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ML Aggarwal Solutions For Class 8 Maths Chapter 11
ML Aggarwal Solutions For Class 8 Maths Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1
Factorise the following (1 to 8) polynomials:
1. (i) 8xy3 + 12x2y2
(ii) 15ax3 – 9ax2
Solution:
Exercise 11.2
Factorise the following (1 to 11) polynomials:
1. (i) x2 + xy – x – y
(ii) y2 – yz – 5y + 5z
Solution:
(i) x2 + xy – x – y
= x (x + y) -1 (x + y)
= (x + y) (x – 1)
(ii) y2 – yz – 5y + 5z
= y (y – z) -5 (y – z)
= (y – z) (y – 5)
(ii) x3 – 3x2 + x – 3
= x2 (x – 3) + 1 (x – 3)
= (x – 3) (x2 + 1)
5. (i) x2 + xy (1 + y) + y3
(ii) y2 – xy (1 – x) – x3
Solution:
(i) x2 + xy (1 + y) + y3
= x2 + xy + xy2 + y3
= x(x + y) + y2(x + y)
= (x + y) (x + y2)
(ii) y2 – xy (1 – x) – x3
= y2 – xy + x2y – x3
= y (y – x) + x2 (y – x)
= (y – x) (y + x2)
6. (i) ab2 + (a – 1) b – 1
(ii) 2a – 4b – xa + 2bx
Solution:
(i) ab2 + (a – 1) b – 1
= ab2 + ab – b – 1
= ab (b + 1) -1 (b + 1)
= (b + 1) (ab – 1)
(ii) 2a – 4b – xa + 2bx
= 2 (a – 2b) -x (a – 2b)
= (a – 2b) (2 – x)
(i) x – 1 – (x – 1)2 + ax – a
= (x – 1) – (x – 1)2 + a (x – 1)
= (x – 1) [1 – (x – 1) + a]
= (x – 1) (1 – x + 1 + a)
= (x- 1) (2 – x + a)
Exercise 11.3
1. Factorise the following expressions using algebraic identities:
(i) x2 – 12x + 36
(ii) 36p2 – 60pq + 25q2
(iii) 9y2 + 66xy + 121y2
(iv) a4 + 6a2b2 + 9b4
(v) x2 + 1/x2 + 2
(vi) x2 + x + 1/4
Solution:
(v) x2 + 1/x2 + 2
= (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/x + (1/x)2
= (x + 1/x)2
(vi) x2 + x + ¼
= (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/2 + (1/2)2
= (x + 1/2)2
(i) 4p2 – 9
= (2p)2 – (3)2
= (2p + 3) (2p – 3)
3. (i) 9x2y2 – 25
(ii) 16x2 – 1/144
Solution:
(i) 9x2y2 – 25
= (3xy)2 – (5)2
= (3xy + 5) (3xy – 5)
(ii) 1 – (b – c)2
= (1)2 – (b – c)2
= [1 + b – c)] [1 – (b – c)]
= (1 +b – c) (1 – b + c)
6. (i) 9 (x + y)2 – x2
(ii) (2m + 3n)2 – (3m + 2n)2
Solution:
(i) 9 (x + x)2 – x2
ML Aggarwal Solutions for Class 8 Maths
Chapter 11: Factorisation
= [3 (x + y)]2 – [x]2
= [3 (x + y) + x] [3 (x + y) – x]
= (3x + 3y + x) (3x + 3y – x)
= (4x + 3y) (2x + 3x)
8. (i) x3 – 25x
(ii) 63p2q2 – 7
Solution:
(i) x3 – 25x
= x (x2 – 25) = x [(x)2 – (5)2]
= x (x + 5) (x – 5)
(ii) 63p2q2 – 7
= 7 (9p2q2 – 1)
= 7 [(3pq)2 – (1)2]
= 7 (3pq + 1) (3pq – 1)
(ii) 9 (a + b)3 – 25 (a + b)
= (a + b) [9 (a + b)2 – 25]
= (a + b) [{3 (a + b)}2 – (5)2]
= (a + 6) [(3a + 3b)2 – (5)2]
= (a + b) [(3a + 3b + 5) (3a + 36 – 5)]
= (a + b) (3a + 3b + 5) (3a + 3b – 5)
10. (i) x2 – y2 – 2y – 1
(ii) p2– 4pq + 4q2 – r2
Solution:
(i) x2 – y2 – 2y – 1
= x2 – (y2 + 2y + 1)
= (x)2 – (y + 1)2
= [x + (y + 1)] [x – (y + 1)]
= (x + y + 1) (x – y – 1)
(i) 9x2 – y2 + 4y – 4
= 9x2 – (y2 – 4y + 4)
= 9x2 – (y – 2)2
= (3x)2 (y – 2)2
= [3x + (y – 2)] [3x – (y – 2)]
= (3x + y – 2) (3x – y + 2)
(i) 625 – p4
= (25)2 – (p2)2
= (25 + p2) (25 – p2)
= (25 + p2) [(5)2 – (p)2]
= (25 +p2) (5 + p) (5 – p)
13. (i) x4 – y4 + x2 – y2
(ii) 64a2 – 9b2 + 42bc – 49c2
Solution:
