Handout 9.

1
Comparing Industrial Revolutions
Student version

Create a chart to take notes on the first and second Industrial Revolutions. After you have
completed the chart, work with a partner to develop an argument paragraph for the following
question: Evaluate the extent to which the first Industrial Revolution differed from the second
Industrial Revolution in the period 1750-1900.

Highlights of the First Industrial Revolution Highlights of the Second Industrial Revolution
 Steamboat invented
 Spinning jenny invented  First skyscraper
 New factory openings  Advance in steel production
 Elevation of the cotton gin  Railroad expansion
 Steel  Gas
 New farming strategies  Water supply
 Steel plow  Sewage systems
 Sowing machine  Air brakes
 Telegraph  Telephone
 Extents of the railroad crossings  Electric lights
 Typewriter
 Electricity
Handout 9.2
Economic, Social, Political, and Geographic Causes of the
Industrial Revolution in Britain
Student version

Within Europe, Great Britain was the starting point of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth
century and was an industrial leader in the nineteenth century. To evaluate the relative
significance of the different causes that contributed to Britain’s being the starting point of the
Industrial Revolution, fill in a causation chart that considers economic, social, political, and
geographic causes.

Economic Social Political Geographic

 Factory  Growth of  Capitalism  Agriculture
system population  Government  Coal
 New power  Wealth  Imperialism  Natural
sources  Better  New resources
 Trade routes housing inventions  Textile mills
 New markets  Cheaper  global power  Consistent
 Railroads goods  Increased trade
 Building  Financial demands for  River/
cities support workers streams
Handout 9.3

Social Classes in Great Britain during the Industrial

Revolution
Student version

New social classes, including the middle class and the laboring class, appeared as a result of the
Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. Fill in a comparison chart that lists characteristics of the
three major social classes of nineteenth century Great Britain — the aristocracy, the middle
class, and the laboring class.

Aristocracy Middle Class Laboring Class

 Political power  Educated  Industrial work
 Elite  Well with money  Long hours
 Privileged  Professions  Harsh conditions
 Rich  Most poor
 Loyal
 Honor of service
 Leaders
Handout 9.4
The Lives of Middle-Class Women Compared with the Lives
of Laboring-Class Women
Student version

The lives of women were changing during the nineteenth century, but these changes depended on
social class. Use the information on pages 396–400 to compare the lives of middle-class women
to the lives of laboring-class women.

Middle-Class Women Laboring-Class Women

  Did not work  Worked during the industrial
 Had little jobs like a nurse revolution harsh conditions
 Most married  Not paid much
 Home moms  Still takes care of the house
 Taken care by the men

Handout 9.5
Marxism, Capitalism, and Changes in Western Europe
Student version

Fill in a chart to describe Karl Marx’s ideas on capitalism, his suggestions to reform capitalism,
and changes in Western Europe that made Marxism less appealing.
Marx’s Criticism of
Capitalism
People who work in factories and
markets need better working
conditions even though
industrialization is increasing it
would help people to get paid more
for what they do
Handout 9.6
Marx’s Ideas to Reform
Capitalism
He wanted his followers to
overturn the capitalism. He thought
that maybe if he went against the
capitol someone would change the
way things are supposed to be
Changes in Western Europe
That Made Marxism Less
Appealing
The socialist parties were not in
favor of Marxism because they
wanted the capital to be left alone.
It seemed liked if Marxism were to
change the capital it would ruin
what they had, and the workers
would remain the same.
Migration in the United States and Russia
Student version

Migration had different effects on the areas where migrants settled. Fill in a comparison chart
listing the causes and effects of migration in the United States and Russia.

Causes: Causes: Effects: Effects:

Similarities Differences Similarities Differences
 New  Differences in  the  To the
technologies the pace and United east was
and sources timing of States, a Russia,
of energy industrializati young, with its
generated on, the size vigorous, Eastern
vast and shape of democrati Orthodox
increases in major c, Christianit
production industries, the expandin y, an
and role of the g autocratic
spawned an state, the country, tsar, a
unprecedent political populated huge
ed expression of largely by populatio
urbanization social conflict, people of n of serfs,
as well. and many European and an
 Class other factors descent, empire
structures have made along stretching
changed as this process with a across all
aristocrats, rich in substanti of
artisans, and comparative al number northern
peasants possibilities. of slaves Asia.
declined as of African
classes, origin
while the
middle
classes and
a factory
working
class grew
in numbers
and social
prominence.
 Middle-class
women
generally
withdrew
from paid
labor
altogether,
and their
working-
class
counterparts
sought to do
so after
 marriage. 
  Working
women
usually
received
lower wages
than their
male
counterparts
, had
difficulty
joining
unions, and
were
accused of
taking jobs
from men. 
 Working-
class
frustration
and anger
gave rise to
trade unions
and socialist
movements,
injecting a
new element
of social
conflict into
industrial
societies.

