Antologia 8th

ENGLISH
ANTHOLOGY
TECNM CAMPUS LAS CHOAPAS
Coordinación de Lengua Extranjera
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INDEX
UNIT 1: REVIEW 1
Present perfect (Affirmative, negative, interrgative) …………………………………………. 2
Present perfect vs. Past Simple ………………….…………………………………….………. 11
Adverbs: Already, Just, Still, Yet, For, Since, Ago ………………………………….………. 19
Modal Perfect ……………………………………………………………………………….……… 30
UNIT 2: REVIEW 2
Past perfect (Affirmative, negative and interrogative) ………………….………………….. 47
Future tense Review (Future simple vs. Future Continuous) …………………….……….. 58
Future perfect (Affirmative, negative and interrogative) ……………………………….….. 67
Conditional Sentences (Zero, First, Second & Third Conditional) ………………………. 74
UNIT 3: ADDING UP YOUR ENGLISH
Passive voice ……………………………………………………………………………………… 86
Direct speech and Reported speech ………………………………………………...………... 93
Adding information, Sequencing and Summarizing …………………………………….... 102
UNIT 4: THE DEBATE! – FINAL PROJECT
The Debate! ..……………………………………………………………………………………… 110
References ..…………………………………………………………………………………......………... 114
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Image from Shutterstock
UNIT ONE
REVIEW 1
I. Present Perfect (Affirmative, negative and
interrogative)
II. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
III. Adverbs: Already/ Just/ Still/ Yet/ For/ Since/
Ago
IV. Modals Perfect
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UNIT 1
• Present Perfect (Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative form)
Before we start the lesson, let’s answer the following questions and share your answers with your
teacher and classmates:
• Have you ever traveled to another country?

• Have you ever flown in an airplane?
• Have you ever tasted an exotic food before?
• Have you lost someone or something very important for you?
• Have you ________________________________________?
Whatever answer came to your mind, the structure you used is a clearly example of Present Perfect.
Now, have you ever wondered what the Present Perfect tense is for? The British Council mentions in
a general way, that the present perfect is a mix of the present and the past. Basically, we use it for
actions in the past that have significance in the present.
According to British Council, the objective of this

verb tense is to link the past with the present.
However, the focus is on the result, it means, what
has happened or what has not happened. Its correct
use is necessary to express experiences or
memories that occurred a long time ago, but of
which there is still memory or are important today.
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Let’s talk about one of the most important things in this tense: the grammatical rules.
To form it, we use the auxiliary verb “to have” in the present simple tense, as well as the past participle
of the principal verb. For regular verbs, the past participle of the verb is the regular past simple form
(verb (+) “ed”). Pay attention to the following two charts taken from the English Grammar Blog to
understand better:
Subject Auxiliary verb Short form Past Participle
I, you, we, they HAVE I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve talked, learned, traveled…
he, she, it HAS he’s, she’s, it’s talked, learned, traveled…
Note: Keep in mind that there are many irregular past participles in English, so ask
your teacher for a list of irregular verbs.
Below is a short list of some of the most common ones past participles.
Verb Past Simple Past Participle
be was/were been
do did done
go went gone
make made made
see saw seen
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It’s time to talk about its structure. The Past Perfect has three structures; affirmative, negative and
interrogative.
Affirmative
sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb (have/has) + past
participle…
I have [I’ve] talked to Carlos. (Yo he hablado con Carlos).
She has [She's] been to Paris. (Ella ha ido a París).
We have [We've] learned Italian. (Nosotros hemos aprendido Italiano).
Negative
sentences Subject ☺ + auxiliary verb (have/has) + not +
past participle…
I have not [haven't] talked to Carlos. (Yo no he hablado con Carlos).
She has not [hasn't] been to Paris. (Ella no ha ido a París).
We have not [haven't] learned Italian. (Nosotros no hemos aprendido

Italiano).
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Interrogative
sentences Auxiliary verb (have/has) + subject ☺ + past
participle… + ?
Have I talked to Carlos? (¿He hablado con Carlos?).
Has she been to Paris? (¿Ella ha ido a París?).
Have we learned Italian? (¿Nosotros hemos aprendido Italiano?).
Finally, to conclude this lesson we’re going to talk about its usages.
According to the English Grammar Blog, the present perfect is used for actions or events that occurred
at an unspecific time before the present. The specific time is not important and therefore we generally
do not use a specific time expressions (“this morning, yesterday, last year”…) with the present perfect.
On the other hand, we can use non-specific time expressions with the present perfect (“never, ever,
many times, for, since, already, yet”). This concept of non-specific time is quite difficult to understand
as so below you will find further explanation of the particular uses of the present perfect.
In the following chart you can understand better the usages of this tense:
Usages Examples
The present perfect is used to describe an - He has never flown in a plane (Él nunca
experience. It is not used for specific actions. ha volado en un avión).
- I have been to London (Yo he ido a
Londres).
We use the present perfect to express change - His French has improved a lot this year.
over time. (Su francés ha mejorado mucho este año).
- I have learned to be more patient. (He
aprendido a ser más paciente).
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The present perfect is used for accomplishments. - Their soccer all team has won the
championship two times. (Su equipo de
fútbol ha ganado el campeonato dos
veces).
- Annie has finished writing her first book.
(Annie ha terminado de escribir su primer
libro).
We have a present perfect for actions or events - Haven’t you finished to clean yet?(¿No
that have not yet happened. The use of the has acabado de limpiar aún?)
present perfect in these cases indicates that we - The bus hasn’t arrived yet.(El autobús no
are still expecting the event or action to occur. ha llegado todavía).
Therefore, we frequently use the adverbs “yet”
and “still” with the present perfect.
The present perfect is used to discuss actions or - I love Canada! I have been there 3 times
events that occurred at various times in the past. already and I can’t wait to go back. (¡Me
The use of the present perfect in these cases encanta Canadá! Ya he estado allí 3
indicates that further actions or events are veces y no puedo esperar para regresar).
possible in the future. - I have spoken several times with him, but
we still can’t reach an agreement.(He
hablado con él varias veces, pero todavía
no podemos llegar a un acuerdo).
It's time to practice!!! I invite you to solve the following exercises. Try to do your best!!! ☺
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It’s time to practice ☺ | Class activities
I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example:
Have you been (be) to Italy?
1. I __________________ (not/study) for my test.

2. Ann, James and I _________ (live) together for 3 years.
3. Where ________ they _______ (go)?
4. He _________________ (not/leave) yet.
5. We ________ (want) a new car for a long time.
6. ________ the airplane ________ (arrive) yet?
7. She ________ (bring) her children with her.
8. _________ he ever _________ (see) a shooting star?
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 17th, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/verb-tenses-present-
perfect/present-perfect
II. Write the words in the correct order.
Example:
years / known / he / her / for / has / 2
He has known her for 2 years.
1. Russia / ever / you / have / to / gone / ?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. eaten / never / has / he / rabbit
________________________________________________________________________________
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3. year / I / grown / have / this / a / lot
________________________________________________________________________________
4. plane / yet / arrived / our / hasn't
________________________________________________________________________________
5. have / 2019 / we / been / since / married
________________________________________________________________________________
6. ? / motorcycle / long / how / had / her / have / she
________________________________________________________________________________
7. restaurant / times / the / month / they / gone / this / have / to / four
________________________________________________________________________________
8. hasn’t / phone / still / July / her / found
________________________________________________________________________________
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Homework 1
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UNIT 1
• Present Perfect Vs. Past Simple
Have you ever wondered if there’s a similarity between the Present perfect and the Past simple???
Today, you are going to learn the usages and some Time Expressions of them.
Remember!!! English Grammar Blog mentions that we use the past simple for actions
or events that ended in the past, including the recent past. Moreover, the present perfect
is used for actions or events that are related to the present.
Let's see the following comparison chart to understand better:
Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple Present Perfect
Structure
☺ + Verb in Past Simple form + complement ☺ + Have/Has + Verb in Past Participle
Use
Finished time Unfinished time

(A time period that started and ended in the (A time period that started in the past, and
past). continues until now).
Definite time Indefinite time
Series of finished actions Experience
Repeated actions Result
Time phrases
▪ Yesterday ▪ Already
▪ Ago ▪ Just
▪ Last ▪ Ever
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▪ In 1988, etc… ▪ Never
▪ In the 18th century, etc ▪ For
▪ In February, etc… ▪ Since, etc…
▪ On Monday, etc…
More examples:
Past simple:
• Did he eat breakfast this morning? (La mañana ya ha terminado).
• I had four exams this week. (Como en el ejemplo anterior, el uso del pasado simple significa
que esta semana acaba de terminar).
Present Perfect:
• Has he eaten breakfast this morning? (La mañana aún no ha terminado).
• I have had four exams already this week. (Como antes, el uso del presente perfecto implica que
esta semana aún no ha terminado).
Remember!!! We also use the present perfect for actions or events at an unspecified time in the past.
If we want to limit the time of the actions or events to a period of time, we use expressions of time such
as “last year”.
Note: Take note of the difference between the two first examples. The time expression
“last year” is used in both, but in the second example, we have added the preposition
“in”. In this example, with the use of “in”, we are identifying a period of time in which the
action or event occurred, but not a specific time. On the other hand, if we don’t use the
preposition “in”, “last year” indicates a specific time in the past.
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Past simple:
• They went to Costa Rica last year. (Ellos fueron a Costa Rica el año pasado).
• We saw a movie yesterday. (Nosotros vimos una película ayer).
Present Perfect:
• They have been to Colombia in the last year. (Ellos han estado en Colombia este último año).
• We have seen a movie. (Nosotros hemos visto una película).
Never: They have seen a movie yesterday.
So, just to remind…
✓ We use the "present perfect" whenever the time in which the action takes place is not relevant
or is not specified.
✓ Instead, we use the "simple past" whenever data on the time or place of the action are requested
or specified.
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Now is time to learn some expression that you can use with the Present Perfect.
Pay attention to their meaning and in what type of sentence you can use them
( ), then practice with a partner each time expression.
For Since Just Already

• Indicates • Indicates • Actions • Actions
the length when an recently that have
of time. action completed. occurred
started. earlier than
expected.
Yet Still Ever Never

• Expected • Expected • To ask about • Talk about
actions actions past things
that have that have experiences. we've
not yet not yet never
occurred. occurred. done.
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I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example:
➢ July and Mark WENT (go) to the movies last night.
1. Joe ________ (see) that movie four times already.

