital statistics.
This, like similar collections in each gemeente, is
a list of population statistics, i.e., birth,
internal migration and death. In this list are
included the names of people who emigrated to Amer
ica .
Finding aid available: General Index; no restrictions
on access.
GEMEENTEARCHIEF ZWOLLE
Voorstraat 26-28
Zwolle (Overijssel)
Phone: 05200-32488
Hours: 8:30-l2:45, l:l5-5:00
Collection:
Gereformeerde Kerken
a. Congregations
b. Classes
c. Synods
[l834-??]
Approx. l2 meters.
Notes .
Consists primarily of church business, but many Dutch
immigrants came from the Zwolle area and church min
utes often refer to the causes and results of dimin
ished membership.
Note: Also contains population statistics.
76 The Netherlands
APPENDIX N-III
(Netherlands)
APPINGEDAM PUBLIC LIBRARY

Hoof dstraat
Appingedam (Groningen)
Hours: 3:30-6:30
Pamphlet with letters by an immigrant named Beukema.
CATHOLIC DOCUMENTATION CENTER

Erasmuslaan 36
Ni jmegen
Phone: 08800-587ll, Ext. 24l2
Hours: 8:30-5:l5
Collection:
Joseph Alder ink-Thym
l878-l880
20 letters.
Correspondence from son in New York.
Discussion of travel, settlement and life in New York.
CENTRAAL BUREAU VOOR GENEALOGIE

Nassaulaan l8
Den Haag
Phone: 070-659950
Hours: 9:30-4:00
Col lection :
Vital Statistics (Birth, Marriage and Death)
l200-l976
Several hundred linear feet.
Family genealogies and abstracts from government records.
Primarily a collection of vital statistics in either
book or manuscript form.
Finding aid available: card catalogue and guides; no
Note: The collection of population data in this archive
will be of special value to statistical studies. The
most important service which this Bureau can provide
lies in the area of counsel and information. The
archivists have extensive knowledge of records in both
public and private archives.
The Netherlands 277
4. CENTRAAL REGISTER VAN FAMILIEARCHIEVEN

Alexander Numankade 20l
Utrecht
Phone: 030-7l0044
Hours: 9:00-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:30 (An appointment with
the archivist should be arranged in advance.)
Note: Researchers in Dutch history should consult with
the archivist who has compiled a card catalog of all
known private collections of historical manuscripts
in the Netherlands. The Centraal Register exists pri
marily to provide referrals to other agencies and pri
vate parties who own manuscript collections. The
Register does not collect manuscripts.
5. FREE UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM

Boelelaan ll05
Amsterdam
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collections :
a . A. Wormser
Inclusive dates not determined.
l/2 meter.
Correspondence, sermons, notes.
Contains primarily correspondence within the Nether
lands, but also included are letters from Pella,
Iowa, which contain detailed descriptions of immi
grant experiences. These letters have been published
by Dr. Stellingwerf .
Note: Copies of these letters are available in Iowa,
Grand Rapids, and Holland, Michigan.
b. Abraham Kuyper
l880-l920
3 meters.
Correspondence, reports.
Primarily contains information regarding the political
career of A. Kuyper. Also contains letters from
over 25 Dutch-Americans.
Note: A. Kuyper was the prime minister in the Nether
lands from l9l0-l920, and an influential leader
among Calvinists throughout the world. Many Ameri
can immigrants asked him for intellectual and reli
gious advice.
6. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL HISTORY

Herengracht 262-266
Amsterdam
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Note: Careful research of archives will probably uncover
letters from American participants in various Socialist
278 The Netherlands
conferences, but these are not likely to be letters

from Dutch-American immigrants.
7. NETHERLANDS REFORMED CHURCH (STATE CHURCH)

Javastraat l00
Den Haag
Hours: 9:00-5:00
Collection :
Church Records
l620-l800
4 feet.
Church minutes, minutes of New York churches, and reports
from New York to the Reformed Church in Amsterdam.
Records relate specifically to church business. Collec
tion primarily includes records of the Netherlands
Reformed Church in New Amsterdam.
Note: The collection contains little directly related to
the immigration issue between l850-l920.
8. PROVINCIAL BIBLIOTHEEK VAN FRIESLAND

Boterhoek l
Phone: 05l00-33245
Hours: 9:00-l2:30, l:30-5:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:30
Collection :
Correspondence printed in newspapers: Advertentieblad
l875-l90l, and Niewsblad van Friesland l90l-l935 .
l875-l935
Approx. 500 letters.
Printed letters.
Contains letters from immigrants located in l8 different
states and Canada. They discuss the advantages and
difficulties of emigration, including conditions on
steamships, the cost of land and food and a large
range of social matters.
Finding aid available: card catalogue; no restrictions
on access.
Note: These letters include dialogue between the corre
spondents and particularly between A. Kuiper's (an
agent or land dealer) and others who contested against
his optimism.
The Netherlands 279
APPENDIX N-IV
Sources Available in Private Hands
(Netherlands)
Note : All of these collections have been copied and are avail
able for research in the Bentley Historical Library, The
University of Michigan.
l . A; W. Baron
Hellendoorn (Overijssel)
Correspondence.
l848
3 letters.
Comments about travel, arrival and searching for land
in America.
2 . Beuker Family
Emlichheim, Germany
Letters from H. Beuker.
l899 - [l905]
9 letters.
Comments about family life in America (Chicago, Kalamazoo
and Grand Rapids) .
3 . Frederick Braams
Gemeente Rolde (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l945-l967
22 letters.
Letters concern private activities of Klaas Braams in
Richmond, California. Some comments about politics
and the end of World War II.
4 . H. Brinks
Eet (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l853-l946
l0 letters.
First letter about settlement in Michigan and later mov
ing to Iowa. Letters from l920-l946 about family
developments, economy, and war.
5 . A. Bruinsel
Markelo
Correspondence-
l892
l letter.
280 The Netherlands
Discussion of family health and an interpretation of Amer

ican presidential politics.
6 . W. Bulsink-Wisman
Ijzerlo - Aalten
Correspondence .
l872-l875
2 letters.
General comments about health and well-being; few particu
lars .
7 . Mevr . De Jong
Schoonoord (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l9l8
l letter.
Discussion of possible places to live in North and South
America .
8 . J. de Wolde
Rouveen (Overijssel)
Correspondence .
l850-l865
l0 letters.
Church, farm, and community life in Grandville and
Beaverdam, Michigan. Very early correspondence from
western Michigan.
9 . J. H. Ensink
Laar , Germany
Correspondence .
l899-l933
l6 letters.
Comments about family and church life in Graafschap, Mich
igan by H. Gruppen to Gerrit Gruppen in Emlichheim,
Germany.
l 0 . Hensen Family
West Germany
Correspondence .
l882-l923
l0 letters.
From family member; contains family news about economic/
social life in America and about World War I.
l l . W. Hovenga
Deventer
Correspondence .
[l8981-l907
4 letters.
Discussion of Spanish- American War. Discussion of family,
farm, and church affairs. Interesting account of
The NethcrlanJ. 28l
movement patterns in Iowa, New York, California, etc.
l2 . Jolink Family
Balenge (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l950
l letter.
Comments about travel and life in America - Allegan,
Michigan .
l3. W. Kappe
Enter (Overijssel)
Correspondence .
l883-l886
3 letters.
Comments about farm and church life in North Holland,
Michigan.
l4. Kistemaker
Andijk (North Holland)
Letters and travel account.
l897-l93l
40 letters.
Church, farm, and family life in America.
l 5 . I. Warger-te Kolstee
Lelystad
Correspondence .
l906-l9l6
l2 letters.
Discussion of family, farm, and church life.
l6 . Mvr. Koopman
Borger (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l892-l922
l4 letters.
Comments about family life, work, and opportunities in
Chicago .
l 7 . William Lanning
Noordsleen (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l872
l letter.
Farewell letter - written just before leaving the
Netherlands .
282 The Netherlands
l 8 . Mevr. G. P. Lanting
Assen
Correspondence .
l866-l886
25 letters.
Discussion about church, family and social situation in
America. especially Chicago.
l9. G. H. Ligterink
Lochem
Correspondence of Peterson family.
l87l-l873
3 letters.
Account of travel, arrival, and family life in America.
Good account of travel difficulties.
20 . Frau E. Lankamp
Velsen, Germany
Correspondence .
l847
l letter.
Discussion of moral problems involved in emigration -
directed against the decisions of van Raalte and
Scholte. Important letter discussing the theological
arguments against emigration; letter written by Rev.
J. B. Zondag and addressed to the churches in Graaf-
schap, Bentheim.
2 l . J. A. Niemeijer
Haren (Groningen)
Correspondence .
l904-l935
25 letters.
Comments about family life, church life and other Dutch
families in Chicago. Letters from the "Groningen 's
Corner" in Chicago.
2 2 . Mr. S. Noorda
Ulrum
Correspondence .
l854-l900
ll letters.
About settlement in Grand Haven, Michigan (l854), Holland,
Michigan (l890), and Oak Harbor, Washington (l896).
23. A. Often
Rijssen (Overijssel)
Correspondence .
l889-l892
40 letters.
Discussion of family, farm and church life.
The Netherlands 283
24. Phillipsen Family

Braamt (Gelderland)
Correspondence .
l860-l867
6 letters.
Comments about family, church, and economic life in
America (Auburn, New York) ; interesting comments
about American society from a Roman Catholic point
of view.
25 . Nico Plomp
Zegveld
Correspondence and travel account.
l856-l9l0
6 letters, l5 page travel account.
Discussion of farm and church life in America.
26. E. Postma
Losser (Overijssel)
Correspondence .
l935-l956
25 letters.
Comments about family, church, and World War II by J. R.
Brink.
27. W. L. A. Reggelink
Winterswi jk
Correspondence .
l859
2 letters.
Information about settlers and life in Holland, Michigan
and Cheboygan, Wisconsin.
28. A. Riends
Holte (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l882
3 letters.
Comments on farm life in Sioux Center, Iowa.
29. Siegersma Family

Dokkum (Friesland)
Correspondence .
l892-l9l8
4l letters.
Comments on farm, church and social life in Running
Water, South Dakota.
30. E. Smit
Vassen (Gelderland)
Correspondence .
l88l-l905
25 letters.
284 The Netherlands
Comments about family life, church, farm and other matters

in America — South Dakota, Tennesee, Iowa. Written
to Groningen, Netherlands.
3l . Dr. C. Smits
Haren (Groningen)
Printed correspondence.
l862
2 letters.
Comments about settlement in Pella, Iowa; church life and
new immigrants. Originals in possession of Van Hinte
family—the author in l928 of a two volume work en
titled Nether landers in America.
32 . Mvr . Stoepman
Nijverdal (Overijssel)
Travel account and diary.
l885-l886
22 typewritten pages.
Travel account includes comments about the trip to America
and the efforts of Mr. Vis to find work in New York,
Minnesota, and Chicago.
33. K. Van Dijk

Heiloo (North Holland)
Correspondence .
l860
l letter.
Contains comments about family, church and farm life in
Holland, Michigan. Important early letter.
34 . E . Van Lenep
Letters and copies of letters.
l909-l932
2 small notebooks and l5 letters.
Discusses business efforts of an immigrant, G. Charles
van Lidth. Letters written to his father, "L. J. A.
van Lidth de Jeude."
35. Dr. A. L. van Schelven

Hengelo (Oven j ssel )
Correspondence .
l876-l9l4
8 letters.
Comments about family, church, political and economic life
in America by immigrants in Zeeland, Michigan. Van
Schelven was an important local figure in Zeeland,
Michigan.
The Netherlands 285
36. Mvr. N. C. Verhoeff

Dordrecht
Correspondence .
l847
l letter.
Comments about trip, arrival, and life in St. Louis,
Missouri .
37 . Weenink Family
Haarlo
Correspondence .
l950-l975
25 letters.
Comments about family life, farm life, church affairs
in Sunnyside, Washington.
38. D. J. Wesselo
Pi jnacker
Correspondence and family genealogy.
l885-l908
l0 letters.
Contains information regarding family, religious, and
economic affairs from Zeeland, Michigan.
39. H. H. Wilms
Groningen
Correspondence .
l948-l957
l5 letters.
Discussion of immigrant families in America. Letters
are late, but demonstrate long-term interest in
family connections.
40. J. S. Wilting
Erm (Drenthe)
Correspondence .
l895-l9l3
6 letters.
Comments regarding farm, family and church life.
V

IN THE ARCHIVES OF POLAND
by
Stephen D. Corrsin
The Polish part of the Immigration Sources Project pre

sented certain special difficulties. Particularly important
was the wholesale destruction of library and archival collec
tions during World War II. Also, important materials, espe
cially governmental records, remained outside the borders of
Poland as they were formed after World War I and reconstituted
after World War II; relevant materials can thus be found in
Germany, Austria, and the Soviet Union. There are also likely
to be useful collections in other countries where Poles have
settled over the past two centuries.l However, for the pur
poses of the Project we decided to limit our efforts to iden
tifying materials which can be found within the borders of
present-day Poland.
A brief sketch of the history of the Polish lands in
the l9th and early 20th centuries is in order. This tangled
and often tragic history is of crucial importance both for the
study of the migrations to America, and for identifying the
types of records which were created (see maps l and 2).^
From the medieval period to the end of the l8th century, the
Kingdom of Poland made up the western half of the Polish-
Lithuanian Commonwealth. This Commonwealth covered much of
present-day Poland, the Ukraine, Belorussia, Lithuania, and
Latvia; it was a highly multiethnic and multireligious state,
and was a major country of immigration from other parts of
Europe. The three partitions of the Commonwealth in l772,
l793, and l795 by its militarily more powerful neighbors, Prus
sia, Russia, and Austria — plus the subsequent rearrangement of
boundaries at the Congress of Vienna in l8l5 — left the former
Commonwealth divided as follows: Prussia (and thus later Ger
many) had "Great Poland" around the city of Poznan, Pomerania
along the Baltic coast, and to the south Silesia (this last
area had actually not been part of the Commonwealth, but it
had a large Polish population) ; Austria controlled Galicia,
the southern stretch of Poland including the cities of Krakow
and L'vov (from l8l5 to l846 Krakow was actually a "free
287
city"); and Russia had the central Polish area, known as the
Congress Kingdom, centered around Warsaw, plus the lands of
the Commonwealth's Lithuanian Grand Duchy, which now make up
most of the Ukraine, Belorussia, Lithuania, and Latvia. This
was the situation up to World War I.3 The interwar Polish
Republic included most of the former Prussian and Austrian
areas and the Congress Kingdom, plus a stretch of eastern bor
derlands largely populated by Ukrainians, Belorussians , and
Lithuani is. This eastern area was annexed by the Soviet
Union during World War II. As compensation Poland got a large
part of former Prussia.
Poland has throughout its history had a very mixed popu
lation. In the period covered by the Bentley Library project (pri
marily l820-l920, with some interest in l920-l939), the major
ethnic groups were the Poles, Jews, Germans, Lithuanians,
Ukrainians, and Belorussians. The major religious groups were
the Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics (Uniates) , Jews, Russian
Orthodox, and various Protestant sects. Poland today is al
most completely Polish in ethnic composition and heavily
Roman Catholic in faith, as a result of the near-extermination
of the Jewish community during World War II and the border
changes and population transfers of that time. For the pro
ject we decided not to limit ourselves to a single group;
rather, we have been interested in any material now extant i
Poland regardless of the group concerned. Studies now being
undertaken in Poland concentrate on ethnic Poles and pay lit
tle attention, by and large, to other groups.
During the partitions era and under the interwar repub
lic, Poland became one of Europe's most important countries
of emigration. In regard to the emigrations to America, the
major motivations were political and economic ones. After the
unsuccessful Polish insurrections of l830, l846, l848, and
l863, some thousands of political and military refugees left
their homelands. While most stayed in Europe, a sizable
minority came to the United States. These exiles included
many members of the Polish gentry and intelligentsia. The
real mass emigrations began in the l880s, mostly from the Aus
trian- and Russian-controlled areas. The millions of emigrants
left for several reasons, often — perhaps usually — mixed ones:
to have a better chance to make a decent living, to avoid mil
itary service, to escape persecutions and pogroms. While the
largest number of people came to the United States, many also
went to Latin America, Canada, and western Europe. Emigration
was largely halted by the outbreak of World War I. Although
it gained momentum again after the war, American laws restrict
ing immigration in the l920s cut the flood coming to this
country to a trickle. Between the world wars there was a siz
able return migration to Poland, especially of ethnic Poles. ^
Before leaving for Poland, considerable time was spent

