Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104

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Wear
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wear

The impact wear-resistance enhancement mechanism of medium

manganese steel and its applications in mining machines
Shirong Ge a,n, Qingliang Wang a, Junxiang Wang b
a
School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
b
Tianjin Will Long Sci. and Tech Co., LTD., Tianjin, China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In order to obtain higher wear resistance steel for the application in mining machines, new modified
Received 27 August 2016 medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS) was developed. The impact abrasive wear properties were
Received in revised form investigated on MLD-10 impact wear test equipment. The wear resistant and strengthening mechanisms
21 December 2016
of MMAS were analysed by SEM, TEM and XRD observation. Our research results show that the wear
Accepted 4 January 2017
mass loss of MMAS decreases about 30% in comparison to that of martensitic steel, which suggests that
medium manganese austenitic steel has the higher impact abrasive wear resistance than the martensitic
Keywords: steel. It is found that 1mm thick hardened layer is formed on the MMAS abrasive surface. In this harden
Medium manganese austenitic steel layer, the highest Vickers hardness is about 531HV, and the highest Rockwell hardness is about 52HRC at
Impact abrasive wear
the layer of 50μm from the surface. It is proved that the harden layer substantially enhances wear re-
Wear resistance
sistance of MMAS. The wear resistance strengthening mechanism of MMAS is found to be dependent on
Strengthening mechanism
the impact energy. For the lower impact energy, the strengthening mechanism is controlled by the
composite reinforcement of martensitic transformation, dislocation and stacking fault. For the high
impact energy, the strengthening mechanism is controlled by the martensitic transformation, de-
formation twin and dislocation. The field wear tests of MMAS were done on the scraper conveyor ma-
chines in coal mines, the test results indicated that the wear duration of MMAS transportation slots could
be double of the martensitic wear resistant steel slots.
& 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Since the invention of Hadfield's steel in 1882, this high man-
ganese austenitic steel has been widely used in the engineering
fields of steelmaking, mining, railroad, and in the manufacture of
cement and clay products. Hadfield's steel is the typical wear re-
sistant steel due to its excellent work hardening properties at high
impact energy conditions. The previous studies focused on the
high manganese austenitic steel with 1.0–1.4 wt% C elements and
10–14 wt% Mn elements, which results in a good combination of
the high strength and ductility [1,2]. However, high manganese
steel showed disadvantages in low yield strength and poor work
hardening capacity under the medium or low-impact loads [3,4].
In order to solve these problems, the solution and precipitation
strengthen methods by addition of Cr, Mo, Ti, and V elements in
steel were adopted to improve the yield strength of conventional
Hadfield steels [5,6]. Meanwhile, the alternation of Mn element
was used to obtain the better work hardening capacity of Hadfield
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: gesr@cumt.edu.cn (S. Ge).
steel under the different impact loads [7–10]. Through the above
efforts, the medium manganese and super-high manganese steel
based on Hadfield's steel could be obtained, and they were com-
monly applied in heavy industry machines.
Medium manganese steel exhibits excellent impact toughness
and impact wear-resistance. Under medium or low-impact loads,
the work-hardening ability and the wear resistance of the med-
ium-manganese steel can increase by 60–120% (700 HV) and 50–
140%, respectively [11,12]. In previous studies, the alloying, heat
treatment, work hardening and friction and wear properties of
medium manganese wear-resistant steel have been researched
[13–18]. It was found that Medium manganese steel had self-
strengthening effect by the deformation induced martensitic
transformation under the medium or low-impact loads; they
showed better impact wear resistance than martensitic and bai-
nitic steel [19,20].
In this paper, the modified medium manganese steel plate was
produced by micro-alloying design, controlled heat treatment and
composite rare earth modification treatment. The impact abrasive
wear behavior and friction hardening mechanism of this modified
medium manganese steel plate were investigated. The field tests

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.015
0043-1648/& 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1098 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104

on mining scraper conveyors and much better wear-resistant re- Table 2

sults were reported. Mechanical properties of MMAS and MWRS steels (wt%).