2. My dad _________ (read) yesterday's newspaper, but he ________ (read, not) today's.
3. My sister ________ (have) three exams last month.
4. My sister _____________ (have) three exams this month. (The month hasn't ended yet.)
5. My sister _________ (have) three exams in the last month.
II. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb found in parentheses.
Example:
➢ Did she enjoy (enjoy) the game?
1. My nieces _____ (grow) a lot since the last time I _____ (see) them.
2. I ______ never ______ (see) snow.
3. - What did he have for breakfast this morning?
- He ________ (have) a coffee and a croissant.
4. _______ you ever ________ (eat) rabbit?
5. Last year I _______ (work) a lot.
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 18th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/present-perfect-vs-past-simple-2
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Homework 2
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QUIZ TIME!!!
Watch the next video. Pause it in each question and write down your answer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN2GNnMLjBs
1. 9.
2. 10.
3. 11.
4. 12.
5. 13.
6. 14.
7. 15.
8. 16.
- How many correct answer did you get? Write down here, and evaluate yourself.
A: _____________________
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UNIT 1
• Adverbs: Already/ Just/ Still/ Yet/ For/ Since/ Ago
In this lesson, we’re going to learn the most common adverbs used in past perfect and past simple.
According to the English Grammar Blog, says that we must often use the adverbs “already”, “just”, “still”
and “yet” with a present perfect, although they may be used with other verb tenses. This adverbs make
reference to time and their location within the sentence depends on which of them we are using. On
the other hand, we use “for”, “since” and “ago” to express a relationship with time. This adverbs can be
used with various verb tenses. “For” and “since” respond to the question: “How long..?”
So, let’s start with them.
Already
“Already” refers to something that happened before or sooner than expected and generally is located
between the auxiliary verb and the principal verb.
Examples:
• We have already finished our homework. (Nosotros ya hemos acabado nuestra tarea).
• John has already left work. (John ya se ha ido del trabajo).
• The plain has already arrived. (El avión ya ha llegado).
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Just
“Just” is used for actions or events that occurred shortly before or not long ago and like already. “Just”
is located either before the principal verb or between the auxiliary verb and the principal verb.
Examples:
• He just ate, but he’s already hungry again. (Él acaba de comer pero ya tiene hambre de nuevo).
• Where’s Jane? She’s just left. (¿Dónde está Jane? Ella acaba de irse).
• Ali has just moved to New York. (Ali acaba de trasladarse a Nueva York).
Still
We use “still” for actions or events that have not happened or have not ended, especially when we
expect the actions or events to have happened sooner. “Still” is frequently used with other verb tenses,
but regardless of the verb tense, this adverb is always found before the principal verb.
Examples:
• James has took two pills, but he still has a headache.

(James ha tomado dos pastillas, pero todavía tiene dolor de cabeza).
• He still hasn’t finished his homework. (Él todavía no han acabado sus deberes.)
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Yet
“Yet” is used for something we expected to have happened but has still not happened. We tend to use
this adverb in negative and interrogative sentences. In contrast to the adverbs discussed here, “yet” is
generally found at the end of the sentence.
Examples:
• He’s really hungry. He hasn’t eaten yet. (Él tiene mucha hambre. Todavía no ha comido).
• Jane hasn’t left her job at the hospital yet. (Jane todavía no se ha ido de su trabajo en el hospital).
• Has the train arrived yet? (¿Ya ha llegado el tren?)
For
“For” indicates duration or a period of time. It cannot be used with all in this sense of all day or all the
time, but it can be used with all of the various verb tenses.
Examples:
• She played tennis for years before she injured her knee.
(Ella jugó al tenis durante años antes de que se lesionara la rodilla).
• We have lived in Paris for five years. (Nosotros hemos vivido en París durante cinco años).
Note: Keep in mind that both “for” and “since” have other meanings not related to time
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Since
“Since” is used to indicate the beginning of a period of time that continues to the present. As this period
of time, which began at a specific time in the past, continues into the present, we can only use “since”
with the perfect tenses.
Examples:
• They have lived in Germany since April 2015. (Ellos han vivido en Alemania desde abril de 2015)
• My son has been sick since Monday. (Mi hijo ha estado enfermo desde el lunes).
Ago
Ago means a period of time in the past or before the present and is found at the end of the sentence.
It is only used with the past simple.
Examples:
• I finished university two years ago. (Yo terminé la universidad hace dos años).
• He called me five minutes ago. (Él me llamó hace cinco minutos).
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I. Choose the correct answer.
1. I ____ walked to the park. Can I call you later?

 already
 just
 still
 yet
2. They are ____ rehearsing for the fest.

 already
 just
 still
 yet
3. Thanks for the invitation, but we have ____ seen that movie.
 already
 just
 still
 yet
4. Have you gone to the store ____?

 already
 just
 still
 yet
5. She _____ started that new job and he is _____ complaining.

 already, just
 just, already
 already, still
 still, already
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6. I hurried to the store, but it was ____ closed.
 already
 just
 still
 yet
7. Is he ____ dating Fer?

 already
 just
 still
 yet
8. Micky hasn't paid me all the money he owes me ____.

 already
 just
 still
 yet
9. Michel ____ hasn't paid me all the money she owes me.
 already
 just
 still
 yet
10. Miel said she ____ paid you the money.

 already
 just
 still
 yet
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 19th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/already-just-still-yet
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II. Write the words in the correct order.
Example:
- known / we / 2 / other / have / each / years / for
We have known each other for 2 years.
1. since / learning / has / English / Jane / 2014 / been
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. years / met / two / they / ago
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. hair / he / had / since / short / has / year / last
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. for / been / haven’t / long / you / here
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. on / Friday / he / since / has / holiday / been
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. ago / job / months / got / we / five / the
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. been / I / hours / over / for / have / eight / driving
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. lived / years / my / Italy / ago / parents / in / many
_______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 19th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/for-since-ago-2
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Homework 3
I. Write the words in the correct order.
Example:
- eaten / Susie / already / has / lunch
Susie has already eaten lunch.
1. ? / this / yet / have / seen / we / movie /
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. truck / bought / just / a / he / new
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. know / do / still / don't / I / to / what
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. minute / call / just / will / a / take/ her
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. on / still / you / can / help / Monday / him / ?
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. finished / have / project / our / we / already
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. dinner / hasn't / yet / made / he
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. old / still / George and I / that / house / live / in
_______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 19th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/already-just-still-yet-2
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II. Choose the correct answer.
We have been working ____ 6 o'clock this morning.
 for
 since
 ago
We played softball ____ two hours yesterday afternoon.
 for
 since
 ago
Nail has been driving ____ hours.
 for
 since
 ago
I learned to drive 7 years ____.
 for
 since
 ago
Rachel has been studying ____ this morning.
 for
 since
 ago
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My husband and I went to Rome two years ____.
 for
 since
 ago
We have been so tired ____ last week.
 for
 since
 ago
Amanda always talks on the phone ____ hours with her boyfriend.
 for
 since
 ago
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 19th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/for-since-ago-1
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III. Now it’s your turn!! Write here a story. Use your previous knowledge about the adverbs to
relate your story. Write as much as you can. You can add some pictures. Remember that
you must use Past Simple and Present Perfect tense.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 1
• Modal Perfect
Pay attention to the following chart;
Perfect Modal Verbs

Modal Example
Would Have If I had known it, I would have taken some
precaution against what would happen.
Could have I could have taken the train.
May have I may have passed the math exam, but it
was in French.
Might have He might have sold the car, if he really
needed to pay his bills.
Should have You should have listened to your mom.
Must have She must have been crazy!
Shouldn’t have I shouldn’t have told them.
Ought to have We ought to have warned you earlier.
Adapted from: Lessons For English (n.d). Retrieved April 20th, 2021, from: https://lessonsforenglish.com/modals/perfect-tense-modals-and-example-
sentences/
What do you think about the next questions? Let’s compare answers with the class
and your teacher:
- Could you have imagined that Perfect Modal verbs exist?

