Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00961-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Application of new HEC‑RAS version 5 for 1D hydrodynamic flood

modeling with special reference through geospatial techniques: a case
of River Purna at Navsari, Gujarat, India
Azazkhan I. Pathan1   · P. G. Agnihotri1

Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Abstract
Floods are among the extreme natural events which result in catastrophic damage to properties and adversely effects com-
munities. To curb and manage the effects of such events, the decision-makers and disaster management authorities require
dependable data in terms of flood depth, discharge, magnitude, and special datasets. The low lying areas of Navsari city was
inundated in the floods of 2002 and 2003. This study aims to use the latest version of HEC-RAS for 1D hydrodynamic flood
modelling of Purna river in Navasari city, Gujarat, India, with special reference to geospatial techniques. This study is aimed
to demonstrate the geospatial analyzing capabilities of HEC-RAS v5. For the purpose of flood modeling, the river data such
as bank lines, flow path lines, cross-section cut lines are extracted from Cartosat-1 DEM (Digital Elevation Model). Steady
flow analysis is carried out for the simulation of a 1D hydrodynamic model. The outcome obtained from the model is in
the form of water depth, which can be observed in the geospatial HEC-RAS mapper window. The flood depth maps for the
2002 and 2004 flood events are generated, which indicate that the low lying areas of Navsari city near Jalalpore and Viraval
are susceptible to flooding when the discharge in the river exceeds 8836 ­m3/s. The accuracy of the model is calculated by
comparing the simulated data with the observed data for the above-mentioned flood events. The results obtained from the
1D models are promising and accurate.

Keywords  Flood modeling · 1D hydrodynamic model · HEC-RAS · Geospatial techniques

Introduction Flood risk assessment and management are important

Floods are regarded as one of the major natural disasters
the consequences of which exceeds other natural calamities
and affects communities (Quirogaa et al. 2016). Flooding
occurs when the discharge in the river increases to a point
that the water overtops the banks and inundates the adja-
cent areas, thereby affecting communities residing in the
vicinities. Generally, a flood is probably the world’s major,
rehashing, catastrophic, and constant coverage (Samaras-
inghe et al. 2010). Furthermore, climate change will likely
increase the occurrence of floods and their magnitude.
* Azazkhan I. Pathan
pathanazaz02@gmail.com
P. G. Agnihotri
pga@ced.svnit.ac.in
1
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,
Ichchhanath, Surat 395007, India
actions to identify existing threats, flood-prone areas, and
to mitigate potential flood events (Ranzi et al. 2011). It is
necessary to understand the flood and to assess the results
of the planned measures to devise a flood management
strategy. One simple method is to evaluate floods based
on reconnaissance survey of in situ flood levels (Hagen
et al. 2011). Generally, data is not readily available for
in situ flood level observations. Flash floods are among
the destructive natural disasters in India’s mountainous
area. Different GIS and RS applications are convenient for
extracting the river geometry data. Hydraulic and hydro-
logic models like HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS were used to
assess the flood risk on the upper Tista river basin (Prakash
Mandal and Chakrabarty 2016). Pluvial food has increas-
ingly been acknowledged as a serious threat to many cities
around the world. As far as pluvial flood is concerned,
1D sewer, 1D, 2D overland flow, and coupling approach
(1D-1D, or 1D-2D) would be an advanced approach to rec-
ognize flood modeling, flood risk management, and flood

