Powering the Future - Presentation Transcript

1.
o TOPIC:
o POWERING THE FUTURE
o APPAVOO Lingum
o BEEHARRY Housayn
o BHINKAH Avish Raj
o CHELLAPEN Sooreeven
o CHUMRAH Varun
o GOKOOL GOVIN
2.
o INTODUCTION
o OIL CRISIS !
o SOLAR ENERGY
o WIND ENERGY
o TIDAL ENERGY
o NUCLEAR ENERGY
o BIOFUEL

AGENDA

3. Intro…
4. World's proven oil reserves are 1200 billion barrels Source : BP Statistical Review of
World Energy 2007
5.
o However, the world’s consumption of oil continues to grow
6. Million Barrels of Oil a Day Annual growth Annual Consumption Rest of the World
USA China
7.
o With a world oil consumption growth of 1% per year …
8. … the oil reserves will be exhausted in less than 40 years
9. EXTINCTION?
10. No... There is still hope  MAYBE THE END!
11.  
12. SOLAR ENERGY
o The Sun is the most important source of energy that reach the earth.
o Inexhaustible source of energy.
13. Different types of technologies applied to extract maximum energy from the sun.
14. Advanced and more efficient Devices used
15. Modern House equipped with solar system. Efficient Energy saving
16. Types of Collectors Concentrated Non-Concentrated
17. Non-Concentrating: Flat Plate Collectors
18. Evacuated Collectors Non-Concentrating:
19. EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR COLLECTORS
20.  
21. Concentrated Collectors
22. THE FUTURE Asphalt Solar Collectors
23. THE FUTURE Asphalt Solar Collectors
24.  
25. Wind Energy
26.
o Wind Energy systems
o Illustrate key considerations for Wind Energy
27. Wind Turbine Description
o Components
 Rotor
 Gearbox
 Tower
 Foundation
 Controls
 Generator
o Types
 Horizontal axis
 Structure turns rotor into wind
 Vertical axis
 Less common

Schematic of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

28. Utilisation of Wind Energy

o Off-Grid
 Small turbines (50 W to 10 kW)
 Battery charging
 Water pumping
o Isolated-Grid
 Turbines typically 10 to 200 kW
 Reduce generation costs in remote areas: wind-diesel hybrid system
 High or low penetration
o Central-Grid
 Turbines typically 200 kW to 2 MW
 Windfarms of multiple turbines
29.
o High average wind speeds are essential
 4 m/s annual average is minimum
 People tend to overestimate the wind
 Wind speed tends to increase with height
o Good resource
 Coastal areas
 Crests of long slopes
  Passes
 Open terrain
 Valleys that channel winds
o Typically windier in
 Winter than summer
 Day than night

Wind Resource

30. Conclusions
o Wind turbines provide electricity on and off grid world- wide
o A good wind resource is an important factor for successful projects
o Availability of production credits or Greenpower rates are important for on-grid
project
31. NUCLEAR
32. How Nuclear Power Work July 2008 : Around the World, 430 operating nuclear power
plants that provided 15 % of electricity in 2007. Leading countries’ electricity which
depend on nuclear power : France : 77 % Lithuania : 65 % United States : 20 %
33. Nuclear Fission Uranium is a common element on Earth. The splitting of an atom
releases an incredible amount of heat and gamma radiation, or radiation made of high-
energy photons. The decay of a single U-235 atoms releases approximately 200 MeV
( million electron volts ).
34. Inside a Nuclear Power Plant 1 st step : Control the energy given off by the enriched
uranium and allow it to heat water into steam. 2 nd step : The pellets are arranged into
long rods, and the rods are collected together into bundles. The uranium bundle acts as an
extremely high-energy source of heat. It heats the water and turns it to steam. The steam
drives a turbine, which spins a generator to produce power.
35. Outside a Nuclear Power Plant Extra precautions are required as the source can emit
harmful levels of radiation. A concrete liner typically houses the reactor's pressure vessel
and acts as a radiation shield. The steel containment vessel serves as a barrier to prevent
leakage of any radioactive gases or fluids from the plant. An outer concrete building
serves as the final outer layer, protecting the steel containment vessel. These secondary
containment structures are necessary to prevent the escape of radiation/radioactive steam
in the event of an accident.
36. Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Plants Advantage : it does not depend on fossil fuels.
Disadvantage : Transporting nuclear fuel to and from plants poses a contamination risk.
When something goes wrong, the situation can turn catastrophic. The Chernobyl disaster
is a good recent example. In 1986, the Ukrainian nuclear reactor exploded, spewing 50
tons of radioactive material into the surrounding area, contaminating millions of acres of
forest.
37. Energy from Tides and Waves
38. Turning Tides into Usable Energy
o Ebb generating system
o A dam (barrage) is built across the mouth of an estuary.
o Sluice gates allow incoming tides to fill the basin.
 o As the tide ebbs, the water is forced through a turbine system to generate
electricity.