- Could you have known that you can use perfect modals verbs in Perfect tenses?
Now it's time to start the lesson!!!
As we know, the model verbs express modality, such as possibility and probability. When we use them
with the infinitive form of the present perfect (“have” + past participle), modal verbs indicate a
speculation about things in the past. The uses of each one will be shown below according to the English
Grammar Blog.
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Uses
Must have
“Must Have” is used to express a logical conclusion about something that occurred in the past. We are
unsure of what exactly happened, but based on the evidence, we can come to some conclusion. As
opposed to “might have” or “may have”, as we will see later, “must have” expressed more certainty.
Examples:
• I never see George and Jane together anymore. They must have
separated.
(Ya nunca veo a George y Jane juntos. Se deben haber separado).
• I know you love Dan. It must have been difficult to say “no” to that date
with him.
(Sé que quieres a Dan. Debe de ser difícil para ti decir “no” a esa cita con él).
• They failed the exam. They must not have been paid attention in class.
(Ellos reprobaron el examen. No debieron haber puesto atención en la clase).
May have/ Might have
“May have” and “Might have” are used to express possibility in the past. The use of these two modal
perfects also express uncertainty.
Examples:
• I think this relationship may have worked, but we gave up too soon.
(Creo que esta relación podría haber funcionado, pero nos rendimos demasiado pronto).
• The team might have won if their star player hadn’t been injured.
(El equipo podría haber ganado si su jugador estrella no se hubiera lesionado).
• I don’t know, it might have been different if I were there.
(No sé, podría haber sido diferente si yo hubiera estado allí).
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Can’t have
“Can’t have” is used in a similar manner to “Must have”, but in the negative. We use “can’t have” when
we are fairly certain that something didn’t happen or wasn’t true in the past.
Examples:
• I know you love Dan. It can’t have been easy to say “no” to that date with him.
(Sé que quieres a Dan. No debió haber sido fácil para ti decir “no” a esa cita con él).
• Ron failed the exam. He can’t have been paying attention in class.
(Ron reprobó el examen. No debió haber prestado atención a la clase).
• We had a lot of work to do and little time. We can’t have finished everything.
(Teníamos mucho trabajo que hacer y poco tiempo. No podríamos haber terminado todo).
Could have
“Could have” is also used to express that something was possible in the past, but in fact it didn’t happen.
Examples:
• If it hadn’t stopped raining, Brian’s party could have been a disaster.

(Si no hubiera parado de llover, la fiesta de Brain podría haber sido un desastre.)
• I could have run faster, but I wanted to save my energy.
(Podría haber corrido más rápido, pero quería ahorrar mi energía.)
• He could have bought a new car, but he decided to use the money to go on
vacation.
(Él podría haber comprado un coche nuevo, pero decidió usar el dinero para ir de
vacaciones).
By the way, “Could have” in affirmative, is similar to “Might have” or “May have”, that it expresses
possibility in the past.
Examples:
• I think this relationship could have worked, but we gave up too soon.
(Creo que esta relación podría haber funcionado, pero nos rendimos demasiado pronto).
• The team could have won if their star player hadn’t been injured.
(El equipo podría haber ganado si su jugador estrella no se hubiera lesionado).
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• I don’t know, it could have been different if I were there.
(No sé, podría haber sido diferente si yo hubiera estado allí).
Actually, “Couldn’t have” can be used instead of “Can’t have”.
Example:
• I know you love Dan. It couldn’t have been easy to say “no” to that dame with him.
(Sé que quieres a Dan. No debió haber sido fácil para ti decir “no” a esa cita con él).
• I failed the exam. I couldn’t have been paying attention in class.
(Reprobé el examen. No debí haber prestado atención a la clase).
• We had a lot of work to do and little time. We couldn’t have finished everything.
(Teníamos mucho trabajo que hacer y poco tiempo. No podríamos haber terminado todo).
Should have/ Ought to have
Finally, “Should have” and “Ought to have” are used when something didn’t happen but it would have
been better if it had. Also in the negative form, these modals indicate that something happened but it
will have been better if it hadn’t.
Example:
• He told me, I should have studied more! (Él me lo dijo, debería haber estudiado más.)
• John ought to have gone to the doctor sooner. Now they say him, he will be a month before he
is fully recovered.
(John debería haber ido al médico antes. Ahora le dicen, que tardará un mes más en
recuperarse por completo).
• You shouldn’t have eaten that last slide of cake.
(No deberías haber comido la última rebanada de pastel).
• I shouldn’t have been angry with you, it wasn’t your fault.
(No debería haberme enfadado contigo, no fue culpa tuya).
Note: “Would have” is used to form the conditional in English. But we are going to
see this in the following units.
33
I. Fill in the blanks with the correct perfect modal:
MUST HAVE MIGHT HAVE COULDN'T HAVE SHOULD HAVE
COULD HAVE MAY HAVE CAN'T HAVE
1. I __________ gone to Moscow. I don’t have a passport.
2. Caroline and I are so selfish. We __________ been there for you!
3. You __________ seen him. He was standing next to you.
4. I explained it to her but they ___________ misunderstood - my Italian isn't very good.
5. I'll ask at the reception desk. Someone ____________ handed the keys in.
6. I don't know why there weren't any taxies yesterday. There _________ been a strike, but I'm
really not sure.
7. A: Jamie was at the pool party last night.
B: She ___________ been. She's in New York City.
8. I _____________ let her know what was happening but I forgot.
9. There was so much traffic. There ____________ been an accident or something like that.
10. I saw his Jeep in front of his house. He _____________ been there.
11. You ___________ called her yesterday. Now it's too late.
12. Thank you very much! I ___________ passed my exam without your help!
Adapted from: EnglishExercise.org (n.d). Retrieved April 20th, 2021, from https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=13008
34
II. Write 10 sentences using the “Modals Perfect”
Example:
- Edward failed the exam. He must not have been paid attention in class.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
35
Listening activity. Listen to the audio and answer the questions.
“Vacation Plans”
https://www.esl-lab.com/intermediate/vacation-plans/
Answer the following questions:
1. Where is the man going on vacation?
 Italy
 France
 Germany
2. Where did he meet Claudia?
 on the Internet
 at the post office
 at a music store
3. What advice does Markus give Pete about meeting Claudia's parents?
 smile and be friendly

 take a small gift
 be on time
4. What is one thing Markus does NOT say about greeting Claudia?
 shake her hand

 take her some flowers
 give her a friendly hug
5. Markus' final suggestion for Pete is that he should ____.
 visit Berlin during his visit

 buy souvenirs for Claudia's family
 brush up on his German
36
Homework 4
Taken from: iSLCollective. (2016). Retrieved April 20th, 2021, from: https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-worksheets/grammar/can-or-could/modals-and-
modal-perfects/88750
37
III. Choose the most appropriate modal verb to replace the modal verb in capital letters.
1. You went to Russia in February? It SHOULD have been cold!

 must
 could
 can
2. I MIGHT have stayed home. That film was terrible!

 will
 must
 should
3. It MUST not have been the best brownie you ever made, but it was still pretty good.
 should
 may
 can
4. It was a bad plan, but it OUGHT TO have been worse!

 could
 will
 must
5. What an awesome day! I MAY not have asked for more.

 must
 could
 may
Taken from: Cursos-Inglés. (n.d). Retrieved April 20th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/modal-perfects
38
✓ It’s time to evaluate this unit…
BE PREPARE FOR AN EXAMEN!!!
✓ Study your notes and follow your teacher’s

instructions.
GOOD LUCK ☺ !!!
39
UNIT 1 - EXAM!!! ☺
“INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR DE LAS

CHOAPAS"
-ENGLISH ACADEMY-
Name: _________________________________
Semester: _ Group: Career:_________
There are 25 questions in this exam and each question has only one true answer. Read carefully
and choose the best option.
1. To form it we use the auxiliary verb “to have” in the present simple tense, as well as the past
participle of the principal verb:
a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
2. Is used for actions or events that ended in the past, including the recent past:
a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
3. Is used for actions or events that are related to the present:

a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
40
4. We use the ________________ “already”, “just”, “still” and “yet” with a present perfect,
although they may be used with other verb tenses.
a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
5. Express modality, such as possibility and probability:

a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
6. When used with the infinitive form of the present perfect (“have” + past participle), modal
verbs don’t indicate a speculation about things in the past.
a) True
b) False
7. The present perfect is a mix of the present and the past. It is used for actions in the past
that have significance in the present.
a) True
b) False
8. The present perfect is used for actions or events that occurred at a specific time before the
present.
a) True
b) False
9. This ______________ make reference to time and their location within the sentence depends
on which of them we are using.
41
a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
10. We use the "______________" whenever data on the time or place of the action are
requested or specified:
a) Past Simple
b) Present Perfect
c) Modal perfect
d) Adverbs
11. I have never ___________ to Paris.

a) been
b) went
c) go
d) was
12. I am looking for my pen. I __________ it.

a) have lost
b) lost
c) did lost
d) was lost
13. I _____________ my homework yet.

a) have finish
b) has finished
c) did finished
d) haven't finished
42
14. My friend ______________ my new dress yet.
a) haven't seen
b) didn't see
c) hasn't see
d) hasn't seen
15. ________ you ever been to New York?

a) Are
b) Were
c) Have
d) Do
16. - '__________________ to Australia?'