developing a search strategy. The first point in the strategy
was to use libraries in each of the three pre-World War I par
tition areas. Thus, I visited Krakow and Zakopane in former
Austrian Galicia; Poznan and Wrocâw, in the old Prussian-
controlled areas; and Warsaw and Lublin, which had been part
of the Russian Empire's Congress Kingdom. I actually spent
288 Po l.md
most of my stay in Warsaw and Krakow, where, generally speak

ing, the most important libraries are to be found. The second
point of the strategy was to enlist the aid of Polish scholars
in the field of migration and "Polonia" studies (this is the
term used in Poland for communities of Poles or persons of
Polish background living abroad) . The Bentley Library had had
prior contacts with the Polonia Research Institute of the Jagiel-
lonian University in Kraków, so I turned to that Institute
for assistance; its faculty and students proved both hospita
ble and helpful. While in Poland, I got in touch with schol
ars at the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sci
ences and at the Catholic University of Lublin, and they, too,
were quite helpful. 5
The third point was to visit different types of librar

ies and archives, and to survey different types of materials.
It was, of course, impossible to visit every major institu
tion, or every institution with relevant materials; and it
was also impossible to identify all materials concerning the
topic in the libraries visited. Thus, certainly, this report
cannot claim to be comprehensive. Rather, it covers a number
of important and useful collections, and attempts to indicate
the types of materials that exist and where they can be
found. The libraries and archives visited include some of the
most important in Poland and have a broad range of materials
in their collections . ^ The following institutions were vis
ited: the National Library (Biblioteka Narodowa) in Warsaw;
the national archives in Warsaw, both the Main Archive of His
torical Records (Archiwum G^ówne Akt Dawnych) and the Archive
of Modern Records (Archiwum Akt Nowych) ; the libraries of the
Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, or PAN)
which include the Ossolineum (Zakâd Narodowy imienia Ossoliń
skich) in Wrocâw, the Kornik Library (Biblioteka Kornicka)
near Poznan, and the PAN library in Krakow; the libraries of
the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, of Warsaw University,
and of the Main School of Planning and Statistics (Szkota
Gôwna Planowania i Statystyki) in Warsaw; the Provincial
State Archives (Wojewodzkie Archiwa Państwowe) in Krakow, Poz
nan, and Lublin; the Warsaw State Archive (Archiwum Panstwowe
miasta stoêcznego Warszawy) ; the Archive of the Metropolitan
Curii in Krakow (Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej); the Czar
toryski Library (Biblioteka Czartoryskich) of the National
Museum in Krakow; the Tatra Museum in Zakopane (Muzeum Tatrzań
skie imienia Dr. Tytusa Chaûbinskiego) ; and the Society of
Friends of Memoir-Writing (Towarzystwo Przyjacioł Pamiętnikars-
twa) in Warsaw. ^
The record groups found at these institutions included

collections of letters and memoirs; personal archives; collec
tions of the Polish-American press; governmental records; and
church records. The following suggests some of the more impor
tant materials.
l. Letters and Memoirs (by different people, but in
a single collection) . The most important collection of emi
grants' letters which has survived was recently published:
Witold Kula, Nina Assorodobra j -Kula , and Marcin Kula, eds.,
Listy emigrantów z Brazylii i Stanow Zjednoczonych l890-l89l
(Emigrants' letters from Brazil and the United States l890-
Po land 289
l89l) (Warsaw: Ludowa Spo^dzielnia Wydawnicza, l973) . Of the

367 letters included, 25l are from the United States. A par
ticularly important aspect of this collection is that it docu
ments the multi-ethnic character of the emigration from the
Polish lands; l77 of the letters from the U.S. are in Polish,
57 are in Yiddish (the language of most of the Polish Jews) ,
l5 in German, and l each in Lithuanian and in Russian (in the
published volume all non-Polish letters are translated into
Polish) . The letters in this collection were intercepted by
the Russian government, which hoped to discourage the mass emi
gration taking place; what survives is only a fraction of a
much larger collection which was mostly destroyed in l944.
The originals of the published letters are now in the Warsaw
State Archive. Other smaller collections of emigrants' letters
exist at the Main Archive of Historical Records and the Tatra
Museum. A very important collection of emigrants' memoirs was
also recently published: Pamietniki emigrantow. Stany Zjednoc-
zone (Emigrants' memoirs. The United States) (Warsaw: Nauka i
Wiedza, l977). This collection's two volumes include 5l out
of 89 memoirs written in l936-l937 for the Institute of Social
Economics (Instytut Gospodarstwa Spoêcznego — now part of the
Main School of Planning and Statistics) . Some of the remain
ing unpublished memoirs will probably also eventually appear
in print. The Society of Friends of Memoir-Writing has a num
ber of emigrants' memoirs from the United States, mostly writ
ten over the last twenty years or so.
2. Personal Archives. By this is meant collections
which were built by, or are associated with, a single indivi
dual. These are often very extensive collections associated
with major political or cultural figures, and include corres
pondence, organizational records, governmental papers, and the
like. The Ignacy Paderewski Archive at the Archive of Modern
Records (Paderewski was a major political figure as well as a
great pianist) and the Wacâw Gasiorowski Archive at the Osso-
lineum are the largest of this type. Both collections are of
great importance for the study of Polish and Polonian activi
ties, in America as well as in Europe, during and after World
War I. Both collections include a broad range of types of
materials. A small selection from the Paderewski Archive has
been published in four volumes: Archiwum Polityczne Ignacego
Paderewskiego (The political archive of Ignacy Paderewski)
(Wrocâw: Zakâd Narodowy imienia Ossolinskich , l973-l974) .
Gasiorowski was a central figure in the organization of Polish
efforts in France and the United States during World War I; the
collection of his papers is still being organized. Several
important collections of this type concern the mid-l9th century
political emigrations. The materials in the Czartoryski Li
brary are invaluable; these consist largely of letters and
other materials sent to Prince Adam Czartoryski in Paris, the
"uncrowned king" of Poland-in-exile from the early l830s to
his death in l86l. The Henryk Kaûssowski papers at the
National Library are also important for this period. The
papers of major figures who remained in the Polish lands also
sometimes have relevant materials. For example, the collection
of letters received by Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski, a leading
Polish writer in the late l9th century, has a few interesting
letters from the United States from about l880. The real signifi
cance of such letters is that they document the efforts made
290 Poland
by Polish-Americans to keep up ties with the mainstream of

Polish culture. While it is impossible to be certain, I am
reasonably confident that I was able to identify the most
important existing collections of the preceding types. With
the exception of emigrants' letters, these collections seem to
concern overwhelmingly ethnic Poles, and to deal very little
with the other groups from Poland.
3. The Press. Major libraries in Poland often have a
fair number of titles, but somewhat fragmentary runs of issues.
The largest collection, with 90 pre-World War II titles repre
sented, is at the National Library. The Jagiellonian Univer
sity library has 55 such titles, and there are smaller collec
tions at the Warsaw University library and at the Kornik
Library. There is, unfortunately, no "union catalog" to press
collections in Poland. An American work which partly fills
this gap is Jan Wepsiec, Polish American Serial Publications
l842-l966: An Annotated Bibliography (Chicago, l966) ; however,
it is not complete for holdings in Poland. Two published
guides to individual library collections are Kazimierz Tataro-
wicz, Katalog Polonikow periodycznych wydanych zagranica do
roku l939. Zbiory Biblioteki Jagiellonskie j (Catalog of Polo-
nian periodicals published abroad up to l939. The collections
of the Jagiellonian Library) (Krakow: Nakâdem Uniwersytetu
Jagiellonskiego , l96l) ; and Janina Kurdelska, Katalog emigra-
cyjnych wydawnictw periodycznych w Bibliotece K6rnickiej l830-
l930 (Catalog of emigrant periodical publications in the Kor
nik Library l830-l930) (Kornik, l959; originally published in
the Pamigtnik Biblioteki Kornickie j , nr. 7) . It does not ap-
appear that the Polish-American press holdings in Poland add
significantly to collections in the United States, although
they probably fill in some gaps. I did not find collections
of the press of other American ethnic groups. ^
4. Government Records. For the pre-l9l8 period these
sometimes include valuable information but are often difficult
to use. For this period, knowledge of German and Russian as
well as Polish is essential. Materials from the three parti
tioning powers are more important for documenting the emigrant,
as opposed to the immigrant, experience. Judging from these
materials, for instance, young men of draft age were being
smuggled out of Austria and Russia in wholesale fashion in the
early part of the twentieth century. None of the three parti
tioning powers seems to have done particularly well in keeping
track of emigration, and Russia, which had the least efficient
bureaucracy of the three, probably did the most poorly. It
also seems that government records suffered especially heavy
destruction during the world wars. However, it should be noted
that I saw mostly only local government records for this period.
The central German archives in Merseburg and Potsdam contain
relevant materials, as do Soviet archives inL'vov, Leningrad,
and Moscow; the Austrian archives presumably also have useful
material. ^ Important items which turned up include a group of
reports on emigration from the l0 Polish provinces of the Rus
sian Empire in l907-l908, at the Main Archive of Historical
Records; and at the Krakow Provincial State Archive, materials
confiscated for and the case files of court cases brought by
the government against the Polish Emigration Society (Polskie
Towarzystwo Emigracyjne) for helping, inadvertently or
Poland 29l
otherwise, illegal emigrants. Passport records from this

period are scattered around the local archives; to locate and
use these would perhaps represent more trouble than they are
worth. Austrian, German, and Russian consular materials prob
ably remain in those countries. The records of the Main
National Committee (Naczelny Komitet Narodowy, or NKN) can be
found at the Krakow Provincial State Archive. This was a
very important nationalist organization during World War I,
and it devoted a large part of its efforts to mobilizing the
support of the Polish-American community for Polish indepen
dence. The l9l8-l939 records of the interwar Polish Republic,
at the Archive of Modern Records, are both more extensive and
easier to use than the older materials. Important collections
are those of the Political and Consular Departments of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and of the embassy in Washington
and the consulates in Buffalo and New York (other consular
records have remained in the U.S.). As the interwar govern
ment took great interest in Polish-Americans, a considerable
amount of material can be found here, covering a broad range
of topics — the press, conferences and organizations, educa
tion, politics, immigration to America and return migration to
Poland, etc. There are also materials touching upon the
activities and attitudes towards Poland of non-Polish emigrants
from Poland, including Jews and Ukrainians. I visited the
national archives in Warsaw and four of the provincial
archives. A search through the other provincial archives (at
last count there were thirty-three, plus a number of local
branches) would certainly turn up relevant materials, but such
a search would be an arduous and possibly not very successful
one.
5. Church Records. These appear to be relatively
underutilized, compared to other types. I was only able to
visit one Catholic archive, that of the Metropolitan Curia in
Krakow. This had some interesting materials, including ques
tionnaires sent around to its parishes in l9l3 requesting
information on the scale of and reasons behind emigration, on
the people who emigrated, and on those who returned. Other
materials can certainly be found in diocesan and archdiocesan
archives, and in the records of certain orders such as the
Missionaries, the Resurrectionists, and the Jesuits. For
locating such materials, the help of the Catholic University
of Lublin would be of crucial importance. I did not come
across the records of other religious bodies.
There are a number of research institutes in Poland
which deal with migration and Polonia studies. The most impor
tant of these is the Polonia Research Institute (Instytut Badan
Polonijnych) of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow; it takes
particular interest in the United States. û The leading jour
nal in the field, Przeglad Polonijny (The Polonia Review) is
edited at this Institute; it replaced the annual Problemy
Polonii Zagranicznej (Problems of Foreign Polonia) , which ran
from l96l to l974. An important collection of articles in
English was recently published under the auspices of the Insti
tute: Celina Bobinska and Andrzej Pilch, eds., Employment-
Seeking Emigrations of the Poles World-Wide XIX i XX Century
(Krak6w: Nakâdem Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego , l975) . This
292 Poland
volume includes articles on emigration from each of the three

partitions; from the interwar republic; and on related topics.
An important collection of papers from a^l975 conference hosted
by the Institute is Stan i potrzeby badan nad zbiorowos-ciami
poloni jnymi (The present situation of and need for studies on
Polonia communities) (Wrocâw: Zakâd Narodowy imienia Osso-
linskich, l976) . Scholars from a number of countries attended
this conference, including 28 from the United States. Papers
published in the volume deal with such questions as source
materials in American libraries as well as many other topics.
The Catholic University of Lublin also has an impor
tant center: the Institute of the Pastorate of Polish Migra
tion (Zakjad Duszpasterstwa i Migracji Poloni jnej ). ll This
Institute has as its special, although not exclusive interest
the role of the Catholic Church in the migrations and in the
development of Polonia communities. It has so far published
two volumes of an annual, Studia Polonijne (Polonia Studies).
At the branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences in
Poznan there is the Institute for the Study of Polonia (Zakâd
Badan nad Polonia Zagraniczna) . l2 While this Institute is
concerned mostly with western Europe, it has also placed some
researchers in the United States. Its scholars often publish
in Przeglad Zachodni (Western Review) , the journal of the West
ern Institute in Poznan. There is also an institute at the
Curie-Skôdowska University in Lublin, which I was unable to
contact .
Anyone interested in doing research in Poland on some
aspect of migration or American ethnic studies should, of
course, prepare thoroughly. A very useful general guide to
libraries and collections is Richard Lewanski, Guide to Polish
Libraries and Archives (Boulder, Col.: East European Quarterly,
l974) . Prior contact with Polish scholars in the field is
also very helpful. The research centers at the Jagiellonian
and Catholic Universities seem to be very interested in con
tacts with American scholars, and quite willing to help them.
Prior checking of published manuscript inventories and archi
val guides is also an excellent idea. Before my departure for
Poland I was able to use manuscript inventories from the
National Library, the Jagiellonian and Warsaw University
libraries, the Ossolineum, and the Polish Academy of Sciences
library in Krakow; and also guides to the collections of the
Archive of Modern Records and part of the Provincial State
Archive in Lublin.
The university libraries, libraries of the Polish Aca
demy of Sciences, and most other research libraries are open
to foreign scholars. Nevertheless, prior contacts with these
institutions should be made. A researcher would also be well-
advised to come armed with a letter of introduction from the
American institution supporting his or her efforts, and if
possible one from a Polish scholar or institution. While I
found in almost every case that the librarians and archivists
were quite willing to help, it is still always better to have
too many credentials and documents than too few. I had let
ters of introduction from a Polish professor, from the Univer
sity of Michigan, and from the National Endowment for the
Humanities, and they all proved helpful at one time or another.
Po land 293
For permission to use government archives the approval

of the Main Board for State Archives (Naczelna Dyrekcja Archi-
wow Panstwowych) is required.l3 This should be obtained in
advance, although permission can also be obtained while in
Poland. It does not appear that any special permission is
required to use Catholic Church archives, but prior contact is
certainly a good idea; and, again, the help of the Institute
of the Catholic University would be very useful.
In terms of languages, a researcher should ideally be
able to read Polish, German, Russian, Yiddish, and French, in
handwritings that range from very clear to almost illegible;
scattered materials in several other languages also exist.
Ability to speak Polish is also, obviously, very important;
many Polish scholars and librarians speak at least some German,
French, Russian, or English as well.
The working conditions in Polish libraries and archives,