13
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forecasting (Bulti and Abebe 2020). The hydraulic model
HEC-RAS and Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS)
are very effective tools to delineate the extent of flooding
and recognize the flood hazards zones, that can be helpful
to the disaster management authorities to warn the con-
cerned communities about the flooding event (Kumar et al.
2020). The integrated hydraulic and hydrologic models like
HEC-RAS, SWAT model are very useful to develop the
flood risk map and flood forecasting models with different
return periods (Prabnakorn et al. 2019). In the present time,
flood events are rapidly increasing in urban areas due to
climate change and urbanization. For such cases, 2D flood
modeling using HEC-RAS will help to identify the flood
extent and vulnerability to flood in an urban area (Rangari
et al. 2019).
Remote sensing is a promising approach to identify the
extent of the flood and risk assessment by using the remotely
sensed satellite imagery (Haq et al. 2012). High-intensity
rainfall even for short time intervals can cause damage to
properties and lives to a great extent. In such a situation
(Patel and Dholakia 2010) have used Remote Sensing (RS)
and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to
identify flood-prone areas in Surat city, India. The main fac-
tor responsible for flooding is industrialization, cyclone, and
urbanization, which results in the destruction of valuable
resources in the region of northern Australia. Linking flood
risk management with GIS was a better approach to mitigate
the floods (Zerger and Wealands 2004). Due to typhoons,
the major part of Korea is extremely vulnerable to heavy
rainfall and flooding, resulting in loss of human life. Wang
et al. (2002) had developed a flood mitigation plan using
Landsat TM and DEM. The rise in sea level may pose a seri-
ous risk to the coastal area. A geospatial modeling approach
to identify the impact of sea-level rise and climate change
finds probable consequences on a coastal area (Malik and
Abdalla 2016). Wetland seems to be a key factor in flood-
ing. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information
System (GIS) techniques for natural drainage in the wet-
land were found to be an effective solution to mitigate the
flood (Deb and Talukdar 2010). Pathan (2019) introduced
integrated use of Geographical Information System (GIS)
and Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System
(HEC-RAS) for a one-dimensional modelling approach to
determine flooding at different cross-sections on the Purna
River basin. Kumar Samanta et al. (2018) demonstrated the
flood susceptibility mapping approach using Geographical
Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) tech-
niques on Subarnarekha River Basin, India. Kumar et al.
(2017) presented the application of Geographical Infor-
mation System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) tools like
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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
Global flood monitoring system (GFMS) to recognize flood
potential of Yamuna River Allahabad, India. Flood event
of devastative magnitude had taken place in the year 2006
in Surat, India, resulting in almost 95% of the city being
inundated due to flood water. Using geospatial techniques,
digitization of river geometry along with GPS and Ground
Contour Point (GCP) with a 0.5 m interval, contour map
flood inundation map were developed for low lying areas
of Surat city (Patel and Srivastava 2014). Pathan and Agni-
hotri ( 2020a) simulated a 1-Dimensional flood modelling
approach using HEC-RAS and ArcGIS to identify the flood
extent of the lower region of the Navsari city.
This study is aimed to demonstrate the application of
the latest version of HEC-RAS (Hydrologic engineering
centre-River Analysis System) in 1D hydrodynamic flood
modeling. The main focus of the study is the extraction
of river geometry data from Cartosat-1 DEM (Digital
Elevation Model) using the RAS-mapper geospatial tools
available in HEC-RAS, which show the application of
geospatial techniques in flood modeling. The simulated
results present the water depth at each cross-section dur-
ing flooding events. This approach can be a useful tool for
disaster management authorities for the purposes of flood
forecasting and flood warning during possible flood events
in the future.
Study area
Navsari City is in Southern Gujarat, India. Navsari city is
situated between north longitude 72°42′ and 73°30′ and
east latitude 20°32′ and 21°05. The city has approximately
2211.97 ­km2 of geographical area. Study area map of the
Navsari City, Gujarat, India is shown in (Fig. 1). Flooding
is a very frequent phenomenon in this area as it lies along
the coastal line of the Arabian Sea. Currently, there are no
preventive measures deployed to minimize the impact of
flood in the study area.
Frequency of floods in the Study area
Navsari region regularly experiences floods due to heavy
rainfall, annually. Here in (Fig. 2), the flood frequency of
the past 30 years is shown. As per observed data, a major
flood occurred in the year 2002 with a peak discharge of
8836 ­m3/s, which resulted in a huge loss of property and
life. Similarly, in the year of 2003, the flood discharge was
5437 ­m3/s. This study is aimed to provide a reliable model to
predict flooding probability and the extent of flooding in the
Navasari region, to make decisions and to take preventive
measures to mitigate the effects of the flood.
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 1  Study area map

