..............

ltaad1nb·mw.

.!!.au.
I
1•1--, <ndaN T

-
l' 0 I s• • ttai-nee._ mmolee of1C>lute PN!leata
.,.,_• • . . _ . , mwber of molea of the aolute 1'1111-...1111
_ _ _11J.,1.t•D1no,

lae diluted with water to get IL of IM BCI T

.........,,
--•....u&y(N) DIOJarity(M),molecalarlll'II"'-"'

pan due to operat,or'a ""11111111

 '''•::-•-.-.-..
,· .........
,
llr-+11. . ......
~- •II «a·
......... , -- •--♦, a •.._....,.
........... fitratiaaat....... IC

_.,,
_ etltnthm tlMk alaoald not• rta.._-····---■
,.., 'ftda ia becauae dwing rinaing flOIDle T
... die pipetted volwne taken in the t i ~ willNIDlain-. •;• t. tlN. lila ,a r . . .. . . ,
·-
~ are primary and MaonA--
----~--1111........
. _ A 1uhltance is known as . u . , . •
,&able and unaffected by air if i~~
8aak will
.
·=-11•
~dard if it is available in hip ..... ff.f..-: ifll 111
to1ution in water remains ~ such':,~:::: loae moiature m air, ifit ia rwllly .-;Ml ... •
. . . other hand, a substance which d
Ill IWldard substance. Primary stand:::ot poaseu ~ ~ ~ i l t i t - . . . . . . . . • • •
... etc. are cryatalline oulic acid, anh:,dI •• Na.CO IWll'1
JI Barette and pipette ~ust be rinaect with the eolution wttla wlaiela &My..,.....,,,_,
,.,.._ The burette ~d J:>•pette ar_e ~sed wi~ the solution with which they ue fi1lecl m _.., to
remove any :water sticking to their sides, which otherwise would decrease the cone. of the Nml:i-am
to be taken m them.
& Jt ia cuatomary to read lower meni11CUS in cw of colourlw and t;..c.,_m• ealutl-
aad upper meniscus in case of highly coloured eolution1, why ?
Au. Because it is easy to read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solutione, while the uppe
meniscus in case of coloured solutions. In case of coloured solutions lower IIHIIUIICll8 ia not vilillrllt
elearly.
IL What is a molar solution ?
Au.A molar solution is a solution, a litre of which contains one gm-mole of the subatance. Thia•
aymbolised as 1 M.
IL Wily the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette? .
Au. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume measured by the pipette.
K. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ? .
d
Au. The body temperature may expan t e g assh 1 and introduce an error m the ww81W1l
volume.
& What is acidimetry and alkalimetry ? . . . chemical reaction between an acid _. •
Au. It is the branch of volumetric analysis mvo1vmg
baae.
II. Wlaat is permanganometry ? h .dieing agent are called perw-,a► 1 h _.
-'-- l . KMnO4 as t e oxi
...... Redox titrations invo vmg ..... O ... -rs
titrations0
t in th• reaodall ldo •• •
I. Wlaich ia an oxidising agent and a reducinl a,en
teso. ?
'--KMno, acts as oxidising agent an
. . . la the indicator used in KMnO,
.._,No indicator is used because KMnO'
~=
d FeSO act.s as reducinl agent.
don
7

88
a self-indica1iar•
 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHIEM18fil!W.li

1'lly .._ Kllno, act itaelf u an indicator?

A.a. la tlae JB s ~ of dilute sulphuric acid, KMnO, reacts with reducing agent (oxalic leid 1t
••uus aalphate). When all the reducing agent has been oxidised, the excess of KMno, ia ._
d r >tqnaed and imparts pink colour to the solution.
1'llat ia the end point in KMnO titrations ?
Ana. From colourless to permanen; light pink.
n. Why i8 Mohr's salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in vobunetrie
analysu?
Aaa. This is because of the fact that Mohr's salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferrous
sulphate get.s oxidised to ferric sulphate.
a. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard aolution
el Mohr's lllllt ?
A-. Few drops of~S04 are added to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
Wlay a burette with rubber pinch cock should not be used in KMnO, titrations?
Aaa. Because KMnO, attacks rubber.
M. Sometimes a brown ppt. is observed in KMn04 titrations. Why?
Ana. It is due t.o insufficient quantity of dil. sulphuric acid. Brown coloured ppt. (Mn0 .~0) is
2
formed due t.o the incomplete oxidation of KMn0 4 •
2KMnO, + ~ O - ~ 2KOH + 2Mn0 2 + 3[0]
Brown ppt.

II. Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before titrating with
JDlnO, 90Jution ?
Ana. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn 2• ions. Oxalic acid is heated
to apeed up the liberation of Mn 2• ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the reaction
pnNUda rapidly. This also serves the purpose of expelling the carbondiox.ide evolved during the
111ac1ion which otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion.
 WTH

y 1 that deal \\-'1th the me ods hi ar ed t d te LU.LI.■.,

en fa compound ••

A r d1cal may be defined a an atom or group of atoms which ea.me

a 1ngl umt n chem1cal react10 .
 207

.,._...., acidic •~d ba~I~ radlcal11

(tadirall!I
.,,diernrrymg • , rnd,cal• and lhoae carrying negative charge
pmnl1vt1 l'hnr~o nrl' cnll,,d bOHie
; ,Jled rmlirnls

,ttC
\fb•t type of bond lM 1,rNwnt ln an inorganic ttalt?
~ E1t,rtrovnh nt hond. 1

~,.
fbY do inorgamu• ' ""lt.um liu• wht•n dhumlved In water?
~ !Jlf. l)Ul' to tlw'l'\\\t~
hi~h 1ht>lt•dril'
t\ t ·
, 1·onE1t1111t of' w11t l'r, t,I111 Ion·•· of attraction holding the two ions in a
, • w ,wo 10111-1• s1•p11rn1t• · '11110 •wnH nro f11rt ~wr Hiahilizcd hy solvation.
1111\t dt•rrt•u~,•~.
Nlllle the eoloun•d bafl1t' rndu•nh,.
1 1
t , FP ' ' l'r ' ' Nt ' • ' ' o ' lllll I Mn '.
6, An•·\,, u '• , F•• 1

What is the colour of iron tmlte'l

1, }JIB, Ft>rrnut- ..,
~nlts nn' wm11lly• li~ht 1•n•t•n · RH ItM 11r1• g<•noru II y 1orown.
whill' ~c•rr1c
8. Name any iron salt whieh ie light greun.
Ans, FPt-rnu~ t-ulph1lh'.
9, What is the colour of nickel salts?
Cobalt
Ans, Hlui~h grt'l'n or gn t'n. 1

~
10. What is the colour of manganese salts?
Ans, Light pink or tlesh colour.
Name the basic radicals which are absent, if the given salt is white.
11, 2
Ans.Cu•. Fe •, Fe ·. Cr •, Ni 2• , Co"' und Mn ' .
Wb)' a salt containing lead turn black in colour, when placed for a long time in
solu.
\'olres 12.
laboratory ?
Ans, Due to the formation of bluck lead-sulphide by the action of H2S in atmosphere.

IL Name the salts which produce crackling sound when heated.

. ed. 18, Ans, Lead nitrate, barium nitrate, potassium bromide, sodium chloride.

Ans. Itisissublimation?
14. What the process by which u snit dfrectly changes into gaseous phase withaut melting, when
heated. On cooling vupourR condenRC hack to the solid state.
the Tell the importance of prdimioory tesh in qualitati"e nnalysis.
88.!
15. Ans. Sometimes, pre Ji minary test> give authentic information_ about an ion in the salt. For example,
golden vellow colour in Oam<' test shows_ the presence of sodmm. In a charcoal cavity test, brown
'd · I w~ the presence of cadmium in a salt and so on.
HowUl'
rcs1 10 beatinll
issdry "' · perfonned and what information you get if the residue change•
test
16.
to In drywhen
yello"1
Ans. hot?
heating test, the salt" . dry test tube. Yellow residue when hot shows the
. heated ma