- 'No, never.'
a) Have you ever been
b) Did you ever go
17. I _______________ to Australia when I was a student.

a) went
b) have been
18. I ______________ a cake. It's in the kitchen if you'd like a piece.

a) have made
b) made
19. Where ______________ this morning? I tried to call you but your phone was off.
a) have you been
b) were you
43
20. There ______________ an accident in the downtown and the road is closed to traffic.
a) was
b) has been
21. We have been attending the annual conference every year ____ 2005.
a) for
b) since
c) ago
22. He has taught English at the academy ____ 8 years now.

a) for
b) since
c) ago
23. The dog just got out, it MAY have gone far.
a) must
b) wouldn't have
c) can't have
24. If he had been in the competition he MUST have been the winner.
a) will
b) might
c) ought to
25. You MUST have brought a jacket. It´s so cold tonight!

a) should
b) may
c) will
44
Image from Columbia.edu
UNIT TWO
REVIEW 2
I. Past Perfect (Affirmative, negative and
interrogative).
II. Future tense Review (Future Simple vs.
Future Continuous.
III. Future Perfect (Affirmative, negative and
interrogative).
IV. Conditional Sentences (Zero, First, Second
& Third Conditional).
45
46
UNIT 2
• Past Perfect (Affirmative, Negative And Interrogative).
Let's start this lesson by practicing with some strange situations in which some
people are involved, you must explain what happened and why they found
themselves in this situation.
For example;
''Liam was seen running down the street with a crazy look on his face. What had happened?''
A: “He was running like crazy because he had been challenged by his classmates to declare his
love to the girl he likes or run down the street like that”.
Chris was
crying and his
mom looked
angry. What
had
happened?
Anne went to
her room, but
everything
was different
there. What
had
happened?
They were
crying with Billy couldn’t remember his
laughter. name and his head ached.
What had just What had happened?
happened?
47
After practicing, maybe you are asking why and for what I must use this tense!!!
Well, in line with the British Council, we use the past perfect to talk about the past
but not just any situation in the past. It means we use it when we're talking about
two events that happened in the past and when one event happened before the
other event. Also it helps you to order the actions in your story.
Now is time to begin with the lesson. So let’s learn more information about it confirming to the English
Grammar Blog, as its form, structures and uses.
“The past perfect is used for actions or events that happened in the past before another action or event
in the past”. It means that we use it to talk about finished actions that happened before a certain time
in the past.
48
Grammatical Rules
Form
Like the present perfect, the pass perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb “To have” (in the past simple
form) as well as the past possible. Look at the next chart;
Subject Auxiliary Short Form Past Participle

I, you, he, she, it, HAD I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, studied,
we, they we’d, they’d visited,
worked…
Taken from: English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/verb-tenses-
past-perfect/past-perfect
Note: be careful as the contraction “-‘d”. It’s also used with the modal verb “would” to form
the conditional. As such, the short form “I’d” can mean either “I had” or “I would”. These
two contractions are distinguished by the form of the principal verb that follows them. If we
mean “I had”, the principal verb is in the past participle form, whereas with the conditional
“Would”, is followed by the verb in the infinitive.
Structures
Affirmative
sentences
“Subject ☺ + HAD + past participle…”
I had (I’d) visited Rome before, so I knew where the Roman Coliseum was.
He had (He’d) studied Russian before he went to Moscow.
Alie changed careers because she had (she’d) worked as a lawyer for
many years and was bored.
49
Negative
sentences Subject ☺ + HAD + NOT + past participle…/
Subject ☺ + HADN’T + past participle…
I had not (hadn't) visited Rome before, so I didn't know where the Roman
Coliseum was.
He had not (hadn't) studied Russian before he went to Moscow.
Alie changed careers even though she had not (hadn't) worked as a lawyer
for long.
Interrogative
sentences
HAD + subject ☺ + past participle + ?
How did you know where the Roman Coliseum was? Had you visited
Rome before?
Had he studied Russian before he went to Moscow?
Had Alie worked as a lawyer for long before she changed careers?
50
Just to remind!!!
Past Perfect Tense
S + had + Past participle + S + had not/ hadn't + Past Had + S + Past participle +
c... participle + c... c... + ?
- Sam had finished the - Sam hadn't finished the - Had Sam finished the
exam. exam. exam?
Adapted from: 7ESL (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://7esl.com/past-perfect-tense/
Uses
In the following two charts you are going to find some usages that could help you to have
a better understanding.
Usage Example
To describe an action finished before another Kate had gone out when her husband arrive
past action home
Describe an action that happened before a George had never been in love before meet
specific time in the past her
To describe cause and effect I got late because there had had been an
(combine with simple past) accident
To emphasize the result of an activity in the I had been to Milan twice by the time I got a
past job in Dolce&Gabbana
Adapted from: 7ESL (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://7esl.com/past-perfect-tense/
51
1. We use the past perfect to refer to an event that began in the past and before another action or
event in the past. The action or event that happened first is in the past perfect and the one that
follows in the past simple.
- My wife had read the book before we watched the movie.

(My esposa había leído el libro antes de que vieramos la película).
- Danna had just left when he called her.
(Danna había salido justo cuando él le marcó).
2. The past perfect is used for actions or events that happened before a specific time in the past.
- Alina had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 5 am.
(Alina ya se había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 5 am).
- We hadn’t been to Turkey before our honeymoon in 2015.
(No habiamos estado en Turkia antes del nuestra luna de miel en 2015).
3. As with the present perfect, we also use the past perfect simple for situations that began in the
past and continued to a specific point in time in the past.
- Susan had only owned one car before she bought her new Audi.
(Susan solo había tenido un coche antes de que comprara su nuevo Audi).
- Edward had been depressed for a long time before he changed girlfriend.
(Edward había estado deprimido durante mucho tiempo antes de que cambiara de novia).
Adapted from: English Grammar Blog (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/verb-
tenses-past-perfect/past-perfect
52
I. Read the following story. Then answer the questions and highlight each past perfect example
that you find.
The Dance Competition.
Last night, George and Ann danced in a competition. They danced a salsa dance. They had
practiced for six months before they danced in the competition. They were very good.
George and Ann‘s friends were in the audience. Before that night, they had never seen George and
Ann dance. In fact, George and Ann had never danced in front of anyone before the competition.
After everyone had danced, the judges announced the winners. George and Ann won! They were
the best dancers in the competition. Ann said she had never practiced so hard before! She was
glad they had practiced a lot.
1. How long had Jorge and Ann practiced before the competition?
2. Before that night, who had seen George and Ann dance?
3. What happened after everyone had danced?
Adapted from: Really Leran English (2013). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://www.really-learn-english.com/support-files/past-perfect-story-
1.pdf
53
II. Choose the best option in the sentences below.
1. We _____ anything all day so we were very hungry.

 had eaten
 hadn't eaten
 hadn't ate
2. They _____ a lot the days before, so they were ready for the exam.
 had studied
 had study
 hadn't studied
3. _____ you _____ to that restaurant before?

 Had, go
 Had, went
 Had, been
4. We _____ never _____ a volcano before our trip.

 had, see
 had, seen
 hadn't, seen
5. She _____ up the kitchen by the time we arrived.

 has cleaned
 had cleaned
 hadn't clean
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/past-perfect-2
54
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. Julie didn't arrive until after I ___________ (leave).
2. After they ___________ (eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick.
3. She told me she ___________ (study) a lot before the exam.
4. The garden was dead because it ____________ (be) dry all summer.
5. When I arrived at the cinema, the film _____________ (start).
6. She said that she _____________ (not/visit) China before.
7. The lights went off because we _______________ (not/pay) the electricity bill.
8. My dad ____________ (not/use) email before, so I showed him how to use it.
9. The children _____________ (not/do) their homework, so they were in trouble.
10. Juliet and Anne ______________ (not/meet) before the party.
11. ________________ (John/meet) Lucy before they worked together?
12. ________________ (we/visit) my parents already that winter?
13. ________________ (she/see) the film already?
14. When she arrived _______________ (we/eat) already?
15. How many chamomile teas ______________ (she/drink) before the interview?
Adapted from: Perfect English Grammar (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-exercise-1.html
55
Homework 1
56
II. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb found into parentheses.
Example:
- Axel ____ (not/travel) alone before his trip to London.
A: had not traveled or hadn't traveled
1. I ____ (be) at home all day. I had to get out and go for a walk.
2. She ____ (not/teach) Italian before.
3. _____ you _____ (eat) breakfast when you left home?
4. We ____ (not/finish) the document when the computer crashed.
5. We _____ never _____ (see) a whale before our trip.
6. She ____ (prepare) dinner before leaving for work that day.
7. I ____ (do) all my homework when I went to class.
8. _____ you _____ (meet) her before?
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 21stth, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/past-perfect
57
UNIT 2
• Future Tense Review (Future Simple Vs. Future Continuous)
Future Simple
We can use will or be going to when using the simple future in English.
Will: form
Possitive Negative Interrogative
• ☺ + WILL + Verb in base • ☺ + WILL + NOT + Verb in • WILL + ☺ + Verb in base

form + complement base form + C form + C + ?
• ☺ + WON’T + Verb in
• I will love you forever. base form + C • Will I love you forever?
• I will not (won't) love you

forever.
Note: The verb is always in the base form.
58
Uses
Note: Be going to can also be used

to make a prediction.
Be going to: form
• ☺ + Verb to Be + GOING • ☺ + Verb to Be + NOT + • Verb to Be + ☺ + GOING