Mechanical Tensile Yield Elongation rate Hardness Impact

properties strength strength toughness
2. Materials and methods (MPa) (MPa) (%) (HRC) (J)

MMAS 750.6 438.5 14.6 21.9 140.3

The materials for impact abrasive wear tests is hot rolled
MWRS 1421.4 1180.6 8.4 44.6 64.6
medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS), the compare mate-
rial is martensite wear-resistant steel (MWRS). The chemical
composition and mechanical properties of these testing steels are
showed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The Cr and Mo ele-
ments are added in MMAS for purpose of compensating of me-
chanical strength loss caused by the reduction of Mn element. The
Mo and V elements can refine the grain and suppress the dis-
tribution of carbides along grain boundaries. The heat treatment
process of MMAS is the water toughening treatment. The me-
tallographic structure of MMAS sample is showed in Fig. 1(a), in
which the single phase oversaturated austenite structure is ap-
parently appeared. There are a small amount of dispersed black
carbide particles in the austenite grain and grain boundary, which
is advantageous to improve the wear resistance of MMAS material.
However, the compare sample of MWRS demonstrates the typical
martensitic structure as shown in Fig. 1(b).
Impact abrasion wear tests were done on the MLD-10 abrasive
wear test machine as shown in Fig. 2. The weight of hammer is
10 kg, which can vibrate in the controlled frequency to apply im-
pacting contact force on sliding surface. The upper sample is the
test steel having the dimension of 10 mm  10 mm  30 mm. The
lower sample is the bearing steel ring with the outer diameter of
50 mm and the width of 10mm, its hardness is 45 HRC. The surface (a) M
MMAS
roughness of all samples is about 0.08 μm. The impact abrasive
contact area is produced by the block's head face against the
peripheral surface of steel ring.
The impact wear is generated on the contact surface between
fixed block sample and rotating sample. At the sliding process
with impacting effect, the standard quartz sand particles flow
through the sliding contract surfaces. The quartz sand particles are
screened with 8–12 mesh. The flow quantity is 40 kg/h. The Impact
frequency of upper sample is 200 times/min. The rotating speed of
lower sample is 200 r.p.m. The impact energy for the abrasive
wear tests was 1.0 J, 2.5 J and 4.0 J, respectively. The impact abra-
sive wear test duration is 30 min. In order to ensure the re-
producibility, three parallel tests are carried out. The volume wear
rate k is calculated by dividing the worn weight Δm by the total
impact times T and density of materials ρ, as shown in the fol-
lowing equation, in which the wear weight is measured by an
analytical balance with the precision of 0.01 mg [21]:
k = Δm/ρT
(b) MWRS
M
The morphological features of impact wear surface are ob- Fig. 1. Metallographic photos of medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS) and
served by scanning electron microscope (Hitach, S-3000N). XRD is martensite wear-resistant steel (MWRS).
used to study the martensitic transformation of impact wear sur-
face using a Bruker (Advance D8) powder diffract to meter oper-
hardness tester (HVS-1000). Due to the abnormal roughness for
ating with CuKα X-rays. The 2θ range for the specimens of this
wear surface, the hardness is measured from 50 μm depth from
study is between 45° and 95° and the scanning speed is 0.5°/min.
the impact surface.
Transmission electron microscopy (FEI, G2 Tecnai 20) is used to
analyze the microstructure of impact wear layer. The hardness
distribution of impact hardened layer is measured by the micro
3. Results and discussion
Table 1
Chemical composition of MMAS and MWRS steels (wt%). 3.1. Impact wear behavior