(i) x4 – y4 + x2 – y2
= [(x2)2 – (y2)2] + (x2 – y2) [Using, a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2) + 1(x2 – y2)
= (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2 + 1)
= (x + y(x – y)(x2 + y2 + 1)
Exercise 11.4
1. (i) x2 + 3x + 2,
(ii) z2 + 10z + 24
Solution:
(i) x2 + 3x + 2
= x2 + 2x + x + 2
= x(x + 2) + 1 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 1)
(ii) z2 + 10z + 24
= z2 + 6z + 4z + 24
= z(z + 6) + 4 (z + 6)
= (z + 6) (z + 4)
2. (i) y2 – 7y + 12
(ii) m2 – 23m + 42
Solution:
(i) y2 – 7y + 12
= y2 – 3y – 4y + 12 [Since, 12 = -3 × (-4)1 and – 7 = -3 – 4}
= y(y – 3) -4(y – 3)
= (y – 3) (y – 4)
(ii) m2 – 23m + 42
= m2 – 2m – 21m + 42 [Since, 42 = -2 × (-21) and – 23 = -21 – 2]
= m(m – 2) – 21(m – 2)
= (m – 2) (m – 21)
3. (i) y2 – 5y – 24,
(ii) t2 + 23t – 108
Solution:
(i) y2– 5y – 24
= y2 – 8y + 3y – 24
= y(y – 8) + 3(y – 8)
= (y – 8) (y + 3)
(ii) 12x2 – x – 35
= 12x2 – 21x + 20x – 35
= 3x (4x – 7) + 5 (4x – 7)
= (4x – 7) (3x + 5)
9. (i) 2a2b2 + ab – 45
(ii) x (12x + 7) – 10
Solution:
(i) 2a2b2 + ab – 45
= 2a2b2 + 10ab – 9ab – 45
= 2ab (ab + 5) – 9 (ab + 5)
= (ab + 5) (2ab – 9)
(ii) x (12x + 7) – 10
= 12x2 + 7x – 10
= 12x2 + 15x – 8x – 10
= 3x (4x + 5) – 2 (4x + 5)
= (4x + 5) (3x – 2)
(i) Let x – 2y = z
Then, (x – 2y)2 – 6 (x – 2y) + 5 becomes
= z2 – 6z + 5
= z2 – 5z – z + 5
= z(z – 5) – 1 (z – 5)
= (z – 5)(z – 1)
Now, on substituting z = x – 2y, we get
= [(x - 2y) – 5] [(x – 2y) – 1]
= (x – 2y – 5) (x – 2y – 1)
Exercise 11.5
Work out the following divisions:
(i) (35x + 28) ÷ (5x + 4)
(ii) 7p2q2(9r – 27) ÷ 63pq(r – 3)
Solution:
=
= p2-1 q2-1 × 9 = 9pq
2. Divide as directed:
(i) 6(2x + 7) (5x – 3) ÷ 3(5x – 3)
(ii) 33pq (p + 3) (2q – 5) ÷ 11p (2q – 5)
Solution:
=
= 2(2x + 7)
=
= 3q(p + 3)
(vi) ax + by + cx + bx + cy + ay
= ax + bx + cx + ay + by + cy [On grouping the like variables]
= x(a + b + c) + y(a + b + c)
= (a + b + c) (x + y)
(xi) x2 – 2xy + y2 – z2
= (x – y)2 – (z)2 [∵ a2 -2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 and a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (x – y + z)(x – y – z)
(xii) x8 – y8
= (x4)2 – (y4)2 [∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a- b)]
= (x4 + y4) (x4 – y4)
= (x4 + y4) [(x2)2 – (y2)2]
= (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2)
ML Aggarwal Solutions for Class 8 Maths
Chapter 11: Factorisation
= (x4 + y4 (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y)
(xiv) p2 – 10p + 21
= p2 – 3p – 7p + 21 [Now, as 21 =-3 × (-7) and -10 = -3 – 7]
= p(p – 3) – 7(p – 3)
= (p – 3)(p – 7)
(xv) 2x2 – x – 6
= 2x2 – 4x + 3x – 6 [Now, as -6 × 2 = -12 ⇒ -12 = -4 × 3 and -1 = -4 + 3]
= 2x (x – 2) + 3(x – 2)
= (x – 2) (2x + 3)
3. Divide as directed:
(i) 15(y + 3)(y2 – 16) ÷ 5(y2 – y – 12)
(ii) (3x3 – 6x2 – 24x) ÷ (x – 4) (x + 2)
(iii) (x4 – 81) ÷ (x3 + 3x2 + 9x + 27)
Solution:
= y(y – 4) + 3(y – 4)
= (y – 4)(y + 3)
Now,
ML Aggarwal Solutions for Class 8 Maths
Chapter 11: Factorisation
= 3(y + 4)
= (x – 3)