and the condition of the actual materials, vary considerably.
Generally speaking, the institutions in Warsaw seem to have
the best facilities, along with certain major libraries in
other cities — the Czartoryski, PAN, and Jagiellonian libraries
in Krakow, the Ossolineum in Wrocâw, the Kornik Library.
Almost every collection which I used had at least some sort of
finding aid; aids include published and unpublished printed
inventories and card catalogs. There seems to be little dif
ficulty in obtaining permission to microfilm materials, but it
appears that, especially outside of Warsaw, getting materials
microfilmed may often be a slow process. While a few record
groups have been microfilmed, by and large little has been done
in this area. Also, xerox machines remain rarities.
The materials which can be found in Polish libraries

and archives are very useful for the study of many aspects of
the migrations from the Polish lands to the United States, and
of the development of the Polish-American community. Materials
which document the individual experience, such as letters and
memoirs, are not as extensive as could be hoped for. The col
lection published in Emigrants' letters from Brazil and the
United States appears to be unique, and the fact that its let
ters were written over a brief span of time by emigrants from
a single part of Poland detracts from its general significance;
other collections of this sort are much smaller. There are
letters in personal archives, such as the Czartoryski and Pade-
rewski collections, but these appear, by and large, to be more
important for political and organizational life than for the
"workaday" experience. Memoirs are also limited in number, and
the only major older collection is the one at the Institute of
Social Economics, part of which has been published in the Emi
grants ' Memoirs volumes.
Polish sources appear to be more valuable for political

and organizational activities. For the mid-nineteenth century
political emigration, the earlier-mentioned Czartoryski and
KaZussowski collections contain much useful material; smaller
useful records groups include _^the Tyssowski materials at the
National Library and the Niedzwiecki papers at the Kornik
Library. The Paderewski, Gasiorowski, and Main National Com
mittee archives are all of great value for the period around
294 Po land
World War I. The records of the interwar government often

include useful materials on Polish-American life. Catholic
Church records certainly include substantial material on its
activities in America.
Materials such as statistical data that could tell us
about the "aggregate" experience are regrettably sparse. Esti
mates on the size and composition of the pre-l9l8 emigrations
from the Polish lands, on the numbers of those who returned,
and on similar basic questions remain very approximate ones;
interwar records are better. For the partitions period, gov
ernmental emigration records from the German-controlled areas
appear to be the most useful; Austrian and Russian records
suffer from the fact that much of the emigration from these
partitions was illegal. Some lists of emigrants can be found
in records confiscated from the Polish Emigration Society by
the Austrian government, but they provide only limited infor
mation and do not appear to be the complete lists of emigrants
with whom the Society dealt.
Polish materials thus provide a useful supplement to

American materials in the areas of migration and Polish-Ameri
can studies. They appear to be particularly useful for such
topics as organizational and political life, especially dur
ing the early political emigration and the period of the First
World War and after; contacts between Poland and American
Polonia; and the social and political backgrounds of, and
Polish attitudes towards, the emigrations.*4 They are fairly
useful for studying the individual emigrant/immigrant experi
ence, and for filling in gaps in U.S. collections of the
Polish-American press. Polish sources appear to be weakest in
the area of pre-l9l8 statistical information. Another weak
ness is that they provide relatively little information on
ethnic groups besides the Poles that came to the United States
from the same lands, such as the Jews and Ukrainians, and other
groups .
I would like to conclude with two statements that seem
to cover the principal motivations — and perhaps delusions —
that operated in the Polish lands to produce the emigrations to
to America, and a third statement that probably sums up what
the people actually found. The first was written in l845, in
France by a Polish political emigre; the second was written by
Joseph Conrad (born Jozef Konrad Korzeniowski in Russian
Poland) in the story "Amy Foster," about l900.
"II s'agit d'etablir en Amerique Septentrionale , une
colonie modele, basee sur la nature et sur la civilisa
tion."l5
"The fathers hung about the door, but the young men of
the mountains would crowd up to the table asking many ques
tions, for there was work to be got all the year round at
three dollars a day in America, and no military service
to do."
The third statement was written about the middle of the l9th
century by an unidentified Polish immigrant.
"Nothing is free in America, because it is easier to
Po land 295
earn money than it is in Europe. Scholars everywhere

accept that there are four elements, but being in Ameri.
I have found that there is a fifth, and that is: work."
Notes
l. In western Europe there are Polish libraries in
France and England; these may well have materials relating to
the United States. Such materials probably also exist in
other American countries where emigrants from Poland settled,
especially Canada, Brazil, and Argentina.
2. Recent surveys of Polish history include: Piotr S.
Wandycz, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, l795-l9l8 (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, l974) ; M. K. Dziewanowski ,
Poland in the Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University
Press, l977); and Aleksander Gieysztor et. al., History of
Poland (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (hereafter PWN) ,
l968) .
3. The question of city names in eastern Europe is a
particularly thorny one. The above-mentioned L'vov, for
instance, is the Russian name for the city known in Polish as
Lwow, in Ukrainian as L'viv, and in German as Lemberg. City
names appear here as they are in The Times Atlas of the World,
Comprehensive Edition, 5th ed . rev. (London: Times Books, l977),
with the exception of Warszawa, for which the standard English
name, Warsaw, is used. A useful guide to name changes is
Henryk Batowski, Sôwnik nazw geograf icznych Europy srodkowej
i wschodniej XIX i XX wieku (Dictionary of geographical names
in nineteenth and twentieth century Central and Eastern Europe)
(Warsaw: PWN, l964) .
4. See Celina Bobinska and Adam Galos, "Poland: Land of
Mass Migration (l9th and 20th Centuries)," in Poland at the
l4th International Congress of Historical Sciences in San
Francisco: Studies in Comparative History (Wrocâw: Zakâd
Narodowy imienia Ossolinskich (hereafter ZNO) , l975) , pp. l69-
209.
5. I would like to take this opportunity to express my
thanks to the following: in Krakow —Doctors Hieronim Kubiak,
Andrzej Kapiszewski, Mirosâw Francic, Wôdzimierz Wnuk, and
doctoral candidates Adam Walaszek and Zbigniew Wojnar; in War
saw— Doctors Marcin Kula, Marian Drozdowski, Andrzej Paczkow-
ski, Krzysztof Groniowski, and Wojciech Chojnacki; in Lublin —
Dr. Jan Turowski, and the other professors of the Catholic
University's migration institute.
6. There are currently efforts underway in Poland to
prepare an inventory of archival and library materials in Poland
in the field of migration and Polonia studies. Taking part in
this are the National Library, the Bibliographical Section of
the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and
the Archive of Modern Records. See Wâdysâw Chojnacki, "Stan
i potrzeby w zakresie dokumentacji ruchow emigracy jnych i
296 Po 1 and
polonii zagranicznej" (The present situation and needs in the

area of the documentation of the history of emigration and of
foreign Polonia), Przegląd Zachodni 33, no. 5/6 (Sept. -Dec.
l977) : 32-42.
7. I also visited the Jewish Historical Institute
(Żydowski Instytut Historyczny) and the Archive of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, both in Warsaw; neither appears to have
relevant materials. I was told by one historian that the Cen
tral Archive of the Central Committee of the United Polish
Workers' Party (Centralne Archiwum Centralnego Komitetu PZPR
— that is, the Communist party) has materials concerning Polish
socialists in the U.S. before World War I. He said that it
would be possible for American scholars to use historical
materials on this sort of topic at this Archive; I did not have
an opportunity to visit it myself.
8. Wepsiec, Publications , p. l0, notes that the follow
ing U.S. libraries have the best collections of the Polish-
American press: the Library of the Polish Museum of America,
in Chicago; the New York Public Library; St. Mary's College
at Orchard Lake, Michigan; the Provincial Depository Library
of the Franciscan Fathers in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin; and the
Polish National Alliance Library in Chicago. The Immigration
History Research Center of the University of Minnesota has
also been collecting such titles. For a listing of recent
titles, see Jan Kowalik, Bibliografia czasopism polskich
wydanych poza granicami Kraju od września l939 roku (World
index of Polish periodicals published outside of Poland since
September l939) , 4 vols. (Lublin: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubel
ski, l976) .
9. For a work which uses German archives, see Andrzej

Wajda, Migracje ludności wiejskiej Pomorza Wschodniego w latach
l850-l9l4 (Migrations of the rural population of Eastern Pom
erania in the years l850-l9l4) (Wrocâw: ZNO, l969) ; for one
which uses Soviet archives, see Krzysztof Groniowski, Polska
emigracja zarobkowa w Brazylii l87l-l9l4 (The Polish economic
emigration to Brazil, l87l-l9l4) (Wrocâw: ZNO, l972) .
l0. The address of this Institute is Rynek Gôwny 34,

Krakow. For an early statement of goals see Andrzej Paluch,
"Polonijny ośrodek Naukowo-Dydaktyczny Uniwersytetu Jagiel
lonskiego w Krakowie" (The Didactical and Educational Polonia
Center of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow) , Przegląd
Polonijny l, no. l (l975): l55-l59.
ll. Address: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Aleja

Racâwickie l4, 20-950 Lublin. See Piotr Taras, "Instytut
Migracji Polonijnej Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego"
(The Institute on Polonia Migration at the Catholic University
of Lublin), Przegląd Polonijny l, no. l (l975): l65-l67.
l2. Address: Stary Rynek 78/79, 6l-772 Poznan. See

Adam Konieczny, "Zakâd Badan nad Polonią Zagraniczną Polskiej
Akademii Nauk w Poznaniu" (The Institute for the Study of
Polonia of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poznan) , Przegląd
Polonijny l, no. l (l975): l6l-l63.
Po land 297
l3. Address: Ulica Dûga 6, 00-950 Warszawa.
l4. A recent American work concerning Polish attitudes

which uses Polish sources is Benjamin P. Murdzek, Emigration
in Polish Social and Political Thought, l870-l9l4 (Boulder,
Col.: East European Quarterly, l977).
l5. Czartoryski Library, "Papers concerning the founda

tion of a New Poland in America," call number 5335 IV, #7.
l6. Kornik Library, "Correspondence of various persons,
mostly emigrants, l832-l862," call number 2448, #7l.
298 Poland
APPENDIX P-I
Sources Available in the National Library

and Archives
(Poland)
l. BIBLIOTEKA NARODOWA (National Library)

Zakâd Rekopisow (manuscript division) :
Plac Krasinskich 3/5
Warszawa
Zakâd Czasopism (periodical division) :
Ulica Stefana Hankiewicza l
Warszawa
Hours: 8:30-8:30; Sat. 8:30-l:00
Note: A great deal of the library's collection was de
stroyed in World War II. One result of this is that
the 3 volumes of its manuscript catalog published
before the war now have only historical interest.
Finding aids to the existing collection include the
volumes published since the war, some unpublished
volumes, and card catalogs. See published post-war
catalog: Biblioteka Narodowa. Katalog rekopisow
(National Library. Manuscript Catalog), vols. 4-l0
(Warsaw, l955-l972) . The symbol # refers to the
"leaf number" of an item in a given collection. All
material in the library is available for copying.
BIBLIOTEKA NARODOWA. ZAKtfAD REKOPIS6w

Collections :
a . Korespondenc j a i papiery Konstantego Buszczynskiego
(Correspondence and papers of Konstanty Buszczyn-
ski) . Call number IV 894l.
l9l9
2 bundles
Manuscripts, typescripts, printed materials and clip
pings, photograph; some material also in English.
Volume I includes letters to Buszczynski as Polish
Consul in U.S. (l9l9) from many Polish groups and
organizations in many parts of U.S. Letters
include passport requests, offerings of contribu
tions, hints and more than hints about Polish-
American internal politics. Also has some copies
of letters from Buszczynski, and some of his offi
cial letters and papers. Volume II includes offi
cial reports and documents, speeches, letters, and
excerpts from Polish-American newspapers.
Finding aid available: Katalog Rekopisow; no restric
tions on access.
Note: Useful for reactions of Polish-Americans to for
mation of Polish Republic, and for Polish-American
political life at the end of World War I.
Poland 299
Korespondenc j a i papiery Agatona Gillera z lat l867-

l887 (Correspondence and papers of Agaton Giller,
l867-l887). Call numbers 70l9, 7020.
l880
5 relevant items
l printed circular, 4 manuscript letters.
70l9: #87. From Polish National Alliance, Philadel
phia. Circular 3 of Alliance, calling on Poles and
Polish organizations to join it.
#88. Attached letter requesting Giller 's support.
7020 : #88-9l. Two copies of Giller' s reply (from Swit
zerland), very positive towards Alliance: "There is
such a significant number of Poles in America that
the preservation of their Polish nationality and
national spirit became a patriotic concern of all
conscientious people. Scattered and lacking con
tacts among yourselves, you would lose not only the
Polish language and the religion of your fathers,
but you would also never attain any significance
in American society."
#l0l. Letter to Alliance from WâdysZaw Plater
in name of the Board of the Muzeum Narodowe (Pol
ish National Museum) in Rapperswil, Switzerland.
tions on access.
Note: Giller (l83l-l887) was a major figure in the
l863-l864 uprising against Russia; after its fail
ure he went into exile in Switzerland.
MieczysZaw Haiman papers. Call numbers IV 8942,
IV 8943.
c. l920-l948
2 bundles
Typescripts, newspaper clippings in scrapbook.
8942 : Clippings, probably from Dziennik Zwiazkowy in
Chicago, from series of articles by Haiman entitled,
"Z przesz/osci polskiej w Ameryce. Szkice histor-
yczne" (From the Polish Past in America. Historical
Sketches) .
8943: Copies of articles, again by Haiman, on Polish-
American contacts in late l8th and early l9th cen
turies .
tions on access.
Note: Haiman (l888-l949) emigrated to the U.S. in l9l3;
worked as journalist, wrote Polish-American his
tory, served from l935 as curator of the archive
of the Polish Roman Catholic Union in Chicago.
Henryk Kaûssowski papers. Call numbers I 89l8,
II 89l9, IV 8920, I 892l, III 8922, IV 8923,
IV 8924, IV 8925.
c. l834-l9l0
3 notebooks, 6 bundles
Manuscripts; some material also in English and French.
300 Poland
Includes: 89l8 : Potrosze wszystkiego (A little bit of

everything). Evidently a diary from l843-l848,
dealing with Polish emigre matters; it also includes
notes for articles and speeches and a copy of a
letter.
89l9 : Copybook of letters written to his fiancee
Jozefina Grimm, l85l. Also includes copies of
letters from KaZussowski to others, l85l.
8920 : Copies of l03 letters from Henryk KaZussowski,
c. l838-l890.
892l ; Notebook of Henryk KaZussowski, with addresses
and notes; no date.
8922 : Letters of Henryk Dmochowski to Henryk KaZus
sowski; 223 letters, l853-l863. Dmochowski was an
artist who lived in Philadelphia, l85l-l86l.
8923: Correspondence of Henryk KaZussowski; l58 let
ters to KaZussowski, l838-l890.
8924 : Materials concerning the activities of Henryk
KaZussowski as the delegate of the National Gov
ernment (i.e., the Polish revolutionary government
set up during the l863-l864 uprising against Rus
sia) in the United States. Copies of letters from
KaZussowski to the Committee of the Polish Emigra
tion (Komitet Emigracji Polskiej) in Paris and to
Polish committees around the U.S.; l863-l864.
8925 : Various materials from the legacy of Henryk
KaZussowski, c. l834-l88l. Includes fragments of
a diary; copies of letters; notes, articles,
speeches; materials on his activities in the Soci
ety of Poles in America (Stowarzyszenie Polakow w
Ameryce) ; and a work by an unknown author about
Polish organizations in America, l834-l850.
tions on access.
Note: Henryk KaZussowski (l806-l894) was an important
figure in the emigration to America after the
l830-l83l Polish uprising against Russia. He came
to America from France in the late l830s and became
a U.S. citizen in l846. He worked in the U.S. gov
ernment and was active in Polish-American political
groups .
e. Korespondenc ja Tadeusza Korzona (Correspondence of
Tadeusz Korzon) . Call number 5937.
l908
2 relevant items
Manuscript and typescript.
Volume II: #l78-l79. From Zwiazek Narodowy Polski
(Polish National Alliance) , Chicago, requesting
written contribution from Korzon for its paper,
Dziennik Zwiazkowy; plus a brief report on its ac-
tivities and goals. Copy of reply from Korzon on
back of #l78: "Do wychodzcow polskich w Ameryce"
(To the Polish emigrants in America) .
tions on access.
Note: Tadeusz Korzon (l839-l9l8) was a major Polish
historian .
30l
f . MateriaZy dotyczace spadku po gen. Tadeuszu Kosciuszce