Handout 9.7
Working and Living Conditions in the United States and in Europe
Student version

Fill in a chart to compare the working and living conditions in the United States to
the working and living conditions in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.

Working and Living Conditions in the Working and Living Conditions in

United States Europe
 Poor workers were often
housed in cramped, grossly
inadequate quarters. Working
conditions were difficult and
exposed employees to many
risks and dangers, including
cramped work areas with poor
ventilation, trauma from
machinery, toxic exposures to
heavy metals, dust, and
solvents.
Handout 9.8
Reaction to Working Conditions in the United States and in Europe
Student version
Poor workers were often
housed in cramped, grossly
inadequate quarters. Working
conditions were difficult and
exposed employees to many
risks and dangers, including
cramped work areas with poor
ventilation, trauma from
machinery, toxic exposures to
heavy metals, dust, and
solvents.
Create a comparison chart of the reactions to working conditions in the United
States and in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.

Reactions in the United States Reactions in Europe

The industrial revolution led to
rapid changes in people's living workers organized unions to solve
and working conditions. In their problems. Their problems were
response to poor working low wages and unsafe working
conditions, labor movements conditions. The solution was for the
organized alliances known as workers to cooperate and form
unions and pushed for reforms. unions. First, workers formed local
Reform movements happened unions and later formed national
around the world but started in unions.
Britain and the United States.
Handout 9.9
Comparison of the Political, Social, and Economic
Characteristics of the United States and Russia during the Industrial Era
Student version

Begin a comparison chart of the political, social, and economic characteristics of

the United States and Russia during the industrial era. You should complete the
chart as you read the section.

United States Russia

Political  The political
implications of the
American Industrial
Revolution included the
rise of the United States
as a global economic
power, the clash between
traditional culture and
modern progress, and the
passage of labor-related
legislation.
 During this
period, Russia's
traditional monarchy and
Tsarist system was
abolished and replaced
with the world's first
Communist state.

Social The Industrial

Revolution brought rapid
urbanization or the What was the social system in
movement of people to the Russian Revolution?
cities. Changes in The social structure in Imperial
farming, soaring Russia was greatly influenced
population growth, and by feudalism, a system where
an ever-increasing nobles received land from the
demand for workers led Crown and the land was then
masses of people to worked by peasants. At the
migrate from farms to bottom of the social order were
cities. Almost overnight, serfs, who were tied to the land
small towns around coal that they worked.
or iron mines
mushroomed into cities.

Economic The Industrial Revolution Industrialization in the

transformed economies Russian Empire saw the
 that had been based on
agriculture and
handicrafts into
economies based
on large-scale industry,
mechanized
manufacturing, and the
factory system. New
machines, new power
sources, and new ways of
organizing work made
existing industries more
productive and efficient.
development of an
industrial economy,
whereby labor
productivity increased
and the demand for
industrial goods was
partially provided from
within the empire.

Handout 9.10
Working and Living Conditions in Russia and Reactions to These Conditions
Student version

Create a comparison chart of the reactions to working conditions in the United

States and in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.

Reactions in the United States Reactions in Europe

 The industrial revolution led to rapid
changes in people's living and
working conditions. In response to
poor working conditions, labor
movements organized alliances
known as unions and pushed for
reforms. Reform movements
happened around the world but
started in Britain and the United
States.
Handout 9.11
workers organized unions to solve
their problems. Their problems were
low wages and unsafe working
conditions. The solution was for the
workers to cooperate and form
unions. First, workers formed local
unions and later formed national
unions.
Political Outcomes of Revolutions
Student version

Fill in a chart to compare the political outcomes of the Latin American revolutions
to those of the American and French revolutions. Refer to Chapter 8 to find
information on the American and French Revolutions.

Latin American American Revolution French Revolution

Revolutions
As a result of the Latin The period following the It put an end to the
American Revolution, Revolutionary War was French monarchy,
there was a major one of instability and feudalism, and took
population decline due change. The end of political power from the
to the countless monarchical rule, Catholic church. It
amounts of people evolving governmental brought new ideas to
fighting for their rights. structures, religious Europe including liberty
The Latin American fragmentation, and freedom for the
countries were able to challenges to the family commoner as well as the
win Independence from system, economic flux, abolishment of slavery
Spain. The new nations and massive population and the rights of women.
write Constitutions for shifts all led to
their free nations. heightened uncertainty
and insecurity.