WFUDFWQOMB MH TFBOMU COJC TDCMMN TQVAFBQT MB QCF FSOTQFBDF

MH TQU@BA-E@TFA AOTDUOLOB@QOMB @BA EO@T OB QCF HU@BDOTD@B
DMNNFJF MH QCF OLL@DVN@QF DMBDFWQOMB

@ Ufsf`rdc Ttuay
Wrfsfbtfa tm tcf H`dunty mh tcf
Afp`rtlfbt mh tcf Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn
Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb, Obdmrpmr`tfa
E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf

Ob W`rto`n Hunhonnlfbt
mh tcf Ufquorflfbts mh
Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn Ttuafbts ob
Wr`dtod`n Ufsf`rdc 5
(Pu`btot`tovf Ufsf`rdc)

@xn Hotzjfr`na N. Eun`w`b

Hro`l Nybacfn M. J`nfbzmj`
Fadofn Jrfjmry T. J`nms
Bfon Uokkm F. Xoa`nnmb
Kolefrny @bb D. @rdfb`
Fn`oz` L`f Q. @rfv`nm
N`ay L`y W. Dmrftodm
L`f Kynf E. Jo`b`b
Jr`af 05 — @EL
@EL

BMXFLEFU 570?
 

oo 

@WWUMX@N W@JF

Ob hunhonnlfbt mh tcf rfquorflfbts hmr Wr`dtod`n Ufsf`rdc 5, tcos rfsf`rdc p`pfr

fbtotnfa, „WFUDFWQOMB MH QCF FSOTQFBDF MH TQU@BA-E@TFA
AOTDUOLOB@QOMB
AOTDUOLOB@QOMB @BA EO@T MH TFBOMU COJC TDCMMN TQVAFBQT OB QCF
HU@BDOTD@B DMNNFJF MH QCF OLL@DVN@QF DMBDFWQOMB“ c`s effb
 prfp`rfa `ba suelottfa ey EVN@Z@B,
EVN@Z@B, @SN HOQYJFU@NA N.; J@NFBYMJ@, HUO@L
N_BACFN M.; J@NMT, FADOFN JUFJMU_ T.; XOA@NNMB, BFON UOKKM F.;
@UDFB@, KOLEFUN_ @BB D.; @UFX@NM, FN@OY@ L@UOF Q.; DMUFQODM, N@A_
L@_ W.; `ba JO@B@B, L@F K_NF E. wcm cfrfey rfdmllfbafa hmr tcf hob`n
fx`lob`tomb.

@pprmvfa ey tcf troeub`n mh tcf Hob`n Fx`lob`tomb

LU. UMXFN O. XFNMTM

W`bfnost

LOTT B@QC@NOF J. BMLEU@AM   LU. UCFJFF H. FTD@TOB@T 

W`bfnost W`bfnost

LU. UMZFB I@_ NMPVONN@BM

W`bfnost

@ddfptfa `s ` hunhonnlfbt mh tcf rfquorflfbts hmr WU@DQOD@N UFTF@UDC 5 wotc

tcf rfl`rk mh ]]]]]]]]]]]]].

LU. UMXFN O. XFNMTM

Wr`dtod`n Ufsf`rdc 5 @avosfr

TOTQFU L. IVNO@B@ A@L@TOBJ, MTH TOTQFU L. L@UOEFN WO@BJDM, MTH  

Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn Xodf-Wrobdop`n Tdcmmn Wrobdop`n

A`tf mh Hob`n Fx`lob`tomb9 Bmvflefr 50, 570?  

 

ooo 

@DKBMZNFAJFLFBQ

Horst `ba hmrflmst, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs wmuna nokf tm jovf pr`osfs `ba tc`bks tm Jma,

tcf @nlojcty, hmr Cos emubanfss scmwfr mh enfssobjs

enf ssobjs tcrmujcmut tcf dmursf m
mhh tcf rfsf`rdc
stuay `ba hmr jovobj tcfl tcf strfbjtc tm dmlpnftf tcf fbaf`vmr.

Qcfy wmuna `nsm nokf tm fxprfss tcfor affp `ba sobdfrf jr`totuaf tm Ls. B`tc`nof A.

 Bmler`am, tcfor rfsf`rdc `avosfr hmr cfr obsojcthun dmllfbts `ba obv`nu`enf juoa`bdf

tcrmujcmut tcf aur`tomb mh tcf rfsf`rdc prmdfss. Cfr vosomb, sobdfroty, `ba mpobombs c`vf

affpny obsporfa tcfl tm am efttfr. Qm Lr. Umvfn O. Xfnmsm, tcfor rfsf`rdc tf`dcfr, hmr cos

ollfbsf kbmwnfajf `ba p`tofbdf mh scmwobj tcf rfsf`rdcfrs tcf rmpf tc`t ollf`sur`eny

cfnpfa tcfl wotc tcfor rfsf`rdc stuay. Cf j`vf tcfl tcf mppmrtuboty tm l`kf `ba drf`tf

tcfor mwb rfsf`rdc stuay hrml sdr`tdc `ba j`vf tcfl tcf dc`bdf tm l`kf ot obtm rf`noty. Qm

Ls. Nmurafs U. Tolprmb, hmr cfr ubdf`sobj suppmrt `ba hmr cfnpobj tcf rfsf`rdcfrs,

flmtomb`nny `ba lfbt`nny. Cfr fbdmur`jflfbt c`s prmlptfa tcfl obtm l`kobj `ba amobj

 efttfr dcmodfs `ba `dtombs.

Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs mh tcos stuay `rf `nsm fxtrflfny jr`tfhun tm tcfor p`rfbts hmr tcf

nmvf, pr`yfr, `ba s`drohodfs tc`t tcfy dmbtobumusny jovf hmr tcfor faud`tomb. Qm `nn tcfor

durrfbt `ba p`st tf`dcfrs `ba lfbtmrs wcm c`vf lmnafa tcfl obtm wc`t tcfy `rf tma`y `ba

tcf probdopnfs tcfy st`ba hmr, `ba n`stny tm `nn tcf rfspmbafbts `ba tm tcfor dn`ssl`tfs,
 

ov 

hrofbas, `ba `bymbf wcm c`vf jrf`tny cfnpfa tcf rfsf`rdcfrs, ob `by w`y sc`pf mr hmrl,

l`kobj tcos rfsf`rdc stuay pmssoenf.

 

v 

Q@ENF MH DMBQFBQT

QOQNF W@JF  ................................................................................................................... o

@WWUMX@N W@JF ........................................................................................................ oo

@DKBMZNFAJFLFBQ  ............................................................................................. ooo

Q@ENF MH DMBQFBQT  ................................................................................................ v

NOTQ MH Q@ENFT  ........................................................................................................ voo

NOTQ MH HOJVUFT  ...................................................

......................................................................................................
................................................... vooo

NOTQ MH @WWFBAODFT  ............................................................................................... ox

@ETQU@DQ  ...................................................................................................................... x

DC@WQFU O9 OBQUMAVDQOMB

 B`turf `ba Olpmrt`bdf mh tcf Ttuay ......................................................................

.................................................... .................. 0

Meifdtovfs mh tcf Ttuay .......................................................................................... 5

Tt`tflfbt mh tcf Cypmtcfsos ..................................................................................

............................................. ..................................... 4

Qolf `ba Wn`df mh tcf Ttuay ..................................................................................

............................................. ..................................... 4

Tdmpf `ba Nolot`tombs mh tcf Ttuay ....................................................................... 4

Tojbohod`bdf mh tcf Ttuay ....................................................................................... 1

DC@WQFU OO9 UFXOFZ MH UFN@QFA NOQFU@QVUF

 B`turf mh Wrfiuaodfs ....................................................................................

................................ ...............................................................
........... 6

Qcf Dmbtfxt mh Aosdrolob`tomb

Aosdrolob`tomb ..............................................................................
.................................................. ............................ 8

Mpfr`tomb`n Afhobotomb mh Qfrls ............................................................................ 3

DC@WQFU OOO9 QCFMUFQOD@N @BA DMBDFWQV@N HU@LFZMUK

Qcfmrftod`n Hr`lfwmrk .......................................................................................... ?

 

vo 

Dmbdfptu`n Hr`lfwmrk ........................................................................................ 07

DC@WQFU OX9 LFQCMAMNMJ_

Ufsf`rdc Totf `ba W`rtodop`bts ............................................................................. 05

Ufsf`rdc Afsojb ................................................................................................... 04

Ufsf`rdc Obstrulfbts ........................................................................................... 04

A`t` @b`nysos ....................................................................................................... 01

DC@WQFU X9 UFTVNQT @BA AOTDVTTOMBT

Tmdomaflmjr`pcod Wrmhonf mh Ufspmbafbts .......................................................... 06

Ufspmbafbts‟ Fxpfrofbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

Eo`s .................. 08

Ufspmbafbts‟ Dc`r`dtfroz`tomb mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aos

Aosdrolob`tomb
drolob`tomb ........................ 0?

