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Application of CFD To Find The Dispersion of Contaminants in
Application of CFD To Find The Dispersion of Contaminants in
According to Graves, Jr. (1982),’Newton gave us the first real insight and
mathematical formulation of the basic laws of the fluid motion ‘, for
example ,concepts leading to modern hypersonic theory and speed of sound,
and the concept of viscous shear stress proportional to the velocity gradient in
the transverse direction . ‘Mathematical modeling of ideal fluids progressed
expansively after Newton under the intellects of such notables as D’Alembert,
Euler, and Lagrange, and Helmholtz’.
What is CFD?
CFD is predicting what will happen, quantitatively, when fluids flow, often
with the complications of:
Before going into the details of the Navier-Stokes equations, one must first
define an operator:
This is the usual time derivative, but when following a particle of the fluid. The full
form is:
The integral form of a conservation law L over the control volume Ω is:
Using the particular derivative, one can swap the and operators:
Mass
Energy
Momentum
Moment of momentum or Anugular momentum
Equation of continuity
Conservation of momentum
For the conservation of momentum. The tensor represents the surface forces
applied on a fluid particle. In general, we have the
form:
finally, we have:
Methodology
This work was dedicated to the development of a model for assessing the
potential impact of operations in offshore oil platforms. The focus of these
simulations was the release of an aqueous solution resulting from the pre-
treatment of petroleum. The expected results will allow a systematic analysis of
the problem and the evaluation of the need and options for solutions.
100 m
0.1 m/s
@ 65oC, 100 psu
0.15 m/s
15oC Ocean floor
Properties
Density: The liquid released consists of a mixture of salt water, lighter and
heavier than seawater oils dispersed in small concentrations. The salinity of the
effluent is much higher than that of the sea and so is its temperature.
Because of its low concentrations, it was considered that the oil fractions would
not interfere in this calculation, resulting in an expression for the density
depending only on the temperature and concentration of salt.
Eq. 2.1
Eq. 2.2
0 Eq. 2.3
Diffusion: Considering the nature of the flow and the dimensions of the domain,
laminar diffusive effects could be neglected. Nevertheless, the diffusion variable
was manipulated in order to achieve the expected spread of the contaminants
due to turbulence and mixing in the edges of the plume.
Sinking and Floating: The oil droplets were not simulated as dispersed
phases. Instead, they were introduced by means of the concentration variables
C1 and C5, from which the diffusion effects were eliminated.
Sinking and floating were therefore represented by a source equation resulting
from the mass balance in each cell, as illustrated by the following figure and
equation. This source was programmed in GROUND.
Z
C1L
Validação
600
500
400
FD
300
200 Simulação
Simulation
Unstable
Meta mist.
100
Meta estrat.
Stable
0
0 40 80 120 160
Distance
Dis tância (m)
(m )
C1 C3
C5
Conclusions
The simulation of a submerged contaminant plume in the ocean was presented.
The development of this model involved several particular models, which were
introduced in PHOENICS through GROUND.
The results showed reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental data
and good qualitative behaviour. The simulation served as an important tool for
understanding the sensibility of the plume to operational and environmental
conditions. One of the most important conclusions of this study is that the
maximum concentration falls to acceptable values very shortly after the source
point.
Nomenclature
C1 - normalized concentration of heavy oil droplets
C3 - normalized salinity
C5 - normalized concentration of light oil droplets
T - Temperature, oC
To - reference temperature, oC
TFAL - false time step, s
V1o - terminal settling velocity for the heavy oil droplets, m/s
v - Resulting velocity of fluid in cell, m/s
X - Minimum dimension of the cell, m
- Density, kg/m3
Bibliography:
Computational fluid dynamics, by Tarit Kumar Bose
Paper by André Luiz da Fonseca Fadel1, João Tornovsky2 and Flávio
Martins de Queiroz Guimarães2
8th international PHOENICS user conference , www.cham.co.uk
Wikipedia, free encyclopedia.