Elements C Mn Si Cr Mo Ni V Re S P The weight loss and volume wear rate of the impact wear of
medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS) in comparison to
MMAS 0.91 9.0 0.60 2.0 0.30 0.25 0.15 0.01 r 0.02 r 0.02
MWRS 0.23 1.6 0.70 1.0 0.25 0.25 / / r 0.01 r 0.025
martensite wear resistant steel (MWRS) are shown in Fig. 3. It is
noticed that the wear weight loss and volume wear rate of MMAS
 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104 1099

are about 30% lower than that of MWRS under different impact
energy, which suggests that the medium manganese steel pro-
vides slightly better impact wear resistance in this particular test.
It is deduced that the impact wear reduction of MMAS is caused by
its specific property of high impact toughness and work hardening
effect.
As shown in Table 2, MWRS sample has the high hardness and
low impact toughness. Inversely, MMAS sample exhibits the low
hardness and high impact toughness. The microstructure of single-
phase metastable austenite determines the excellent impact
toughness of MMAS. Under the condition of impact wear, the ex-
cellent impact toughness absorbs some portion of impact energy,
which can effectively prevent the crack initiation and propagation
inside the wear layer, then reduce the fatigue spalling damage of
the wear surface. Also, MMAS has the higher work hardening
sensitivity. At the lower impact energy, the transformation of
austenite to martensite is more easily initiated. The rolling action
of hard quartz sand particles on wear surface also increases the
work hardening effect of wear layer. Therefore, the enhancement
of wear surface hardness will reduce the cutting and shear damage
on sliding surface.
The variations of hardness along the hardened layer on MMAS
sample is shown as Fig. 4. The highest micro-hardness reaches up
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of MLD-10 impact abrasive wear testing equipment.
to 531 HV (corresponding to hardness of 52 HRC) at the subsurface
of 50 μm near to surface, which is significantly higher than the
hardness of martensitic steel with 44.6 HRC as shown in Table 2.
350 According to hardness variation curves along the subsurface of the
(a) MMAS MWRS matrix of medium manganese steel, the hardening layer depth is
300 more than 1000 μm. This evidence demonstrates that a thick self-
hardening layer can be formed on the MMAS impact sliding sur-
250 face. As soon as the MMAS surface is worn away in the impact
wear process, the newly exposed surface will come into work
Weight loss/mg

hardening status, which can maintain a constant layer to resist the

200
impact abrasive wear, therefore, result in a reduction in weight
loss and volume wear rate.
150

3.2. Microstructure analysis of impact wear layer

100

SEM morphologies on impact wear surface of medium manga-

50
nese austenitic steel (MMAS) samples are shown in Fig. 5. Large
area of material spalling and gouging damage can be found on
0
1.0 2.5 4.0 impact wear surface. The ploughing and cutting damage is also
Impact energy /J observed in local range. This evidence proves that the gouging wear
and fatigue spalling caused by repeat plastic deformation control
7
550
(b) MMAS MWRS
6 1.0J 2.5J 4.0J
Volume wear rate/(mm3/cycle)

500

5
450
Micro-Hardness/HV

4
400 Hardness range of martensitic wear-resistant steel

3
350
2
300
1

250
0
1.5 2.5 4.0
Impact energy /J 200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Fig. 3. Variations of wear weight loss (a) and volumetric wear rates (b) of medium Distance from impact wear surface /¦Ìm
manganese steel (MMAS) and martensitic steel (MWRS) for the different impact
energy levels. Fig. 4. Hardness distribution curve of hardening layer of medium manganese steel.
1100 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104