`ba Eo`s

DC@WQFU XO9 TVLL@U_, DMBDNVTOMBT, @BA UFDMLLFBA@QOMBT

Tull`ry .............................................................................................................. 50

Dmbdnusombs .......................................................................................................... 55

Ufdmllfba`tombs ................................................................................................ 54

Hurtcfr Ufdmllfba`tombs hmr Huturf Ufsf`rdc .................................................. 54

NOQFU@QVUF DOQFA/UFHFUFBDFT ...................................................................... 56

@WWFBAODFT  ................................................................................................................ 5:
 

voo 

NOTQ MH Q@ENFT

Q@ENF QOQNF W@JF

0 Ttr`tohod`tomb mh tcf Ufspmbafbts 05

5 Tmdomaflmjr`pcod Wrmhonf mh tcf Ufspmbafbts 06

4 Ufspmbafbts‟ Horstc`ba Fxpfrofbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa 08

Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

1 Ufspmbafbts‟ Mesfrv`tomb mh Mtcfrs‟ Fxpfrofbdf mh   0:

Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

6 Ufspmbafbts‟ Dc`r`dtfroz`tomb mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa

Ttr`ba -E`sfa 0?
Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s
 

vooo 

NOTQ MH HOJVUFT

HOJVUF QOQNF W@JF

0 Qcfmrftod`n Hr`lfwmrk mh tcf Ttuay ?

5 Dmbdfptu`n Hr`lfwmrk mh tcf Ttuay 07

 

ox 

NOTQ MH @WWFBAODFT

@WWFBAOS QOQNF W@JF

@ Nfttfr @skobj Wfrlossomb tm Dmbaudt Ufsf`rdc 51

E Nfttfr tm tcf Ufspmbafbts 56

D Turvfy Pufstombb`orf 58
 

x 

@ETQU@DQ

Qcos stuay `ols tm mesfrvf, `b`nyzf, `ba aftfrlobf wcftcfr Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn

stuafbts ob tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb pfrdfovf tc`t

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxost e`sfa mb ` stuafbt‟s dcmodf mh str`ba. Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs

j`tcfrfa a`t` usobj ` survfy qufstombb`orf, `skobj wcftcfr tcfy c`vf fxpfrofbdfa horstc`ba

mr mesfrvfa mtcfrs efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba prfiuaodfa mb tcf e`sos mh tcfor str`ba `ba

qu`btohy tcfor mesfrv`tombs mh tcos pcfbmlfb` usobj ` bmb-bulfrod`n r`tobj sd`nf. Ot `nsm

`skfa rfspmbafbts tm dc`r`dtfrozf tcfor mpobomb mh tcf cypmtcftod`n fxostfbdf mh sudc

 pcfbmlfbmb.

Ufsunts scmw tc`t twm-tcoras (88.06%) `ba hmur mut mh hovf (33.50%) mh tcf

rfspmbafbts c`vf fxpfrofbdfa horstc`ba `ba mesfrvfa mtcfrs efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba

 prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba, rfspfdtovfny. Qcf rfspmbafbts, `nsm, wfrf jfbfr`nny

aovoafa mvfr wcftcfr str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s os c`rlhun mr bmrl`n wotc `b

`vfr`jf rfsunt mh 13.:5% `ba 44.44%, rfspfdtovfny, `ba 0:.?6% s`yobj tcfy c`vf bm

mpobomb mb tcf l`ttfr.

E`sfa mb tcf rfsunts, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs dmbdnuafa tc`t Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts ob

HDOD pfrdfovf tc`t str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxosts.

Kfywmras9 aosdrolob`tomb, eo`s, prfiuaodf, k-05, sfbomr cojc sdcmmn, faud`tomb`n systfl
 

0 

DC@WQFU O

OBQUMAVDQOMB

B`turf `ba Olpmrt`bdf mh tcf Ttuay

Wrfiuaodfs `ba aosdrolob`tomb `rf ` b`tur`n mddurrobj cul`b `ba smdo`n pcfbmlfb`.

@s smdo`n efobjs, pfmpnf nokf tm sfp`r`tf mr oafbtohy ` pfrsmb obtm ` dn`ss e`sfa mb

`ppf`r`bdf, oafbtoty, mr fxprfssomb. Costmry c`s scmwb tc`t `s tcfsf smdo`n dn`ssfs mddur,

dmllmb stfrfmtypfs `ba prfiuaodfs `ssmdo`tfa wotc sudc dn`ss obcfrfbtny drmp up. @t tolfs,
tolf s,

stojl` `ba aosdrolob`tomb mddur, trojjfrobj aovosomb `ba dmbhnodt `s tcf lobmroty hojct hmr

fqu`noty (Tcfroh, 0?8:).

@ddmraobj tm Tcfroh, aosdrolob`tomb os dmlpnfx. Ot os dmllmb ob `nn smdofty, wcft cfr

tcfy am ot obtfbtomb`nny mr bmt. Aosdrolob`tomb c`s `nw`ys effb ` b`tur`nny mddurrobj

 pcfbmlfb` tc`t cul`bs

cul`b s am. Ot efjobs ob tcf loba `ba
` ba tr`bsn`tfa tcrmujc `dtomb.
` dtomb. Ot dmuna

l`bohfst ob l`by w`ys `ba `hhfdt ` pfrsmb's nohf afpfbaobj mb tcf sfvfroty mh ot. Hojct

`j`obst aosdrolob`tomb c`s effb `b mbjmobj prmdfss `ba ob mrafr hmr tcfl tm dmbtobuf tcf
 e`ttnobj `j`obst aosdrolob`tomb,
aosdrolob`tomb, tcfy scmuna
scmuna ubafrst`ba tcf aohhfrfbt
aohhfrfbt typfs mh aosdrolob`tomb
aosdrolob`tomb

tc`t fxost bmw`a`ys.

B m. 07644 mr tcf „Fbc`bdfa E`sod

Zotc tcf fb`dtlfbt mh tcf Ufpuenod @dt Bm.

Faud`tomb @dt mh 5704“ mr dmllmbny rfhfrrfa tm `s tcf K -05

K -05 Wrmjr`l, tcf l`ba`tmry

dmursf mh stuay mh tcf e`sod faud`tomb mh stuafbt w`s `aafa wotc twm yf`rs tc`t hmrls tcf
 

5 

Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn. Ttuafbts ob Tfbomr Cojc `rf rfquorfa tm dcmmsf ` str`ba wcodc os

jrmupfa hrml sfvfr`n hofnas mh stuaofs, t`rjftfa tm `oa stuafbts ob prmpfrny dcmmsobj tcfor

 prmhfssomb.

@s stuafbts d`tfjmrozf tcflsfnvfs obtm dfrt`ob tr`dks, wotc ot dmlfs ` aovoaf, `

cofr`rdcy, eftwffb Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn (TCT) stuafbts. @ d`sf fx`lpnf mh tcos wmuna ef

`emut cmw tcmsf stuafbts wcm pursuf tcf Tdofbdf, Qfdcbmnmjy, Fbjobffrobj, `ba

L`tcfl`tods Ttr`ba `rf mhtfb cojcny rfj`rafa tc`b tcmsf stuafbts ob mtcfr str`bas. Zcftcfr

ot ef tcrmujc tcf aosdussomb mh wcodc `d`aflod str`ba os lmrf dc`nnfbjobj, mr tcf aosdussomb

mh wc`t typf mh stuafbt efnmbjs wcfrf. Wfmpnf mhtfb cmnas ` dfrt`ob pfrdfptomb `ba

fxpfdt`tombs hmr f`dc dfrt`ob str`bas `ba dmlp`rosmbs `ba fxflpnohod`tombs (e`a mh jmma)

`rf l`af. Qcos smrt mh smdo`n cofr`rdcy os mbf tc`t lust ef aosdussfa, oh bmt hmr tcf s`kf mh

tcf durrfbt jfbfr`tomb, tcfb hmr tcf bfxt.

Meifdtovfs mh tcf Ttuay

Qcos stuay jfbfr`nny `ols tm mesfrvf, `b`nyzf, `ba aftfrlobf wcftcfr stuafbts
 pfrdfovf tc`t aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxost e`sfa mb ` stuafbt‟s dcmodf mh tr`dk `ba str`ba

ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn. Tpfdohod`nny, ot obtfbas tm9

•  aftfrlobf wcftcfr Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts c`vf fxpfrofbdfa horstc`ba

 efobj aosdrolob`tfa mr prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor t`kfb str`ba;

•  aftfrlobf oh Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts c`vf mesfrvfa mtcfrs efobj

aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb tcfor t`kfb str`ba; `ba

 

4 

•  oafbtohy cmw stuafbts dc`r`dtfrozf tcf cypmtcftod`n fxostfbdf mh str`ba-e`sfa

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s rfj`ranfss mh wcftcfr mr bmt tcfy pfrdfovf ot fxosts.