http:// www.acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/ocean/tidal.html

39. Types of Turbines http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_08/photoshr/33.htm http://

www.acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/ocean/tidal.html Bulb turbine used at La Rance tidal plant
on the Brittany coast in France
40. Turbines, cont. Rim turbine used at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia Tubular turbine
proposed for use in the Severn tidal project in Great Britain http://
www.acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/ocean/tidal.html
41. Other Possibilities
o Tidal Fences
o Completely blocks a channel so as the tide rises, water is forced through the styles
to turn them.
o Can be used between islands or between a mainland and an island as opposed to
only across the mouth of a confined bay.
42. Turning Waves into Usable Energy
o Oscillating water column
o Incoming waves force air up column to turn the turbine
o Outgoing waves suck air down column to turn the turbine
43. Advantages
o Abundant (estimated that it could produce 16% of worlds energy.)
o Pollution free (except during construction)
o Relatively consistent (unlike wind that is inconsistent and is highly concentrated
in certain areas depending on the topography.)
o Water is a free resource

http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wavereport/wave.pdf
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~pbrown/g410/tidal/tidal.html

44. Disadvantages
o Disturbance/Destruction to marine life (effect wave climate that effects
shallow/shore plant life)
o Expensive to construct (estimated 1.2 billion dollars.)
o Reliability ( have not been around long so we do not know long-term reliability
is.)
o Recreational costs (visual impact, sport fishing, swimming, etc.)
o Cost of Maintenance Higher
o Power transmission from offshore facilities harder
o Power quality (waves fluctuation)

http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wavereport/wave.pdf
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~pbrown/g410/tidal/tidal.html
45. Aquatic Biofuels New Options for Bioenergy
46.
o Why ALGAE?
 Does not compete with agriculture
 High yield per acre
 Contains no sulphur therefore no SO 2 emissions
 Non toxic and highly biodegradable
 Does not require soil for growth
 Uses as little as 30cm of water per year per hectare (open pond system)
 Adaptable anywhere even at great distances from water
 Abatement of CO 2 – carbon neutral
47. Oil yield per hectare of microalgae significantly exceeds other common oil sources such
as soya and rapeseed 39 500 1 190 448 446 1190 39 500 PBR* *PBR – Photo Bio-
Reactor 88 times more than soya 33 times more than rapeseed
48. Adaptability to developing countries – other key factor requirements Algae production
with Photo Bio-Reactors (PBR) More suitable for Higher Income Countries (due to
higher start-up costs) Algae production with MBP (Microalgae Biofixation Process)
More suitable for Lower Income Countries (due to lower start-up costs)
49.
o Photo Bio-Reactors?
o Using Photo Bio-Reactors is expensive
o but it is a State of the Art Technology, it
o produces higher yields than other systems.
o However, Development and Processing costs are still quite high and perhaps not
suited yet for developing countries.
50. Microalgae Biofixation Process – with wastewater
51. Open pond wastewater has demonstrated productivities of 100 tonne/ha/yr tonne per
hecatre per year.
52.  
53. Powering the Future
o We cannot simply rely on coal and oil for they are near to extinction.
o Other sources like solar, wind, nuclear, tidal and biomass are emerging and we
should encourage their usage for our environment, for us and for the future of
mankind.
54. Thank You for your attention