TOPIC 1a

UNITS FOR QUANTITIES

& CONCENTRATIONS
(Mole & Millimole)
 CHM421 Analytic Chemistry
• This course involves theories and techniques in
Analytical Chemistry.

• Students will define concepts, explain principles and

applications, solve qualitative and quantitative problems
and perform investigations via laboratory exercises.

• The outcomes shall be assessed through paper

examination, tests and quizzes, laboratory skills and
laboratory reports.
 Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:

• Describe the functions of laboratory apparatus, standard laboratory

techniques as well as the principles involve in sampling and preparing
laboratory samples. (C2)

• Explain the principles and applications of volumetric, gravimetric and

basic chromatography analyses to solve the reliability of experimental
data. (C6)

• Demonstrate the theories covered by performing experiments on

volumetric titrations, gravimetric analysis and chromatography. (P3)

• Report on experimental findings in a scientific manner. (A2)

 Topic 1 Outline
• Mole and millimole.

• Molarity, normality and stoichiometry.

• Significant figure and uncertainty.

• % concentrations (w/w, w/v, v/v), ppm and ppb for solid and
liquid.

• Density and specific gravity of solution.

 Mole & Millimole
• Mole is a unit to define number/quantity/amount of substance.

• Scientifically, it can be defined as the number of elementary

entities of a system that contain the same number of atoms
that exist in exactly 12 gram of carbon-12.

• The mass in grams of 1 mole of substance is called its molar mass.

1 mol of H2O = (1 x 2 ) + (16 x 1) = 18.0 grams

So, molar mass of H2O = 18.0 g mol-1

1 mol of CO2 = (12 x 1) + (16 x 2) = 44 grams

So, molar mass of CO2 = 44 g mol-1
• Mole concept:

1 mole egg?
1 dozen egg 1 mole apple?

▫ Mole is abbreviated to mol and given the symbol n.

▫ 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number, NA).

▫ 1 mole of a pure substance has a mass in grams equal to its molecular

mass. This is often referred to as the molar mass.

▫ 1 mole of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 liters at S.T.P. [Temp. 0oC
(273 K) and Pressure 101.3 kPa (1 atm)].
 Exercise

1 mole contains 6.022 x 1023 units of the substance.

1. How many bananas are in a mole of bananas?
2. How many books is a half mole of books?
3. What is the mass of 1.0 mole of Mg atoms?
4. What is the mass of 2.0 moles of NH3 molecules?

Answers:
1. 6.022 x 1023 bananas
2. 3.011 x 1023 books
3. 24 grams
4. 34 grams
 mole = mmole =

mass (g) mass (mg)

molar mass (g/mol) molar mass (mg/mmol)

Sometimes, it is more convenient to make calculation with

millimoles (mmol) rather than moles (mol)

1 mmol = 1 x 10-3 mol or 0.001 mol

1 mol = 1000 mmol
Example:
How many moles and millimoles of benzoic acid (MM=122.1 g/mol) are
contained in 2 g of pure acid?

Answer:
Mole = mass (g)/molar mass (g/mol)
= 2g
122.1 g/mol
= 0.0164 mol #

If 1 mol = 1000 mmol

So, 0.0164 mol = 16.4 mmol #
Example:
Determine the mass in gram of Na+ (23 g/mol) in 25 g of Na2SO4 (142 g/mol).

Answer:

No of moles Na2SO4 = mass (g) = 25 g

molar mass (g/mol) 142 g/mol

= 0.17606 mol Na2SO4

No of moles Na+ in Na2SO4 = 2 x 0.17606 =0.3521

Gram Na+ = mole x molar mass

= 0.3521 x 23

= 8.098 g #
Converting Moles of Compounds
 Exercise

How many gram Na+ ions are contained in 4.62 g Na2PO4?

( Ans: 1.5072 g )
 Exercise
What is the weight of 1.5 moles of calcium chloride? How many calcium
chloride particles in the compound ?
(Ans: 166.476 g, 9.035 x 1023 CaCl2)
EMPIRICAL FORMULA

▪ The formula of a compound that gives the simplest whole

number ratio between the numbers of atoms of different
elements making up the molecule / compound.

MOLECULAR FORMULA
▪ It indicates the number of atoms in any molecule / compound.
Example:
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contains 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O, by mass.
The experimentally determined molecular mass is 176 g mol-1. What is the empirical
and molecular formula for ascorbic acid?

C H O
For 100% 40.92 4.58 54.50
40.92/12 g mol-1 4.58/1 g mol-1 54.50/16 g mol-1
Mole
= 3.41 = 4.58 = 3.406
3.41/3.406 4.58/3.406 3.406/3.406
Mol ratio
=1 =1.34 =1

1x3=3 1.34 x 3 =4 1x3=3

Empirical formula C3H4O3 (GAW=88 g mol-1 )

Chemical formula C6H8O6 (FW=176 g mol-1 )