presence of zinc.
What i• the . . when copper aulphate i• heated in a dry test tube?
,,pected ,nformation
17. Ans. A white residue is _formed and water condenses on the colder walls of the test tube.
Name the radical which produces CO2 on heating.
18.
An!I· carbtlOate. . .
What i• the colour of residue when zmc salt is heated?
19. An•· A residue yellow when_ hot and white when cold is formed.
Wb•t i• the colour of residue when cadmium salt is heated?
20. An•· A residue brown when hot, brown when cold.
Jf the re1idueF inN dry .
Mheating test is white ' name th e rad'ica l 8 whu·h are ab t
il .as ...,. u ' e ' J • n ' <'o • ('r •, CI
,-- C < , '~
,,n • and Pb . •. ..en .
 208 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHEMtSTJty
-)(q
◄
.a. the foraa. ~
How f• charco al cavity test perfor med? Descri be the chemi .try for
fncnu tation u well as metall ic bead.
tioaa If
•h
mixture 11
~•· The salt is mixed with the double the quantit y of sodium carbonate and the eate.t
m the charocal cavity in luminous flame (reducing flame).
Pb(NO3 ) 2 + Na2CO3 ~ PbCO3 + 2NaNO3
PbCO3 ~ CO2 + PbO
Brown-hot
(incrustation)
PbO + C ~ Pb + CO i
(Bead)
23. Which flame is used in charco al cavity test? How is it obtain ed?
the air holes ofth
Ans. A reducin g flame is used in charcoal cavity test. It is obtained by closing e
Bunsen burner .
24. Why should we avoid excess of cobalt nitrate in cobalt nitrat e test?
the oxidising flam
Ans. Excess of cobalt nitrate is avoided because it forms black cobalt oxide in e.
This colour masks the other colours which might be produced during the test.
25. ~ the flame test, sodium impar ts yellow colour to the flame
while magne sium doea not
impar t any colour . Why?
higher energy
Ans. In case of magnesium, the energy of flame is unable to promote the electron to
level, hence, no colour is impart ed to the flame.
26. What is the chemi stry of flame test.
to the higher level.
Ans. In flame test, the valence electron of the atom gets excited and jumps
frequency falls
When the electron jumps back to the ground state, the radiati on is emitted whose
in the visible region.
27. What is the functi on of him · g)<1 ss in flame tpi;it?
Therefore, the
Ans. The blue glass can absorb a part or whole of the coloured light in certain cases.
This helps in identification
flame appear s to be of different colour when viewed throug h blue glass.
of some basic radicals.
28. Why do we use cone. HCl in pr p:- 'rig a paste of the salt for flame test?
than other salts.
Ans. In order to conver t metal salts into metal chlorides which are more volatile
test?
29. Why can't we use glass rod instt:ud vf platin um wire for perfor ming flame
yellow colour to
Ans. This is because glass contain s sodium silicate which impart s its own golden
the flame.
30. Why is platin um metal prefer red to other metals for flame test?
characteristic
Ans. Becaus e platinu m does not react with acids and does not itself impart any
colour to the flame.
31. Why do barium salts not impar t colour to the flame immed iately?
after some time.
Ans. Becaus e barium chloride is less volatile, it impart s colour to the flame
32. Why should we avoid the use of platin um wire for testing lead
salts?
Ans. Because lead combines with platinu m and the wire gets corroded.
33. Why should only a partic le or two of the given salt should be
touch ed with the bead in
borax bead test?
Ans. If salt is used in excess an opaque bead is formed.
34. Why borax bead test is not applic able in case of white salts?
Ans. White salts do not form coloured meta-b orates.
85. What is Nessle r's Reage nt?
Ans. It 1s a solutio n of mercur ic iodide in potass ium iodide. ltE- formul a is K
IHgI.I,
86 Name the acid radica l dPtect ed with dil. H SO,.?
An CO • S , SO , NO
,:-;..--~-------------
(fA'TIVE ANALYSIS

,;:- lfbY dll, H,SO 4 i■ ~referred while teating acid radical• over dil. BCI?
/tfjl, When th0 salt 18 t~eatf•d with HCI, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along wi
209

th the
ga~ evolved by th" Hali. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H 2SO 4 , no such problem
8 nses .
.a
pr
NaJDe the acid radicals detected by cone. H SO •
2 4
An•· Cl , Hr, l , NO 1 , CH 1COO ' c2() 42- '
99. Name th e radicals which are tested with the help of water extract.
An•• NO 1 , N02 and CH/~00 .
40. Name the radicals which ar.- confirmed with the help of sodium carbonate extract.
An&, S2 , Cl , Br , I , PO 4a , SO t i ' SO , '-'2
r• 0 z..
4 .