(a) Impact energy 1.0 J

(a)Impact energy 1.0 J

(b)Impact energy 2.5 J

(b) Impact energy 2.5 J

(c) Impact energy 4.0 J

Fig. 5. SEM morphologies of impact wear surfaces on MMAS test samples in dif-
ferent impact energy.
the main wear mechanism of impact abrasive wear for MMAS.
When the impact wear initiates, the wear plastic deformation firstly
occurs on the impact wear surface. Subsequently, the quartz sand
particles are pressed into the wear surface to form the gouging pits.
At the same time, the ploughing and cutting damage is formed on
impact wear surface by the contribution of rolling and sliding
complex movement. As result of repeat impacting, plastic de-
formation bulges are formed around the gouging and ploughing
zone, which causes cracking to form the fatigue spalling.
(c) Impact energy 4.0 J
Fig. 6. Microstructure pictures of wear subsurface on medium manganese auste-
nitic steel at depth of 100 μm for different impact energy (500  ).
Microstructure pictures of MMAS at the subsurface of depth of
100 μm (impact frequency 6000 times) in different impact energy
are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that parallel banded structure
occurs in the austenite grains, which is the result of the plastic
deformation of the friction surface. These non-uniform banded
 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104 1101

60
(a)
A(200)
50

40 A(311)

Intensity /CPS
A(220) M(211)

30 M(200)
4.0J

20
2.5J

10
1.0J

0
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
2θ (deg)
(a) Subsurface at 800 μm
60
(b)
50
A(200)

A(220) A(310)
40

Intensity,CPS M(211)
30
M(200) 9000 times

20
6000 times

10
3000 times

0
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
2θ (deg)
Fig. 8. X-ray diffraction pattern of wear surface of medium manganese austenitic
(b) Subsurface at 1600 μm steel for the increasing impact energy (a) and impact cycles (b).

(c) Subsurface at 3000 μm
Fig. 7. Microstructure pictures of MMAS subsurface at different depth, impact
energy 2.5 J, 200  .
structures are formed mainly inside the crystal grains and some
banded structures are straight through the grains. The previous
studies proposed that the banded structure was mainly deforma-
tion twin [22]. The TEM observation in this paper (see Fig. 9,
Fig. 10) also proves the existence of deformation twin in the mi-
crostructure of medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS).
Due to the low stacking fault energy, the plastic deformation
mechanism of medium manganese steel is mainly controlled by
the twins. The formation of twin requires a larger shear stress,
which is greater than the dislocation slip. At the low impact en-
ergy, the transformation of other energy in wear surface leads to
the smaller shear stress components. The amount of deformation
twins is lower than that of high impact energy. Therefore, it can be
found that the deformation twin is relatively less, as shown in
Fig. 6(a). With the increasing impact energy, the deformation
twins appear in more grains due to the growing of plastic de-
formation amount, thus the density of deformation twin increases,
as shown in Fig. 6(c).
It is known that the deformation twin belongs to the shear
mechanism. There is a certain relationship with the grain or-
ientation. Under the action of impact force, the deformation twin
formed and grew inside the grains, which were beneficial to the
formation of twins. At the same time, the grains generated a cer-
tain orientation rotation due to the need of plastic deformation,
which led to the cooperative shear of not-activated twin plane
along the direction of twin. Thus, the less new twins were formed
inside the grain and further formed the interlaced twinning bands.
The variations of microstructure in the subsurface layers with
increasing depth are shown in Fig. 7. It is noticed that the de-
formation twins at the layer of 800 μm are significantly reduced
compared to the layer of 100 μm (see Fig. 6(b)). The formation
1102 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104
Fig. 9. TEM photos of wear surface on medium manganese steel under impact
energy of 1.0 J.
twins at the layer of 1600 μm cannot be found basically. The mi-
crostructure at the layer of 3000 μm looks nearly same as the
matrix shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, the work hardening of MMAS
only occurs in impact wear surface and in a certain depth of
subsurface. With the increase of distance from the impact wear
surface, the hardness of hardened layer shows the characteristics
of gradient distribution as shown in Fig. 4.
3.3. XRD analysis of impact wear layer
The XRD patterns of impact wear surface for medium manga-
nese austenitic steel (MMAS) at different impact energy are shown
in Fig. 8(a). The phase of ε-martensite appears in impact wear
surfaces, which is in correspondence to two typical diffraction
peaks of M(211) and M(200). The diffraction peaks of the original
austenite phase correspond to A(200), A(220) and A(311), re-
spectively. It is found that the martensitic transformation in MMAS
wear layer occurs during impact abrasive process. Such metallo-
graphic phase transformation results in the effect of obstructing
Fig. 10. TEM photos of wear surface on medium manganese steel under impact
energy of 4.0 J.
the movement of the sliding faces and dislocations. Therefore, the
formation of deformation-induced martensite transformation en-
hances the hardness and wear resistance of medium manganese
austenitic steel. From quantitative calculation, the martensite
transformation amount in MMAS under 1.0 J, 2.5 J and 4 J are
about 32.11%, 33.24% and 36.89%, respectively. This shows that
impact abrasive wear can provide the work strengthening effect by
martensitic transformation in MMAS, and its transformation
amount increases with the increasing of impact energy.
The XRD patterns on the impact abrasive wear surfaces of
MMAS after 3000, 6000 and 9000 impact cycles are shown in
Fig. 8(b). It is known that the martensitic transformation amount
under 3000, 6000 and 9000 impact cycles are about 31.31%,
32.76% and 34.31% respectively. Although the amount of marten-
site in new hardening layer increases, the increasing rate reduces.
This phenomenon means that the volume of martensite in new
hardening layer comes to saturation state with the increasing of
impact wear frequency. In this reason, the deformation-induced
 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104 1103