Fig. 2  Frequency of flood dur-

ing the past 30 years

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Research methodology
1D hydrodynamic model using geospatial techniques is a
very efficient and precise approach to recognize flood depths
at different cross-sections. In this approach, the floodplain
mapping is done in two stages. Stage 1ѿRAS-mapper data
processing, Stage 2—HEC-RAS model execution. The flow-
chart of research methodology is shown in (Fig. 3).
Data required for research
Discharge data from 1971 to 2012 is obtained from the
Irrigation circle, Navsari city. The data collected is for the
lower region of Navsari city at 1.12 km south of Kurul vil-
lage (Latitude 20°98′79 and Longitude 73°05′24″). In RAS
mapper, setting the coordinate system to load the projection
file is important. The first step is to perform Georeferencing
Fig. 3  Flow chart of Methodology
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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
of the area of the case study and later, creating a Shapefile
of the research study area in Arc GIS software. Cartosat-1
DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is freely downloaded with
30 m resolution (https​://bhuva​n.nrsc.gov.in/bhuva​n_links​
.php). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used to classify
the magnitude of the flood and the extent of the flood. Flood
maps can be prepared by extracting river geometry data from
DEM. (Wang et al. 2002). Satellite imagery from Synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) is used to identify the vulnerability of
flood and assessment of flood risk. Flood plain mapping is
done based on past flood data (Brivio et al. 2002).
Data processing in geospatial tools (RAS‑mapper)
RAS-Mapper is a geospatial tool that is capable of extracting
GIS information of bank lines, centerline, flow path lines,
and cross-section lines through river digitization. Flood
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
modelling input parameters in HEC-RAS mapper are illus-
trated below.
Generating river centerline
In HEC-RAS, the river centerline indicated by dark blue
lines is used to construct the river alignment within the River
basin, which flows from the upper side of Purna river from
Mahuva gauging site to the lower side up to the Arabian sea,
as shown in (Fig. 4).
Generating bank lines
Bank lines represented by red marked differentiate the
main river from the area overbank floodplain are shown in
(Fig. 4).
Generating flow path lines
Light blue lines indicate the flow path of the river, which are
used to regulate the river flow lengths lateral to the chan-
nel, flow path over the left bank and right bank, as shown
in (Fig. 4).
Cross‑sections cut lines
Cross-sections are indicated by green lines are used to
extract depth data to create a surface profile across the river
flow. It has to be normal to the flow direction. Besides, it
Fig. 4  Data processing in geo-
spatial tool (RAS mapper)
should cross the centerline of the channel, bank lines, and
flow path lines are shown in (Fig. 4).
HEC‑RAS (Hydrological Engineering Center‑River
Analysis System)
The HEC-RAS (Hydrological Engineering Centre-River
Analysis System) tool was developed by US Army Crops
and is a freely available software. It is well tested and well-
adopted software to analyze flooding events in both fluvial
and coastal regions. Hydrological models are essential tools
and vital component for water resources and environmental
planning and management. Both steady and unsteady flow
simulation can be performed in HEC-RAS. The model is
also useful for river channel hydraulic analysis. HEC-RAS
is one of the most popular tools that provides the results
in the form of the depth of water, velocity, and water sur-
face elevation(WSE) for 1D hydrodynamic flood modeling
(Kumar et al. 2017). In the latest version of HEC-RAS v5,
the RAS mapper tool is very effective in extracting the river
geometry data like bak lines, river centerline, flow lines,
and cross-sections cut lines. The results from the model are
promising when compared with past flood data. However,
more research is required for precise 1D hydrodynamic flood
modeling analysis of the coastal part of the area (Quiroga
et al. 2013). Ray et al. (2011) developed flood plain maps
and identified the flood depth, flood velocity, and water sur-
face elevation using HEC-RAS. Due to complex hydrology
and data scarcity of the region in the current study, Geospa-
tial tools are used to ascertain the flood extent. HEC-RAS
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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

