TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Stakes - a strong wooden or metal post with a point at one end, driven into the ground to support a
tree, form part of a fence, act as a boundary mark, etc.

Construction staking, also known as “Construction Layout,” is the process of analyzing and interpreting
architectural and civil engineering plans and calculating appropriate offset survey points and elevations.
It also involves placing stakes in the field that mark the location and elevation of proposed grades,
detention ponds, utility structures, curb and gutter, buildings or any other improvements as shown on
the approved engineering design drawing or architectural plans. These stakes are set for each stage of
construction, from rough grading to project completion.

Staking Procedures

The contractor can move to various stages in the construction of underground utilities, walls for
retention, buildings, site lighting, and car parking or paving of streets once the site is inspected and
approved by the local agency.

This process of site design staking usually starts with underground features such as sanitary sewer lines,
water lines or electrical lines, etc. Once all underground services have been built, the above-mentioned
features are combined. The corners of the house are lined with any internal grid lines in the building as
well as objects on the grounds, such as fires, curbs and gutters, walls/plants, collection basins, and
drainage areas.

Materials used in staking

 WORKPLACE LOCATION.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Hammer Marking Tools Measuring Tools Steel Square Try-square. Hand
Saw Chalk Line Water Hose Level Plumb Bob PPE Circular Saw.
 TRAINING MATERIALS Leaning Packages Bond paper Ball pens Manuals Related References.

TRANSIT LEVEL–Instrument used to measure and layout horizontal and verticalangles, distance.
Direction and differences in elevation

LAYING SQUARE–Instrument made of wood with 6–8–10 measurement used inlaying out building lines

PEGS -Wood fastening to the ground that act as a post for the batter board

NAILS / COMMON WIRE NAIL–An object made of metal used for fastening woodtogether, A wire headed
in one end and pointed in the other and used as a marker inthe center of the stakes

PENCIL–A marking instrument used to mark the position of the building lines

PLUMB BOB–A pointed conical shaped weight to hang on a line, the weight thatcauses to hang in an
exact vertical position and the bob locates the point directlybeneath the above position from which the
line is suspended

SLEDGE HAMMER–A heavy hammer used for driving stakes and pegs to the surfaceof the ground

SPIRIT LEVEL–A tool used to determine if a surface is horizontal or vertical. A woodor metal straight edge
containing one or more glasses

STAKE–A stick or wood sharpened at one end and set into the ground to act asboundary/ corner mark

STEEL SQUARE–A flat steel square used by carpenter in framing squaring a buildingthe body of the
square is usually 24” long and the tongue is 16” long

STEEL TAPE/ PULL PUSH TAPE RULE -A measuring tool used in measuring lengthwidth and thickness and
marking out building and other long distance surfaces

8STRING / CHORD–A material used for laying out building lines over the batter boards

TRANSPARENT HOSE/ PLASTIC HOSE–A leveling instrument used in laying outbuilding lines in the
absence of a transit or a spirit level

TRY SQUARE -A tool made by fixing metal blade at a right angle to a heavier base orstraight edge. Used
to test the squareness of the surface and joints; a tool used as aguide in marking the building lines in a
batter board.
A claw hammer is a tool primarily used for driving nails into, or pulling nails from, someother object.
Generally, a claw hammer is associated with woodworking but is notlimited to use with wood products.

A crosscut saw (thwart saw) is any saw designed for cutting wood perpendicular to(across) the wood
grain. Crosscut saws may be small or large, with small teeth closetogether for fine work like
woodworking or large for coarse work like log bucking, andcan be a hand tool or power too