z lat l854-l926 (Materials on the legacy of
Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, l854-l926). Call number
IV 8929.
l854-l926
l bundle
Manuscripts, typescripts, news clippings; some mate
rial also in English, French, and Russian.
Concerns disputed legacy in U.S.; legal questions
fought over in mid-l9th century. Includes corres
pondence, family tree, legal documents, press
excerpts and clippings.
tions on access.
g. Leon OrZowski papers. Call numbers IV 8928, IV 893l.
16l9-l926
2 bundles, over 300 pages (IV 8928) and approx. l50
pages (IV 893l)
Manuscripts, typescripts, news clippings; some mate
rial also in English and French.
8928 : "Materials on the Polish Emigration in America
and on Polish-American Contacts Collected by Leon
OrZowski." Includes materials on Poles in the
Jamestown colony; on Kazimierz PuZaski; on the
post-l83l Polish emigration to U.S.; plus other
materials (l6l9-l926) .
893l : Consular reports by OrZowski entitled, "The
Poles in Texas" and "Cotton Production by Polish
Farmers in Texas;" plus a notebook written during
his trip to Texas (c. l920) .
tions on access.
Note: Leon OrZowski was in the Polish consular service
in New York and Pittsburgh from l9l9 to the late
l920s. He was very active in collecting materials
on Polish-American history. The Library also has
other personal and professional papers of OrZowski
and his family, but these are of less interest for
this project.
h. Materials on Jan Jozef Tyssowski. Call numbers
III 8926, IV 8927.
l8ll-l925
2 bundles, about 200 pages
Manuscripts and typescripts; some material also in
English and French.
8926 : Correspondence. Twenty-one letters to Tyssowski,
l847-l853, from Poles all over United States and Europe .
#40: Southport, Wisconsin, l847, signed P. Soboles-
ki. Discusses land and farming costs. Echoes fa
miliar theme of "American materialism" : "The Al
mighty Dollar rules here —but where doesn't it?
Father and son — mother and daughter — brother and
brother calculate as precisely as possible. There's
no suitable company for you here — everyone is a
speculator — Everyone is for himself alone."
302 Poland
#50 announces formation of a Society of Polish

Political Emigrants (Towarzystwo Polityczne Emi-
gracji Polskiej) in New Orleans, l852. #7l: Letter
from Comite Polonais, Beckman, Louisiana, l84 8,
to Senator Pierre Soule.
8927 : Biographical materials collected by Leon OrZow-
ski. Includes portrait, baptismal certificate,
excerpt on Tyssowski from "German Schnellpost , "
l847, apparently a U.S. newspaper.
Finding aid available: Katalog Rękopisow; no restric
tions on access.
Note: Tyssowski (l8ll-l857) was a leading Polish poli
tical figure in the l840s, and was a leader of the
l846 Krakow uprising.
i. Zbior listow roznych osob z lat l866-l900 (Collection
of letters of various persons, l866-l900). Call
number IV 599 3.
l892
l relevant letter
Manuscript .
#l38 : Letter to unknown individual from Z. Slupski,
Detroit; on stationery of Detroit Evening News.
Discusses work as editor and artist.
tions on access.
BIBLI0TEKA NARODOWA. ZAKtfAD CZASOPISM

Collection :
Polish-American Press Materials, pre-World War II, housed
in the Zakâd Czasopism.
l84l-l939
90 pre-World War II titles
Periodicals .
Finding aid available: card file; no restrictions on
access .
Note: The runs of the following periodicals are usually
fragmentary, sometimes only a single issue:
Baltimore
Jednosc-Polonia l923, l926, l938
Binghamton, N.Y.
Obywatel l938-l939
Boston
Zaranie l928
Brooklyn, N.Y.
The Brooklynite l879-l88l
Czas. Times l938-l939
Ogniwo l879-l88l
Straznica i Zwiastun
Obecnosci Chrystusa l93l, l935-l936
Buffalo
Ave Maria l9 39
Dziennik dla Wszyztkich l938-l939
Telegram. Dziennik Polski l92 3
Poland 303
Chicago
Bicz Boży l909, l9l2-l9l3
Bulletin of Polish Medical and
Dental Assoc. of America l932-l933
Diabe^. Devil l894
Dziennik Chicagoski l92l-l93l, l938-l939
Dziennik Zjednoczenia l923
Dziennik Związkowy. Dziennik
Narodowy. Polish Daily. Zgoda l923-l924
Echo Młodzieży l934
Echo Muzyczne l925-l926
Free Poland l9l4-l9l8
Gôs Polek l939
Harcerz Związku Narodowego
Polskiego l936
Kalendarz "Bicza Bożego" l9l3, l9l6
Kalendarz Hallerczyk l922
Kalendarz Ludowy l923, l925
Kalendarz Rycerstwa Polskiego l9l8
Kalendarz Robotniczy l904
Kalendarz Związkowy Inf ormacyjno-
Encyklopedyczny l9ll, l9l3-l9l6,
l9l9, l922
Okólnik Wydziaâ Narodowego
Polskiego l9l9
Polish Day Annual "Dzień Polski" l929, l930, l932
The Polish Student l929
Przebudzenie l937
Przegląd Kościelny. Polish
Ecclesiastical Review l9l9
Przegląd Polsko-Amerykański l9ll, l9l2
Wici l9l4, l9l6-l9l7
Zgoda l923, l929-l93l
Chicopee, Mass.
Nowa Anglia l936- l938
Cleveland
Kuryer Prawdziwie l939
Detroit
Apostoj? l937- l939
Nasze Pisemko l939
Przewodnik Kupiecki l938
Rekord Codzienny l923
Roczny Raport Ligi Spraw
Polskich l923-l924
Straż l93l-l932, l936-l939
Erie, Pa.
Trybuna Polska l938
Granville, N.Y.
Kalendarz Katolicki l924
Hollywood, Cal.
Polish Art and Film l938
Jersey City, N.J.
Gôs Narodu l9l9, l923, l928-l939
Polski Katolik l936-l938
304 Po land
Milwaukee
Komunikat . Klub Książki Polski l939
New Bedford, Mass.
Trybuna l939
New Britain, Conn.
Przewodnik Katolicki l923-l924
Newark, N.J.
Posâniec Polsko-Katolickiego
Kościoła l923-l926
New York
Echo z Polski l863-l864
Future l939
Journal of American-Polish Cham
ber of Commerce & Indu stry l920-l922
Kalendarz "Kuryera Nowoyorskiego" l898
Kuryer Narodowy l923
Nasza Szkota l932
Nowy Świat l9l9
Poland l924, l926
Poland. Historical, Literary,
Monumental and Picturesque l84l
Poland a Publication and
a Service l923-l928, l93l-l933
Posâniec Serca Jezusa Czyli
Intencya Miesięczna
Apostolstwa Modlitwy l9l9, l923, l925-l940
New York & Chicago
Sôwo Ludowe l939
Niles, 1ll.
Gôs Niedzielny l930s(?)
Omaha
Pulaski Magazine l936, l938
Orchard Lake, Mich.
Orchard Lake Alumnus l938
Sodalis Maryański l923, l936-l937, l939
Sodalis l923-l924, l939
Pittsburgh
Kalendarz ("Wielkopolanina") l90l
Pittsburczanin l923-l924
Pulaski, Wis.
Kalendarz Franciszkański l928, l938-l939
Miesięcznik Franciszkański l9l3, l9l5/l6,
l925/26, l927/28, l939/40
Miesięcznik Parafialny
oraz Organ Rożaficowy l923-l924
Scranton, Penn.
Polka l938-l939
Rola Boża l926-l927, l929-l939
Shamokin-Mt. Carmel, Penn.
Rekord l939
Sharon, Penn.
Materia^y Statystyczne l932-l933
Po land 305
Stevens Point, Wis.

Dziennikarz l9 34
Jask6?ka l928, l933
Toledo
Ameryka-Echo l905, l9l9-l920, l936-l939
Do Życia l938-l939
Książka Roczna "Ameryki-Echo" l932-l933
Trenton, N.J.
Przyjaciel Wolności l9 37
Utica, N.Y.
Sôwo Polskie l923
Washington, D.C.
Kalendarz Krzyżowca . l930-l935, l938-l939
Polish Information Bulletin l939
Przegląd Katolicki l933-l934, l936
Wilkes-Barre , Penn.
Gornik l939
Wilmington, Del.
Tygodnik Polonia l92 3
2. ARCHIWUM AKT NOWYCH (ARCHIVE OF MODERN RECORDS)

Aleja Niepodlegôść l62
02-554 Warszawa
Hours: 9:00-8:00; Sat. 9:00-l2:30
Note: This is the central governmental archive for post-
l9l8 materials. It is not hard to get access to pre-
world War II records; however, special permission is
required for later records. A card file is maintained
to guide researchers through the holdings. There is
also a published guide: Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie
Przewodnik po zasobie archiwalnym (Warsaw: Panstwowe
Wydawnictwo Naukowe, l973) . To gain access to all the
following collections, one must have the permission
of the Main Board for State Archives. Material can
be copied with permission.
Collections :
a. Archiwum Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego (Archive of
Ignacy Jan Paderewski) .
l86l-l94l
36.5 linear meters
Manuscripts, typescripts, printed materials, photo
graphs; some material also in English, French, and
probably other languages.
This is a very valuable collection, especially for the
period of the First World War. Paderewski was an
important political figure as well as a great musi
cian; he was prime minister of Poland immediately
after World War I. The collection includes corres
pondence (much from Polish-Americans), and personal,
organizational, and governmental records. It is
subdivided as follows:
l. I. J. Paderewski materials (units l-3,825).
Relevant materials include those from his
social and political activity, l890-l9l8
(Polish-American organizations, activities
306 Poland
during World War I, recruiting for Polish

army in France, Polish-American congresses,
letters from Polish-Americans) .
2. Helena Paderewska materials (3,826-4,024).
3. Antonina Wilkonska materials (4,025-4,033).
4. Waciaw Gorski materials (4,034-4,044).
Includes materials from World War I.
5. Barbara Obuchowicz and Emilia and Anna Jas-
zowska materials (4,045-4,05l).
6. Sylwin and Aniela Strakacz materials (4,052-
4, 399) .
7. J. Orôwski materials (4,400-4,464). Includes
materials on Polish-Americans and the Catho
lic Church in the l920s; efforts to move
Polish-American priests up in the hierarchy.
8. Helena Lubke materials (4,465-4,468).
9. Materials on other persons (4,469-4,498).
The most useful materials can be found in sections
l, 4, 6, and 7. A small selection has been pub
lished in 4 volumes in: Archiwum polityczne I. J.
Paderewskiego (The political archive of I. J. Pa-
derewski) (Wroclaw: Zakiad Narodowy im. Ossolin-
skich, l973-l974).
b. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (Ministry of Foreign
Affairs).
l9l7-l939 (l945)
l40 linear meters
Reports, correspondence, printed materials, press
clippings .
Materials found under the following headings are par
ticularly relevant:
l. Economic-Political Department. Western sec
tion. Has information on U.S. in general
and specifically on Polish-Americans.
2. Consular Department
a. Emigration Policy Section.
b. Section on Poles Abroad.
c. Section on Social Welfare (legal problems,
visa and passport problems, citizenship,
etc. )
Relevant materials can be found in files
dealing specifically with the U.S., and also
in other files.
c . Opieka Polska nad Rodakami na Obczyznie. Zarzad
Gôwny w Poznaniu (Polish Care for Poles Abroad.
Main Board in Poznan).
l927-l939
l.5 linear meters
Reports, correspondence, printed materials, press
clippings .
Organization, tied to the Catholic Church, which con
cerned itself with Poles abroad and those returning
from abroad. Materials about the U.S. in this col
lection consist mostly of press clippings. See
report on Poznan Provincial State Archives for more
records of this organization.
}\.l.ind 307
Amerykansko-Polska Izba Handlowa i Przemysjôwa w

Stanach Z jednoczonych Ameryki Po/nocneJ (American-
Pol ish Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the
United States) .
l923-l939
90 archival units
Correspondence, printed materials, reports.
Mostly concerned with American-Polish economic ties;
little on Polish-Americans.
Polish Consulates in the United States .
l9l9-l945
6.44 linear meters.
Typescripts, printed materials.
New York: l9l9-l945; 32l archival units, 4.9 linear
meters .
Pittsburgh: l936-l940; 7 units, 0.07 linear meters.
Buffalo: l920-l932; 203 units, l.35 linear meters.
Chicago: l93l-l94l; l2 units, 0.l2 linear meters.
Only New York and Buffalo collections are preserved
in any quantity; substantial amount of consular
materials remain in U.S. Consulates actively fol
lowed Polish-American activities. Buffalo materi
als, for example, deal with political and other
organizations; emigration to U.S. from Poland, and
return migration to Poland; the Polish-American
press; Polish-American centers (including, of
course, Buffalo) ; and minority groups from Poland
in U.S., especially Jews and Ukrainians.
Ambasada Rzeczypospolite j Polskiej w Waszyngtonie
(Polish Embassy in Washington) .
(l9l8) l9l9-l945
38.5 linear meters
Manuscripts, typescripts, printed materials.
Deals mostly with diplomatic relations. Relevant
materials can be found mostly under "Emigracja"
(Emigration), units 895-ll24. Includes reports on
emigration to U.S. and return migration to Poland;
labor market in U.S.; Polish-American political
activities; education; clergy; press; Poles in
Latin America and Canada; attempts to maintain con
tacts between Poland and Polish-Americans; centers;
etc. Has some consular reports.
Swiatowy Zwiazek Polakow z Zagranicy (Swiatpol) (World
Organization of Poles from Abroad) .
(l923) l925-l939 (mostly l930s)
5.5 linear meters
Correspondence, reports, printed materials.
This organization was founded in l934, but collection
includes earlier material. It had a semi-govern
mental character, with ties to the Ministry of For
eign Affairs; its main goals were to promote ties
between Poland and Poles abroad and to strengthen
Polish centers, especially through educational and
cultural activity.
There are records on the organization of "Swiatpol"
Poland
its finances; information on Poles and Polish

groups abroad; material on educational and exchange
efforts; on cultural activity and "propaganda"; and
on conferences, exhibits, etc. While materials on
the U.S. are included, there are also records con
cerning many other countries. A printed inventory
is maintained for this collection.
ARCHIWUM G#5WNE AKT DAWNYCH (MAIN ARCHIVE OF HISTORICAL