Tt`tflfbt mh Cypmtcfsos

Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs cypmtcfsozf tc`t tcf rfspmbafbts wonn rfspmba `hhorl`tovfny tm tcf

qufstombs mh tcfor fxpfrofbdf horstc`ba `ba mesfrv`tomb mh efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba

 prfiuaodfa mb tcf e`sos mh tcfor str`ba. Qcfy `nsm `ssulf tc`t tcf rfspmbafbts wmuna tcobk

tc`t tcf cypmtcftod`n fxostfbdf mh str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba prfiuaodf os b

bmt
mt c`rlhun

 eut iust bmrl`n mr b`tur`n.

Qolf `ba Wn`df mh Ttuay

Qcos rfsf`rdc stuay w`s dmbaudtfa mb Mdtmefr 570? ob tcf prflosfs mh tcf Tfbomr

Cojc Tdcmmn mh tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb, ` prov`tf sfdt`ro`b

obstotutomb ob E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf.

Tdmpf `ba Nolot`tombs mh tcf Ttuay

Qcf stuay w`s dmbaudtfa `lmbj Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts ob tcf E`sod

Faud`tomb Afp`rtlfbt mh tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb usobj `

rfprfsfbt`tovf s`lpnf. Ot `olfa `t ubafrst`baobj wcftcfr mr bmt tcf Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn

stuafbts mh tcf obstotutomb pfrdfovf tc`t aosdrolob`tomb `ba prfiuaodf fxosts ob tcf
 

1 

obstotutomb. Qcf rfsf`rdc `olfa mb oafbtohyobj ` p`rtodun`rny bfw pcfbmlfbmb ey obquorobj

tcmsf pmssoeny `hhfdtfa ey ot oh tcfy efnofvf sudc pcfbmlfb` fxosts. Qcf hobaobjs mh tcos

rfsf`rdc, tcus, scmuna bmt ef fst`enoscfa `s `b meifdtovf lf`surf mh tcf fxostfbdf mh

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s mb tcf e`sos mh tcf t`kfb str`ba `ba jfbfr`nozfa `s tcf mpobomb mh

tcmsf ob mtcfr `rf`s `s sotu`tombs mh tcf rfspmbafbts `ba tcf dmbtfxt l`y aohhfr.

Tojbohod`bdf mh tcf Ttuay

Qcf hobaobjs mh tcos stuay wonn jrf`tny cfnp bmt mbny tcmsf stuafbts wcm `rf durrfbtny

stuayobj `s Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts eut `nsm tcmsf wcm `rf bfxt ob nobf, dmbsoafrobj

tc`t fvfry str`ba os olpmrt`bt mb tcfor mwb `ba pn`ys ` sojbohod`bt rmnf ob sc`pobj `b

obaovoau`n stuafbts' jm`ns `ba meifdtovfs ob nohf. Qcf lmrf wf erobj tcos prmenfl obtm nojct;

tcf jrf`tfr `w`rfbfss wmuna ef sprf`a wcodc iustohofs tcf bffa hmr lmrf fhhfdtovf w`y mh

aosdopnobf tc`t wmuna ef `ppnofa fspfdo`nny tm stuafbts `ba tf`dcfrs

tf`dc frs wcm `rf ojbmr`bt
oj bmr`bt tm tcf

 prmenfl eut `rf p`rt mh

m h tcf prmenfl. Qcus, sdcmmns tc`t `ppny tcf rfdmllfbafa `pprm`dc

afrovfa hrml tcf rfsunts mh tcos stuay wonn ef `enf tm tr`ob `ba aosdopnobf stuafbts efttfr.

@alobostr`tmrs wonn ef juoafa mb wc`t scmuna ef ambf `ba jrf`tny olprmvf tcf sdcmmn `ba
dn`ss fbvormblfbt ob Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb. Hmr tcf rfsf`rdcfrs, tcf

stuay wonn cfnp tcfl fxpnmrf smlf drotod`n `rf`s `ba ubdmvfr sojbohod`bt obhmrl`tomb `emut

tcf cul`b psydcf ob rfj`ras wotc aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`sfs tc`t mtcfr rfsf`rdcfrs wfrf bmt

`enf tm fxpnmrf.
 

6 

DC@WQFU OO

UFXOFZ MH UFN@QFA NOQFU@QVUF

B`turf mh Wrfiuaodfs

@ddmraobj tm @nnpmrt, l`b os bmt emrb prfiuaodfa; r`tcfr, prfiuaodf os nf`rbfa. Ey

ots vfry b`turf, prfiuaodf afbofs obaovoau`n cul`b aojboty `ba erf`ks tcf huba`lfbt`n uboty

`lmbj pfmpnf. Cf afhobfs prfiuaodf `s ` cmstonf `ttotuaf mr hffnobj tmw`ra ` pfrsmb smnfny

 efd`usf cf mr scf efnmbjs tm ` jrmup tm wcodc mbf c`s `ssojbfa meifdtomb`enf qu`notofs.
qu`notofs. Cf

strfssfs tc`t tcos cmstonf `ttotuaf os bmt lfrfny ` c`sty prfiuajlfbt efhmrf mbf kbmws tcf

h`dts. Ot os ` iuajlfbt tc`t rfsosts h`dts `ba ojbmrfs trutc `ba cmbfsty. Q
Qcus,
cus, prfiuaodf enobas

mbf tm tcf h`dts `ba drf`tfs ` koba mh pmosmb ob ` rfn`tombscop.

@ntcmujc prfiuaodf ob a`ony nohf os mraob`rony ` l`ttfr mh af`nobj wotc obaovoau`n

 pfmpnf, ot `nsm fbt`ons ubw`rr`btfa oaf`s dmbdfrbobj ` jrmup `s ` wcmnf. Bfj`tovf rfnojomus,

ftcbod, mr r`do`n prfiuaodf (e`sfa mb jrmupobj ey rfnojomb, b`tomb`noty, mr r`df) os `b

`btop`tcy e`sfa mb h`unty `ba obhnfxoenf jfbfr`noz`tomb mr stfrfmtypobj. @ddmraobj tm

@nnpmrt, ot l`y ef hfnt mr fxprfssfa, `ba ot os aorfdtfa tmw`ra ` jrmup `s ` wcmnf mr tmw`ra

`b obaovoau`n efd`usf cf mr scf os ` lflefr mh tc`t jrmup. Ufnojomus, ftcbod, mr r`do`n

 prfiuaodf pfrsosts hmr sfvfr`n rf`smbs. Wrfiuaodf jovfs `b obaovoau`n ` h`nsf sfbsf mh oafbtoty

`ba sfnh-wmrtc; tc`t os, ` pfrsmb l`y aosdrolob`tf `j`obst mtcfrs tm l`kf colsfnh hffn lmrf
 

8 

 pmwfrhun `ba
` ba tm fnfv`tf cos mwb
m wb sfnh-fstffl. @nsm, d`tfjmroz`tomb `ba stfrfmtypobj mhtfb

mhhfr ` dmbvfbofbt sd`pfjm`t hmr obaovoau`n mr jrmup prmenfls (@nnpmrt, 0?61).

Wrfiuaodf, tcfb, os jfbfr`nny tcf w`y mbf tcobks mr hffns `emut ` p`rtodun`r
p` rtodun`r pfrsmb mr

jrmup. Aosdrolob`tomb os `dtobj mb tc`t bfj`tovf prfiuaodf. @nnpmrt hurtcfr fxpn`obs tc`t

bfj`tovf prfiuaodf `ba aosdrolob`tomb `rf fxprfssfa ob fsd`n`tobj nfvfns mh vomnfbdf. Qcfsf

fsd`n`tobj nfvfns mh aosdrolob`tomb lmvf hrml spmkfb `eusf tm jfbmdoaf ob tcf hmnnmwobj

mrafr9

(0)  Tpmkfb @eusf (wcodc cf d`nns @btonmdutomb);

(5)  @vmoa`bdf;

(4)  Aosdrolob`tomb mr Nfj`nozfa (Obstotutomb`nozfa) U`dosl;

(1)  Xomnfbdf @j`obst Wfmpnf `ba Wrmpfrty; `ba

(6)  Fxtfrlob`tomb mr Jfbmdoaf (tcf systfl`tod `ttflpt tm afstrmy `b fbtorf

 pfmpnf).

Qcf Dmbtfxt mh Aosdrolob`tomb

@nnpmrt `nsm dmbtfbas tc`t lobmr hmrls mh prfiuaodf sudc `s spmkfb `eusf c`vf `

w`y mh jrmwobj obtm lmrf vorunfbt `ba afstrudtovf hmrls mh aosdrolob`tomb `ba vomnfbdf.

Ob tcf hmnnmwobj fxdfrpts hrml Qcf B`turf mh Wrfiuaodf, `utcmr Jmramb @nnpmrt oafbtohofs
 

: 

tcf prmenfl mh prfiuaodf, afsdroefs tcf fsd`n`tobj nfvfns mh vomnfbdf `ssmdo`tfa wotc

 prfiuaodf, `ba afhobfs tcf lf`bobj mh sd`pfjm`t ob `bdofbt `ba lmafrb smdofty.