solves Energy equation which is based on the Saint Venant’s is shown in Table 1. Only one gauging site is available for
equation expressed as, measuring the discharge data at Mahuva, Navsari. Due to the
scarcity of data in the study area, only two flood events are
𝛼2 V22 𝛼1 V12 simulated to check the accuracy of the model. The outcomes
Z 2 + Y2 + = Z1 + Y1 + + he ,
2g 2g obtained from the HEC-RAS model for the study area are as
summarized below:
where, Y1, Y2 = depth of water at cross-sections, Z1, Z2 = ele-
vation of the main river channel, α1, α2 = velocity weighting • The outcomes from the HEC-RAS model in terms of
coefficients, V1, V2 = average velocities, g = acceleration due
water depths for peak discharges for flood events of 2002
to gravity, he = energy head loss.
and 2003 at Mahuva Gauge station near Navsari city.
The HEC-RAS model is globally used for hydraulic anal- • Difference between simulated and observed water depths
ysis of river reaches. The model contains a hydraulic analy-
(Validation).
sis component, graphical user interface, data management,
and data storage capabilities. HEC-RAS has been globally
available for more than a decade and newer versions are
also available on the website (https​://www.hec.usace​.army.
Simulation results in the HEC‑RAS model
mil/softw​are/hec-ras/). It is globally used by various con-
sultancy, government authorities, and private agencies. For
At Mahuva gauge station, the peak discharge is measured
these reasons, HEC-RAS was chosen for flood modeling in
for an eleven-year time-period, between 2001 and 2012.
the present study.
Steady flow analysis is performed for the model simulation.
In the present study, the outcomes obtained are in terms
Model execution
of water depths for the years 2002 and 2003 with the cor-
responding discharges of 8836 ­m3/s and 5437 ­m3/s respec-
Initially, Cartosat-1 DEM with 30 m resolution which is
tively. The simulation results demonstrate that at peak dis-
freely available, are downloaded from ISRO BHUVAN
charge conditions, cross-section no. 1 is less affected by
(https​://bhuva​n.nrsc.gov.in/bhuva​n_links​.php). Later, the
the flood, and cross-section no. 20, which is situated near
DEM data is added in the RAS Mapper (GIS) tool in HEC-
Jalalpore and Viraval area in Navsari is prone to flooding
RAS (Hydrological engineering centre-River Analysis
as shown in (Fig. 8a, b). Simulated flood map of Navsari
System), to convert the DEM data into DTM (Digital Ter-
city for the flood events of 2002 and 2004 are shown in
rain Model). Moreover, the Georeference projection file is
(Fig. 9a, b), with corresponding discharges of 8836 m ­ 3/s
assigned in the same window where the coordinates of the 3
and 5437 m­ /s respectively. Simulated flood maps show the
study area are set up. River center-line, bank lines, flow path
variation water depths along the channel in terms of colors,
lines, and cross-sections lines are digitized in HEC-RAS
where the dark blue color indicates higher depths and light
mapper as shown in (Figs. 4 and 5). The extracted river reach
blue color indicates lower depths. (Fig. 9a, b) shows the
of the study area in HEC-RAS data editor window is shown
impact of flooding is very high in the downstream of Purna
in (Fig. 6) and the station-elevation data of extracted CS-1
river, Navsari city (Jalalpore, Viraval) during the 2002 year
and CS-20 are shown in (Fig. 7a, b). River Centerline is
flood event with corresponding discharge of 8836 m ­ 3/sec
shown in blue color and the cross-sections lines are shown
as compared to the 2003 year flood event with the corre-
in green color with Google maps-satellite image as a base
sponding discharge of 5437 ­m3/s. A major flood occurred
map overlayed on the terrain image. Steady flow analysis is
in Navsari city in the years 2002 and 2003, most of the
performed in which peak discharge of 8836 m ­ 3/s and 5437
3 people living in the low lying area of Navsari suffer from a
­m /s for the years 2002 and 2003 are taken as the upstream
disastrous flood. Pathan and Agnihotri (2020b) had imple-
boundary condition and a normal slope of 0.00195 is taken
mented computational techniques with GIS tools on the
as the downstream boundary condition for the Purna River
lower region of Purna River, Navsari city, to mitigate the
(Patel et al. 2020). Manning’s ‘n’ value is taken as 0.0035,
flood and produce reliable results which can be used for
referred from Chow’s table (Chow 1959; Chow et al. 1988).
flood forecasting and management. GIS soft computation
techniques had presented promising and accurate results
in identifying flood depths at different cross-sections on
Results the downstream of Purna River, Navsari City (Pathan and
Agnihotri 2020a).
The present study is carried out for the lower region of
Navsari city. Historical discharge data of the flood events
of 2002 and 2003 are used for simulation purposes, and it

