Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes

Unit 2: Cells and Tissues

Structural Organization
Chemical Composition
1. Elements  Major elements
 Ultratrace elements
 Trace elements
2. Compounds  Inorganic compounds
 Organic compounds
(carbs, protein, lipids,
nucleic acids)
1839  Theodor Schwann, a zoologist,
stated that all animals are also
composed of cells
The Modern Cell Theory
1. Cells are the smallest complete living
things—they are the basic units of
organization of all organisms.
2. All organisms are composed of one or
more cells in which all life processes
occur.
3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
through the process of cell division.
4. All of today’s existing cells are
descendants of the first cells formed
early in the evolutionary history of life on
earth.
Body Water Compartments

Cell

Functions of Cell
 Protection support
 Movement
 Communication
 Cell metabolism energy release
 Inheritance
Cell is 30% chemical and 70% water. Cell Organelles
History of Cell Theory Organelles – specialized structures in cell
1665  Robert Hooke first described that perform different functions.
cells.
 He built one of the primitive
microscopes to look at a thin
slice of cork
 Living cells in water (animalcules) were
observed after a few years by Dutch
naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1838  Matthias Schleiden stated that
all plants are composed of
individual units called cells

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 2: Cells and Tissues
Cytoplasm  floor substance where  microtubule contains 2
organelles are located centrioles
 jelly-like  facilitates movement of
 90% water component chromosomes
Nucleus  center of cell Cytoskeleton  consists of protein that
 contains DNA support the cell
(chromatid) and protein  hold/change shape of
 Nuclear envelope: cell
surrounds nucleus and Peroxisome  specialized lysosome
separates it from  sacs with peroxidase
cytoplasm.  against free radicals
Mitochondria  Powerhouse  for detoxification
 double membrane  not from Golgi apparatus
 use oxygen to break Cell Membrane
down food
 synthesize ATP
Ribosomes  protein synthesis
 inside nucleus
 composed of protein and
ribosomal RNA,
 bound to ER
Rough and  series of membranes
Smooth ER forming sacs and tubules
 extends from outer
nuclear membrane into
cytoplasm Cell Membrane
 accumulate and
 encloses cell
concentrate the
secretory products of cell
 regulates passage
 Rough ER: synthesize  key role in communication
large amounts of protein  give shape and protection
for export from cell Composition:
 Smooth ER: site for lipid 1. Lipid
synthesis; does not need  Cholesterol
ribosome; participates in
detoxification of
 Phospholipid
chemicals
Golgi  closely packed stacks of
apparatus curved membrane bound
sacs
 packaging area
 present in liver
 collects, modifies,
packages, and
distributes proteins and 2. Protein
lipids from ER
 once repacked, it will be
contained in secretory
vesicle
Lysosome  special vesicle
 contains digestive
materials and enzymes
 vesicle formed by
endocytosis
Centriole  close to nucleus

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 2: Cells and Tissues
 Peripheral Mitosis Meiosis
 Integral Involves one Involves two cell divisions
 Extracellular cell division
Results in two Results in four daughter cells
 Intracellular
daughter cells
Protein Transport Results in Results in haploid daughter cells
diploid
daughter cells
Daughter cells Daughter cells are genetically
are genetically different
identical
Occurs in all Occurs only in animals, plants and
organisms fungi
except viruses
Creates all Creates germ cells (eggs and
body cells sperm) only
Cell Membrane Extensions: (somatic)
Cilia  Surface cells that line the Prophase is Prophase I takes much longer
shorter
respiratory tract No With recombination/
 for trapping, directing recombination/ crossing over of chromosomes in
Flagella  Much longer than cilia crossing over prophase I
occurs in
 only one per cell
prophase.
 e.g. sperm cells Individual In metaphase I pairs of
Microvilli  Abundant in small intestine, chromosomes chromosomes line up along the
kidney, and other areas in (pairs of equator.
chromatids) line
which absorption is up along the
important equator in
Cell Diversity metaphase
During During anaphase, I the sister
anaphase. the chromatids move together to same
sister pole.
chromatids are During anaphase II the sister
separated to chromatids are separated to
opposite poles. opposite poles.
Cell Cycle

Cell Division

M Phase cell actually divides

Interphase:
G1 (gap 1)  very active
 growing and preparing to
divide
S (synthesis)  DNA replication
Difference in Mitosis and Meiosis: G2  same as G1
G0 phase  not part of cell cycle

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 2: Cells and Tissues
 cell cycle arrest
 cell exits cycle
 no DNA replication
Substances that regulates the cell cycle:
 CDKs
 Cyclins
 Cyclin-CDK Complexes
 Tumor Suppressors
Cell Types in Cell Cycle:
Permanent Remain in G0,  Neurons
Regenerate from  Skeletal &
stem cells cardiac muscle
 RBCs
Stable Enter G1 from G0  Hepatocytes
when stimulated  Lymphocytes
Labile Never go to G0,  Bone marrow  DNA mutation disrupt cell cycle.
divide rapidly  Gut epithelium  E.g. cancer cells
with a short G1,  Skin  Normal cells stop dividing if there is
most affected by  Hair follicles
DNA mutation.
chemotherapy  Germ cells
 Cancer cells will continue to divide
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
with mutation, forming tumors.
Causes of Mutations:
1. Radiation
2. Smoking
3. Pollutants
4. Chemicals
5. Viruses
Cancer Treatments:
Conventiona  Surgery
l Therapies  Chemotherapy
 Immunotherapy
1. Cell Growth  End of G1  Radiation
Checkpoint  Checks whether the cell  Stem cell transplant
is big enough and has Complement  Naturopathic medicine
made proper proteins ary  Nutritional therapy
for S phase Therapies  Physical rehabilitation
2. DNA  During S phase
 Mind-body medicine
Synthesis  Checks whether DNA
has been replicated  Spiritual support
Checkpoint
correctly Generic Chemotherapeutic Drugs:
 If so, cell continues to M
phase
3. Mitosis  During M phase
Checkpoint  Checks whether mitosis
is complete
 If so, cell divides and
cycle repeats
DNA Mutation

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 2: Cells and Tissues

 Chemotherapeutic drugs attack all

types of cells
 Modern chemo drugs are more
effective and has less negative
effects

Tissue
Different Types
Epithelial  coverings that separate
inside and outside; barrier
 protects underlying structure
 produce glandular secretions
 lines internal passageways
and chambers
 can be located in lungs,
kidney, gastrointestinal tract,
respiratory tract, bladder
Connective  enclose, separate, connect
tissues from one another
 provide structural support
 stores energy
 skin subcutaneous layer,
adipose tissue, lymph node,
muscle connections, tendons,
bone, blood
Nervous  brain to spinal cord
 conducts electricity
 stimulates everything
 carries information
Muscle  contracts to produce active
movement