Zc`t pfmpnf `dtu`nny am ob rfn`tomb tm jrmups tcfy aosnokf os bmt `nw`ys aorfdtny

rfn`tfa tm wc`t tcfy tcobk mr hffn `emut tcfl. Qwm flpnmyfrs, hmr fx`lpnf, l`y aosnokf

Ifws tm `b fqu`n afjrff. Mbf l`y kffp cos hffnobjs tm colsfnh `ba l`y corf Ifws mb tcf

s`lf e`sos `s `by wmrkfrs ‑ 

 pfrc`ps efd`usf cf w`bts tm j`ob jmmawonn hmr cos h`dtmry
h`dtm ry mr

stmrf ob tcf Ifwosc dmlluboty. Qcf mtcfr l`y tr`bsn`tf cos aosnokf obtm cos flpnmylfbt

 pmnody, `ba
` ba rfhusf tm corf Ifws. Emtc lfb `rf prfiuaodfa, eut
eu t mbny mbf mh tcfl pr`dtodfs

aosdrolob`tomb. @s ` runf, aosdrolob`tomb c`s lmrf ollfao`tf `ba sfromus smdo`n

dmbsfqufbdfs tc`b c`s prfiuaodf.

Ot os truf tc`t `by bfj`tovf

bf j`tovf `ttotuaf tfbas smlfcmw, smlfwcfrf, tm fxp
fxprfss
rfss otsfnh ob

`dtomb. Hfw pfmpnf kffp tcfor `btop`tcofs fbtorfny tm tcflsfnvfs. Qcf lmrf obtfbsf tcf

`ttotuaf, tcf lmrf nokfny ot os tm rfsunt ob vojmrmusny cmstonf `dtomb.

Aohhfrfbt hmrls mh hubdtomb`n obtfrrfn`tomb eftwffb jrmups, `ba tcf strudtur`n

nmd`tomb mh jrmups wotcob smdo`n systfls, sffl tm jfbfr`tf qu`not`tovfny aohhfrfbt p`ttfrbs

mh prfiuaodf. Qcfsf d`b ef aohhfrfbto`tfa ob tfrls mh tcf dc`r`dtfrostod ol`jf mh tcf

mutjrmup, tcf `hhfdtovf `ba efc`vomr`n rfspmbsf tm tcf mutjrmup, tcf psydcmnmjod`n `ba

`ttroeutomb`n lfdc`bosls ubafrnyobj tcf prfiuaodfa `ttotuafs, `ba tcfor hubdtomb`noty hmr tcf
 

3 

objrmup. Qcfsf p`ttfrbs mh prfiuaodf l`y ef vofwfa `s lfao`tobj eftwffb smdo`n strudturf

`ba smdo`n `dtomb, tcus dmbtroeutobj tm tcf costmrod`n prmdfss (Audkott, 0??5).

Mpfr`tomb`n Afhobotomb mh Qfrls

Qcf hmnnmwobj tfrls, `s usfa ob tcos rfsf`rdc stuay, sc`nn ef afhobfa `s hmnnmws9

0.  Aosdrolob`tomb rfhfrs tm trf`tobj ` pfrsmb mr p`rtodun`r jrmup aohhfrfbtny, fspfdo`nny

ob ` wmrsf w`y hrml tcf w`y ob wcodc ymu

ym u trf`t mtcfr pfmpnf, efd`usf mh tcfor skob

dmnmr, sfx, sfxu`noty, ftd.

5.  Eo`s mr Wrfiuaodf  rfhfrs tm prfdmbdfovfa iuajflfbt mr mpobomb mr `b `avfrsf

mpobomb mr nf`rbobj wotcmut jrmubas mr
m r efhmrf suhhodofbt kbmwnfajf; `ba

4.  Ttr`ba  rfhfrs tm tcf aohhfrfbt `rf`s mh fxpfrtosf ubafr tcf Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn

 prmjr`l wcfrf tcf d`rffr tr`dks wcfrf f`dc d`tfjmrod`n aohhfrfbt hofna mh stuay

 efnmbj.
 

? 

DC@WQFU OOO

QCFMUFQOD@N @BA DMBDFWQV@N HU@LFZMUK

Qcfmrftod`n Hr`lfwmrk

 Fx`lpnfs mh Aosdrolob`tmry
Wr`dtodfs

@ddfss tm Wmsotombs mh
Wmwfr

Tfx @ddfss tm Faud`tomb

@ddfss tm @afqu`tf
Cf`ntc Obtfrvfbtombs

Hojurf 0. Qcfmrftod`n Hr`lfwmrk mh tcf Ttuay

@ stuay ambf ey Bodmn` Imbfs `ba Ufefdd` Cmnlfs ob 5707 , fbtotnfa „Jfbafr,
„ Jfbafr,

prmtfdtomb,“ trofa
 pmnotods `ba smdo`n prmtfdtomb,“ trofa tm mutnobf tcf fhhfdts jfbafr aosdrolob`tomb, fspfdo`nny

ob wmlfb ob `rf`s ‑ `ba  ‑ mh

`ba tcfor n`dk  mh (0) `ddfss tm pmsotombs mh pmwfr, (5) `ddfss tm

faud`tomb, `ba (4) `ddfss tm `afqu`tf cf`ntc obtfrvfbtombs ob afvfnmpobj dmubtrofs. Qcfsf

tcrff `rf`s `rf fx`lpnfs mh smdo`n prmtfdtomb ju`r`btffa ey ` jmvfrblfbt.

j mvfrblfbt. Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs

hmdusfa mb tcfsf `s smdo`n prmtfdtombs l`y ef cojc mb tcf pmnody `jfba` ob obtfrb`tomb`n

afvfnmplfbt. Qcf p`pfr fxpnmrfs tcf pmnotod`n fdmbmly mh smdo`n prmtfdtomb `ba ots fhhfdts

mb jfbafr rfn`tomb ob tcf dmubtry.

 

07 

Qcf stuay rfvf`nfa tc`t wmlfb `rf nfss nokfny tm jft `ddfss mh pmsotombs mh pmwfr,

faud`tomb, `ba `afqu`tf cf`ntc obtfrvfbtombs ey nmmkobj `t st`tostod`n a`t` prmvoafa ey tcf

Vbotfa B`tombs Cul`b Uojcts Dmubdon (VBCCU), wcodc rfsunts ob ` sojbohod`btny nmwfr

Cul`b Afvfnmplfbt Obafx (CAO). Imbfs `ba Cmnlfs `nsm cojcnojctfa tcf dmbtfxt `ba

costmry mh aosdrolob`tomb mb tcf e`sos mh sfx ob tcf s`lpnfa dmubtrofs `s obcfrfbt `ba

smdo`nny strudturfa.

Dmbdfptu`n Hr`lfwmrk

Ttuafbt‟s
Tmdomaflmjr`pcod Ttuafbt‟s Ttuafbt‟s
Fxpfrofbdf `ba/mr Wfrdfptomb mb tcf
Wrmhonf Mesfrv`tomb mh Fxostfbdf mh
• Ttr`ba   Ttr`ba-E`sfa Ttr`ba-E`sfa
• @jf  Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Aosdrolob`tomb `ba
Eo`s Eo`s
• Tfx 

 Obafpfbafbt X`ro`enf  Obtfrvfbobj X`ro`enf  Afpfbafbt X`ro`enf

Hojurf 5. Dmbdfptu`n Hr`lfwmrk mh tcf Ttuay

Ar`wobj hrml tcf stuay dmbaudtfa ey Imbfs `ba Cmnlfs, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs drf`tfa

tcos dmbdfptu`n hr`lfwmrk tc`t scmw tcf aohhfrfbt v`ro`enfs ob tcf pfrdfptomb mh

rfspmbafbts mh tcf fxostfbdf mh str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s. Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs

mbny ob tcf oafbtohod`tomb mh tcf `hhfdtfa pmpun`tomb‟s pfrdfptomb mbny `s tcfrf `rf
hmdusfa mbny

nolotfa notfr`turf mb tcf l`ttfr `s mh a`tf.

 

00 

Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs c`vf tcf rfspmbafbt‟s fxpfrofbdf horstc`ba `ba cos mesfrv`tomb mh

 pffrs mr mtcfr obaovoau`ns pmssoeny fxpfrofbdobj aosdrolob`tomb `ba prfiuaodf `s

` s tcf e`sfs

hmr tcf stuafbt‟s pfrdfptomb mh ots fxostfbdf.

 

05 

DC@WQFU OX

LFQCMAMNMJ_

Ufsf`rdc Totf `ba W`rtodop`bts

Qcf rfsf`rdc stuay w`s dmbaudtfa `t tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf

Dmbdfptomb ob E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf. Qcf pmpun`tomb s`lpnfa ob tcf stuay wfrf `nn tcf

fbrmnnfa Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn Ttuafbts ‑ tcf

tcf wcmnf stuafbt emay ‑ mh
mh E`sod Faud`tomb

Afp`rtlfbt mh tcf s`lf obstotutomb.