,1. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared?

An&, The Ralt iH mixed with double the amount of solid Na. CO and about 20 ml of distilled water.
It is then boiled till it is reduced to one-third, and then filter:d. The filtrate is sodium carbonate
extract or (S.E.).
42, What is water extract?
Ans, The given salt or mixture is shaken well with distilled water and the solution is filtered. The
filtrate is water extract.
43. CO1 and SOt both tum lime water milky. How will vou distinguish between them?
Ans. By passing through acidified KiCrp 7 solution. SO 2 turns KiCrp 7 green while CO 2 has no
effect.
44, NO2 and Br., both are brown in colour. How will you distinguish between them?
Ans. By passing through FeSO 4 solution. NO 2 turns FeSO 4 soln. black while Br2 has no effect.
45. How will you test the presence of carbonate?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H 2SO 4 . CO 2 gas is evolved. When the gas is
passed through lime water, it is turned milky.
Na 2CO3 + 2HC1 ~ 2N a Cl + H 2O + CO 2.

46. What is lime water?

Ans. A solution of Ca(OH\ in water is called lime water.
What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water?
47.
Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, there-
fore, disappears.
CaCO3 + CO2+ H p ~ Ca(HCOa\·

48. How do you test for sulp~ide? .

alt with dil. H 2SO 4 . H2S gas 1s evolved. It turns a paper dipped. 1 d
Ans. Warm the S m ea acetate
black. Na s + 2HCl~ 2NaCl + H 2S
2
Pb(CH COO) 2 + H 2S ~ PbS + 2CH3COOH.
t~er than CO2 which turns lime water milky?
0
49. Is there anY gas
it is SO2 gas. •
Ans, Yes, . g with cone. H 11S04 in presence of
paper pallet evolve NO gas
50. All
nitrates on h~at1nf paper pallet?
function o a •
What is the b n) reduces HNO 3 to NO2
a er pallet (car o
Ans, P P ,.Tll.TQ + H SO 4 ~ KHSO 4 + HNO
D-!, 3 2 3
T1'1'.TQ + C ~ 2H2O + 4NO + co .
4ru, 3 2 2
ether the given solution in a bottl . .
. test w h . t t be e 1s lune wat er?
51. How will you solution in ates u and blow into it b
An._ Take 2 ~~!t!~ution is liJJle water. ~ Y means of a glass tubing. Milki
. dicates that ness
1n ra
 ~~
10
. . . _......._. . __.._____.. _....----------..-.~~Ry_)(II
Haw-•• rin.,r t..C ~ for nitratH'I
COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHEMIST

. . '
.1
h ~"Nut1,\I\, "----" h'· l ft•rJ'\\ll~ ;iulphnto ~olution 1:-1 nddt•d nnd then
<l'AL 11,
a._ 'W'I...... _
uft" N '"'" ._, pN>Jmn•o · • . . f
I su 1Ph .
add C'\1ft4.• \~ ~itl'd 11l,\l\i{ tht• "All" ,\f tlw tulw. A tlurk hrown rmi,t 11-1 orm~c at the junction of~~c
IW\\ ~\lut.hll\S IJ