TO + Verb in base form + GOING TO + Verb in base TO + Verb in base form +
C form + C C+?
• Mark is going to play • Mark is not going to play • Is Mark going to play
soccer tomorrow. soccer tomorrow. soccer tomorrow?
59
Uses:
Future continuous
Future Continuous: Form
Both will and be going to have the same meaning when used in the continuous form.
Will: form
• ☺ + WILL + BE + Verb - • ☺ + WILL + NOT + BE + • WILL + ☺ + BE + Verb -

ING + complement Verb -ING + complement ING + C + ?
• ☺ + WON'T + BE + Verb -
• He will be waiting for you. ING + complement • Will he be waiting for you?
• He will be waiting for you.
60
Be going to: form
• ☺ + Verb to Be + GOING • ☺ + Verb to Be + NOT + • Verb to Be + ☺ + GOING

TO + BE + Verb -ING + C GOING TO + BE + Verb - TO + BE + Verb -ING + C
ING + C
• He is going to be learning • Is he going to be learning
French. • He isn't going to be French?
learning French.
Usage Example
To show a future action in progress during Andrew is not going to be teaching the next
another shorter future action or a specific time. semester.
Describe an action that happened before a When I arrive at the office tomorrow, Daniel is
specific time in the past going to be using the copier, Dave will be
making coffee, Anne will be talking with Stacy,
and my boss is going to be making a call.
Adapted from: Language on Schools (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from: https://languageonschools.com/free-english-lessons/verb-tenses/future-
simple-vs-future-continuous/
Similarities???
Maybe you’re wondering if there’s any similarity between the Future Simple and the Future
Continuous, well the answer is yes. Both are used to:
• Predict future events or plan.

• Talk about the future.
61
I. Write the words in the correct order.
1. They / gym / work / going / are / after / the / to
2. room / promise / later / will / she / she / clean / my
3. ? / do / we / this / what / going / are / to / weekend
4. going / week / they / next / skiing / are
5. He / call / after / her / work / will
6. rain / dark / it's / at / clouds / , / going / those / to / look
7. will / good / you / year / think / this / be / one / a
8. year / university / after / going / take / off / they / to / are / a
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 21st, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/future-simple-2
62
II. Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example
I ____ (study) in Paris next year.
will be studying or am going to be studying
1. Miky ____ (work) when we are there.
2. We ____ (not/make) much money in this new job.
3. He ____ (be) sad when you leave.
4. They ____ (fly) to New York this time tomorrow.
5. _____ she _____ (live) with her parents when she start university?
6. Don't worry. Our boss ____ (understand) your situation.
7. They ____ (run) the race tomorrow at 10 o'clock.
8. I ____ (study) all weekend if I don't start concentrating!
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 23rd, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/future-continuous
63
Listening activity. Listen to the audio and answer the questions.
“Summer vacations”
https://www.esl-lab.com/intermediate/summer-vacations/
Answer the following questions:

1. The woman wants to ______ on Monday.
a) walk along the river
b) go to the lake
c) visit the city park
2. The man doesn't want to go because he ___.

a) wants to see a movie instead
b) is worried about the sun
c) is busy with work
3. On Tuesday, the woman suggests ____.

a) driving in the mountains
b) visiting an art museum
c) going for a bike ride
4. On Wednesday, the woman to ____.

a) go fishing
b) have a barbecue
c) catch a movie
5. On Friday or Saturday, the woman would like to ____.

a) go shopping for clothing
b) play games at home
c) have a nice picnic
Taken from: ESL-Lab: “Summer Vacations”. (n.d). Retrieved April 23rd, 2021, from: https://www.esl-lab.com/intermediate/summer-vacations/
64
Homework 2
I. Complete the sentences with an appropriate future form. Choose between the Future Simple
(will or be going to) and the Future Continuous. More than one answer may be correct.
1. He looks hungry; I _________________________ (make) him a sandwich.
2. Marie and I probably _________________________ (not / come) to the party because it looks like
it _________________________ (rain).
3. He can’t have lunch at 2:00 because he _________________________ (have) an operation at that

time.
4. We _________________________ (celebrate) our birthday at a beautiful restaurant and you

_________________________ (fly) on a plane to Europe.
5. The class _________________________ (take) an exam at 9:00 Friday morning.
6. Promise her you _________________________ (not / call) before 10; she hates being woken up
early!
7. John, Ali and I _________________________ (go) to the gym after work today.
8. The guys _________________________ (have) a great time in the Bahamas!
9. She _________________________ (sleep) when you arrive so please try to be quiet.
65
II. Now it’s your turn!! Write here how do think your life will be in five years. Use your previous
knowledge about the Future Simple and Future Continuous tense to relate your story. Write as
much as you can. You can add some pictures.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
66
UNIT 2
• Future Perfect (Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative)
Answer the following questions and share your answers with your class.
• By this time tomorrow, will you have had breakfast?

• By the time you are 60, will you have traveled around the world?
• By this time tomorrow, will you have spent a lot of money?
• By the time you are 65, will you have become rich?
• By the time you are 50, will you have learnt three languages?
As we have seen in the previous lessons on the future tenses review, there are two ways to express
the future in English. In contrast to the future simple or future continuous, in the future perfect simple
the use of the two different forms as generally interchangeable.
67
Let’s start this lesson talking about its structure, so please pay attention and take notes in case you
need it.
Structure
As you already know, we can use two auxiliaries when we talk about future “will” and “going to”.
Affirmative
sentences Subject ☺ + “will have” + past participle + complement /
Subject ☺ + auxiliary verb (to be) + “going to have” + past
participle + complement
Noah’s birthday will (is going to) have ended by the time you finish work.
(El cumpleaños de Noah habrá terminado cuando salgas de trabajar).
We’ll (We’re going to) have eaten before we meet.

(Habremos comido antes de reunirnos).
Negative Subject ☺ + “will” + “not” (won’t) +” have” + past participle +

sentences
complement /
Subject ☺ + auxiliary verb (to be) + “not” + “going to have” +
past participle + complement
Noah’s birthday won’t (isn’t going to) have ended by the time you finish work.
(El cumpleaños de Noah no habrá terminado cuando salgas de trabar.)
We won’t (We’re not going to) have eaten before we meet.

(No habremos comido antes de reunirnos).
Taken from: English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 23rd, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/verb-tenses-
future-perfect/future-perfect
68
Interrogative
sentences Will + subject ☺ + “have” + past participle + complement + ? /
Auxiliary verb (to be) + subject ☺ + “going to have” + past
participle + complement + ?
Will (Is) Noah’s party (going to) have ended before you finish work?
(¿El cumpleaños de Noah habrá terminado antes de que salga del trabajo?).
Will (Are) we (going to) have eaten before we meet?

(¿Habremos comido antes de reunirnos?).
Uses
We can find two important usages about this tense.
1. We use the future perfect for actions that will have finished before another action in the
future. The future perfect can also be used to express something that will happen before
a specific time in the future.
Is Albert going to have trained enough before his first I won’t have become fluent in French by the time I leave
soccer game? for Paris next month.
(¿Albert habrá entrenado lo suficiente antes de su primer (No voy a tener fluidez en francés antes de ir a París el
partido de fútbol?). mes que viene).
2. The future perfect is use to show that something is going to continue until another
action or event in the future.
Kate is going to have worked for 30 years by the time she Next week, she’ll have lived in Canada for 5 years.
retires. (La semana que viene ella habrá vivido en Canadá
(Kate habrá trabajado durante 30 años cuando se jubile). desde hace 5 años).
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Make teams and practice the next game.
70
. Write the words in the correct order.
Example:
the / they / project / will / by / finished / have / Saturday
They will have finished the project by Saturday.
1. have / won't / he / he / lunch / arrives / when / eaten

_____________________________________________________________________
2. sights / leave / I / will / when / seen / the / London / have / I / all / ?

_____________________________________________________________________
3. will / by / 2023 / mortgage / paid / have / he / our / off

_____________________________________________________________________
4. learnt / tomorrow / won't / they / this / all / have / by / !

_____________________________________________________________________
5. seen / cousin / the / we / have / before / will / our / wedding / ?

_____________________________________________________________________
6. mother / cleaned / they / by / up / time / will / arrives / the / have / my

_____________________________________________________________________
7. the / before / won't / she / trained / enough / have / competition

_____________________________________________________________________
8. October / I / will / finished / novel / my / have / by