Qm jft ` rfprfsfbt`tovf s`lpnf mh tcf stuafbt emay‟s pfrdfptomb, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs

flpnmyfa ` str`tohofa lftcma mh s`lpnobj, dn`ssohyobj tcf stuafbts e`sfa mb tcfor jr`af

nfvfn `ba tcfor `d`aflod str`ba. @ppnyobj Tnmvob‟s hmrlun`,

hmrlun`, ` l`rjob mh frrmr mh °6%, tcfrf

wfrf ` tmt`n mh 0?8 stuafbts s`lpnfa ob tcos rfsf`rdc, aovoafa fqu`nny `lmbj tcf stuafbt

 emay rfn`tovf tm tcfor pfrdfbt`jf ob tcf `dtu`n tmt`n pmpun`tomb.

Q`enf 0. Ttr`tohod`tomb mh tcf Ufspmbafbts

JU@AF TQU@BA BM. MH TQVAFBQT U@QF UFTWMBAFBQT

@EL 86 08.33% 44
CVLTT 11 00.14% 55
00
TQFL 5? :.64% 06
QXN 4: ?.80% 0?
@EL 4: ?.80% 0?
CVLTT 61 01.74% 5:
05
TQFL ?6 51.83% 13
QXN 51 8.54% 05
QMQ@N 436 077.77% 0?8
 

04 

Aft`onfa `emvf os tcf `dtu`n str`tohod`tomb mh tcf s`lpnfa pmpun`tomb e`sfa mb tcf

stuafbts‟ str`bas‟ `dtu`n prmpmrtomb tm tcf tmt`n bulefr mh stuafbts ob tcf stuafbt emay usfa
emay  usfa

ob mrafr tm jft ` truny rfprfsfbt`tovf mpobomb mh tcf pmpun`tomb.

Ufsf`rdc Afsojb

Qcf rfsf`rdc afsojb usfa ob tcos stuay os tcf afsdroptovf survfy rfsf`rdc afsojb,

wcodc, `ddmraobj tm LdDmlefs, 570?, `ols tm `ddur`tfny `ba systfl`tod`nny afsdroef `

 pmpun`tomb, sotu`tomb, mr pcfbmlfbmb `ba `bswfr wc`t, wcfb, wcfrf, wcfb, `ba cmw

qufstombs. Ot `nnmws tm j`tcfr n`rjf vmnulfs mh a`t` tc`t d`b ef `b`nyzfa hmr hrfqufbdofs,

`vfr`jfs, `ba p`ttfrbs `ba wcfb tcf rfsf`rdc `ol os tm oafbtohy dc`r`dtfrostods, hrfqufbdofs,

trfbas, dmrrfn`tombs, `ba d`tfjmrofs.

Ufsf`rdc Obstrulfbts

Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs usfa ` survfy qufstombb`orf

qu fstombb`orf tm dmnnfdt a`t` tc`t wfrf honnfa mut ``ba
ba

`bswfrfa ey tcf rfspmbafbts. Ot `skfa tcf rfspmbafbts‟ e`sod

rfspmbafbts‟ e`sod pfrsmb`n obhmrl`tomb sudc `s

tcf mptomb`n b`lf mh tcf rfspmbafbt, eomnmjod`n sfx, durrfbt jr`af nfvfn `ba
` ba dcmsfb str`ba.

Qcf survfy qufstombb`orf obquorfa (0) oh tcf rfspmbafbts c`vf horstc`ba fxpfrofbdf

mh efobj prfiuaodfa `ba aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn `ba (5)

oh tcfy wotbfss mtcfrs efobj prfiuaodfa

p rfiuaodfa `ba aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb tcf s`lf rf`smb. Ot `nsm

`skfa tcf rfspmbafbts tm qu`btohy tcfor mesfrv`tombs mh tcos pcfbmlfb` usobj ` bmb-
 

01 

bulfrod`n r`tobj sd`nf `s ` juoaf ob r`tobj tcfor mesfrv`tombs wotc 0 efobj tcf nf`st (bmt

mesfrvfa) `ba 3-07 efobj tcf jrf`tfst (`nw`ys mesfrvfa). Hob`nny, (4) ot `skfa, rfj`ranfss

mh wcftcfr tcf rfspmbafbts pfrdfovf tc`t str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxosts mr bmt,

cmw tcfy wmuna afsdroef mr dc`r`dtfrozf tcos pcfbmlfbmb tm ` stuafbt‟s lmr`nf mr

`d`aflod nohf wotc dcmodfs efobj (`) c`rlhun, (e) b`tur`n, `ba (e) bm mpobomb.

A`t` @b`nysos

Ob `b`nyzobj tcf a`t`, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs utonozfa tcf e`sod st`tostod`n lf`surfs mh

dfbtr`n tfbafbdy9 tcf lf`b (̆ ), lfao`b (̄ ), `ba lmaf (̅ ) tm aftfrlobf tcf `vfr`jf

rfspmbsf `ba tcfor hrfqufbdy mh tcf rfspmbafbts‟ pfrdfptomb usobj

pfrdfptomb  usobj tcf st`tostod`n tmmns.
 

06 

DC@WQFU X

UFTVNQT @BA AOTDVTTOMBT 

Tmdomaflmjr`pcod Wrmhonf mh Ufspmbafbts

Q`enf 5 scmws tcf bulefr mh rfspmbafbts f`dc `d`aflod str`ba tc`t wfrf s`lpnfa

rfn`tovf tm tcf prmpmrtomb mh tcf tmt`n `dtu`n pmpun`tomb mh tcf fbtorf stuafbt emay `ba tcf

smdomaflmjr`pcod dc`r`dtfrostods mh tcf rfsf`rdc s`lpnf, obaod`tobj tcf prmpmrtomb mh l`nf

`ba hfl`nf rfspmbafbts `ba tcfor `vfr`jf `jf ob yf`rs.

Q`enf 5. Tmdomaflmjr`pcod Wrmhonf mh tcf Ufspmbafbts

JU@AF BVLEFU MH TFS
@JF
@BA UFTWMBAFBQT L@NF HFL@NF  ‑  
TQU@BA b % Bm. % Bm. % Bm. % ̆  
QMQ@N 0?8 077.77 :5 48.?5 005 6:.11 00 6.81 08.?1
JU@AF 00 3? 16.10 46 4?.4 13 64.? 8 8.: 08.41
@EL @ 06 :.86 3 64.4 : 18.: 7 7.7 08.44
@EL E 03 ?.03 6 5:.3 00 80.0 5 00.0 08.5:
CVLTT @ 04 8.84 8 18.5 1 47.3 4 54.0 08.17
CVLTT E ? 1.6? 4 44.4 8 88.: 7 7.7 08.00
TQFL 06 :.86 6 44.4 ? 87.7 0 8.: 08.50
QXN 0? ?.8? 3 15.0 00 6:.? 7 7.7 08.63
JU@AF 05 07: 61.6? 4: 41.? 81 87.1 6 1.: 0:.14
@EL 0? ?.8? 0 6.4 01 :4.: 1 50.0 0:.1:
CVLTT @ 01 :.01 8 15.? 3 6:.0 7 7.7 0:.67
CVLTT E 01 :.0: 4 54.0 07 :8.? 7 7.7 0:.43
TQFL @ 51 05.51 00 16.3 04 61.5 7 7.7 0:.18
TQFL E 51 05.51 05 67.7 00 16.3 0 1.5 0:.55
QXN 05 8.05 1 44.4 3 88.: 7 7.7 0:.8:

@s scmwb ob tcf t`enf, tcfrf `rf 0?8 rfspmbafbts, 3? dmlobj hrml Jr`af 00 `ba

07: hrml Jr`af 05. Tfvfbty-twm (:5) mr 48.?5% mh tcf wcmnf s`lpnf `rf l`nf, 005 mr

6:.11% `rf hfl`nf, `ba 00 rfspmbafbts mr 6.81% mpt bmt tm prmvoaf tcfor eomnmjod`n sfxu`n
 

08 

oafbtoty. @nsm scmwb

scmwb os tcf `vfr`jf
`vfr`jf `jf mh tcf rfspmbafbts9
rfspmbafbts9 08.?1. Qcf `vfr`jf `jf hmr

rfspmbafbts hrml Jr`af 00 os 08.41, wconf ot os 0:.14 ob Jr`af 05.

Ufspmbafbts‟ Fxpfrofbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

Qcf bfxt t`enfs, Q`enfs 4 `ba 1 scmws tcf `bswfrs mh tcf rfspmbafbts mb tcf horst

`ba sfdmba qufstombs mh tcf survfy qufstombb`orf, obquorobj tcfor pfrdfptomb mb tcf

fxostfbdf mh str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s.

Qcf tcora t`enf scmws tcf dmlponfa rfspmbsfs mh tcf rfspmbafbts mb tcf horst

qufstomb, `skobj wcftcfr tcfy c`vf fxpfrofbdfa horstc`ba efobj aosdrolob`tfa mr

 prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba. Ot `nsm prfsfbts tcf r`tobj mh mesfrv`tomb ey tcf

rfspmbafbts usobj tcf bmb-bulfrod`n juoaf.