13
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 5  Extracted cross-section: a presents geometric data editor; b presents RAS-mapper window

Validation
Validation is done using the observed data at Mahuva gauge
station near Navsari city. Due to Data scarcity, data for only
one gauging station is available, to validate the simulated
results obtained using HEC-RAS. The water depth data for
the years 2002 and 2003 are used to test for the consistency
of the model simulation. The comparison between simulated
data and the observed data at Mahuva gauge station is shown
in Table  1. Figure  10 shows the regression relationship
between simulated and observed depths at Mahuva gauge
station, which shows that the model is accurate and efficient.

13
 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

model can be effectively used for flood prediction and fore-

casting in the future for the concerned study area, and this
modeling approach can be employed where the scarcity of
data collection is a concern.
Certain limitations were experienced during this study
which are listed as below:

1. The present study is limited to 1-Dimensional modelling

in which flood extent is found out in the channel only.
2. Overflow analysis is not considered in the current study.
3. 2D dimensional Modelling would be a better approach
Fig. 6  Digitize river geometry in HEC-RAS geometric data window
for overflow analysis as the extent of flood in two dimen-
sions would give a better understanding of the respec-
From the outcomes of the HEC-RAS model, it can be tive authorities to take preventive measures during the
seen that the differences between simulated and observed flooding scenario. Khan et al. (2020) carried out a 2D
water depth are minor, which indicates that the HEC-RAS unsteady flow analysis on the lower region of the River

Fig. 7  Station-elevation data of extracted cross-sections a CS-1 & b CS-20 in HEC-RAS geometric data editor window

Table 1  The Difference between Satellite Years Discharge ­(m3/s) Observed Simulated Difference
the observed and simulated Water depth (m) Water depth (m) (m)
water depth
Cartosat-1 2001 2946 19.3 19.29 0.01
2002 8836 19.5 19.23 0.27
2003 5434 19.88 20.1 − 0.22
2004 3273 23.9 22.3 1.6
2005 3058 21.28 20.36 0.92
2006 1853 20.3 19.93 0.37
2007 667.2 20.5 21.6 − 1.1
2008 744.5 18.8 18.78 0.02
2009 607.5 14.74 14.61 0.13
2010 692.6 14.4 14.46 − 0.06
2011 706.5 14.14 14.12 0.02
2012 689.3 13.8 13.79 0.01