RECORDS).
Ulica Dûga 7
00-263 Warszawa
Hours: 9:00-8:00; Sat. 9:00-l2: 30; days before holidays 9:00-3
Note: This archive contains records created before the
formation of the Polish Republic in l9l8. Its collec
tion suffered enormous destruction during World War II.
A guide to l795-l9l8 materials should be published
soon. All material in the archive is available for
copying. Permission of the Main Board for State
Archives is required for access to collections.
Collections :
a. Kancelaria General-Gubernatora Warszawskiego (Chan
cery of the Warsaw Governor-General) .
l907-l908
About l00 relevant pages (entire Chancery collection
is very large)
Manuscripts and typescripts; all material in Russian.
Call number l04,968 entitled: "On the question of

measures for the regulation of peasant emigration
to America." Reports to Warsaw Governor-General,
who had jurisdiction over the Polish provinces of
the Russian Empire, from the l0 provincial gover
nors. Original concern was illegal emigration to
South America, but information also includes
United States.
Report from Warsaw province is most detailed: dis
cusses reasons for emigration and return migration;
differences between movements to North and South
America; illegal border-crossing; travel agents;
question of who emigrates; the routes taken; wages
in America. Also gives statistical estimates as
to size of emigration and suggestions for regula
tion of emigration. Other provinces less detailed,
some very brief.
Finding aid available: card file.
Note: Other similar material can probably be found in
the records of the governor-general and of the l0
provincial governors (see report on Lublin Provin
cial State Archives) , but checking these collec
tions can be an arduous task with little fruitful
result. There should also be some information in
the provincial annual reports: "Survey of
province for the year " (Obzor gubernn
Po land 309
za god) . However, the Russian government seems

to have been particularly inept about keeping track
of emigration.
C. K. Ministerium Spraw Wewnetrznych/K . K. Ministerium
des Innern (Imperial Ministry of the Interior) .
l9l0-l9l8
3 bundles of relevant material
Manuscripts, typescripts; some materials also in Ger
man and Hungarian.
Records of Austrian government. Relevant materials
under following call numbers:
52: "Emigration matters (l9l0-l9l8)." Governmen
tal records including correspondence, lists
of emigration agents, case files, materials
on Polish Emigration Society (Polskie
Towarzystwo Emigracyjne) .
53 : "Emigration Abuses (l9l4)." Case files on
illegal emigration.
l52 : "Foreign Passports (l9l0-l9l4)." Case
files on requests for passports.
Note: For similar materials, see report on Krakow
Provincial State Archives.
Militar General-Gouvernement in Warschau. Listy emi-
grantow zatrzymane przez cenzure pruska (Military
Government in Warsaw. Emigrants' letters confis
cated by the Prussian censorship) .
l9l5
About 80 letters, plus some inserts and loose enve
lopes
Manuscripts; about 30 in Yiddish, 30 in German, l7
in Polish, one each in Lithuanian, Russian, English.
Collection of letters sent in late l9l5 from U.S. to
German-conquered Russian Poland, and held up by
German censor. From many U.S. cities. Major con
cern is fate of families in Poland; one writes,
"...Now I will tell you beloved parents that here
the newspapers write that the whole Polish people
is dying of hunger..."
No finding aid available.
Note: Collection is not yet open; it was only recently
found and is being processed.
3l0 Po land
APPENDIX P-II
Sources Available in the Libraries of the
Polish Academy of Sciences
(Poland)
l. ARCHIWUM POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK (ARCHIVE OF THE POLISH

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)
Pajac Staszica
72 Nowy Swiat
00-330 Warszawa
Visited briefly. The director felt nothing in this col
lection would be relevant to the project.
2. POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK. BIBLIOTEKA KORNICKA (Polish Academy

of Sciences. Kornik Library)
Stary Rynek 78/79
6l-772 Poznan
Hours: Mon.-Fri. 9:00-7:00; Sat. 9:00-2:00
Note: The main part of the library is actually at the
Kornik Castle outside Poznan. However, all library
materials can be obtained in the Poznan branch.
Collections :
a. Papiery po Leonardzie Niedzwieckim (Leonard Nied
zwiecki papers). Call numbers 2408, 2420, 2432,
2439, 2446, 2447, 2448, 2478, 2523.
c. l835-l87l
About 30 relevant items
2408 : Correspondence of Leonard Niedzwiecki. Seven
letters (#383-398) from Jozef Smolinski, l865-
l870, from New Orleans and Washington, D.C. Plans
to establish Polish settlements in the south; last
letter on stationery of "Polish Emigration Land Co. "
2420 : Minor works, articles, ...of Leonard Niedzwiecki .
#4l: "Notes on the work by Kazimierz Tomkiewicz
entitled, A Polish Settlement in California, l350";
on proposal to establish Polish settlement.
2432 : Fragments of WX . Zamoyski's correspondence,
l833-l868. #4l3: Letter from Gen. Zamoyski and
Dr. Jastrow, Philadelphia, l868, requesting money.
2439 : Fragments of the correspondence of Adam J.
Czartoryski and his sons, Witold and Wâdysâw
Czartoryski, l836-l884. #94: Report to Prince
Adam Czartoryski on Poles in U.S., from G. Toch-
man, Boston, l844.
2446 : Fragments of the Bukaty correspondence, l836-
l876. #ll2-l32: l0 letters from Jozef Smolinski,
l864-l87l, Washington, D.C, Virginia, England.
Poland 3ll
Concerning attempts to establish Polish settlements

in the south; one letter on stationery of "Polish
Emigration Land Company of Virginia" (Oronoco,
Amherst County) . Last letter (#l32) announces
failure.
2447 : Fragment of the correspondence of Karol Szulczew-
ski , l852-l885. #25: Letter from Jozef Smolin-
ski, l867, Washington, D.C., including copies in
English of two letters.
2448 : Correspondence of various persons, mostly emi
grants, l832-l862. #8-l2: Three letters from Hen-
ryk [Dmochowski] to "Dydunia" (Jerzy Dydynski?) ,
Philadelphia, l852-l853. #7l: Apparently part of
a letter, no name, no date. Detailed advice for
immigrants to America, with information about work,
earnings, American attitudes; discusses possibili
ties in crafts, art, medicine, trade, army, indus
try: "Nothing is free in America, because it's
easier to earn money than it is in Europe. Schol
ars everywhere accept that there are four elements;
but being in America I have found a fifth, and that
is: work."
2478 : Miscellaneous, concerning political groups,
societies, insitutitons , and schools of the post-
l83l Polish emigration. #5: "The Polish National
Committee in the United States of North America to
Polish emigrants ... [in Europe]." From New York,
l835, signed by F. Grinczewski and K. Kraitsir.
Accuses Jan Prehal of various crimes and abuses as
agent for Committee in a project to found settle
ment in upper midwest; asks cooperation of European
Poles in his arrest and punishment.
2 523: Miscellaneous, concerning Tadeusz Kosciuszko and
Julian U. Niemcewicz. Materials concerning Kosci
uszko legacy, l841-l854 (see report on National
Library) ; also manuscript, apparently later copy
of published text, on Niemcewicz 's stay in U.S.,
l797-l802.
Finding aid available: Jadwiga Jiuczakowa, Katalog
Papierow po Leonardzie Niedzwieckim i Archiwum
Dywizji Kozakow Su^tanskich w Bibliotece Kornickiej
(Catalog of the Leonard Niedzwiecki papers and the
Archive of the Sultan's Cossack Division at the
Kornik Library) (Kornik, l959) ; no restrictions on
access. All material is available for copying.
Note: Leonard Niedzwiecki (l8ll-l892) left Poland
after the l830-l33l uprising against Russia. He
was involved with the French emigration led by
Prince Czartoryski and served as secretary to
Gen. WX. Zamoyski. This collection is a useful
supplement to the materials at the Czartoryski
Library in Krakow (see report on that library) .
b. Polish American Press, l830-l930

l874-l932
l4 titles
Periodicals .
2 Po land
The numbers in the following list correspond to those

in the guide by Kurdelska:
46 - Free Poland, Chicago & Washington, D.C., l9l6
(l issue)
47 - Gazeta Chicagoska, Chicago, l884/l885
48 - Gazeta Katolicka, Detroit & Chicago, l880/l88l-
l883/l884
50 - Gazeta Nowoyorska, New York, l874
5l - Gazeta Polska w Chicago, Chicago, l875, l88l-
l888
85 - Kurier Nowoyorski, New York & Brooklyn, l875
(l issue)
l04 - Niedziela, Detroit, l893-l896
l2l - Orze? Polski, Philadelphia, l896
l22 - Pamiętaj abyś dzien święty swięci?, Chicago,
l883 (supplement to #48)
l39 - Poland, New York, l922, l924, l928-l929, l932
l79 - Przyjaciel Ludu, Chicago & Milwaukee, l880-
^l882
23l - Światô, Chicago, l893 (l issue)
253 - Wici , Chicago, l9l4 (l issue)
269 - Zgoda , New York, Milwaukee, & Chicago, l88l/
l882, l883/l884, l884-l887.
Finding aid available: Janina Kurdelska, Katalog emi
gracyjnych wydawnictw periodycznych w Bibliotece
Kornickiej l830-l930 (Catalog of emigrant periodi
cal publications in the Kornik Library l830-l930)
(Kornik, l959 — originally printed in Pamiętnik
Biblioteki Kornickiej , nr. 7); no restrictions on
access . All material is available for copying.
POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK W KRAKOWIE. BIBLIOTEKA (Polish Academy

of Sciences in Kraków. Library) .
Ulica Sâwkowska l7
3l-0l6 Kraków
Hours: Mon. -Sat. 8:00-3:00, 5:00-8:00
Note: See published manuscript catalogs: Katalog rekopisów
Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie (Manuscript Catalog
of the Academy of Sciences in Kraków) (Kraków, l906-
l9l2) , and Katalog rękopisow Biblioteki Polskiej Aka
demii Nauk w Krakowie (Manuscript Catalog of the
Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow)
(Kraków, l962-l976) . These volumes cover up through
call number 4003, and there is a card catalog for the
rest of the collection. All material is available for
copying .
Collections:
a. Korespondencja Stefana Buszczynskiego (Correspondence
of Stefan Buszczyński) . Call number 2064, volumes
2 and 4.
l876-l892
4 relevant items
Manuscript letters and printed materials.
Volume 2, #532: Letter signed by R. Sunderland, New
York, l876, with seal of Union of Poles in America
Poland 3l3
(Z jednoczenie Polakow w Ameryce) ; thanks Buszczyn-

ski for sending one of his books.
Volume 4, #636: Letter from J. Migdalski, Chicago,
l892. On Polish-American press he writes: "About
twenty weeklies and two dailies are published in
the United States — and almost every one of them
represents a different party. Each one has the
education of the people in its program — but in
practice each one stupefies it [the people]." Gives
brief summary of his life, including moving from
Warsaw to Chicago: "I am now in my third year in
Chicago, and even though the material life is more
satisfying — the moral situation is very bad..."
#638: Printed circular from Committee to Build a
Monument to Tadeusz Kosciuszko (Komitet Budowy
Pomnika...), Chicago, l392; requests his contribu
tion for a publication.
#640: Pamphlet, "Appeal (Odezwa) of the Committee
to Build a Monument to Tadeusz Kosciuszko in Chi
cago, Illinois," probably l892.
Finding aid available: Katalog rekopisow; no restric
tions on access.
Note: Stefan Busczynski (l82l-l892) was a political
writer .
b. Korespondenc ja Zofii z Lewentalow Hoesickiej (Corres
pondence of Zofia Hoesicka, nee Lewental). Call
number 39 56, volume 2.
c. l9l3-l920
l3 letters
Manuscripts and typescripts.
Letters from Stefan Lewental to his sister, Zofia; l2
from U.S. (8, New York; 2 each, Boston and Chicago) ,
l from Danzig on way back to U.S. The Lewental
family was important in publishing in Poland, and
Stefan Lewental worked in U.S. journalism and
trade; at one point was editor of Kuryer Bostonski
(see #l34) . From #l2l: "We are living the way
real Americans do; we sleep, we eat, we work, we
enjoy the fresh air when we can, and we put away
dollars, because that's the most important thing."
Interesting collection for views of American life
and work by an immigrant from an important and
wealthy family.
tions on access.
c. Pamietnik Piotra Wereszczynskiego (Diary of Piotr
Wereszczynski) . Call number l675 .
l874-l877
l volume; relevant materials include 6 letters to
Wereszczynski plus about 20 pages of summaries and
copies of letters
Manuscripts .
From Katalog : "This is not actually a 'diary', but a
collection of letters and correspondence concern
ing 'A Project to Establish an Independent New
Poland
Poland' on the islands of the Pacific Ocean." Most

relevant is Wereszczynski ' s correspondence with
Julian Horain, a Polish-American journalist; also
copy of letter from Wereszczynski to Sygurd Wisniow
ski, and letter from Henryk Kaûssowski .
tions on access.
POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK . ZAK#AD NARODOWY IMIENIA OSSOLINSKICH .

BIBLIOTEKA. DzIAJI REKOPISOW (Polish Academy of Sciences.
Ossolinski National Foundation. Library. Manuscripts
Division)
Ulica Szewska 39
Wrocâw
Hours: Mon.-Fri. 8:00-7:00; Sat. 8:00-6:00
Note: See Inwentarz rekopisow Biblioteki Zakladu Narodo-
wego imiena Ossolirtskich w Wrocj!awiu (Manuscript
Inventory of the Library of the Ossolinski National
Foundation in Wrocâw) , 5 vols. (Wrocâw, l943-l975) .
The archive includes the Wacâw Gasiorowski
archive. Gasiorowski (l869-l939) was an important
Polish writer and a leading figure among Polish emi
grants in France and the United States. He helped
organize the Polish army in France during World War I,
worked as a journalist in the United States after the
war, and was president of Alliance College in Pennsyl
vania, l922-l929. This collection apprently covers
mostly c. l9l4-l930; it is mainly in Polish or French.
It includes about ll,000 letters and over l5,000 other
items, including organizational papers, literary manu
scripts, periodicals, press clippings, etc. (See
Jiongiewska article cited below.) The archive has been
very little used, despite its unique value.
Of most importance regarding immigration might be
Gasiorowski ' s correspondence from the U.S. and his
correspondence with Polish-American activists during
and after World War I. The largest part of the col
lection appears to concern the war; it is not clear
if papers from his tenure at Alliance College (founded
by the Polish National Alliance) are included. It is
also not clear how much of this collection concerns
the U.S. and Polish-Americans, except that it is a
minority of the total. For general orientation see,
Alina Jiongiewska, "Archiwum Wacâwa Gasiorowskiego w
zbiorach Biblioteki Ossolineum" (The Wacjaw Gasiorow
ski archive of the collections of the Ossolineum
Library), Ze Skarbca Kultury, n. 23, l972, pp. 23l-
248. The collection has not been processed in detail.
The library also includes an important diaries and
memoirs collection:
l. Feliks M^ynarski, "Behind the Scenes of Great
Events. A Handful of Personal Memories." Second vol
ume touches on Main National Committee (NKN) activi
ties in U.S. during World War I. (Call number l3l56/
ID .
Po land 3l5
2. "Diary of Aleksander Szczepanski, l929-30."