Q`enf 4. Ufspmbafbts‟ Horstc`ba Fxpfrofbdf

Fxpfrofbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

P0. Am ymu c`vf horstc`ba fxpfrofbdf mh efobj prfiuaodfa mr

aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb ymur dcmsfb str`ba ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn=
JU@AF @BA
BMB-BVLFUOD@N
TQU@BA _FT MU BM U@QOBJ
_ % B % ̆   ̄   ̅  
QMQ@N 05? 88.06 88 44.36 6.:4 6 8
JU@AF 00 6? 88.4 47 44.: 6.5 6 6
@EL @ ? 87.7 8 17.7 1.5 6 1
@EL E 06 34.4 4 08.: 6.? 6 8
CVLTT @ 05 ?5.4 0 :.: 6.: 6 6
CVLTT E 8 88.: 4 44.4 6.0 6 6
TQFL ? 87.7 8 17.7 1.3 : 8
QXN 3 15.0 00 6:.? 6.4 6 6
JU@AF 05 :7 88.7 48 41.7 8.5 6 8
@EL 05 84.5 : 48.3 8.? 8 :
CVLTT @ 05 36.: 5 01.4 8.1 : :
CVLTT E ? 8?.5 1 47.3 6.: 8 8
 

0: 

TQFL @ ? 4:.6 06 85.6 6.8 : 8

TQFL E 08 88.: 3 44.4 6.3 6 8
QXN 05 077.7 7 7.7 8.? 6 :

@s prmvoafa ey Q`enf 4, twm-tcoras mh tcf rfspmbafbts ‑ lmrf

lmrf tc`b c`nh mh tcf tmt`n

rfspmbafbts ‑ mr
mr 05? (88.06%) rfvf`n tc`t tcfy c`vf horstc`ba fxpfrofbdf mh efobj

 prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb

m b tcfor str`ba wconf mbny tcf mtcfr tcora, 88 mr (44.36)
(44.3 6)

s`y tcfy c`vf bmt fxpfrofbdfa

f xpfrofbdfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba. Mtcfr bmt`enf

rfsunts obdnuaf tcf h`dt tc`t `nn rfspmbafbts hrml Jr`af 05 (077.7%) s`y tcfy c`vf

fxpfrofbdfa sudc aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s `ba tc`t mbny Jr`af 00 QXN `ba Jr`af 05 TQFL

@ c`vf cojcfr bulefr mh rfspmbafbts s`yobj tc`t tcfy c`vf bmt fxpfrofbdfa sudc

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s wotc 6:.?% tm 15.0% `ba 85.6 tm 4:.6%, rfspfdtovfny.
rfspfdtovfny . Cmwfvfr, ot
os mesfrv`enf tc`t tcf rfsunts hrml Jr`af 00 `rf dnmsf tm tcf l`rjob mh frrmr.

Qcf lf`b mr `vfr`jf r`tobj jovfb ey tcf rfspmbafbts, `nsm aosdnmsfa ob Q`enf 5, os

6.:4 wotc tcf lfao`b r`tobj efobj 6 `ba tcf lmst hrfqufbt r`tobj efobj 8. @nn mh tcfsf r`tobj

h`nn ubafr tcf Tmlftolfs Mesfrvfa U`tobj ob tcf Bmb-Bulfrod`n Juoaf `ba bmt fxdffaobj

tcf 3-07 r`bjf (@nw`ys Mesfrvfa).

Q`enf 1. Ufspmbafbts‟ Mesfrv`tomb mh Mtcfrs‟ Fxpfrofbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa

Ttr`ba -E`sfa
Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

P5.  C`vf ymu wotbfssfa mtcfrs efobj prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa

 e`sfa mb tcfor dcmsfb str`ba ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn=
JU@AF @BA
BMB-BVLFUOD@N
TQU@BA _FT MU BM
U@QOBJ
_ % B % ̆   ̄   ̅  
QMQ@N 0:5 33.50 54 00.:? 8.75 6 8
JU@AF 00 :: 38.6 05 04.6 6.: 6 8

@EL E
@EL @ 01
06 ?4.4
34.4 0
4 8.:
08.: 1.?
8.7 1
6 1
8
 

03 

CVLTT @ 05 ?5.4 0 :.: 8.5 8 8

CVLTT E 01 ?4.4 0 8.: 6.4 6 6
TQFL 07 88.: 6 44.4 6.4 6 6
QXN 03 ?1.: 0 6.4 8.1 6 8
JU@AF 05 ?6 3?.8 00 07.1 8.4 3 :
@EL 0? 077.7 7 7.7 :.0 3 :

CVLTT E
CVLTT @ 01
00 077.7
31.8 7
5 7.7
06.1 8.1
:.7 :
3 :
3
TQFL @ 55 ?0.: 5 3.4 6.5 1 6
TQFL E 55 ?0.: 5 3.4 6.3 6 6
QXN : 63.4 6 10.: :.5 3 3

1, mb tcf mtcfr c`ba, onnustr`tfs tcf rfspmbafbts‟ `bswfrs mb tcfor mesfrv`tomb

Q`enf 1,

mb wcftcfr tcfy c`vf wotbfssfa mtcfrs efobj prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb tcf

str`ba tcfy `rf tmmk mr `rf t`kobj ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn.

Dmlp`rfa tm tcf `bswfrs hrml tcf horst qufstomb, tcf sfdmba qufstomb scmws ` woafr

j`p wotc tcmsf wcm s`y tcfy c`vf mesfrvfa mtcfrs efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba eo`s e`sfa mb

str`ba hrml tcmsf wcm c`vf bmt. Lmrf tc`b hmur mut mh hovf rfspmbafbts mr 0:5 (33.50%)

`bswfrfa pmsotovfny dmlp`rfa tm 54 (00.:?%) `bswfrobj ob tcf bfj`tovf.

Ufspmbafbts hrml Jr`af 05 @EL `ba Jr`af 05 CVLTT @ `nn s`y tcfy c`vf sffb

mtcfrs e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba. Qcf nmwfst `hhorl`tovf rfspmbsf d`lf hrml Jr`af 05 QXN

wotc 6 mh tcfl mr 10.:% mh tcfor rfspmbafbts `bswfrfa tc`t tcfy c`vfb‟t mesfrvfa efobj

aosdrolob`tfa mr prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba.

Mb tcf bmb-bulfrod`n r`tobj, tcf `vfr`jf mr lf`b r`tobj jovfb w`s 8.75, snojctny

cojcfr tc`b tcf r`tobj jovfb ey tcf rfspmbafbts ob tcf horst qufstomb. Qcf lfao`b `ba lmst

hrfqufbt r`tobj rfl`ob tcf s`lf wotc tcf horst qufstomb. Cmwfvfr, ot d`b ef bmtfa tc`t
tc` t Jr`af
 

0? 

05 stuafbts c`vf r`tfa ` cojcfr lfao`b `ba lmafs tc`b tcf jfbfr`n lfao`b `ba lmafs ob

tcf sfdmba qufstomb.

Ufspmbafbts‟ Dc`r`dtfroz`tomb mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

Q`enf 6. Ufspmbafbts‟ Dc`r`dtfroz`tomb mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

P4. Ufj`ranfss mh wcftcfr ymu pfrdfovf tc`t str`ba-e`sfa

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxosts mr bmt, cmw wmuna ymu afsdroef mr
dc`r`dtfrozf tcos typf mh aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s tm ` stuafbt‟s lmr`nf
JU@AF @BA
mr `d`aflod nohf=
TQU@BA
BM
C@ULHVN % BMUL@N % %
MWOBOMB
QMQ@N ?6 13.:5 86 44.44 46 0:.?6
JU@AF 00 1? 66.0 58 5?.5 01 06.:
@EL @ : 18.: 4 57.7 6 44.4
@EL E 8 44.4 3 11.1 1 55.5
CVLTT @ ? 8?.5 4 54.0 0 :.:
CVLTT E 8 88.: 4 44.4 7 7.7
TQFL 00 :4.4 4 57.7 0 8.:
QXN 07 65.8 8 40.8 4 06.3
JU@AF 05 18 14.1 4? 48.3 50 0?.3
@EL : 48.3 3 15.0 1 50.0
CVLTT @ 3 6:.0 8 15.? 7 7.7
CVLTT E 8 18.5 1 47.3 4 54.0
TQFL @ 06 85.6 : 5?.5 5 3.4
TQFL E 6 57.3 05 67.7 : 5?.5

QXN 6 10.: 5 08.: 6 10.:

Q`enf 6 scmws tcf rfspmbafbts‟ dc`r`dtfroz`tomb mh str`ba-e`sfa

str`ba -e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba

 eo`s `ba ots fhhfdt mb ` stuafbt‟s lmr`nf mr `d`aflod nohf, rfj`ranfss mh tcfor pfrdfptomb mb

wcftcfr ot fxosts.
 

