PROJECT REPORT

Modelling and performance analysis of Solar PV Power System under

irradiation and load variations
KEE-753 IET LUCKNOW

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of

Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
Swapnil Tomar (1805220059)
Monika Yadav (1805220037)
Shatakshi Verma (1805220053)

Submitted to the
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India)
INTRODUCTION

This report includes a modelling and simulation, in MATLAB/Simulink

environment, of a stand-alone solar PV (photovoltaic) system in order to
examine its performance under different conditions of irradiation and load
variations.
To supply an alternative load with a sinusoidal line without harmonic distortion
under different weather conditions(solar radiation and temperature), a MPPT
(Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm has been used to control a DC-DC
boost converter to generate the MPP (Maximum Power Point) of photovoltaic
generator to alternative load via a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) three
phaseinverter.
The computer simulation results introduced in this paper, examined in
MATLAB/Simulink, validate the full PV system components.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Reactive power and voltage control, PV system power reduced are proposed
methods in the existing literature to upgrade the distribution grid voltage profile
and reduce observed overvoltage during different variations of generated power
by the grid-tied PV(photovoltaic) system. Since the power, the PV system
produces depends much on weather conditions, like solar radiation and
temperature, which varies.
Hence, it is important to implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique to extract maximum power under changing environmental and
surrounding conditions. Some research studies on MPPT control methods have
been analyzed. MPPT algorithms for PV system based on particle swarm
optimization (PSO) were inspected in; comparisons of results on maximum
power point (MPP) behaviour under uniform and non-uniform operating
conditions to select the optimal duty-cycle were simulated in .
Experimental implementation and simulation of a novel InCond MPPT variable
step-size algorithm for the PV system were compared in. Comparative analysis
of the perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (InCond) MPPT
algorithms was determined in. The simulation results conveyed that the InCond
method results better than the P&O algorithm. The PV(photovoltaic) system
steady-state and dynamics performance enhances with these algorithms. Lately,
some challenges have appeared in the grid-tied PV system, which needs
examination and consideration. These challenges include the issue of power
quality, maximum power extraction, and the issue of high-level penetration of
the PV system on the distribution network under varying weather conditions. A
comprehensive dynamic model and regulation of a grid-tied PV system that
delivers variable loads are examined in this study. The proposed system consists
of two PV systems that are integrated into the grid at different locations to
enhance the efficiency of the system. The motivation for this study is to
investigate PV systems performance under different climatic conditions,
particularly variations in solar radiation and temperature. The InCond MPP
extraction algorithm is designed on the two grid-tied PV systems to obtain the
maximum power under varying weather conditions.

OBJECTIVE

This work is organized as follows:

• Solar cell modelling and the simulation behaviour of PV module will be
presented and discussed at different operating conditions.
• The DC voltage control is presented.
• A voltage source inverter model is discussed.
• The simulation results in MATLAB /Simulink of the full PV power
system are examined and presented over, so as to evaluate its performance.
• Conclusion is evaluated.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also called a solar cell, is an electronic component that generates
electricity power while exposed to photons, or particles of light. This conversion is known as
the photovoltaic effect, which became determined in 1839 through French physicist Edmond
Becquerel. It was not until the Sixties that photovoltaic cells located their first practical
application in the satellite era. Solar panels, which are made up of PV cell modules,
commenced arriving on rooftops at the end of the Nineteen Eighties. The photovoltaic
capacity has been developing gradually since the beginning of the twenty-first century, led to
utilizing the construction of massive solar farms.

How a Photovoltaic Cell Works:

A photovoltaic cell is made from semiconductor substances that absorb the photons emitted
by the sun and generate a drift of electrons. Photons are elementary particles that bring sun
radiation at a velocity of 300,000 kilometers per to second. In the 1920s, Albert Einstein
noted them as “grains of light”. When the photons strike a semiconductor material like silicon
, they release the electrons from its atoms, leaving behind a vacant space. The stray electrons
flow round randomly seeking out another “hole” to fill.
To produce an electric current, but, the electrons need to flow within the same direction. This
is achieved using two types of silicon. The silicon layer that is exposed to the sun is doped
with atoms of phosphorus, which has one more electron than silicon, whilst the other side is
doped with atoms of boron , which has one less electron. The resulting sandwich works
similar to a battery: the layer that has surplus electrons will become the negative terminal (n)
and the side that has a deficit of electrons becomes the positive terminal (p). An electric field
area is created on the junction between the two layers.

When the electrons are excited by way of the photons, they may be swept to the n-side
through an electric field, while the holes drift to the p-side. The electrons and holes are
directed to the electric contacts carried out to both sides before flowing to the external circuit
in the form of electrical energy. This produces direct current. An anti-reflective coating is
added to the top of the cell to minimize photon loss due to surface reflection.

Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency

Efficiency is the ratio of electrical power produced by the cell to the amount of sunlight it
receives. To measure efficiency, the cells are combined into modules, which are in turn
assembled into arrays. The resulting panels are then placed in front of a solar simulator that
mimics ideal sunlight conditions: 1,000 watts (W) of light per cubic meter at an ambient
temperature of 25°C. The electrical power produced by the system, or peak power, is a
percentage of the incoming solar energy. If a panel measuring one square meter generates 200
W of electrical power, it has an efficiency of 20%. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a
PV cell is around 33%.

Advantages of photovoltaic systems:

1. High reliability

Photovoltaic systems are still highly reliable even under harsh conditions. Photovoltaic arrays
ensure continuous, uninterrupted operation of critical power supplies.

