UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT

KOHENOOR (L1F18PHMD0006)

SECTION (A)

SUBMITTED TO:

PROF. SAMREEN TANVEER

 TITRATION:

DEFINITION:
Titration is a process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a sample is determined
by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired
constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion. The process is usually carried out by gradually adding a
standard solution (i.e., a solution of known concentration) of titrating reagent, or titrant, from a burette,
essentially a long, graduated measuring tube with a stopcock and a delivery tube at its lower end. The addition
is stopped when the equivalence point is reached. (1)

Introduction to Titration:

 Titration is a common technique used to quantitatively determine the unknown concentration of an

identified analyte. It is also called volumetric analysis, as the measurement of volumes is critical in
titration. There are many types of titrations based on the types of reactions they exploit. The most
common types are acid-base titrations and redox titrations.
 In a typical titration process, a standard solution of titrant in a burette is gradually applied to react with
an analyte with an unknown concentration in an Erlenmeyer flask. For acid-base titration, a pH
indicator is usually added in the analytic solution to indicate the endpoint of titration. Instead of adding
 pH indicators, pH can also be monitored using a pH meter during a titration process and the endpoint
is determined graphically from a pH
Titration curve.
 The volume of titrant recorded at the endpoint can be used to calculate the concentration of the
analyte based on the reaction stoichiometry.
 For the acid-base titration presented in this video, the titrant is a standardized sodium hydroxide
solution and the analyte is domestic vinegar. Vinegar is an acidic liquid that is frequently used as a
culinary condiment or flavorings. Vinegar mainly consists of acetic acid (CH 3COOH) and water. The
acetic acid content of commercial vinegar can vary widely and the goal of this experiment is to
determine the acetic acid content of commercial vinegar by titration. (2)

TYPES OF TITRATION:

Classified into four types based on type of reaction involve:

1. Acid-base titrations.
2. Complexometric titrations.
3. Redox titrations.
4. Precipitation titrations.

 Acid-base titrations, in which an acidic or basic titrant reacts with an analyte that is a base or an acid.
Complexometric titrations involving a metal-ligand complexation reaction.
 Precipitation titrations, in which the analyte and titrant react to form a precipitate.
 Redox titrations, where the titrant is an oxidizing or reducing agent.

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS

 Complexometric titrations are based on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the
titrant. The chelating agent EDTA is commonly used to titrate metal ions in solution.
 Example: EDTA Titrations EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) one of the most common chelating
agents used for complexometric titrations in analytical chemistry.
 Precipitation titration:
Titrations with precipitating agents are useful for determining certain analytes e.g. Cl- can be determined
when titrated with AgNO3 Precipitation Titration - Mohr’s method
• Direct titration
• Basis of endpoint: formation of a colored secondary precipitate
• Indicator: Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)

REDOX TITRATIONS:
• Redox reaction is based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between the analyte and titrant. Redox titrations
are carried out by using a potentiometer or a redox indicator to determine the endpoint. (3)

APPLICATION:

APPLICATION OF REDOX REACTION:

 Redox Reaction in Combustion. Combustion involves oxidation-reduction reaction and hence it is

a redox reaction.
 Extraction of metals. Metal oxides can be reduced to metals by using a suitable reducing agent.
 Production of chemicals.
 Quantitative analysis(4)

APPLICATION OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION:

 It is used for the determination of halide ions in the solution. It is used to measure salt content in food,
beverages and water. It is used for Sulphur, thiocyanate, dichromate etc. Many drugs such as
carbromal, KCl infusion, NaCl infusion etc.(5)

APPLICATION OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION:

 Complexometric titration is used for estimation of amount of total hardness in water.

 It is widely used in pharmaceutical industry to determine metal concentration in drugs.
 Titanium dioxide is used in many cosmetic products. This can be analyzed by complexometric titration.
 It is used to analyse urine sample.
 It is widely used in analytical chemistry.(6)
APPLICATION OF ACID BASE TITRATION:

 Acid-base and substances that can directly or indirectly undergo proton transfer with acid-base can
generally be analyzed by acid-base titration.
 One pharmaceutical application of acid-base titrations is the determination of sodium chloride in
glucose and sodium chloride injection.
 In the development of glucose and sodium chloride injection, sodium chloride is a particularly
important quality control parameter, and the accuracy of its measurement data is of great importance.
 The standard stipulates that the method for this data determination is acid-base titration because the
method is simple and convenient.(7)

APPLICATION OF TITRATION:

 Acid rain.
 Wastewater analysis.
 Nutrition.
 To determine the unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in food.
 Cleaning material industry.
 Cosmetic industry.
 Used in cheese production.
 Wine industry.(8)

REFERENCE:
1. https://www.britannica.com/science/titration
2. https://www.jove.com/v/5699/introduction-to-titration
3. https://www.slideshare.net/sureshselvaraj108/types-of-titrations
4. https://www.google.com/search?
q=redox+titration+applications&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK946PK946&oq=redox+titration+app&aqs=chrome
.0.0j69i57j0j0i22i30l5j0i390l2.14606j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
5. https://www.google.com/search?
q=PRECIPITATION+titration+applications&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK946PK946&ei=QISzYNyECPHlxgOLxY3AA
w&oq=PRECIPITATION+titration+applications&gs
6. https://www.google.com/search?
q=application+of+complexometric+titration&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK946PK946&ei=54WzYKvGDMWr1fAP
rpSiqAU&oq=APPLICATION+&gs
7. https://www.molcreator.com/acid-base-titration-in-pharmaceutical-analysis/
#:~:text=Pharmaceutical%20applications%20of%20acid%2Dbase%
8. https://www.google.com/search?
q=application+of+titration+in+pharmaceutical+analysis&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK946PK946&ei=NYqzYKWK
KJeK8gKX_Ss&oq=application+of+titration