Material on his work in Polish consulates in U.S.,
including information on Polish-American organizations
and centers. (Call number l3529/1).
3. Zenon Che^micki, "Memories from Two Continents."
On consular work in New York and Detroit, l920-l93l;
war work and years as professor in U.S., l939-l960s.
(Call number l4l25/11) .
4. Mazurkiewicz memoirs (Call number l4479/11).
Other relevant collections include:
l. Papers of Bolesâw and Maria Wysôuch. Letters
from Polish-American groups, c. l897-l9l4 (Call num
bers 7l79/11, 7l86/11, 7l92/11, 7l95/11).
2. Papers of the Society of Friends of Fine Art in
L'vov (Towarzystwo Przyjacio^ Sztuk Pieknych we
Lwowie) . Letters from H. Mirski, l905-l906. (Call
number 7477/1 ) .
3. Rozwadowski papers. Correspondence and papers,
c. l9l4-l9l7. (Call numbers 8004/11 and 8006/11).
Time did not permit a check of these materials
first hand; the above information was noted from the
published inventory.
3l6 Po land
APPENDIX P-III
Sources Available in University Libraries
(Poland)
l. BIBLIOTEKA JAGIELLONSKA . ODDZIA# REKOPISOW ( JAGIELLONIAN

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. MANUSCRIPT DIVISION) .
Aleja Mickiewicza 22
30-059 Krakow
Hours: Mon.-Sat. 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Note: See printed manuscript catalogs - Katalog rakopisow
Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego (Manuscript
Catalog of the Jagiellonian University Library) (Kra
kow, l877-l88l) , and Inwentarz rekopisow Biblioteki
Jagiellonskie j (Manuscript Inventory of the Jagiel-
lonian Library) (Krakow, l938-l977) . So far these go
up to call number 9500; there is a card catalog for
the rest of the collection. All material is available
for copying.
Collections:
a. Korespondenc ja Jozefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego (Corres
pondence of Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski) . Series III,
l863-l887. Call numbers 6485 IV (volume 25b),
6486 IV (volume 26) , 6540 IV (volume 80) .
l874-l882
8 relevant letters
Manuscripts .
6485 (3 letters) : #l4l - from the Kraszewski Polish
Society, New York, l882; set up reading room and
study circle; #393 - signed J. Andrze jkowicz , on
stationery of Polish National Alliance, Philadel
phia, l880; #436 - from St. Artwinski, founder of
weekly Ogniwo, mentions Alliance and "400,000"
American Poles, New York, l880.
6486 (l letter): #3.38 - on stationery "Office of John
Barzynski, Proprietor of English and Polish Printing
Establishment, Editor of Clarion and Pielgrzym,
Union, Missouri," l879. Says of Poles in America
that "the great majority are farmers (a plain, rural,
pious people...). So we do not demand anything from
our European brothers only moral support..." Unhappy
over attitude of European Polish journalists.
6540 (4 letters) : #557-566 - from Sygurd Wisniowski,
discussing his cultural activities in U.S., opin
ions on America, and articles in New York newspapers
on Poland and Russia; three letters from New York,
one from West Hoboken, N. J., all l874.
Finding aid available: Inwentarz rekopisow; no restric
tions on access.
Poland 3l7
Note: Kraszewski (l8l2-l887) was a leading Polish

literary figure of the late l9th century. His cor
respondence at the Jagiellonian Library comes to
89 volumes; the "America letters" found in it help
to document the efforts made by Polish-Americans
to maintain ties with the mainstream of Polish cul
ture in Europe.
b. Archiwum Heleny Modrze jewskiej (The Helena Modrzejew
ska archive). Call numbers 9l36 III, 9l38 III,
9l4l III.
l886-l896
4 letters
Manuscripts .
9l36 : #7 and 9-2 letters to Modrzejewska from the
Helena Modrzejewska Amateur Dramatic Society, Tren
ton, N.J., l896; about their drama efforts.
9l38 : #4l - to her husband, Karol Châpowski, from
Polish National Alliance, Minneapolis, l886; invites
him to serve on their Central Committee.
9l4l: To Modrzejewska from J. Slomkowski and A. Nowak
in name of I Corps of the United Polish Army (I Kor-
pus Z jednoczonych Polskich Wojsk) in Philadelphia,
l895; about her visit to that city.
Finding aid available: Inwentarz rekopis6w; no restric
tions on access.
Note: Helena Modrzejewska (l840-l909) was an important
Polish acress; she immigrated to America in l876
and became a U.S. citizen in l883. She performed
in America as Helena Modjeska. Her correspondence
and that of her husband has been published in
Korespondenc j a Heleny Modrze jewskiej i Karola
Ch/apowskiego (The correspondence of Helena Modrze
jewska and Karol Châpowski) , 2 vols. (Warsaw:
Panstwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, l965) .
c. W,?adys/aw Orkan papers. Call numbers 8558 III, 8627
III, 8635 III, 8649 III.
c. l904-l930
4 relevant items
Manuscript, typescript.
8558 : Minor prose works, articles, and sketches.
Includes brief sketch, "On emigration (to Prussia
and to America) ," no date.
8627 : Correspondence ... from l89l-l930 (volume 24).
#92 - letter signed St. Sokoôwski, Chicago, l904,
on stationery of "Robotnik. The Worker. Jedyne
pismo socyal istyczne w SZA" (the only socialist
periodical -in the USA) ; requests something to pub
lish in their Kalendarz Robotniczy (Workers' Alma
nac) .
8635 : Correspondence ... from l89l-l930 (volume 32).
#l79 - letter signed J. Tomaszkiewicz et. al.,
Chicago, l930, on stationery of Polish National
Alliance. Requests something to publish in their
Jednodniowka .
8639 : "Various invitations and announcements sent to
Vll. Orkan in l893-l930." Invitation to Orkan from
3l8 Po land
Polish National Alliance to the Polish National

Congress (Kongres Narodowy Polski) held in Washing
ton, D.C. , in l9l0. These invitations were sent to
many Polish figures in Europe, and turn up in a num
ber of collections.
tions on access.
Note: Wâdys/aw Orkan (l875-l930) was a major writer
connected mostly with the Tatra Mountain region of
southern Poland.
d . Materials collected by Erazm Jerzmanowski on Polish
organizations in the U.S. Call numbers 4986, 4987,
4988, 4989.
c. l873-l887
5 notebooks, currently being microfilmed
Manuscripts, questionnaires; some materials in English.
4986 : Questionnaire of the central welfare committee
of the Polish National Alliance in the United States
of America; l886-l887, about l00 completed question
naires. 52 questions in 4 general areas: a) "Costs
of living"; b) "General questions concerning the
character of the city"; c) "Land-buying situation";
d) "Questions about the earnings of laborers, fac
tory workers, and artisans." Purpose of question
naire was to find out what life was like for Polish
immigrants (section b asks about relations with
other groups, especially Germans, Czechs, and Hun
garians) . Questionnaires returned from a number of
cities .
4987 : 'Protests', 'Meetings', 'Resolutions', etc. of
the United Poles (Zjednoczoni Polacy) , the Democra
tic Society (Towarzystwo Demokratyczne) and other
Polish societies in America. Organizational mate
rials, open letters, notes from a sejm (congress)
in Bay City, Michigan, in l887; from l875-l887.
4988 : Rules of the Society of the Union of Poles in
America (Towarzystwo Zjednoczenia Polakow) . No
date .
4989 : Meetings I-X held from June l6, l873, to May 25,
l874, with the goal of finding means to build a
monument to Tadeusz Kosciuszko in Central Park in
New York. Minutes of meetings.
tions on access.
Note: Erazm Jerzmanowski (l844-l909) came to the U.S.
in l873, and was a major figure in the natural gas
industry of the late l9th century. He was very
active in Polish-American organizations.
e . Materia^y zwiazane ze swiatowa wystawa w Chicago w
l893 r. oraz kongresami naukowymi na nie j , zebrane
przez Michaâ Zmigrodzkiego uczestnika kongresow
(Materials connected with the Chicago World Fair in
l893 and scholarly conferences held during the Fair,
collected by Michalf Zmigrodski, a participant in the
congresses) . Call number 7l23 IV.
Vol and 3l9
l89l-l895
l volume
Letters, programs, photographs, press clippings,
printed materials.
Something of a potpourri, more useful for Poland's
part in the Fair than for Polish-American partici
pation. However, relevant immigrant materials are
included, such as letters; photograph of delegates
to Sejm XVII of Polish Roman Catholic Union, Mil
waukee, l890 (#726); press clippings; etc.
tions on access.
Materials on proposed Polish colonies in Central Ameri
ca. Call number 3678 II.
l865
l volume
Manuscripts .
Relevant materials include letter from A. BogusZawski
to J. Jankowski, about hardships faced by Polish
emigrants to U.S. in the l830s; entitled, "A Warn
ing to the Young Emigrants being Recruited for
America . "
tions on access.
MateriaXy do historii Galicji na poczatku XX wieku. 9.
Emigracja zarobkowa i posrednictwo pracy (Materials
on the history of Galicia at the start of the 20th
century. 9. Economic emigration and labor exchange).
Call number 8ll4 IV.
l908-l9l3
l bundle
Typescripts, manuscripts, printed materials.
Relevant materials include: Tadeusz Zebracki, "On sea
sonal economic emigration"; "Circulars of the Presi-
dium of the Governor-Generalship to the starostwa.
l908-l3 . . . concerning the regulation of travel
bureaus and the recruitment of seasonal workers"
(includes lists of bureaus and agents, and official
instructions) ; information on and publications of
the Polish Emigration Society (see reports on the
Krakow Provincial State Archives and Main Archive
of Older Records for more Society materials) .
tions on access.
Note: These materials are more concerned with seasonal
migration within Europe than with American emigra
tion .
"Wiadomosc o tuZaczach polskich umariych w Ameryce,"
przez Marcina Ros ienkiewicza (News about Polish
exiles who have died in America, by Marcin Rosien-
kiewicz). Call number 7043 IV.
l838
2 sheets
Manuscript .
Letter to Eustachy Januszkiewicz from Rosienkiewicz,
Philadelphia, l838. Has brief biographies on l2
Polish emigrants who died in U.S.
Finding aid available: Inwentarz rękopisów; no restric
tions on access.
Note: Rosienkiewicz was an important figure among Po
lish political emigrants in the U.S. in the l830s;
the Czartoryski Library has other materials by him.
Polish-American Press, pre-World War II
l870-l939
55 titles
Periodicals .
See Kazimierz Tatarowicz, Katalog Poloników periodycz
nych wydanych zagranica do roku l939. Zbiory Bibli
oteki Jagiellońskie3 (Catalog of Polonian Periodi-
cals Published Abroad up to l939. The Collections
of the Jagiellonian Library) (Kraków: NakZadem Uni
wersytetu Jagiellońskiego, l96l) .
Finding aid available: see Tatarowicz; no restrictions
on access.
In addition to the following titles in Tatarowicz,
there is one other title, on microfilm: Wiadomości
Codzienne, Cleveland; 3 reels, incl. v. 3, l9l8
(n. l47-299), and v. 4, l9l9 (n. l-305). This is
a copy of a film at the University of Minnesota.
The numbers in parentheses refer to the numbers
in Tatarowicz.
Ameryka (2), Toledo, l89l-l893, l895-l897
Bicz Boży (9) , Chicago, l9l5 (l issue)
Bulletin of the Polish Medical and Dental Associa
tion of America (25) , Chicago, l933-l938
Dziennik Chicagoski (40) , Chicago, l890-l9l3
Dziennik Milwauki (42) , Milwaukee, l902
Dzień Swiety (46-7, Chicago, l883, l897
Echo Muzyczne (5l) , Chicago, l924-l933
Echo z Polski (54) , New York, l863-l865
Free Poland (62) , Washington, Chicago, l9l8-l9l9
Gazeta Katolicka (64) , Chicago, l898 (l issue)
Gazeta Nowoyorska (66), New York, l874
Gazeta Polska w Chicago (70), Chicago, l873-l875,
l877-l878, l880, l882-l9l2
GXos Narodu (79) , Jersey City, l922-l924
Harmonia-n03) , Buffalo, l90l-l902
Katolik (ll6) , Winona, Minnesota, l894-l895
Katolik (ll7), Milwaukee, l897-l900
Kuryer Narodowy (l39), New York, l925 (l issue)
Kurjer Nowojorski i Brooklynski (l40) , New York,
l890-l892, l896-l898
Naród Polski (l70), Chicago, l904-l9l0, l9l2
Niedziela (l8l) , Detroit, l89l-l893
Niedzielny Gornik (l82), Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania,
l922
Nowy Świat (l99), New York, l92l-l925
Obywatel (20l) , New York, l895-l896
Po land 32l
Okólnik Wydziału Narodowego Polskiego (208) , Chicago,

l9l8-l9l9
OrzeX Polski (2l6), Washington, Missouri, l870
Patriota (223) , Philadelphia, l892-l897
Pielgrzym Polski (228) , Detroit, l885-l886
Pochodnia (236) , Chicago, l908-l909
Polak w Ameryce (243), Buffalo, l887-l888, l892,
l896
Poland (247), New York, l922-l928, l93l
Polish Cause (249), Chicago, l9l5
Polonia w Ameryce (265) , Cleveland, l898-l899
Posłaniec Polsko Katolickiego Kościoâ, Newark,
l923-l926
Przegląd Kościelny (300), Chicago, l9l4, l922
Przyjaciel Ludu (3l3) , Milwaukee, l880-l88l
Robotnik (327) , Chicago, l902
Słonce (350) , Milwaukee, l898-l900
Survey of Poland (362), New York, l937
Swoboda (364), New York, l872 (l issue)
Sztandar (367) , Chicago, l900
Tygodnik Katolicki (389), La Salle, Illinois, l903
Tygodnik Powieściowo Naukowy (395), Chicago, l884-
l887
Wiara i Ojczyzna (4l9) , Chicago, l887-l888, l890-
l892
Wici (423), Chicago, l9l5-l9l7, l9l9
Wielkopolanin (425), Pittsburgh, l90l, l903-l9l0,
l9l2, l922
Zgoda (436) , Milwaukee, Chicago, l883, l885-l888,
l890-l9l0, l9l2
Sprawozdanie kustosza Archiwum i Muzeum ZPRK (Po
lish Roman Catholic Union) (466) , Chicago, l938-
l939
Kalendarz Katolicki dla ludu polskiego w Ameryce
(537) , Chicago, New York, Cincinnati, l893-l894
Kalendarz 'Kuriera Nowojorskiego' (543), New York,
l898
Kalendarz Ludowy (545) , Chicago, l923
Kalendarz Polski Ilustrowany (552) , Toledo, l893
Kalendarz Polski 'Patrioty' (553) , Philadelphia,
l894
Kalendarz Robotniczy (556) , Chicago, l904
Kalendarz Rycerstwa Polskiego (557) , Chicago, l9l8
j . Towarzystwa Polskie w Ameryce (Polish Organizations
in America). Call number l6255 I.
l875-l898
2 3 items
Printed materials; in Polish unless indicated otherwise .
Includes the following:
l. Rules of the Company of Free Polish Riflemen in
America (Chicago, l875)
2. Constitution of the Polish National Alliance
(New York, l882) (Polish and English copies)
(Milwaukee, l883)
4. Constitution of the Heart of Jesus Fraternal Aid
Society in St. Jadwiga, Texas (Chicago, l885)
322
5. Constitution of the Jan III Sobieski Polish-