2. Strong persistence

Most modules in a PV system have a warranty period of up to 25 years and remain

operational even after many years.
3. Low maintenance costs

Photovoltaic systems require only regular inspections and occasional repairs, which are
extremely low cost compared to conventional fuel systems.

4. Zero fuel consumption

Photovoltaic systems do not require fuel and can eliminate associated procurement, storage
and transportation costs.

5. Noise pollution is small

The photovoltaic system can operate quietly with minimal mechanical movement.

6. There is photovoltaic supervision

In order to improve energy efficiency, photovoltaic systems may need to add some modules.

7. Strong security

Photovoltaic systems do not require fuel and can be safely operated after proper design and
installation.

8. Strong independence

The reason for adopting this new technology in many residential areas is that photovoltaic
systems maintain the independence of energy production and are therefore unaffected by
utilities.

Disadvantages of photovoltaic systems:

1. High startup cost

Each PV installation should be economically evaluated and compared to existing alternatives.

At present, the construction cost of photovoltaic systems is relatively high, but with the
reduction of photovoltaic system construction costs and the rise of traditional energy prices,
photovoltaic systems will have strong economic competitiveness.

2. Available solar radiation instability

For any solar system, weather changes will greatly affect the amount of electrical energy output.
Therefore, the system design needs to be adjusted according to changes in climate and location.

3. Have energy storage requirements

Some photovoltaic systems use batteries as energy storage devices. This increases the
footprint, cost and complexity of the system.
4. Efficiency needs to be improved

In order for PV systems to reflect cost-effectiveness, we need to use an efficient method to

distribute the energy generated during use. However, they are now often used to power
alternative inefficient appliances.

5. Lack of knowledge and skills

Photovoltaic technology is an emerging technology. The lack of relevant information limits

the development of its markets and technologies.

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF PV ARRAY

The PV module is the interface which converts light into electricity. Modelling this device,
necessarily requires taking weather data (irradiance and temperature) as input variables. The
output can be current, voltage, power or other. However, trace the characteristics I(V) or P(V)
needs of these three variables. Any change in the entries immediately implies changes in
outputs. That is why, it is important to use an accurate model for the PV module. The detailed
modelling is simulated step by step using MATLAB/Simulink software due to its frequent
use and its effectiveness.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PV CELL

The voltage–current characteristic equation of a solar cell is provided as

Module photo-current Iph:
Here,
Iph: photo-current (A)
Isc: short circuit current (A)
Ki: short-circuit current of cell at 25 °C and 1000 W/m2
T: operating temperature (K) Ir: solar irradiation
(W/m2).

Module reverse saturation current Irs:

Here, q: electron charge, = 1.6 ×

10−19C
Voc: open circuit voltage (V)
Ns: number of cells connected in series n: the
ideality factor of the diode k: Boltzmann’s
constant= 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K.

The module saturation current I0 varies with the cell temperature, which is given by:

Here,
Tr: nominal temperature = 298.15 K
Eg0: band gap energy of the semiconductor, = 1.1 Ev

The current output of PV module is:

Here,
Np: number of PV modules connected in parallel
Rs: series resistance (Ω)
Rsh: shunt resistance (Ω) Vt:
diode thermal voltage (V).

Reference model
The 100 W solar power module is taken as the reference module for simulation and the detailed parameters
of module is given as:

Electrical characteristics data of DS-100 M PV module

The electrical specifications are under test conditions of irradiance of 1 kW/m2, spectrum of
1.5 air masses and cell temperature of 25 °C
 Step by step procedure for modelling
The simulation of solar module is based on equations given in the section above and done in
the following steps.

Step 1:- Provide input parameters for modeling Tr

is reference temperature = 298.15 K
n is ideality factor = 1.2
k is Boltzmann constant = 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K
q is electron charge = 1.6 × 10−19
Isc is PV module short circuit current at 25 °C and 1000 W/m2 = 6.11 A Voc
is PV module open circuit voltage at 25 °C and 1000 W/m2 = 0.6 V Eg0 is
the band gap energy for silicon = 1.1 eV.
Rs is series resistor, normally the value of this one is very small= 0.0001 Ω
Rsh is shunt resistor, the value of this is so large, = 1000 Ω

Step 2:- Module photon-current is given and modeled as: (Ir0 = 1000 W/m2).
Iph=[Isc+Ki(T−298)]×Ir/1000
Step 3:- Module reverse saturation current is given and modeled as :

Step 4:- Module saturation current I0 is given and modeled as:

Step 5:- Modelled circuit for shunt current, Ish :-

Step 6:- Modelled circuit for ‘I’ and photovoltaic module characteristics:

RESULTS

Simulation scenario:
With this developed model, PV array characteristics are estimated as follows.

1. . Here, the solar irradiation changes with values of 100, 500 and 1000 W/m 2 while
temperature keeps constant at 25 °C. I–V and P–V characteristics under varying
irradiation with constant temperature are given below.
 I-V curve- Varying irradiation- Constant temperature 25°C.

P-V curve- Varying irradiation- Constant temperature 25°C

When the irradiation is increased, the current and voltage output get increased. This
evaluation results in rise in power output in this operating condition.

1. Here, the temperature varies from 25 to 50 and 75 °C respectively whereas the

irradiation level keeps constant at 1000 W/m 2. I–V and P–V characteristics under
varying temperature and constant irradiation are obtained

I-V Curve- Varying temperature- Constant irradiation 1000W/sqm

 P-V Curve- Varying temperature- Constant irradiation 1000W/sqm

When the operating temperature gets increased, the current output uprises marginally but the
voltage output gets decreased drastically. Now this leads to net reduction in power output
with temperature rise.