martensitic transformation hardening is the important mechanism 0.24

for enhancing the impact wear resistance of MMAS. NM360

0.21
MMAS
3.4. TEM analysis of impact wear layer 0.18

Wear rate, 10-4 mm/ton

The TEM images on the impact wear surface of MMAS under 0.15
lower impact energy (1.0 J) are shown in Fig. 9. It is observed that a
0.12
large number of dislocations are generated in the impact wear
surface, and the dislocations in the local region have formed a high 0.09
density entangle structure. When the deformation reaches a certain
degree, the stacking faults appear in the area of high density of 0.06
dislocations. The cross structures of stacking faults and twins are
0.03
found in Fig. 9(b). It is well shown that the local shear stress is large
enough to cause the plastic deformation in the form of twins. When 0.00
the wear surface deforms due to the action of impact energy, the Scraper conveyor Transfer machine
stacking faults will form in the high density dislocation area.
Fig. 11. Actual wear rate of MMAS and NM360 steel in the field test at He-Xi coal
A large area of dislocations and stacking faults are the main mine (after pass through 540 and 625 thousand tons of coal on scraper conveyor
substructure of MMAS under the lower impact energy. Because the and transfer machine, respectively).
stacking faults may be regarded as a new interface, the interaction
between the stacking faults and solute atoms leads to the de-
0.07
creasing of stacking fault energy. The solute atoms move to the
direction of the stacking faults and clusters around them to form MWRS
0.06 MMAS
Suzuki atmosphere [23,24]. Moreover, the stacking fault and two
parallel Shockley partial dislocations could synthesize into an ex-