Catholic Fraternal Aid Society in Paterson
(Chicago, l885)
6. Constitution of the Third of May Mutual Aid
Patriotic Society in New York (New York, l886)
(Milwaukee, l886)
8. Constitution of the Prince Jozef Poniatowski
Fraternal Aid Society in Frankfort, Penn.
(Philadelphia, l886)
(Milwaukee, l888) (in English)
l0. Constitution of the Polish Union of Fraternal
Aid under the protection of St. Jan Kanty in
East Saginaw, Mich. (Buffalo, l888)
ll. Constitution of the St. St. Kostki Fraternal Aid
[Society] in Ironwood (Chicago, l89l)
l2. Constitution of the Archangel Michael Fraternal
Aid Society in Bay City, Mich. (Chicago, l892)
l3. Constiution of the St. Wojciech Polish Mutual
Aid Society in San Antonio, Texas (Chicago,
l892)
l4. Constitution of the St. Szczepan the Martyr
Church Society in Perth Amboy, N.J. (New York,
l892)
l5. Constitution of the Eagle and the Chase National
and Fraternal Aid Society in Chicago, Ill.
(Chicago, l892)
l6. Constitution of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul
Fraternal Aid Society in Chicago (Chicago,
l893)
l7. Constitution of the Polish Roman Catholic Fra
ternal Aid Union in America (Chicago, l89 3)
l8. Constitution of the St. Antoni Padewski Polish
Roman Catholic Fraternal Aid Society on the
South Side in Pittsburgh, Penn. (Detroit, l893)
l9. Constitution, Rules, and Parliamentary Regula
tions of the St. St. Kostki Mutual Aid Society
in Shamokin, Pennsylvania (Chicago, l893)
20. Rules of the North American Division of the
National Treasury in Rappersville (Chicago,
l894)
2l. Constitution or Rules of the Fraternal Aid Soci
ety under the Protection of St. Joseph the
Bridegroom in Williamsbridge, N.Y. (Chicago,
l898)
22. Rules of the 4th Division of the Free Polish
Krakovians founded on May 24, l886, in Newark,
N.J. (Newark, l89l)
Finding aid available: card catalog; no restrictions
on access.
Note: This is in the general collection, not the manu
scripts division.
k . Sprawozdanie Artura W. Hausnera z misji do Ameryki
l9l4-l5 i okruchy materiaôw do dziaâlnosci placo-
wek zagranicznych Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego
w l. l9l6-l8 (Report by Artur W. Hausner on his
323
mission to America in l9l4-l5 and fragments concern

ing the activities of foreign outposts of the Main
National Committee in l96l-l8) . Call number
8l23 III.
l9l4-l9l8
l bundle, about half relevant
Mostly typescripts.
Includes fairly extensive materials on Poles in U.S.
(organizations, attitudes, press, return migration,
efforts of Paderewski) ; also discusses attitudes
of American Jews and Ukrainians towards Polish
efforts .
Finding aid available: Inwentarz rekopis6w; no restric
tions on access.
Note: See report on Kraków Provincial State Archive
for more Main National Committee (NKN) materials.
2. BIBLIOTEKA UNIWERSYTECKA W WARSZAWIE (WARSAW UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY)
Main Building: Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-325 Warszawa
Hours: Mon. -Sat. 9:00-8:45; Sun. 3:00-6:45
Collection :
Polish-American press, pre-World War II.
l898-l938
30 titles
Periodicals .
Baltimore
Jednosc-Po Ionia l930-l93l
Buffalo
Dziennik dla Wszystkich l923-l924, l930-l93l, l935
Chicago
Bicz Boży l9l2
Dziennik Chicagoski l930-l93l
Dziennik Ludowy could not be determined
Dziennik Narodowy could not be determined
Kalendarz Rycerstwa Polskiego l920
Okolnik Wydziaû Narodowego Polskiego l9l9-l920
Wici could not be determined
Cleveland
Wiadomości Codzienne l930-l93l
Związkowiec could not be determined
Detroit, New York
Robotnik Polski l93l
Jersey City
Dziennik Nowoyorski l92l
Glos Narodu could not be determined
Milwaukee
Nowiny Polskie l9l8-l920
Newark
Posłaniec Polsko-Katolickiego Koscio/a l923-l926, l930
Po land
New York
Kalendarz 'Kuryera Nowoyorskiego ' l898
Kuryer Narodowy l923-l926, l928-l929, l930-l93l
Motyl l9l9
Nowy Świat l920-l927, l929-l93l
Philadelphia and other cities
Jedność l930-l93l
Pittsburg
Sokót Polski l9l9, l92l-l926, l930-l93l, l935-l938
Wielkopolanin l9l8, l92l, l923
Reading, Pennsylvania
Gazeta Readingska l9 3l
Toledo
ZrodZo (Zwiastun) Prawdy could not be determined
Toledo, Chicago
Ameryka-Echo l92l-l927
Utica, New York
Sôwo Polskie l930-l93l
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Górnik Codzienny l92l-l922
Niedzielny Gornik could not be determined
Youngstown, Ohio
Goniec l930-l93l
Finding aid available: general periodical catalog; no
restrictions on access; material available for copy
ing.
INSTYTUT GOSPODARSTWA SPOŁECZNEGO. BIBLIOTEKA (INSTITUTE OF

SOCIAL ECONOMICS. LIBRARY)
Ulica Rakowiecka 24
02-52l Warszawa
Hours: Mon.-Fri. l0:00-3:00; Sat. l0:00-l2:00
Collection :
Pamiętniki emigrantow (Emigrants' Memoirs)
Late l9th century to l930s
89 memoirs from U.S.; 5l published, 38 unpublished
Unpublished memoirs - manuscripts and typescripts.
This consists of memoirs written in l936-l937 for a com
petition held by this Institute. Over half of the
memoirs were published recently as Pamiętniki emi
grantow. Stany Zjednoczone (Emigrants' Memoirs. The
United States) , 2 volumes (Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza,
l977) . The memoirs in these volumes range from 3 to
9l pages; include writers from many parts of the U.S.,
with various sorts of social backgrounds and careers,
although workers and laborers seem best represented
in collection. Most writers born from l870 to l900.
Most are men, and apparently Polish Catholics. The
published volumes also include abstracts of the 38
unpublished memoirs.
Finding aid available: see published volumes; restrictions
Po land 325
on access: unpublished memoirs can be read, but not

copied or quoted.
Note: Volumes of memoirs from Canada, South America, and
France in the same collection have also been pub
lished. Of the 38 unpublished U.S. memoirs, some will
probably eventually appear in another volume. This
Institute is part of the Szkoâ Gôwna Planowania i
Statystyki (Main School of Planning and Statistics) .
326 Po land
APPENDIX P-IV
Sources Available in Local Archives
(Poland)
l. ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWE MIASTA STOŁECZNEGO WARSZAWY (STATE

ARCHIVE OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW)
Ulica Krzywe KoXo 1
00-270 Warszawa
Hours: Mon., Wed., Fri. 8:30-8:00;
Tues., Thurs. 8:30-4:00; Sat. 8:30-l:00.
Collection :
Listy emigrantow z Brazylii i Stanów Zjednoczonych, l890-
l89l (Emigrants' letters from Brazil and the United
States, l890-l89l) .
l890-l89l
367 letters, plus envelopes, enclosures, lists
Mostly manuscript letters; some materials also in Yiddish,
German, Russian, Lithuanian.
Collection of letters confiscated by Russian government;
has been published under above title, edited by Witold
Kula, Nina Assorodobraj-Kula , and Marcin Kula (Warsaw:
Ludowa Społdzielnia Wydawnicza, l973) . Includes 25l
letters from the U.S.; l77 are in Polish, 57 in Yiddish,
l5 in German, one each in Russian and Lithuanian (in
published volume all non-Polish letters have been
translated into Polish) . Unpublished items in collec
tion include printed materials (tickets, travel infor
mation) , business form letters, police lists, etc.
Finding aid available: see published book; restrictions
on access: permission of Main Board for State Archives
required; material is available for copying.
Note: In collection of the Warsaw "High Chief of Police"
(Oberpolicma j ster) .
2. WOJEWODZKIE ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWE W KRAKOWIE (PROVINCIAL

STATE ARCHIVE IN KRAKOW)
Ulica Grodzka 54; Ulica Sienna l6
30-960 Kraków
Hours: on Grodzka: Mon. -Sat. l0:00-2:00
on Sienna: Mon. 8:30-5:30;
Tues., Wed., Fri. 8:30-2:30, 5:00-8:00
Thurs. 8:30-l:l5, 5:00-8:00
Sat. 8:30-l:00
Note: All collections in this archive are available for
copying. Permission of the Main Board of State
Archives is required for access to the materials.
Poland 327
Collections :
a. Akta C. K. Dyrekcji Policji w Krakowie (l849-l9l8)
(Records of the Imperial Directorate of the Police
in Krakow). Call numbers l24, l25.
l886-l9l8
2 bundles
Includes police material on illegal emigration, largely
to America; reports, circulars, internal corres
pondence, case files.
Finding aid available: printed inventory.
b . Akta C. K. Starostwa w Zywcu. Sprawy paszportowe
(Records of the Zywiec Starostwo. Passport matters )
Call numbers St 2 I 37, 38.
l892-l9l8
2 folders
Consists mostly of applications for passports; earli
est mention of America as destination, l907.
Often include name, birthplace and date, residence,
physical description; sometimes have information on
religion, army status, etc. Very little directly
about America.
Note: A "starostwo" was an institution of local gov
ernment. Many of these types of records were des
troyed during World War II; the Zywiec materials
make up one of the most complete surviving records
groups from the Krakow area.
c . Akta Starostwa Powiatowego w Zywcu. Emigracja zarob-
kowa i opieka nad wychodzstwem (Records of the
District Starostwo in Zywiec. Economic emigration
and protection of emigrants) . Call numbers St Z
II 268, 269.
l9l9-l936
2 folders, about l0 relevant items included
Official materials on employment-seeking emigration;
requests, permissions (for passports) ; central gov
ernment instructions; reports.
Note: see note on preceding collection.
d. Archiwum Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego (Archive of
the Main National Committee). Microfilms l00203-4,
l00206-7. Call numbers NKN-l8, l9, 20, 2l.
l9l3-l9l8
2 whole reels, parts of 2 others
Microfilms of typescripts, manuscripts, printed mate
rials; originals also here.
Archive of the NKN, an important nationalist political
organization during World War I. Collection has
materials about its attempts to influence Polish-
Americans on the "Polish question"; reports on
328 Poland
American Polonia ("Poles in the United States con

sider themselves to be the fourth partition of
Poland"): on organizations, conferences, attitudes,
individuals, press. Includes correspondence,
printed materials; copies of serials (Wici , Chica
go, l9l4-l9l8 ; Narodowiec, Cleveland, l9l5;
Pobudka, Boston, l9l5; Postęp, Baltimore, l9l7;
Powstaniec , New York, l9l7; Free Poland, Chicago,
l9l5, l9l8; The Day, l9l4).
Finding aid available: L. tysiak, H. Zajacowa, Inwen
tarz Archiwum Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego (In
ventory of the Archive of the Main National Commit
tee) (Warsaw, l958) .
e. Sad Krajowy Karny. Nadużycia emigracyjne (Regional
Criminal Court. Emigration Abuses). Call numbers
SKKKr 5l8-534.
l9l0-l9l9
l7 large bundles
Consists largely of materials on court cases about
illegal emigration, such as persons without docu
ments, reservists and draft-age men attempting to
leave the country; and materials confiscated for
these cases. Concerns Polish Emigration Society
(Polskie Towarzystwo Emigracyjne) which was estab
lished to aid emigrants, and unwittingly (it seems)
often helped people leave illegally. Major use of
this collection would be for study of emigration
from Galicia, rather than specifically to the Unit
ed States (although probably most of the emigrants
went to North America) .
Materials include case files; correspondence (both
official and from persons in Europe and America) ;
Society's printed materials; lists of emigrants,
sometimes with very little information, sometimes
with rather more (example of relatively detailed:
528 - "Lists of Army Reservists in America, l9l3"
- has name, when emigrated, age, sometimes American
address) .
Note: See reports on Main Archive of Older Records and
Jagiellonian Library for more Society material;
its actual archives were apparently destroyed.
3. WOJEWODZKIE ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWE W LUBLINIE (PROVINCIAL STATE

ARCHIVE IN LUBLIN)
Ulica Trybunalska l3
20-950 Lublin
Hours: Mon.-Fri. 8:00-2:45, 4:00-7:00; Sat. 8:00-l:l5
Note: See Franciszek Cieślak, Wojewodzkie Archiwum Pańs
twowe w Lublinie. Informator. Spis zespołów (Provin-
cial State Archive in Lublin. Guide. List of collec
tions) (Warsaw, l973) .
Po land 329
Collection :
Zespoj? Akt Kancelarii Gubernatora Lubelskiego (Collection
of Records of the Chancery of the Governor of Lublin
Province)
l866-l9l7
l3,864 archival units
Manuscripts and typescripts; some material also in Rus
sian.
Very small part (apparently under l percent) on emigration.
Relevant records concern passports, illegal emigration.
Finding aid available: J. Tomczyk, Przewodnik po zespole
akt kancelarii gubernatora lubelskiego z lat l866-l9l7
(Guide to the Collection of Records of the Governor of
Lublin Province) (Warsaw, l966) ; restrictions on
access: permission of the Main Board of State Archives
required; material is available for copying.
Note: This archive also includes records of Siedlce and
Che^m provinces.
4. WOJEWODZKIE ARCHIWUM PANS'JWOWE W POZNANIU (PROVINCIAL

STATE ARCHIVES IN POZNAN)
Ulica 23 Lutego 4l/43
60-967 Poznan
Hours: Mon.-Fri. 8:00-7:00; Sat. 8:00-l:00
Note: See Archiwum Panstwowe miasta Poznania i Wojewodztwa
Poznanskiego . Przewodnik po zasobie archiwalnym (State
Archive of the City and Province of Poznan. Guide to
the archival collection) (Warsaw, l969) . All collec
tions are available for copying. Permission of the
Main Board for State Archives is required for access
to the materials.
Collections :
a. Landratsamt Birnbaum/Landratura Międzychod (Region of
Birnbaum)
l8l6-l9l8
88.l linear meters
Mostly manuscripts; in German.
Probably less than l percent of collection deals with
emigration. Relevant materials can be found under
"Migration and Emigration" (call numbers l20-l24
and ll0l-ll09) .
Note: The "landrat" was the unit of local government
approximately equal to a county. This is the best
preserved of the "landrat" collections; others also
have relevant material (see the Guide to the
archive) .
b . Oberprasidium Posen/Naczelny Prezes Prowincji Poznan-
skiej w Poznafiiu (Head of the Province of Poznan)
l8l5-l9l9
220 linear meters
330 Poland
Mostly manuscripts; ir. German.