~ \\n,,, th• hol N\aNfon mtsha~ in ,.,.IN'of et•n••· H,SO • ter,t is not th rown into the sink?
Ans. In nnn•r.i
c., l\,.,.,,d ~pur111~. ,luc• 1,," l11,·I1 l'1 ,~., , \ • 11un th· :ind 1-1poil dotlw:-i 11nd maY result into
:llt'n,,us uuunc,._
4 'Whal 1s 1\-Jlt'n'!i n'lltl'•nt?
\ns. ~1monl\-..ll .~:'.\t \ ~,tlut ll'll 1~ ,-.1ll c•d l\1llc•n ·~ rt'Hfo!t'nl.
G1\'t' rormul11 t'lf l>iphc•n.., lttmint' rt'Jl)tt'Ol,
r\n~ C..J-l' _~H
56.. Wh) 11 d11rk bnlWll ring i"' fornwd tat tht• jundion of two l~yers in ring teRt for nitrate,?
Ans. H_ St\ ~n,~ ht•.n krt';.mn~ tlw hi,n•r hi) ,•rand n•:wt:- only w1_th n ~mull amount ofnitrnteanct
Ft'$(). :lt 1t.:: surfat'\'. tlwrt'f~'rt.'. n bn,\\ n ring nppc•nr:- (llll~· nt tlw Junl'twn of thl' two layers.
5- \\1-Q Rct•t1c add 1,. nddt~ bt>fon• adding lead ,uwtnte solution?
Ans. In \l.Ner t,) pn•, t'nt tht' h) dn,l~ :-i:- i1f knd :w1•tntt' ,, hich would yield white precipitate oflead
h)~r\).'X-ldt•.
~ What is tbt" formultt nf Sodium nitroprusside?
)'
Ans. Xa !Ft~C::'\'b :\\_
59 'What is C'hrom~ I ,·ht,,ride test?
Ans. He:lt a small nnwunt l,f tht• mixturt' with cone. H.,S0 1 and solid J\Cr20 7 in a dry test tube.
De-ep bn,wnish n"tl vapour:, of l'hnnn) l chloride are formed. Pass these vapours in water. A yellow
sL1l. L1f H_ CrO. is forrut"tl. Add ftl this solution NuOH. acetic acid and lead acetate, a yellow ppt.
ronfirms chloride m the mixturl'