_____________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 23rd, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/future-perfect-2
71
Homework 3
72
Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example:
I ____ (not finish) by the deadline.
will not have finished
or
won't have finished
or
am not going to have finished
1. We ____ (arrive) before they leave.
_________________________________________________________________
2. The train ____ (leave) by the time we arrive.
__________________________________________________________________
3. How long _____ you _____ (be) married when your daughter is born?
__________________________________________________________________
4. George ____ (not eat) when he leaves work.
__________________________________________________________________
5. My granny ____ (make) lunch by the time I get home.
__________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 23rd, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/future-perfect
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UNIT 2
• Conditional Sentences (Zero, First, Second & Third Conditional).
Analyze the next situation:
Adapted from: from English Grammar in Use, (2012). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from English Grammar in Use, 4th edition, R. Murphy
What would you have done?
As you can notice in the previous situation, the use of the conditional implies that one action in a
sentence depends on the other. In agreement with the English Grammar Blog, the conditionals are
used to speak about both real and imaginary situations and also, are known as “if clauses”.
Keep in mind that there is no conditional verb tense in English as there is in other languages. Instead,
we use the auxiliary verb "would" to form the conditional.
So, let’s start this new lesson talking about The Conditionals.
There are four types of conditional sentences and the use of one type over the other reflects the
probability of the dependent action happening.
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Conditional types
Zero conditional
If + condition + , + result /
Result + if + condition
Zero conditional is used when the condition and the results are always
true, such as with scientific facts.
The zero conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and in
the main clause.
Zero Conditionals are also known as Type 0 conditionals (general truth –

general rule).
- If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
- Ice melts if you leave it in the sun.
- If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
- When you leave ice in the sun, it melts.
Taken from: Woodward English: Zero Conditional (n.d) and Curso-Ingles: Conditionals (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from:
https://www.grammar.cl/english/zero-conditional.htm & https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/conditionals/conditional-sentences
Note: we can change the order of the clauses without changing the meaning. Also,
with this type of conditional, we can substitute “when” for “if” without changing the
meaning.
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First conditional
If + Present Simple + , + Future Simple /
Result + if + condition
We use the first conditional for expressing the future and in cases when
the condition is very likely to occur.
The first conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and the future
simple in the main clause.
It is for things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met. In
a way, we are predicting a likely result in the future if a certain condition
happens.
- If it rains, I will get wet at home.
- I will get wet at home if it rains.
The first conditional is common when we are talking about possible

plans, promises, warnings, threats or for persuading someone. We are
predicting a likely result in the future if a condition is fulfilled.
- If we go to France next month for work, we’ll visit the Eiffel Tower.
Taken from: Woodward English: First Conditional (n.d) and Curso-Ingles: Conditional (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from:
https://www.grammar.cl/english/first-conditional.htm & https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/conditionals/conditional-sentences
Note: we can use certain model verbs instead of “will” to change the probability of
the condition or to express an opinion.
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Second
conditional If + Past Simple + , + ...Would + Verb /
Conditional verb (would + verb) + If + Past
Simple
The second conditional is used to express an unreal possibility in the present,
such as a wish or dream, or for an action in the future that is not very probable.
The second clause of subject + would + verb (conditional verb) is conditional to

the first clause happening (or will only happen if the first part/clause happens).
We use a past verb though are imagining the present or the future to be different.
- If I won the lottery, I would travel to all the European Union.
- I would travel to all the European Union if I won the lottery.
Note that with the verb To Be we use IF + I / HE / SHE / IT + WERE.

The reason we use WERE instead of WAS is because the sentence is in the
Subjunctive mood.
- If he were taller, I'd be accepted him his date.
Taken from: Woodward English: Second Conditional (n.d) and Curso-Ingles: Conditionasl (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from:
https://www.grammar.cl/english/second-conditional.htm & https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/conditionals/conditional-
sentences
Note: as with the first conditional, we can use other modal verbs instead of “would”
to change the meaning or possibility of the clause. Also, COULD can be used
instead of WOULD to make the hypothetical present or future more likely.
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Third
conditional If + Past Perfect + , + would have + past
participle /
Would have + If + past perfect
As opposed to the first and second conditional, the third conditional is
used to speak about a condition in the past that has not occurred.
This tense can be used to say that you regret doing something or when
you are telling someone off (reproaching someone). This type of
conditional can also be used when making excuses.
When we are talking about something in the past which cannot be

altered now, we use this conditional.
- If I had seen him, I would have said him hello.
- I would have said him hello If I had seen him.
Taken from: Woodward English: Third Conditional (n.d) and Curso-Ingles: Conditionals (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from:
https://www.grammar.cl/english/third-conditional.htm & https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/conditionals/conditional-sentences
Note: as with the first and second conditionals, we can use other modal verbs
instead of “would” to change the meaning or possibility of the clause.
In general:
- Zero conditional refers to facts.
- First conditional and Second conditional refer to the present or future. However second
conditional sentences suggest it is less probable or imaginary.
- Third conditional refers to the past.
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- Practice speaking.
79
80
I. Fill the blank space with the missing lyrics of the song. Your teacher will play it twice. Listen
carefully!
If I were a boy- Beyoncé/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWpsOqh8q0M
If ____________ boy [Chorus]

Even just for a day ______ were a boy
I’d roll outta bed in the _________ I think I could understand
And throw on what I wanted then go How it ___________ love a girl
Drink beer with the guys I swear I’d be a better man.
And chase after girls I’d listen to her
I’d kick it with who I wanted Cause I know how it _________
And I’d never _______________ for it. When you lose the one you wanted (wanted)
Cause they’d stick up for me. Cause he’s taken you for granted (granted)
And everything you had got destroyed
[Chorus]
If I were a boy [Bridge]
I think I _____________________ It’s a little too late for you to ______________
How it feels to love a girl Say its just a mistake
I swear I’d be a better man. Think I’d forgive you like that
I’d listen to her If you thought I _____________ for you
Cause I know how it hurts You thought wrong
When you lose the one you wanted
Cause he’s taken you for granted [Chorus 2]
And everything you ____________ destroyed But you’re just a boy
You don’t understand
[Verse] Yeah you ______________________
If I were a boy How it feels to love a girl someday
I ________________ my phone You wish you were a better man
Tell everyone it’s broken You don’t listen to her
So they’d think that I ______________ alone You don’t care how it hurts
I’d put myself first Until you lose the one you wanted
And make the rules as I go Cause you’ve _____________ for granted
Cause I know that she’d be faithful And everything you have got destroyed
Waitin’ for me to come home (to come home) But you’re just a boy…
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II. Write 15 sentences using each Conditional (Zero, First, Second and Third conditional) seen
during this lesson.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
11. ___________________________________________________________________________
12. ___________________________________________________________________________
13. ___________________________________________________________________________
14. ___________________________________________________________________________
15. ___________________________________________________________________________
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Homework 4
I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb found in parentheses.
Example:
- If they win the lottery, they will buy (buy) a new house.
1. If I spoke better English, I _________ (move) to the UK.
2. If it ________ (rain), he shouldn’t go to the movies.
3. Thomas and James _________ (wait, not) in the rain, you had called them to tell them you were
going to be late.
4. If we ____ (work) less, we would have more time to study.
5. It would have been a nice trip, if she ________ (break, not) her arm.
6. _____ we _____ (go) to a different play if you can't get tickets to "Wicked"?
7. If she were taller, she _______ (wear, not) high heels.
8. _______ he ______ (be) angry if I hadn't called to tell you I would be late?
Adapted from: Curso-Ingles (n.d). Retrieved April 26th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/conditional-sentences
83
II. Complete the conditional sentences
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Teach This: Worksheets, activities & games (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from: https://www.teach-
this.com/images/resources/conditional-cards.pdf
84
Image from Nitusharma
UNIT
THREE
Adding Up your English
I. Passive voice
II. Direct speech, Reported speech
III. Adding information, Sequencing and
Summarizing
85
UNIT 3
• Passive voice
Compare the following two sentences;
1. Thomas Alva Edison invented the first electric light bulb in 1879.
2. The first electric light bulb was invented in 1879.
Adapted from: English Unlimited (2014). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from English Unlimited, Tilbury, Clementson,Hendra & Rea
What do you notice? Is there something similar or different? Does the meaning or general idea change?
The first one is an active sentence. It means that the writer is most interested in Thomas Alva Edison.
The sentence could be from an article about Edison’s life.
In the second one, it’s a passive sentence. Here the writer is most interested in the first electric light
bulb. This sentence could be from an article about the history of the light bulb.
Also, you can use by to say who does/ did the action in a passive sentence;
- The first electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879.
But often we don’t use by because we don’t know who did the action, or it’s not important;
- Did you know? John was hired in that important company yesterday.
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So just have something in mind! When the action of the verb is focused on
the subject, it’s an active voice. But when we want to give more importance
to the action, rather than the subject, we use what is known as the passive
voice.
Examples;
- I lost my suitcase in the airport. (Active voice).

- My suitcase was lost in the airport. (Passive voice).
Grammatical rules
The passive is formed using the auxiliary verb “to be” and the past participle of the principal verb.
“Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + past participle...”