57 

@s mesfrvfa, tcf rfspmbafbts `rf aovoafa. Bobfty-hovf (?6) rfspmbafbts mr 13.:5%

 efnofvf ot‟s c`rlhun tm lmr`nf `ba `d`aflod nohf, 86 mr 44.44% s`y ot‟s iust bmrl`n, wconf

46 mr 0:.?6% mh tcf tmt`n rfspmbafbts c`vf bm mpobomb `t `nn.

 

50 

DC@WQFU XO

TVLL@U_, DMBDNVTOMBT, @BA UFDMLLFBA@QOMBT

Tull`ry

E`sfa mb tcf rfsunts mh tcf rfsf`rdc stuay, twm-tcoras mr 88.06% mh `nn Tfbomr Cojc

Tdcmmn stuafbts mh tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb s`y tcfy c`vf

jfbfr`nny fxpfrofbdfa efobj aosdrolob`tfa mr prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor dcmsfb str`ba `ba

r`tfs tcf hrfqufbdy ot mddurs wotc `b `vfr`jf mh 6.:5, wcodc os ubafr tcf Tmlftolfs

Mesfrvfa Dn`ssohod`tomb.

Ob tfrls mh stuafbts mesfrvobj mtcfrs efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba prfiuaodfa cmwfvfr,

tcfy rfjostfr ` cojcfr pmsotovf rfspmbsf wotc hmur mut mh hovf rfspmbafbts mr 33.50% s`yobj

tc`t tcfy c`vf mesfrvfa sudc sdfb`rom `ntcmujc r`tobj tcf hrfqufbdy mh tcos c`ppfbobj mbny

snojctny nmwfr wotc 8.75, `nsm ubafr tcf Tmlftolfs Mesfrvfa ob tcf Bmb
Bmb-Bulfrod`n
-Bulfrod`n U`tobj

Juoaf usfa.

@skfa mb cmw tcfy wmuna dn`ssohy str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s, oh ot os

c`rlhun, bmrl`n, mr am tcfy c`vf bm mpobomb, tcf rfspmbafbts sffl tm ef aovoafa wotc `b

`vfr`jf mh 13.:5%, 44.44%, `ba 0:.?6, rfspfdtovfny.

 

55 

Dmbdnusombs

Zotc 88.06% `ba 33.50% mh `nn mh tcf rfspmbafbts s`yobj tc`t tcfy c`vf

fxpfrofbdfa horstc`ba efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba prfiuaodfa e`sfa mb tcfor str`ba `ba mesfrvf

mtcfrs efobj trf`tfa tcf s`lf, rfspfdtovfny, Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts ob HDOD tcfrfhmrf

 pfrdfovf tc`t tcfrf fxosts str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s. Qcos lf`bs tcfrf `rf

 prfdmbdfovfa stfrfmtypfs
stfrf mtypfs `ssmdo`tfa wotc obaovoau`ns efnmbjobj tm aohhfrfbt str`bas t`kfb

ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn.

Tobdf tcf mesfrv`tomb mh mtcfrs efobj aosdrolob`tfa `ba eo`s os ludc cojcfr tc`b

tc`t mh fxpfrofbdobj horstc`ba tcf s`lf trf`tlfbt, tcfrf l`y ef ` sfbsf mh b`ovftï wcfb

 pfrdfovobj tc`t `b obaovoau`n

obaovoau`n os `dtu`nny fxpfrofbdobj efobj prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa
aosdrolob`tfa ey

ubbmtodobj sudc pcfbmlfbmb tm ef ob fxostfbdf. Oh `ddur`tf, tcos n`dk mh `eonoty tm aftfdt

tcos fxostfbdf ob `by lfaoul l`y ef ` rfsunt mh ojbmr`bdf mr ` sfbsf mh `p`tcy.

@nsm, tcos ojbmr`bdf l`y ef tcf d`usf

d`u sf mh tcf aos`jrfflfbt mb wcftcfr str`ba-e`sfa

aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s os bmrl`n mr c`rlhun. @s Audkkot, I. c`s mesfrvfa, prfiuaodf `ba

aosdrolob`tomb mbny dmlf obtm nojct wcfb mbf os fbnojctfbfa ey ots fxostfbdf `ba wcfb

tcmsf aosdrolob`tfa hffns tc`t sudc aosdrolob`tomb os jrmwobj obtm lmrf vomnfbt `ba

afstrudtovf hmrls mh vomnfbdf.

 

54 

Ufdmllfba`tombs

Zotc tcf hmrfjmobj rfsunts `ba dmbdnusombs, tcf rfsf`rdcfrs rfdmllfba tc`t tcfrf

 ef lmrf dmlprfcfbsovf stuay `ba rfsf`rdc

rfsf`rdc mb tcos l`ttfr. Fhhmrts ob pursuobj
pursuobj `ba meifdtovf

`ba suest`bto`n aftfrlob`tomb mh str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba prfiuaodf `s ` smdo`n h`dt

`ba `s `b mesfrv`enf pcfbmlfbmb scmuna ef ambf ob mrafr tm prmvoaf buos`bdf tm tcos

l`ttfr. Ttuaofs mb ots ubafrnyobj d`usfs, fhhfdts, cmw ot t`kfs pn`df, `ba tcf lfaoul wotc

wcodc ot fxosts dmuna ef ambf tm dmlpnftfny ubafrst`ba tcos pcfbmlfbmb `ba prmvoaf

dmbdnusovf a`t` `ba dot`enf `ba rf`n-nohf sdfb`roms wcfrfob tcos prfiuaodf `ba

aosdrolob`tomb fxosts.

@s hmr tcf stuafbts, tcfrf os dnf`r n`dk mh ubafrst`baobj mh wc`t str`ba-e`sfa

aosdrolob`tomb `ba prfiuaodf lf`b ‑ mr  ‑ wcodc

mr fvfb prfiuaodf otsfnh  wcodc l`y c`vf rfsuntfa ob

tcf obdmbdnusovf mpobomb mh tcf rfspmbafbts ob dc`r`dtfrozobj

dc` r`dtfrozobj ot. Qcfrf scmuna ef stfps t`kfb

ob t`dknobj tcf ojbmr`bdf, tcrmujc lf`bs mh faud`tomb,

faud `tomb, mh tcf stuafbts mb tcos pcfbmlfbmb.

Hurtcfr Ufdmllfba`tombs hmr Hurtcfr Ufsf`rdc

Qcf rfsf`rdcfrs rfdmllfba tcf hmnnmwobj rfsf`rdc prmenfls ef pursufa `s

afrov`tovfs mh tcos stuay9

0.  Qcf Ufn`tombscop Eftwffb Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s `ba Tmdo`n

Lfao`

5.  D`usfs hmr tcf Fxostfbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

 

51 

4.  Qcf Ufn`tombscop mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s wotc Mtcfr Qypfs mh

Aosdrolob`tomb

1.  Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s `ba Ots Fhhfdts mb tcf @d`aflod

Wfrhmrl`bdf mh ` Ttuafbt

6.  Wsydcmnmjod`n Dmbaotombs @hhfdtobj tcf Fxostfbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa

Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s

 

56 

NOQFU@QVUF DOQFA

:3 dfbts mb tcf amnn`r9 Qcf h`dts `emut tcf jfbafr w`jf j`p. (b.a.). DBB Lmbfy.

Uftrofvfa hrml cttps9//lmbfy.dbb.dml/5706/71/04/bfws/fdmbmly/fqu`n-p`y-a`y-

5706/.

@nnpmrt, J. Z. (0?61). Qcf B`turf mh Wrfiuaodf. Vbotfa Tt`tfs9 @aaosmb-Zfsnfy.

@bto-Aosdrolob`tmry Wr`dtodf. (b.a.). Uftrofvfa hrml

cttps9//emmks.jmmjnf.dml.pc/emmks=oa<bXOIA@@@PE@I&pj<WW0&q<fqu`noty&r 

faor]fsd<y&cn<fb#v<sboppft&q<fqu`noty&h<h`nsf.

Aosdrolob`tomb9 Zc`t ot os, `ba cmw tm dmpf. (b.a.). Uftrofvfa hrml

cttps9//www.`p`.mrj/cfnpdfbtfr/aosdrolob`tomb.

Audkott, I. (0??5). W`ttfrbs mh Wrfiuaodf9 Jrmup Obtfrfsts `ba Obtfrjrmup @ttotuafs . Tmutc

@hrod`b Imurb`n mh Wsydcmnmjy.

AOTDUOLOB@QOMB9 lf`bobj ob tcf D`leroajf Fbjnosc Aodtomb`ry. (b.a.). Uftrofvfa

hrml cttps9//aodtomb`ry.d`leroajf.mrj/aodtomb`ry/fbjnosc/aosdrolob`tomb.
cttps9//aodtomb`ry.d`leroajf.mrj/aodtomb`ry/fbjnosc/aosdrolob`tomb.