CrO2Clz + 2H2O - H2Cr0,1 + 2HC1

67
H 2 Cr04 + 2Na OH~ Na2 Cr0 4 + 2H20
X<½Cr04 + (CH3 C00)2 Pb~ PbCr04 + 2CH3 COONa.
6-0. Whnt is the chemistry of carbon disulphide test for a b1omide or iodide?
An,. To a part of the soda extract add dil. HCI. Now to this add small amount of CS2 and excess of
chlorine water and shake the solution well. Chlorine displaces bromine or iodine from the bromide
or iodide. which dissoh-es in carbon disulphide to produce orange or violet colouration.
2KBr + C1 2 ~ 2KCl + Br2
2KI + CI2 ~ 2KCI + 12.
61. Wh) do bromides and iodides not respond to chromyl chloride test?
Ans. Because chromyl bromide (Cr02 Br2 ) and chromyl iodide (CrO2l)
2
compounds are not formed,
instead of these bromine and iodine are evolved.
K2 Cr:P, + 6KI + 7H2S04 ~ 312 + Cr2(S04 ) 3 + 41½804 + 7H2 0
K2 Cr2 0 7 + 6KBr + 7H2S04 ~ 3Br2 + CriS04)3 + 41½804 + 7H20.
62. Describe the chemistcy of match stick te~t
~s. ~ match stick ~est, t~e sul~hate is reduced to sulphide by carbon of match stick which then
gives v10let colour with sodium mtroprusside solution.
Zn80 4 + Na2C03 ~ ZnCO 3 + Na2SO4
Na2 804 + 4C ~ Na2S + 4CO
(Match
stick)
NazS + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ~ Na4[Fe(CN)5NOSJ
Purple colour
 211
,oes iodi ne gi~e a blue colo ur with star ch solution?
- fbe blue colour 1s due to the phys ical adso
rptio n of iodin e upon starc h.
,,_,. o.S. is not prep ared in cone . HN0 ?
fbY IJN03 is an oxidising agen t whic h on deco 3
mposition gives oxygen. A yellow ppt. of sulphur
~e d in prese nce ofHN O3 whe n H S is pass ed. is
2
H 2S + 2HN O 3 ---. 2NO + 2H O + S.
2 2
~-e group reag ents for diffe rent grou ps.
~ Group 1-D il. HCl.
,.,.,_ Group ll-H2S in the pres ence of dil. HCl.
Group III- NH 4OH in pres ence ofN H Cl.
4
Group IV- H2S in pres ence ofN H OH.
4
Group V-{N H 4) 2 CO3 in pres ence ofNH Cl and
4 NH OH.
4
Group VJ- No specific grou p reag ent.
WhY is it esse ntia l to add dil. BCl befo re proc
eedi ng to the test for the basi c rad ical s of
I&, group ll?
ADB· In the prec ipita tion of grou p II catio ns as their
sulp hide s. H Sis used in the pres ence of dil.
HCl. H2S is itsel f a wea k acid and dissociates as follow 2
s:
H 2S ==' 2H+ + s2----
HCl ---1 H+ + c1-
Hydrochloric acid bein g a stron g acid is large ly
ionis ed to H+. Thus hydr ogen ion conc entra tion
increased and cons eque ntly the conc entra tion of is
sulp hide ions prod uced by the ionis ation of H S
sufficiently decr ease d due to common ion effect. is
A£ a resu lt of whic h the sulp hide ion concentr 2
is sufficient only to exceed the solubility prod ation
uct of the sulp hide s of grou p II catio ns.
Since the solub ility prod ucts (Ksp) for the sulp
hide s of groups Ill and IV catio ns are very high
those catio ns are not prec ipita ted out unde r the ,
above conditions.
i'7. Why is the O.S. hoil ed wnh cone . BN0 in
3 m group?
Ans. In the pres ence of NH Cl, Fe(OH) is not prec
4 ipita ted beca use of its high solu bility product.
For this reas on Fe++ salts are oxidised2 to Fe-
salts by boiling with cone. HNO befo re addi
NH4Cl and NH OH·, othe rwis e Fe++ would not be 3 ng
4 ppte d in Ill group.
6FeS O + 3H SO + 2HNO ~ 3Fe2(SO4 \ + 4Hp + 2NO.
4 2 4 3
68. Why is NH Cl add ed alon g with ~"ll 0B
4 4 in ID group?
Ans. It is done in orde r to decr ease the conc entra
tion of OH- ions by supp ressi ng the ionisation
NH.OH by com mon ion effect. If NH pH alon of
e is used in that case, the conc entra tion of OH-
enough to ppt. the hydr oxid e of IV, V and V1 grou is
ps.
69. What is blue lake ?
Ans. It is blue parti cles (blue litm us adsorbed on whit e
ppt. of Al(O H\ floating in colourless solution.
70. 1¾S gas is pass ed in pres ence
of NH 40H in grou11 IV. Exp lain ':hy ?
· asse d 1·n alka line med ium or NH OH, the H• ions from . . .
Ans. When H S gas rs p the disso ciati on of
H S gas com bine with hydr oxyl ions (OH-) from the disso4 • • " •
2 ciation of NHP H to 1orm nearly umo n-
ised H 20.
H S ~ 2H+ + s2---
2
2NH4OH ~ 2OH - + 2NH /
H+ + oH- H2O
· . .
The remo val of H+ ions from the solu tion caus s more of H S to dissociate, there by mcreasmg the
~ t th . ni; product of IV group meta l sulphide
conc entra tion of s2---- ions to such an exte nt t 1 s
exceeds their solu bilit y prod uct. Henc e they are
a ~ ?t t d
prec ipi a e ·
 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHEMISTR-f
-la,
fl. Pr■■■aee otNB,CI ia quite eNeDtial before the addition of <NB,>1 co. in IP'OUp V. ~I._:
why?Ammomum
Alla. · · suppresses the 1omsa
chlonde · · t·ion ofNH •OHand(NH) 4 •2CO 3 due to• con.-
-on ion.
a&ct which results in the decrease in the concentration of OH- and CO/- ions. So the ionic Pl'Od.Uc:t.
does not exceed the solubility product of Mg(OH)2 or MgC03 and thereby they are not Preci.J>itat.eci
in Vgroup. •
71. N• CO cannot be used in place of (NB ) C08 in the group V. Explain why?
-. I 4 ll • f CO 2-- •
Ana. N~C08 is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces ~ery high cone. 0 . . 3 ions. As a !'esult
ionic product of MgC03 may increase its Ksp and 1t may get precipitated along with the
radicals ofV group.
'73. An aqueous solution of HCl has cone. 10"8 M. What is the approximate v alue of pH ofthia
solution?
Ans. Slightly less than 7.
74. How will your prepare chlorine water?
Ans. Take cone. HCl in a test tube and add KMnO 4 soln. dropwise till the pink colour starts
persisting. Now add a few drops of cone. HCl so that pink colour disappears. The colourless solution
thus obtained is chlorine water.
75. Can we use a mmonium sulphate in place of ammonium chloride in group m
precipitation?
Ans. No, ammonium sulphate cannot be used because it would cause precipitation of gro v
radicals as their sulphates in group III. up
76. Name a cation which is not obtained from a metal?
Ans. Ammonium ion (NH4 +).
 GflOUPI PMIENT IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

-•IJ'OUP No offen1ive smelling gae Amino group ablent.

flll& :,0 IJDOUDt of organic liq- evolved.
fl • _.tube, added 1 ml cone.
11 aod a few drops of CHC1 •
-'JICl 3
; ..wed 2 ml of ale. KOH so-
: : -wanned test-tube.