13
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
Fig. 8  Depth of water at a CS-1 & b CS-20
Purna in Navsari to find the extent of flooding in the low
lying area of the city. Hence, it is necessary to simulate
the HEC-RAS 2D model for the entire reach of Purna
River, Navsari city.
Discussion
The main purpose of this study is to show the applica-
tion of the latest version HEC-RAS, which has geospa-
tial capabilities for extracting the river geometry data by
digitizing the bank lines, river centerline, cross-section
cit lines and flow path lines directly from RAS-mapper
tools, available in HEC-RAS. This digitization process was
earlier performed in ARC-GIS with HEC-GeoRAS exten-
sion. By introducing geospatial techniques, the hydraulic
modeling approach will be more realistic and it saves the
time needed for preprocessing work. In the present study,
Cartosat-1 satellite imagery with 30 m resolution is used
and river geometry is extracted from DEMs. Two major
flood events are simulated and a steady flow analysis is
performed. The output of the simulated results indicate
that the low lying areas of Jalalpore and Viraval in Navsari
is affected for its entirety, for the 2002 flood event and
some part of the low lying areas are affected by the flood
for the 2003 flood event. The flood map with the google
base map presented in (Fig. 9) shows the variation of depth
at each cross-section and (Fig. 10) shows the regression
analysis of simulated and observed water depths, which
indicates that the model is accurate. Figure 8 illustrates the
water levels at each cross-section which can be measured
by extracting geometry data from the DEMs. It is observed
that cross-section no. 20 is more affected by floods and
the cross-section no. 1 is less affected by floods. Table. 1
shows the difference between the simulated and observed
water depth, which is minor. So the applicability of mod-
eling through HEC-RAS along with geospatial techniques
is precious and efficient.
Conclusion
The current study was carried out to demonstrate the appli-
cation of the newly released version of HEC-RAS with spe-
cial reference to geospatial techniques on the River Purna
in Navsari, Gujarat, India. The city experiences flooding
during monsoons, annually. This study validates the GIS
capabilities of the latest version of HEC-RAS v5. River
geometry is extracted from Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation
Model (DEM). 1D hydrodynamic simulation is performed
with steady flow analysis. Model Execution is done in the
HEC-RAS and simulated results of 2002 and 2003 years
of flood events are displayed in the RAS Mapper window
in the form of water depths. The simulated results when
compared with observed data show a minor difference,
demonstrating a close relation between simulated results
and observed data. With this approach, it is observed that
the geospatial techniques along with HEC-RAS can be an
accurate and reliable approach for 1D hydrodynamic flood
modelling on the Purna River, Navsari City. Future work
planned related to this topic and study area is to analyze
the flood extent with a 2D modelling approach using HEC-
RAS for the entire stretch of Purna River in Navsari city, to
get a better and more precise understanding of the several
parameters that can be employed in measures to mitigate
the effects floods in the region.
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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 9  Simulated flood map of Navsari city for the 2002 and 2004 years flood events a 2002, Discharge at Mahuva − 8836 m3/s and b 2003,
Discharge at Mahuva − 5437 m3/s

13
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
Fig. 10  Regression relationship
between simulated water depth
and observed depth for Mahuva
gauge station
Acknowledgements  The authors would like to express their apprecia-
tion to Dr. P.G Agnihotri, Professor, My Research Supervisor, Water
Resources engineering Section, Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT,
Surat, to encouraging me to take up this topic and providing me with
all help and advice, I’m very much thankful to Director, Sardar Vallab-
hbhai National Institute of Technology for providing the department
infrastructural Facilities.
Funding  On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that
there is no funding for the present research.
Availability of data and material  The data that support the findings of
this study are openly available in [ISRO BHUVAN] at [https​://bhuva​
n.nrsc.gov.in/bhuva​n_links​.php].
Code availability  The software, HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering
Center River Analysis System) that supports the findings of this study
is openly available at [www.hec.usace​.army.mil › software › hec-ras].
Compliance with ethical standards  Kumar Samanta R, Bhunia GS et al (2018) Flood susceptibility mapping
Conflict of Interest  On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author
states that there is no conflict of interest.
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