- The company is run by Mr. Guerrero
To change the sentence from an active one to a passive one,

there are several points to keep in mind:
2. The principal 4. If in the passive

verb in the active we mention the
1. The object of an
voice is substituted 3. The subject in subject who
active voice
by the auxiliary the active voice completed the
sentence becomes
verb “to be”, in the becomes the action, this subject
the subject of the
same verb tense, compliment in the is normally
sentence in the
and the verb is passive. introduced in the
passive.
them in the past passive with a
participle form. preposition “by”.
Taken from: English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 24th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/passive-
voice/the-passive-voice
87
Uses
2. We use the active voice when we

want to give more importance to the
1. We use the passive voice when we
action and not who completed the
don’t know who completed the action.
action or when we don’t want to say
who completed the action.
The roses from my garden were stolen. A mistake was made.
The house was built in 1910. A baby girl was born this morning.
Note: we cannot use the passive voice with intransitive verbs such as “die, arrive
or go” because these verbs are not used with direct objects.
Taken from: English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/passive-
voice/the-passive-voice
88
89
II. Change the active sentences into passive voice. If possible, drop the unimportant by phrase.
1. People in Canada speak English and French.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Dan will send the email.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. The mechanic fixed my bicycle.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Aline has used the Xbox all day.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. My students will give a presentation on Friday.
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Brian and Donna have eaten the biscuits.
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Someone has stolen my cellphone!
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. My dad receives the newspaper every day.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Outstanding! (2019). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from Outstanding! Dubinsky, Keane & Cornisi.
90
Homework 1
91
II. Complete the sentence with the verb in parentheses in the passive voice.
Example:
The bridge was built (build) in 1961.
1. A new avenue _________ (construct) next year.
2. My apartment _________ (clean) yesterday.
3. My students __________ (give) homework every lesson.
4. The research _________ (complete) by this coming Monday.
5. The law _____ (review) by the committee at the moment.
III. Put the words in order to make passive sentences.
1. Ago / a week / this bill / sent / was
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. The telephone / by / invented / Alexander Bell / was
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Of the Earth / is / two-thirds / covered / with water
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. In 1800 / invented / the electric battery / invented / was
_______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: English Unlimited (2014). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from English Unlimited, Tilbury, Clementson,Hendra & Rea.
92
UNIT 3
• Direct speech & Reported speech
Study the next situation;
Kate
If we want to tell somebody what Kate said, there are two ways of doing:
1. We can repeat Kate’s words (direct speech); Kate said “I am feeling tired”.
2. Or we can use reported speech; Kate said that she was feeling tired.
Now, let’s compare both structures:
Direct: Kate said “I am feeling tired”.
Reported: Kate said that she was feeling tired.
In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech.
When we want to communicate or report what another person has said, there are two ways of doing
so:
- Direct speech
- Indirect or reported speech.
Adapted from: English Grammar in Use (2012). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from English Grammar in Use by Murphy R.
93
Direct speech
Direct speech
We use Direct speech to report exactly what another person has said. In
direct speech, what the person has said, is placed within quotation marks
(“…”) and should be word by word.
- "I want to buy a new car", Anna said.
- She doesn't have much free time", Clare said.
- Daniel asked me, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow
night?”
Indirect / Reported speech
With reported speech, as opposed to direct speech, we don’t use quotation marks and it doesn’t have
to be word by word. In general, when we use indirect or reported speech, the verb tense changes.
We sometimes use “that” in affirmative and negative sentences to introduce what the other person has
said and interrogative sentences, if or whether are used.
As reported by the English Grammar Blog, below you are going to find a table with an explanation of
the tense changes in indirect or reported speech.
Note: when we speak about something that has not changed (that is still true) or
something in the future, we don’t need to change the verb tense.
94
Direct speech Reported speech
Present simple Past simple
"I'm French", he said. He said he was French.
Present continuous Past continuous
Greg said, "Why are you studying?". He asked me why I was studying.
Past simple Past perfect simple
"I didn't want to work", she said. She said that she hadn't wanted to work.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
They said, "We were waiting for you". They told me they had been waiting for me.
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
George said, "I have never been in love". George said that had never been in love.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
"I've been working here for 5 years", she She said she'd been working there for 5
said. years.
Past perfect simple Past perfect simple (NO CHANGE)
"I'd been to Florence before for bussiness", Dan said that he'd been to Florence before
Dan said. for bussiness.
Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous (NO CHANGE)
They said, "We'd been practicing ballet for They said they'd been practicing ballet for
many years". many years.
95
Note: keep in mind that time expressions also change in report in speech. Note the changes
in time in the examples below and at the end of the lesson you’ll find a table with more
information regarding the changes and expressions of time and reported speech.
Modal verbs
The verb tense also changes in reported speech with some of the modal verbs. Let’s see this in keeping
with the English Grammar Blog.
Note: with “would, could, should, might and ought to” the verb tense doesn’t change.
Will Would
They said they would go to the park the

"We'll go to the park tomorrow", they said
next day.
Can
below is a table with an explication Could
of how expressions of time change in indirect or reported speech.
below is a table with an explication of how expressions of time change in indirect or reported speech.
"Can you open the door, please?", she
She asked me if I could open the door.
asked.
below is a table with an explication of how expressions of time change in indirect or reported speech.
below is a table with an explication

Must of how expressions of time change Had
in indirect
to or reported speech.
Mom said, "You must wear a sweater". My mom said I had to wear a sweater.
Shall Should
"Shall we dance?", Carl asked. Carl asked me if we should dance.
May Might/ Could
Jake said, "I may not be in my work Jake said he might not be in his work the
tomorrow". next day.
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Below is a table with an explication of how expressions of time change in indirect or reported speech
conforming to the English Grammar Blog.
Today Would
They said they would go to the park the next

Tonight
day.
This week/ month/ year Could
Tomorrow She asked me if I could open the door.
Next week/ month/ year Had to
Yesterday The day before or the previous day
The week/ month year before or the

Last week/ month/ year
previous week/ month/ year
Now Then/ at that moment
Other changes Might/ Could
Here There
97
98
II. Ask your partner the following questions making sure to take good notes. After you have
finished the questions, find a new partner and report what you have learned about your first
partner using reported speech.
1. What is your favorite sport and how long have you been playing/doing it?
2. What are your plans for your next vacation?
3. How long have you known your best friend?
4. What kind of music do you like? Have you always listened to that kind of music?
5. What did you use to do when you were younger that you don't do anymore?
6. Do you have any predictions about the future?
7. Can you tell me what you do on a typical Saturday afternoon?
8. What were you doing yesterday at this time?
9. Which two promises will you make concerning learning English?
Adapted from: Using Reported Speech: ESL Lesson Plan (n.d). Retrieved April 26th, 2021, from: https://www.thoughtco.com/using-reported-speech-
1210687
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Homework 2
100
II. Write the following sentences in reported speech
Example:
- I am sad
I said (that) I was sad.
1. They are getting married next month
________________________________________________________________________________
2. I saw him at the party yesterday
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Jane wants to go on holiday
________________________________________________________________________________
4. They don’t enjoy their job very much
________________________________________________________________________________
5. My bag was stolen a few days ago
________________________________________________________________________________
6. He’ll tell Tom he saw you yesterday
________________________________________________________________________________
7. Kate wasn’t happy
________________________________________________________________________________
8. We will have been happy
________________________________________________________________________________
9. I have been eating
________________________________________________________________________________
10. He has been working
________________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 3
• Adding information, Sequencing and Summarizing
Have you ever wanted to tell a friend a story and you don't know what words to use to join ideas, to
sequence it or summarize it? In this lesson, you will learn about linking words, adding, sequencing, and
summarizing your stories.
According to the English Grammar Blog, linking words sometimes also referred to as “connectors”, are
words that link or relate to ideas, either within a sentence (connecting to clauses) or within a paragraph
(linking to sentences). Linking words have various functions, such as for contrasting information,
making comparisons, adding information or giving reasons or explanations. Using the incorrect linking
word can entirely change the meaning of the sentence and can cause quite a bit of confusion. It is
therefore important to have a good understanding of the various meetings and uses of these words.
These words are also a great way of improving your English as they allow you to express yourself in a
more complex manner. So, we will learn an explanation of the various functions of linking words and
the grammatical rules for their use.
102
Adding information
The following list includes linking words used to add or provide more information. So, take notes of this!
And
Taken from:English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 28th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/linking-words/sequencing-and-summarizing.
The most common linking word for adding information, “and” is used within sentences, frequently
in lists which are separated by commas, though a comma is never used before or after the and.
Also
“Also” is used between a subject and verb to give extra information or to give emphasis.
In addition
Frequently found at the beginning of a sentence, “in addition” is used to add information to the
previous sentence.
As well as
This linking word and be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Too
“Too” may be found at either the end of a sentence or between the subject and verb. It means “as
well”.
Besides
Generally found at the beginning of a sentence, “besides” has a very similar meaning to “as well
as”.
Furthermore
This more formal linking word adds additional information to an idea and is generally found at the
beginning of a sentence.
Moreover
Like “furthermore” this connector adds additional information to an idea and is generally found at
the beginning of a sentence.
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Sequencing ideas
Firstly, secondly... lastly The following
When we want to present

a sequence of ideas, we
can use these linking
words:
These linking words are always found Although most often found at the
at the beginning of a sentence and are beginning of a sentence, it can also be
always followed by a comma. found within the sentence.
Summarizing
The following linking words are generally used at the beginning of a paragraph to summarize what
was said or written. All of these summarizing linking words are used at the beginning of a sentence
and are followed by a comma.
In conclusion
To conclude
In summary
In short/ brief
Taken from: English Grammar Blog. (n.d). Retrieved April 28th, 2021, from: https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/linking-
words/sequencing-and-summarizing. https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-avanzado/linking-words/adding-information
104
I. Complete the sentence with the correct word: and / too / in addition / as well as / besides /
also / furthermore
Example:
- As well as being a model, she is a successful writer.
1. Sam loves painting and he __________ is interested in art.
2. ________ to his 5 cats, he also has 3 parrots.
3. I need to buy meat and beans, _______ I need bread.
4. ________ having health problems, they are now going through a divorce.
5. This hotel has beautiful views of the sea. _________, it has easy access to the beach.
II. Choose the best option.