_.vLT
-C
pen 0rpnic compound contain~ aldehydic II H) functional group.
~ ( 0

~A QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1 What 111 a functional group

Ans. The group of atoms thnt largely determines the properties of an organic compound is called
functional group
s, Nam an) four fun hon I group .
Ans H)droX)l group-OH
Amino group -NR
CarboX) l group --COOH
Aldehychc group -CHO.
S. Name th fun I up pr nt m nlkcnes nnd nlkynes.
An Alkene!; are un aturatcd hydrocarbons with C = C bond present in them. Alkynes are un-
saturated h) drocarbons with C ■ C bond pm;ent in them.
l What i Bn-•,~-·~ un tu tion?
Ana When Bac)cr' rcng<'nL (o lknlinc potassium pcrmnnganntc) is added to unsaturated com-
pound, 1ta colour get d1 chnrg1•d indirnting prm,PncP of C = C or C ■ C in thl' compound.
Do alk)n t m blu l l u I p r r d
Ana No
l Wb1 h 1 hol or ph nol?
An A phenol
7 Wb I IT)mg out odmm metal tc t'f
An Bee o reacts with sodium nncl givPs hydro1,ten 1,tas with brisk effervescence.
What nt
An I >e ccn primary, sPcondary and tertiary alcohols.
l Wh h O di ph nol or cnrboxyhc u·id?
Aaa. Carboxyhc acid
\\ bi h n d1 t ngu1 h bf.'tw n hl'xylamint (C1 H18Nlli) and anilin-.

h hd D h ld h) d f'rom k t n 11
 •... N_a..._, COMf'MHINIIVI li'tW:TleAL

IINd touteotoarlNNaYI poup ID a oompc,aad.

Au.DNP (I, '"4Unltrophenylhydruine)
11. What._ Tollen'• l'NPDtT
AD..lt ii ammonical 1ilver nitrate 10lution
What la the UN of Schiff'• reapnt?
Aa.. Schiff'1 napnt i9 uHCI to detect aldehyde group.
11. Gift one teat to di■tinr,ul■h between an aldehyde and a ketone.
An..Tollen'1 teat can be u■ed to diatinguaah between an aldehyde and 8 ketone
18. What l■ Rochelle'■ ■alt?
An1.Sodium potuaium tartarate i1 called Rochell••'s salt
17. What 11 Fehling'■ 110lution?
An■.It i• a •olution obtained by mixing equal volumes of copper sulphate solution (Fehling A) 114
a aolution of sodium hydroxide containing sodium pota1u1ium tartaratf• <J<'chling BJ.
18. How j• nitrou~ a<"iil IN prt•J>ared?
An.. When ~ium nitrite i& reacted with dil. HCI at a temperature below 5°C, nitroua lcicl •
produced. 'NU
19. What 11 application of carbylamine reaction?
An..It ia uaed to detect primary amine.
IO. How can phenol and aniline be distinguiahed chemically?
An..Phenol is soluble in aqueous NaOH solution whereas aniline is not.
Aniline ia 1oluble in dilute HCI whereas phenol is not.
In contrast to aromatic primary amines, aliphatic primary amine■ do not form ..W.
diazonium salts. Why?
An.. BecaU8e alkyl carbocation formed on decomposition of diazonium salt is more stable tblD I
phenyl carbocation.
n. Why !1 aniline weaker base than ammonia?
An1. BecaU8e lone pair of nitrogen in aniline is delocalized over benzene ring and is not fa11J

18.
available for sharing with acids.
Bow can you distinguish between methanol and ethanol chemically?
II
An,. Methanol and ethanol can be distinguished by iodoform test. Ethanol gives yellow ppt. rl ~
iodolorm in this test whereas methanol does not give this test positive.