Imbfs, B., & Cmnlfs, U. (5707). Jfbafr, pmnotods `ba smdo`n prmtfdtomb. Nmbamb, VK9

Mvfrsf`s Afvfnmplfbt Obstotutf.

 

58 

LdDmlefs., T., & LdDmlefs, T. (570?, Bmvflefr 6). Afsdroptovf Ufsf`rdc Afsojb9

Afhobotomb, Lftcmas `ba Fx`lpnfs. Uftrofvfa hrml

cttps9//www.sdroeer.dml/lftcmamnmjy/afsdroptovf-rfsf`rdc/.

Tcfroh, L. (0?8:). Jrmup dmbhnodt `ba dm-mpfr`tomb. Nmbamb9 Umuatnfajf.

Vbafrst`baobj Aosdrolob`tomb (b.a.). Uftrofvfa hrml

cttps9//wfe.`rdcovf.mrj/wfe/57017870500650/cttp9//dyefrsdcmmneus.ub.mrj/aosdrol

/oa]3]ua]probt.`sp.
 

@WWFBAODFT
 

51 

 NFQQFU @TKOBJ WFULOTTOMB QM DMBAVDQ UFTF@UDC  

@WWFBAOS @ —  NFQQFU

Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb, E`ye`y, Nfytf, Obdmrpmr`tfa

E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf
@_ 570?-5757
E`sod Faud`tomb Afp`rtlfbt (Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn)

Mdtmefr 40, 570?

TOTQFU L. L@UOEFN E. WO@BJDM, MTH

Wrobdop`n, E`sod Faud`tomb Afp`rtlfbt `ba Tdcmmn Aorfdtrfss
Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb, E`ye`y, Nfytf, Obdmrpmr`tfa
E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf

Af`r Tostfr L`roefn9

Wf`df `ba `nn Jmma!

Zf, tcf stuafbts mh Jr`af 05-@EL, `rf durrfbtny ob tcf prmdfss mh dmbaudtobj
dmba udtobj mur rfsf`rdc
stuaofs ob hunhonnlfbt mh tcf rfquorflfbts hmr tcf sueifdt Wr`dtod`n Ufsf`rdc 5 (Pu`btot`tovf
Ufsf`rdc). Mur jrmup jmt tcf `pprmv`n mhm h mur rfsf`rdc tf`dcfr tm dmbaudt tcf stuay fbtotnfa
„Wfrdfptomb mh Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn Ttuafbts mb tcf Fxostfbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa
 Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s ob tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb .“  .“ 

Ob vofw mh tcos, wf wmuna nokf tm `sk pfrlossomb tm nft us dmbaudt tcf stuay ob tcf Tdcmmn.
Zf wmuna nokf tm `v`on `nsm tcf p`rtodop`tomb mh Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn stuafbts ob `bswfrobj
mur survfy qufstombb`orf `ba tcf `ssost`bdf mh tcf sueifdt tf`dcfrs ob dmbaudtobj mur stuay.

Qc`bk ymu vfry ludc hmr ymur dmmpfr`tomb.

Tobdfrfny,

(TJA.) @SN HOQYJFU@NA N. EVN@Z@B

Ufprfsfbt`tovf 
Jrmup‟s Ufprfsfbt`tovf 

 Bmtfa9

(TJA.) LU. UMXFN O. XFNMTM (TJA.) LT. B@QC@NOF J. BMLEU@AM

 Ufsf`rdc Qf`dcfr Ufsf`rdc @avosfr

@pprmvfa9

(TJA.) TOTQFU L. L@UOEFN WO@BJDM, MTH

Tdcmmn Aorfdtrfss `ba Wrobdop`n, E`sod Faud`tomb A`tf
 

56 

 NFQQFU QM QCF UFTWMBAFBQT  

@WWFBAOS E —  NFQQFU

Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb, E`ye`y, Nfytf, Obdmrpmr`tfa

E`ye`y Doty, Nfytf
@_ 570?-5757
E`sod Faud`tomb Afp`rtlfbt (Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn)

Af`r Ufspmbafbt,

Zf `rf durrfbtny dmbaudtobj ` rfsf`rdc stuay ob p`rto`n hunhonnlfbt mh mur rfquorflfbts ob

Wr`dtod`n Ufsf`rdc 5. Mur stuay os fbtotnfa „Wfrdfptomb mh Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn Ttuafbts mb
tcf Fxostfbdf mh Ttr`ba-E`sfa Aosdrolob`tomb `ba Eo`s ob tcf Hr`bdosd`b Dmnnfjf mh tcf
Dmbdfptomb,“ wcodc `ols tm aftfrlobf tcf pfrdfptomb mh stuafbts mb tcf
Oll`dun`tf Dmbdfptomb,“
fxostfbdf mh str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s.

Zf `rf `skobj ymu, ob tcos rfj`ra, tm honn mut tcf fbdnmsfa survfy qufstombb`orf tm tcf efst
mh ymur trutchun kbmwnfajf. _mur cfnp ob `bswfrobj tcos qufstombb`orf os cojcny
`pprfdo`tfa.

Qc`bk ymu.

Tobdfrfny,

(TJA.) @SN HOQYJFU@NA N. EVN@Z@B (TJA.) HUO@L N_BACFN M. J@NFBYMJ@

(TJA.) FADOFN JUFJMU_ T. J@NMT (TJA.) BFON UOKKM F. XOA@NNMB

(TJA.) KOLEFUN_ @BB D. @UDFB@ (TJA.) FN@OY@ L@UOF Q. @UFX@NM

(TJA.) N@A_ L@_ W. DMUFQODM (TJA.) L@F K_NF E. JO@B@B

 

58 

@WWFBAOS D —  TVUXF_
 TVUXF_ PVFTQOMBB@OUF

 B`lf9 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Tfx9 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
Jr`af & Tfdtomb9 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] @jf9 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Eo`sfs `ba prfiuaodfs `rf prfdmbdfovfa mpobomb tc`t os bmt e`sfa mb rf`smb mr `dtu`n

fxpfrofbdf,, eutos `wcfb

fxpfrofbdf
Aosdrolob`tomb pfrsmb‟s spfdohod
tcfrf os ubiust dn`ssohod`tomb
trf`tlfbt e`sfa(f.j.
upmbr`df,
tc`t sfx, jfbafrdmbdfptomb.
prfiuaodo`n oafbtoty).
Zf `rf obquorobj wcftcfr ymu pfrdfovf tc`t tcfrf os ob fxostfbdf aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s
 e`sfa mb tcf str`ba dcmsfb ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn.

Honn up tcos qufstombb`orf ey puttobj ` dcfdk l`rk ( ✔) obsoaf tcf sp`dfs prmvoafa
rojct efhmrf ymur sfnfdtfa `bswfr. Wnf`sf `bswfr tcf hmnnmwobj qufstombs cmbfstny.

0.  Am ymu c`vf horstc`ba fxpfrofbdf mh efobj prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb

ymur dcmsfb str`ba ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn=
( ) _fs ( ) Bm

Mb ` sd`nf hrml 0 tm 07 wotc 0 efobj tcf nf`st `ba 07 tcf cojcfst `ba usobj tcf bmb-
bulfrod`n juoaf efnmw, cmw mhtfb am ymu mesfrvf sudc eo`s `ba aosdrolob`tomb=
( ) 0 ( ) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 ( ) 6 ( ) 8 ( ) : ( ) 3 ( ) ? ( ) 07

 Bmb-bulfrod`n U`tobj Juoaf

3-07 @nw`ys Mesfrvfa
6-: Tmlftolfs Mesfrvfa
5-1 U`rfny Mesfrvfa
0 Bmt Mesfrvfa

5.  C`vf ymu wotbfssfa mtcfrs efobj prfiuaodfa mr aosdrolob`tfa e`sfa mb tcfor dcmsfb
str`ba ob Tfbomr Cojc Tdcmmn=
( ) _fs ( ) Bm

Mb ` sd`nf hrml 0 tm 07 wotc 0 efobj tcf nf`st `ba 07 tcf cojcfst `ba usobj tcf bmb-
bmb -
bulfrod`n juoaf efnmw, cmw mhtfb am ymu mesfrvf sudc eo`s `ba aosdrolob`tomb=
( ) 0 ( ) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 ( ) 6 ( ) 8 ( ) : ( ) 3 ( ) ? ( ) 07

 Bmb-bulfrod`n U`tobj Juoaf

3-07 @nw`ys Mesfrvfa
6-: Tmlftolfs Mesfrvfa
5-1 U`rfny Mesfrvfa
0 Bmt Mesfrvfa
 

5: 

4.  Ufj`ranfss mh wcftcfr ymu pfrdfovf tc`t str`ba-e`sfa aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s fxosts
mr bmt, cmw wmuna ymu afsdroef mr
m r dc`r`dtfrozf tcos typf mh aosdrolob`tomb `ba eo`s
tm ` stuafbt‟s lmr`nf mr `d`aflod nohf= 
nohf=  
( ) C`rlhun
( ) Bmrl`n
( ) Bm Mpobomb