Wear rate, 10-4 mm/ton

tend dislocation and prevent the cross slipping, which effectively
improves the work hardening effect of medium manganese aus-
tenitic steel.
The TEM images on the impact wear surface of MMAS under
higher impact energy (4.0 J) are shown in Fig. 10. It is found that
higher impact energy generates the movement of high density
dislocations apart the original austenite grains. A part of the dis-
location walls form the close loop and turn into the dislocation cell
structures, as shown in Fig. 10 (a). Moreover, a large number of
deformation twins with a width of about 120 nm are found in
Fig. 10 (b). As one of the main ways for plastic deformation, the
deformation twins occur under the action of high strain rate
[25,26]. Therefore, it is believed that the wear resistant strength-
ening mechanism of medium manganese austenitic steel is a ty-
pical composite strengthening mechanism. For the lower impact
energy, the strengthening effect in MMAS is controlled by the
composite reinforcement from martensitic transformation, dis-
location and stacking fault. For the high impact energy, the com-
posite strengthening in MMAS by martensitic transformation,
deformation twin and dislocation is the main mechanisms.
4. Field tests of MMAS abrasive wear resistance
In this paper, the application cases of modified medium man-
ganese austenitic steel (MMAS) were done in coal mining ma-
chines. In 2014, the compare tests on the wear resistance of
medium manganese austenitic steel and martensitic wear-re-
sistant steel (NM360, 360HBW) plates were carried out in SGZ763/
630 scraper conveyor and SZZ764/160 conveyor transfer machine,
at He-Xi coal mine. For SGZ763/630 scraper conveyor, the fifty
middle plates were manufactured from manganese wear-resistant
steel and the other fifty middle plates were made from NM360
steel. The running period was one year and the total amount of
coal transportation was 540 thousand tons. For SZZ764/160 con-
veyor transfer machine, all of the middle plates were manu-
factured by using of medium manganese austenitic steel, and the
total amount of coal transportation was 625 thousand tons. The
actual wear rates of two kinds of steel are shown in Fig. 11. It is
noticed that the mean actual wear rate of MMAS is much less than
that of NM360, only a quarter of wear loss for MMAS plates
compared to the NM360 plates.
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
Front conveyor Rear conveyor Transfer machine
Fig. 12. Actual wear rate of MMAS and MWRS in the field test at Suan-Ci-Gou coal
mine (after pass through 6.8 million tons coal).
In 2015, the compare tests on the wear resistance of medium
manganese austenitic steel and martensitic wear-resistant steel
(MWRS, 450HBW) plates were carried out in Suan-Ci-Gou coal
mine. The content of coal gangue in raw coal is about 25%. The
modified medium manganese austenitic steel (MMAS) and mar-
tensitic wear-resistant steel (MWRS) plates were used in the middle
and bottom plates of SGZ1000/2000 front scraper conveyor,
SGZ1200/2000 rear scraper conveyor and SZZ1350/700 conveyor
transfer machine. The total amount of coal transportation was
6.8 million tons. The wear results of the front, rear scraper conveyor
and transfer machine are shown in Fig. 12. The service life of middle
and bottom plates made of MMAS is almost double of the plates of
MWRS. According to the actual wear rates and allowable wear loss,
the total transport capacity of MMAS plates in Suan-Ci-Gou coal
mine could ideally reach up to 20 million tons of coal.
5. Conclusions
(1) The impact wear-resistance of medium manganese steel is
superior to that of martensitic wear-resistant steel. A good
effect of work hardening improves effectively the surface
hardness of wear surface. The maximum Rockwell hardness is
more than 52.1HRC, which is significantly higher than the
surface hardness of martensitic wear resistant steel.
(2) The deformation-induced martensitic transformation in im-
pact wear layer is one of the reasons for the strengthening of
1104 S. Ge et al. / Wear 376-377 (2017) 1097–1104
medium manganese steel. With the increase of impact energy,
the transformation of martensite is improved, but the amount
of which increase slowly. This means that there is a certain
limit to the martensitic transformation.
(3) The wear resistant strengthening mechanism of medium
manganese steel is a typical composite strengthening me-
chanism. For the lower impact energy, the strengthening is
controlled by the martensitic transformation, dislocation and
stacking fault composite reinforcement. For the high impact
energy, the martensitic transformation, deformation twin and
dislocation composite strengthening are the main mechanisms.
(4) The practical application in the mining scraper conveyor
shows that the wear resistance of medium manganese steel is
better than that of martensitic wear-resistant steel. The mid-
dle manganese wear-resistant steel used in the scraper con-
veyor can effectively improve the service life and the pro-
duction efficiency.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by National Basic Research Pro-
gram of China (No. 2014CB046303).
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