1. There are many reasons to study English. _____, it is an international language.
a) First
b) Firstly
c) Second
2. The _____ verbs are irregular in the past tense: be, do, get, see.
a) firstly
b) follow
c) following
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3. To _____, there are many advantages to learning English.
a) conclude
b) conclusion
c) summary
4. And _____, you will have more job opportunities if you speak English.
a) second
b) last
c) lastly
5. _____, the advantages to learning English are multiple.

a) To conclusion
b) In conclusion
c) To summary
Taken from: Curso-Ingles. (n.d). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/sequencing-and-summarizing
106
Homework 3
I. Choose the best option.
1. Sunny works a lot. ____ to running her own company, she works as a consultant for others.
a) And
b) In addition
c) Furthermore
d) Also
2. His daughter works a lot _____.

a) as well as
b) moreover
c) too
d) besides
3. Be an active person and do exercise is good for your physical health. _____, it is good for your
mental health.
a) Moreover
b) Also
c) And
d) As well as
4. _____ exercise your body, you must diet if you want to lose weight.
a) And
b) Besides
c) Furthermore
d) Moreover
5. My nice is allergic to broccoli, onion _____ mushrooms.

a) in addition
b) also
c) furthermore
d) and
Taken from: Curso-Ingles. (n.d). Retrieved April 25th, 2021, from https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/adding-information
107
II. Now it’s your turn!! Write here what you think about the next topic given. Use your previous
knowledge about this lesson to give your personal opinion. Write as much as you can. This
homework will help you for your project, so, focus on it and do your best!
"Virtual classes, causes and effects"

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Image from Clipart
UNIT FOUR
Final Project
I. The Debate!
109
UNIT 4
• The debate.
“The Debate”
La Coordinación de Lengua Extranjera del TecNM Campus
Las Choapas, presenta el siguiente proyecto de trabajo final
para los estudiantes de Inglés del actual 8vo semestre.
I Bases:
1. Todos los estudiantes inscritos en 8vo semestre de nuestra institución deberán presentar su
video proyecto.
2. El video proyecto otorgará la calificación parcial de la cuarta unidad, misma que se promediará
con las calificaciones obtenidas en las unidades 1ª, 2ª y 3ª para obtener la calificación final
semestral.
3. Fecha de entrega del video proyecto: 2 de junio 2021
4. Participación por proyecto: En equipos (Creados por los mismos alumnos. Una vez establecido
los integrantes de los equipos, no se realizaran cambios).
5. Tema:
a) "Virtual classes, causes and effects"
“Clases virtuales, causas y efectos”.
II Estructura del video:
1. Duración: Mínimo 5 minutos, máximo 8 minutos.

2. Todos los alumnos del equipo deberán aparecer a cuadro.
3. Idioma: El video deberá ser grabado completamente en Inglés.
4. El video proyecto deberá contener:
a) Preparación
110
b) Desarrollo
c) Conclusiones y cierre
5. Cada estudiante deberá subir su video a su drive personal (Google, iCloud, One Drive, o la nube
de su preferencia) y deberá enviar los enlaces para que los docentes puedan accesarlos y
calificarlos.
6. NO se aceptarán videos enviados por correo, porque el peso de dicho producto dificulta su
manejo, se deberán enviar links (enlaces) a sus nubes o drives para poder ser revisados.
7. Además del video, los estudiantes deberán enviar el script o guion del mismo para que el
docente pueda revisar el uso del idioma.
III Calificación:
1. La calificación máxima a obtener es 100, siendo la mínima aprobatoria 70.

2. A los estudiantes se les proporcionará la rúbrica correspondiente para que sepan cómo se
integrará su calificación. (Anexo 2).
3. La calificación del video contará como la calificación parcial de la 3ª unidad y se promediará con
las calificaciones de las dos unidades previas.
IMPORTANTE: Todas las situaciones especiales de los alumnos y las que surjan durante el periodo
de tiempo en el que los videos proyectos deberán ser entregados, tendrán que ser comunicadas en
tiempo y forma a los docentes de Inglés de sus respectivas clases para encontrar una solución a dichas
situaciones.
111
ANEXO 1
Si no conoces qué es y cómo se realiza un debate, te invito a que leas la siguiente guía titulada “Guía
para realizar un Debate”, elaborada por la Universidad de Cordoba, Colombia.
112
ANEXO 2 (Rúbrica del video proyecto)
Nivel de
logro Excelente Bueno Debe mejorar Total
Categoría
Se apega al tiempo Excede el máximo o Excede el máximo o

establecido por el no llega al mínimo del no llega al mínimo del
Duración docente. tiempo establecido. tiempo establecido.
(+/- 1 min) (+/- 2 min)
10 pts. 5 pts. 3 pts.
Argumenta y sustenta Frecuentemente sus Ocasionalmente las
todas las ideas argumentos fueron ideas argumentadas
planteadas de forma sustentados. fueron sustentadas.
objetiva. Los Muestra una No muestra
Contenido contenidos muestran secuencia lógica. una secuencia lógica.
una secuencia lógica. Escuchó a sus
compañeros pero se
distrajo y no analizó
sus argumentos.
15 pts. 10 pts. 5 pts.
Demuestra un uso Demuestra un buen No demuestra un uso
correcto, coherente, y uso del inglés, con correcto y/o dominio
adecuado del inglés y algunas fallas en básico del inglés y su
tiene buena pronunciación y/o mensaje se tiene
Uso del inglés pronunciación. gramática que no poca claridad,
afectan el mensaje aunque se entiende.
final.
25 pts. 20 pts. 10 pts.

Durante todo el Frecuentemente Ocasionalmente el
debate mostró mostró conocimiento conocimiento y
Conocimiento conocimiento y y dominio del tema. dominio del tema fue
y dominio del dominio total del bueno.
tema tema.
25 pts 15 pts. 5 pts.

El audio y el video El audio y el video El audio y el video no
son claros, cuenta son claros, tiene son muy claros, no
con buena buena iluminación la tiene buena
Audio y video Iluminación, calidad mayor parte del Iluminación, el audio
de audio y presenta video, audio no se entiende y no
una excelente edición aceptable y presenta está bien editado.
una buena edición
15 pts 10 pts. 5 pts.
Las conclusiones del Las conclusiones del Las conclusiones del
debate superaron los debate estuvieron a debate mostraron un
argumentos la par los argumentos nivel de síntesis y
Las planteados. planteados. análisis menos al de
conclusiones los argumentos
superan a los planteados y no
argumentos mostraron relación
con el tema.
10 pts 10 pts 10 pts
TOTAL FINAL
113
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117

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ENGLISH

Present perfect (Affirmative, negative, interrgative) …………………………………………. 2

Present perfect vs. Past Simple ………………….…………………………………….………. 11

Adverbs: Already, Just, Still, Yet, For, Since, Ago ………………………………….………. 19

Modal Perfect ……………………………………………………………………………….……… 30

Past perfect (Affirmative, negative and interrogative) ………………….………………….. 47

Future tense Review (Future simple vs. Future Continuous) …………………….……….. 58

Future perfect (Affirmative, negative and interrogative) ……………………………….….. 67

Conditional Sentences (Zero, First, Second & Third Conditional) ………………………. 74

UNIT 3: ADDING UP YOUR ENGLISH

Passive voice ……………………………………………………………………………………… 86

Direct speech and Reported speech ………………………………………………...………... 93

Adding information, Sequencing and Summarizing …………………………………….... 102

UNIT 4: THE DEBATE! – FINAL PROJECT

The Debate! ..……………………………………………………………………………………… 110

References ..…………………………………………………………………………………......………... 114

• Have you ever traveled to another country?

According to British Council, the objective of this

Subject Auxiliary verb Short form Past Participle

he, she, it HAS he’s, she’s, it’s talked, learned, traveled…

Verb Past Simple Past Participle

I have [I’ve] talked to Carlos. (Yo he hablado con Carlos).

She has [She's] been to Paris. (Ella ha ido a París).

We have [We've] learned Italian. (Nosotros hemos aprendido Italiano).

I have not [haven't] talked to Carlos. (Yo no he hablado con Carlos).

She has not [hasn't] been to Paris. (Ella no ha ido a París).

We have not [haven't] learned Italian. (Nosotros no hemos aprendido

Have I talked to Carlos? (¿He hablado con Carlos?).

Has she been to Paris? (¿Ella ha ido a París?).

Have we learned Italian? (¿Nosotros hemos aprendido Italiano?).

Have you been (be) to Italy?

1. I __________________ (not/study) for my test.

II. Write the words in the correct order.

years / known / he / her / for / has / 2

He has known her for 2 years.

1. Russia / ever / you / have / to / gone / ?

2. eaten / never / has / he / rabbit

4. plane / yet / arrived / our / hasn't

5. have / 2019 / we / been / since / married

6. ? / motorcycle / long / how / had / her / have / she

7. restaurant / times / the / month / they / gone / this / have / to / four

8. hasn’t / phone / still / July / her / found

Let's see the following comparison chart to understand better:

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

☺ + Verb in Past Simple form + complement ☺ + Have/Has + Verb in Past Participle

Finished time Unfinished time

Definite time Indefinite time

Series of finished actions Experience

Repeated actions Result

Never: They have seen a movie yesterday.

So, just to remind…

For Since Just Already

Yet Still Ever Never

➢ July and Mark WENT (go) to the movies last night.

1. Joe ________ (see) that movie four times already.

➢ Did she enjoy (enjoy) the game?

So, let’s start with them.

• James has took two pills, but he still has a headache.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. I ____ walked to the park. Can I call you later?

2. They are ____ rehearsing for the fest.

4. Have you gone to the store ____?

5. She _____ started that new job and he is _____ complaining.

5. She _ started that new job and he is _ complaining.