These are the records of provincial government in Poz
nan under Prussian rule. Much more concerned with
foreigners in Prussia, border security, and Polish
political exiles than with emigration to America.
c . Opieka Polska nad Rodakami na Obczyznie. Okr$g zachodni
w Poznaniu (Polish Care for Poles Abroad. Western
District in Poznan) .
l930-l939
0.4 linear meters
Polish organization tied to church, concerned with
Poles abroad and return emigrants to Poland.
Includes organizational materials, correspondence,
press clippings; relatively little material on U.S.
Note: See section in this report relating to the
Archive of Modern Records for more materials of
this society.
d . PolizeiprSsidium Posen/Prezydium Policji w Poznaniu
(Police Headquarters in Poznan) .
l8l5-l9l9
l60 linear meters
Mostly manuscripts; in German.
Records of security and political police of Poznan
province. Only a small part is relevant. Section
III, Sicherheitspolizei , includes some interesting
material. For example: call number 6264 - "Acta
ketreffend die Auswanderer Kontrollstation auf dem
Bahnhofe," l899-l9l0. Station checked health of
emigrants; many reports of trachoma, correspondence,
instructions (#l67 has letter from Buffalo, l906,
in Polish by an emigrant) . I was unable to see,
due to conservation work, call numbers 626l -
"Nachweisung der nach Amerika auswandernden durch den
hiesiegen Bahnhof beriihrenden Personnen," l89l-
l902, and 6266 - "Acta betreffend die Kontrolle der
Auswanderung nach Amerika," l907-l908.
/- 1 ir.A 33l
APPENDIX P-V
(Poland)
I. ARCHIWUM KURII METROPOLITALNEJ W KRAKOWIE (ARCHIVE OF THE

METROPOLITAN CURIA IN KRAKOW)
Ulica Franciszkanska 3
Krakow
Hours: Mon. 3:00-6:00; Tues., Wed., Sat. 9:00-l:00;
Thurs. 9:00-l:00, 3:00-6:00
Collection:
Wychodzstwo (Emigration)
ca. l89l-l9l3
l bundle, perhaps l,000 pages in all
Manuscripts, questionnaires; mostly in Polish.
Materials on emigration in general; to European coun
tries, Latin America, Canada, as well as U.S. Rele
vant materials include: l907 report, "0 wychodzstwie"
(On emigration) which recommended among other things
to "keep [the emigrants] from going to Prussia,
direct them instead to America"; l89l parish reports
on emigration; several letters from Pierce City and
Bricefield, Missouri, l900-l90l, asking for a Polish
priest; l9l3 report, "Responsum Ordinarii Cracovicutis
ad quaerita, quae a S. Congregatione Consistor iale
proposita sunt Ordinarii locorum emigrationis . "
This report evidently based on l9l3 parish question
naires about emigration. There are perhaps 200
filled-out forms, answering the following questions:
l. How many emigrants are now abroad?
2. How many have gone each year for the past five
years?
3. Where do most of them go?
4. Do they go only for a certain amount of time,
or permanently?
5. Do whole families go, or men, women, young men,
girls alone, or in groups?
6. What reasons lead them to do this?
7. Do they go to confession before they leave?
Do they go to the parish priest for advice and
books? While abroad do they write to the
parish priest and receive letters from him?
8. What are their beliefs and morals like when
they return? Is the parish being harmed? Do
they return to their old ways?
No finding aid available; no restrictions on access;
material is available for copying.
Note: Article based on questionnaires: Jerzy Dyktus,
Emigracja i opieka duszpasterska nad emigrantami w
332 Poland
diecezji krakowskiej w świetle ankiet konsystorza z

l907 i l9l3 roku" (Emigration and the pastoral care
of emigrants in the Diocese of Krakow in the light
of the questionnaires of the Consistorium from l907
and l9l3), Studia Polonijne, 2 (l978), pp. ll3-l80.
2. CENTRALNE ARCHIWUM KOMITETU CENTRALNEGO PZPR (CENTRAL

ARCHIVE OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED POLISH
WORKERS' PARTY)
Ulica Gornośląska l8/20
00-484 Warszawa
Note: Richard Lewanski, in a Guide to Polish Libraries
and Archives (New York, l974) , writes (p. l62) : "The
PZPR archives (holdings l,000 linear meters) preserve
records of Polish workers' parties, organizations,
labor unions, and youth organizations from their very
beginning to the present; materials on international
workers' movement l864-l940; papers, documents,
memoirs of prominent labor leaders and activists; a
microfilm collection of records preserved elsewhere
and pertaining to the subject fields of the PZPR
archives; 22,000 pictures dealing with Polish and
international workers' movements." Specifically
regarding immigration, the collection contains mate
rials about Polish socialist groups in America.
There are several published guides to parts of the
archive noted in Lewanski. For a study of Polish
socialists in the U.S. based partly on this collec
tion, see: Krzysztof Groniowski, "Socjalistyczna emi
gracja polska w Stanach Zjednoczonych (l883-l9l4)"
(The Polish socialist emigrants in the United States) ,
Z Pola Walki, vol. 20, no. l (l977), pp. 3-35.
3. MUZEUM NARODOWE W KRAKOWIE. BIBLIOTEKA CZARTORYSKICH. DZIAJS

RĘKOPISÓW (NATIONAL MUSEUM IN KRAKOW. CZARTORYSKI LIBRARY.
MANUSCRIPTS DIVISION) .
Ulica Św. Marka l7
Krakow
Hours: Mon.-Fri. 9:00-2:00, 5:00-7:45; Sat. 9:00-l:45.
Note: For the most part these manuscripts were originally
the collection of Czartoryski family, which was of
great importance in Polish history. See printed manu
script catalogs: Catalogus Codicum Manu Scriptorum
Musei Principum Czartoryski Cracoviensis (Kraków, l887-
T9l3) , and Inwentarz rekopisow Biblioteki Czartory
skich (Manuscript Inventory of the Czartoryski Library)
(unpublished). There is no restriction on access.
Material is available for copying.
Collections :
a . Emigranci polscy w Ameryce do Księcia Czartoryskiego
(Polish emigrants in America to Prince Czartoryski).
Call number 5500.
l834-l837
Poland 333
One volume, 200-plus pages

Manuscripts, printed materials, press clippings; some
materials also in English and French.
Includes letters, reports, etc., on situation of
Polish emigrants. Touches on attempts to establish
Polish settlements in midwest ("Since Providence,
in its inscrutable wisdom, has deprived us of the
land of our birth, we wish to plant in these United
States a second Poland, where our countrymen, the
still unconquered sons of adversity, may congregate
and prosper" - item 2) . Reports to Czartoryski of,
and constitution of, Polish National Committee
(items 3l and 38). Press clippings from U.S. news
papers. Letters include what may be first Polish
"America letter" from Michigan: item l6, Rychlicki
to Napoleon (Pozniak (?)), from Detroit, l834.
Finding aid available: Inwentarz rekopisow.
Emigracja Polska l83l (l83l Polish Emigration) . Call
number 53 55 IV.
l83l
3 volumes
Manuscript .
Lists the Polish political and military exiles after
l830-l83l uprising against Russia. Includes name,
location ( "Rosienkiewicz Marcin. New York. Amery-
ka."), sometimes profession and Polish military
unit. Not clear when actually compiled; "l83l"
probably refers to year they left Poland, not the
year of this "census." Presumably mid- or late
l830s.
Letters to Prince Adam Czartoryski. Call number 5478
III, 5640 IV.
c. l834-l854
l9 relevant letters
5478: Letters from various people to Prince Adam Czar
toryski, volume III: l7 letters from U.S., c. l834-
l837. From New York; Philadelphia; Boston; Lowell,
Massachusetts. Topics covered include requests for
help in contacting relatives still in Poland;
activities of Polish National Committee (Komitet
Narodowy Polski) ; hard lot of exiles in U.S.;
internal political conflicts; disappointment with
America. #66l-662, two letters (in English) from
G. Howe in Boston, l835: on hard lot — "And first,
a word of caution to those who are in Europe; let
none come to this country who can possibly get
along there," because of problems finding work.
Estimates 425 Poles in U.S., 50 doing well, 250 all
right, "the rest are without employment and unfit
for employment." On bitterness of politics in
exile: "Why my dear sir, I grieve to say, we have
had them [quarrels] already —Committees and Counter
Committees are formed —Polish Representatives, and
334 To land
Polish, I know not what, spring up and clash."

5640: Correspondence from l854, volume III: 2 letters
(#l63 and l65) from Leonard Jerzmanowski to Czar-
toryski, from London; he was evidently a delegate
from Poles in the U.S. to the prince.
Note: Czartoryski was the "uncrowned king" of Poland
in exile, from the failure of the l830-l83l upris
ing to his death in l86l.
d . Papiery Tyczace sie zaôzenia Nowej Polski w Ameryce
l843-l853 (Papers concerning the foundation of a
New Poland in America) . Call number 5335 IV.
l843-l853
l volume
Manuscripts; some material also in French.
Materials about a planned "New Poland" settlement in
southwest. Includes: p. 5, resolution - "Nous sous-
signes Emigres Polonaises , ayant forme en commun
la resolution d 'assurer notre avenir en nous etab-
lissont dans les Pays de la Republique du Texas; a
cet effet, d'abandonner le Royaume de France"
(l843). P. 7 - letter - "II s'agit d'etablir en
Amerique Septentr ionale , une colonie modele, basee
sur la natur et sur la civilisation" (l845) .
p. 33 - "A project to found a new country in North
America under the name of Young Poland."
e. Spis osob l8l5-l854 (List of persons l8l5-l854) . Call
number 53l3.
l834-l835
l volume
Manuscript .
Includes lists, mostly of Polish exiles in Western
Europe after l830. On America: "List of Polish
emigrants in the United States of America" (pp. 33l-
338; just names; Paris, l835) ; Poles arriving in or
leaving for U.S. in l834-l835 noted on pp. 379-382
and 399-4ll.
4. MUZEUM TATRZANSKIE IM. DR. TYTUSA CHAÛBINSKIEGO . BIBLIO-

TEKA I ARCHIWUM. (DR. TYTUS CHAL'UBINSKI MUSEUM OF THE
TATRA REGION. LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE)
Ulica Krupowki l0
34-500 Zakopane
Hours: Tues.-Sat. 8:00-3:l5
Note: This is a major research center for Tatra region,
in Poland's extreme south, from which emigration was
particularly heavy.
Collection :
Listy z emigracji. Wies Ciche Gorne (Emigrants' letters.
The Village of Ciche Gorne)
335
l9l9-l967
About 80 items, mostly letters
Consists mostly of letters written from U.S. in l940s,
l950s, and l960s, to village in Tatra region; part of
a group of over 200 letters covering l896-l968 col
lected by Wôdzimierz Winclawski for a sociological
study, apparently entitled, "Przemiany srodowiska
wychowawczego wsi peryferynej" (Changes in the educa
tional milieu of a peripheral village) . He returned
most of the letters to their original owners, depos
iting remainder in the Museum.
One interesting series consists of copies of seven
letters by G. Kula to his mother in Poland, written
while he was with the U.S. army in Germany, l9l9-l920;
shows strong attachment to America, refuses to return
to Poland, as many people did at that time.
No finding aid available; no restrictions on access;
material available for copying.
5. TOWARZYSTWO PRZYJACIOtf PAMIETNIKARSTWA (SOCIETY OF FREINDS

OF MEMOIR-WRITING) .
Nowy £wiat l8/20
Warszawa
Note: This society collects memoirs of Poles and persons
of Polish background from many countries; its con
cerns are primarily contemporary, not historical.
Collection:
Memoirs from U.S. concerning pre-l920 period
20th century
29 items
Manuscripts and typescripts; some material in English.
Memoirs collected in several competitions: ll published
in GXos Ludowy, Detroit, l956; 9 collected by the
weekly 7 dni w Polsce, l957; 9 collected in l970-l975
competition by Society. Society's collections appar
ently includes several hundred memoirs, sizeable
minority from U.S.
Finding aid available; no restrictions on access; some
material available for copying.
6. ZYDOWSKI INSTYTUT HISTORYCZNY W POLSCE (JEWISH HISTORICAL

INSTITUTE IN POLAND)
Aleja Gen. Karola Swierczewskiego 79
00-090 Warszawa
Hours: Mon.-Sat. l0:00-l:00
Note: Though the institution might seem relevant to the
aims of the project, upon a visit they said they have
nothing relevant.
337
INDEX
Note: Collections are indexed by groups which generated the
records. In cases where the ethnic composition of an
organization was very mixed or where the subject of the
collection was immigration generally the category "mixed"
was used.
Albanian, 6l, 63 Italian, 37, 40, 42, 45-46,

Arab, 4l, 46, 60, 63, l45, 68, l04, l4l, l53, l6l, l64,
l57 l67
Armenian, 4l, 63, l57 Japanese, l36
Belgian, 36, 39, 63, l62 Jewish, 59, 68, 97, l36-l38,
Black, 40, l45, l64 l44, l46, l54, l56, l67
Bohemian, l82 Korean, 38, 57, 60, 69
Bulgarian, 60, 6l, l57 Latino, 38, 45, 69, l44
Canadian, l02, l20, l60, Latvian, 69, l44, l57
l66, l77 Lithuanian, 40, 42-43, 46, 70,
Chinese, 60 l42, l44, l57
Cornish, l03, ll5-ll9, l67 Macedonian, 70
Croatian, 40, 64, l57 Maltese, 70
Czechosolovakian , 36, 60, 64, Mixed, 34, 62, l0l, l04-l05,
l47-l48, l84 ll5, l42, l43-l45, l56-l57,
Danish, 50, 5l, 64, l20-l22, l59, l77-l8l
l63 Native American, 36, l60
Dutch, 39, 56-59, 65-66, 87- Philipino, 70
l0l, l22-l26, l47, l48-l52, Polish, 35-44, 46-48, 60, 7l,
l52, l55, l58, l64, l66, 86, l04, l38-l39, l44-l46,
l68-l77, 255-285 l54, l57-l59, l6l-l62, l64,
English, ll5-ll9, l60, l62, 286-335
l64-l65, l77 Romanian, 37, 60, 72, l57, l84
Estonian, 65 Russian, 60, 64, 72, l39, l44,
Finnish, 49-52, 6l, 65, l03, l57
l04, l06-ll4, l26-l28, Ruthenian, 35
l5l, l64-l67, l77, l89- Scandianvian , l39-l40
2l4 Scottish, 72, l02, ll5-ll9
French, 37, 39-4l, 43, 47, Serbian, 60, 73
65, l03, l28-l29, l57- Slovak, 73, l40, l42
l58, l63, l67 Slovene, 4l, 73, l67
German, 36, 40-4l, 48-50, Swedish, 49-54, 6l, 73, l40-l4l
52-56, 66, l02, l29-l35, l4l, l64, l66-l67, l77
l43, l46-l48, l53-l57, Swiss, 74, l57
l59-l68, l77-l78, l82 Turkish, 74
Greek, 67, l57, l67 Ukrainian, 44, 60, 74, l44,
Hungarian, 35, 38, 60, 67, l57, l83-l84
l35, l44, l57 Welsh, ll5-ll9, l77
Indian (India), 68 Yugoslavian, 60, l57
Irish, 35-36, 38-39, 42-45,
l05-106, ll4, l35-l36,
154, 156-157, 160-l62,
l64-l67, 215-254
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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

Migration and Ethnicity

Edited by: Francis X. Blouin, jr.. Robert M. Warner

MIGRATION AND ETHNICITY

Migration and Edinicity

A Guide to Manuscripts in Finland, Ireland, Poland,

Immigration Sources Project

Published by the Bentley Historical Library

Published with assistance from the Fred and Edith

Cover: The Emigrant's Letter, engraved by T . L.

Frontispiece: Bentley Historical Library.

One of the most important phenomena of the late nine

Any success in a project of this kind must be shared

We are also grateful for the advice of a number of

We also appreciate the very vigorous efforts of Prof.

Francis X. Blouin, Jr.

The Immigration Sources Project: Method and

II. Sources for the Study of Migration in the

III. Sources for the Study of Migration in the

Robert M. Warner, University of Michigan

Francis X. Blouin, Jr., University of Michiga

Herbert J. Brinks, Calvin College

Stephen D. Corrsin, Columbia University

JoEllen Vinyard, Marygrove College

Keijo Virtanen, University of Turku

Julia M. Young, University of Michigan

Martha M. Folk, University of Michigan

Over the past three years the Bentley Historical

The largest section of this volume is devoted to a

The themes of migration and ethnicity have been rela

was from this perspective that the survey project was

Seeking to validate this hypothesis, Warner obtained

In Vaxjo, the capital city of Smaland province, he

L The following four paragraphs appeared previously as a

contained good information on this country and its institu

Building on these foundations, the Bentley, with the

J Reino Kero, Migration from Finland to North America

in Michigan and the foreign phase to survey the archives of

The Domestic Phase

The state of Michigan is among the most ethnically

Precise aggregates for the ethnic population are not

4 Robert M. Warner and C. Warren Vander Hill (eds.), A

born or mixed parentage. The l930 published census contained

The proportion of ethnic settlers (determined by add

Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the

Of particular interest in the figures for l930 is the

number of studies of immigrant communities in Michigan and

JoEllen M. Vinyard, The Irish on the Urban Frontier,

' Philemon D. Sabbe and Leon Buyse, Belgians in America

Classic studies of the process of migration and of

Lakes Frontier: Immigration to Michigan l837-l924 (Lansing:

g For example, see Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moy

government records since they are presumably in the public

Because of the large influx of Dutch, German, and

Though we did not systematically search for government

Calvin College we were able to obtain selective lists noting the

In all, 640 churches were contacted and 239 responded.

ll Joel Lundeen, Preserving Yesterday for Tomorrow: A

for example, the parish of baptism is supposed to be the

Apart from the parish records there are some important

of the American Catholic Historical Society of Phi ladelphia

Ethn.ic associations were somewhat more difficult to