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Outrigger Structural System For High-Rise Building: All You Need To Know: Explained With Video
Outrigger Structural System For High-Rise Building: All You Need To Know: Explained With Video
Outriggers are interior lateral structural systems provided to improve the overturning stiffness and
strength of high-rise buildings. It is a lateral load resisting system that is located within the building.
The whole system consists of a core structure connected to the perimeter columns of the building by
means of structural members called outriggers. The outriggers can be in the form of horizontal
beams, truss, or walls.
Watch Video on Outrigger Structural System Here >>
Figure-1: Outrigger Structural System – Steel Truss Outriggers Connected to Concrete Core Structure and
Perimeter Columns
Outriggers are categorized as interior structural systems that can work efficiently for up to 150 floors.
It is one of the successful and stable configurations used in high-rise construction. Outrigger structural
system is popular in construction since the 1980s due to its unique combination of architectural
flexibility and structural efficiency.
Figure-2: Outrigger Truss Connected to Perimeter
Columns
This article explores the working principle and important features of outrigger structural systems.
Contents:
An outrigger structure functions in a high-rise building by tying together two systems (see Figure-2),
namely,
1. Core system
2. Perimeter system
As shown in Figure-1, the core structure is the most critical unit of a high-rise building. It is a
combination of units like lifts, staircases, ducts, etc. Whereas the perimeter system is a combination of
mega columns. The core system and mega columns located in the perimeter are connected using
outriggers. Figure-2 shows a truss type outrigger connected to the perimeter column. Other than
outriggers, the structure is accompanied by belt trusses around the perimeter to provide extra lateral
resistance.
Both the core and perimeter systems together with the outrigger control the behavior of the whole
building. This is performed by the positive interaction between the core and the perimeter system
through outriggers.
High-rise buildings are subjected to large lateral deformation either due to wind or seismic loads. The
core structure of a high-rise building is subjected to cantilever deformation, as shown in Figure-3,
while the frame structures surrounding the core are subjected to portal type deformation. This causes
high drift and overturning effects on the structure.
The incorporation of outriggers efficiently controls the excessive drift due to lateral loads. This, hence,
allows to prevent structural and non-structural damage in the structure. As shown below, outriggers
reduce the core moment from top to down under the lateral load.
Figure-3: Structural Behaviour of a Building with Outriggers Under Wind Load
The structural action of outrigger systems in high-rise buildings is based on the tension-compression
couple induced in the outer columns, as shown in Figure-5. Under the action of lateral loads, a
structure without any lateral support system is subjected to overturning.
Figure-5 and 6 show a high-rise structure with an outrigger structural system. Here, the outriggers act
as a stiff arm that connects with the perimeter column. It engages the outer columns and the central
core for safe load transfer. When a structure with an outrigger system is subjected to lateral load, the
core structure’s lateral force is transferred to the perimeter columns via outriggers and then to the
ground. This way, the overall overturning moment is reduced.
Based on the location and arrangement of outriggers in tall buildings, the outrigger system can be
classified into the following types:
1. Conventional Outrigger System
In a conventional outrigger structural system, the outriggers are directly connected to the core
structure, and the columns located at the periphery of the structure.
Figure-7: Shanghai World Financial Centre, China-Top View Showing Core and Perimeter System
The 492 m-high, 101-story Shanghai World Financial Centre, designed by Leslie E Roberston Associates
in 2008, is one of the famous structures that has incorporated the conventional outrigger system at
eight different building levels.
Figure-8: Outrigger Trusses in Shanghai Tower
In this system, the outriggers are situated in locations other than the planes of the core walls. This
arrangement retains all the advantages of outriggers and is observed to reduce the lateral deflection
of tall buildings than conventional outrigger system.
For an efficient offset outrigger system, the outrigger arm and the floor slab must be rigid enough to
transfer the horizontal plane shear in the slabs between the outrigger and the core. When a building
with an offset outrigger system is subjected to lateral loads, the slab forces cause a couple in the
outrigger. To counteract this, a restraining couple is created by the perimeter columns. This
restraining couple from the perimeter columns goes back through the slabs to the core structure.
Offset outrigger system has been used in the construction of Dubai Tower, Doha, which is 438 m-high
with 90 floors. It is a combination of conventional and offset outrigger structural system.
In a virtual outrigger system, the overturning moment is transferred from the core structure to the
columns without a direct connection between the core and the peripheral columns. This is achieved
using floor diaphragms, which transfer the overturning moment from the core to the outboard using
a horizontal couple.
Another type of virtual outrigger system is belt trusses. Belt trusses are constructed by tying the
peripheral columns as shown in Figure-1 and Figure-10.
Trusses
Features of Outrigger Structural System
The outriggers tie together the core and the perimeter structural system creating a unique design
providing solutions to high-rise construction problems. Some of the features of the outrigger
structural systems are:
1. Outrigger system is adopted for buildings that are subjected to large overturning moments
compared to shear and lateral deflections.
2. Outrigger in structures reduces the overall drift and core wind moments.
3. The outrigger system reduces the overall building acceleration due to high winds and improves
occupant comfort.
1. A tall building that employs an outrigger structural system can reduce overturning moment by 40%.
2. It reduces the overall drift of the building during lateral load action. The reduction is dependent on
the relative rigidity of the core and the outrigger.
3. The outrigger system engages the perimeter columns of the structure to reduce the overturning
moment efficiently.
4. Outrigger structural system helps to distribute the overturning loads to the foundation effectively.
This hence reduces the force at core foundations.
FAQs
What is an outrigger structural system?
Outrigger structural system is an interior lateral load resisting system that is located within the
interior of the building. It consists of a core structure connected to the perimeter columns of the
building by means of structural members called outriggers. The outriggers can be in the form of
horizontal beams, walls, or truss.
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