3.b. D.C.

motors
Introduction

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The various applications of DC shunt motor are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal
Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Conveyors, Lifts, Spinning machines, etc. The compound motors are used where
higher starting torque and fairly constant speed is required.
V4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC-PWxtcirI
Construction and Working of DC Motor Electrical

Figure 11, shown the d.c. electric motors used on onboard.

Figure 11a - Cut away view of d.c. motor.

Figure 11b - Exploded view of d.c. motor.

3.b.1 Meant by the back e.m.f. of a motor (Eb)

Back EMF is the system in the coil of an electric motor opposes the current flowing through the coil,
when the armature rotates.

V5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwtiX3pFCIE
Back Emf of a DC Motor
3.b.2 Relate the supply voltage to the back e.m.f. and to the voltage drop in the armature (V = Eb +
IaRa)

The supply voltage V has to overcome the back e.m.f. Eb and various drops such as armature resistance
drop Ia Ra. The electrical work done in overcoming the back e.m.f. gets converted into the mechanical
energy developed in the armarture.

V = Eb + Ia Ra
Where V = Terminal voltage,

Eb = Back emf in Motor

Ia = Armature current
Ra = Aramture resistance

Example:

A 24 V, DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.75 Ω. It is drawing an armature current of 10 A,

driving a certain load. Calculate the induce e.m.f. in the motor under this condition.

Answer:
Given: V = 24 V, Ia = 10A, Ra, = 0.75 Ω
Solution: V = Eb + Ia Ra
220 = Eb + 10 x 0.75
Eb = V – Ia Ra
220-30 x 0.75
Eb = 197.5 volts

The back e.m.f. is always less than supply voltage (Eb < V). But Ra is very small hence under normal
running conditions, the difference between back e.m.f. and supply voltage is very small. The net voltage
across the armature current.
𝑉−𝐸𝑏
Ia =
𝑅𝑎
3b.3 Starting current is high compared to the load current

The starting current is high as there is no back EMF or counter EMF present in the armature circuit
because at starting counter EMF is zero. It's armature has very less resistance due to this it need more
current at starting time. Hence DC starters are used to limit the starting current of motor.

3.b.4 Starter is required and the principle involved

Starters are used to protect DC motors from damage that can be caused by very high current and torque
during startup. They do this by providing external resistance to the motor, which is connected in series
to the motor's armature winding and restricts the current to an acceptable level.
3.b.5 Rotational speed (N) is approximately proportional to:
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐕
or𝐍𝛂
𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐅𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝛗

In a separately excited DC motor with armature voltage speed control, if the torque is T. If applied
voltage is V and back EMF is Eb. The rest follows logically that motor speed is approximately
proportional to armature voltage, vary the field flux and interacts with the armature of motor and
produce rotation and is simplified in the formula below.
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐕
or𝐍𝛂
𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐅𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝛗

3b.6, How the rotational speed is affected by: (Click the links below to watch the video on youtube.)

1. varying the voltage

V6https://youtu.be/Ri557hvwhcM
Magnetic field created by a current carrying wire

2. varying the strength of the magnetic field

V7https://youtu.be/rqq11Id_x5E
Emf induced in rod traveling through magnetic field
3.b.7 describe typical applications of:

3.b.7.a Shunt motors

The supply voltage is applied to both the armature and the field circuits. The armature is an active load
when the machine is running. This type of motor is substantially a constant-speed machine use for most
duties. See Figure 12 below.

Figure 12 - Shunt DC motor.

3.b.7.b Series Motors

The voltage applied to the armature is equal to source voltage minus the voltage drop in series field and
any voltage drop at the brushes. As the machine current rises with increase of load, the voltage across
the armature falls and speed is affected accordingly. The resistance of this type of machine is kept as
small as possible. This is a variable speed motor, used mainly for traction, hoist, crane and winch work.
See Figure 13 below.

Figure 13 - Series DC motor.

3.b.8 In compound motors, explain what is meant by:

3.b.8.a Long shunt

In long shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is connected in parallel across the
series combination of both the armature and series field coil, as shown in the diagram below. See Figure
14 below.

Figure 14 - Short shunt compound wound DC motor.

3.b.8.b Short shunt

In short shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is connected in parallel across the
armature winding only. And series field coil is exposed to the entire supply current, before being split up
into armature and shunt field current as shown in the Figure 15 below.
 Figure 15 - short shunt compound wound DC motor.

3.b.8.c Cumulatively connected

A compound wound DC motor is said to be cumulatively compounded when the shunt field flux
produced by the shunt winding assists or enhances the effect of main field flux, produced by the series
winding.

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