FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 20601

Experiment Code MMB – 01

Experiment Title IMPACT OF A JET

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
PAGE NO :
ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

PART B: IMPACT OF A JET

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To verify theories of forces generated by impact of the jet on different shapes of vane.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, students will be able to:
 Describe the deflection of the jet generates forces on the vane.
 Identify the relationship between force and rate of momentum flow in the jet.
 Measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a plate.

3.0 THEORY

1. A jet of water is produced when water is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered nozzle. The jet will
impinge on a vane, of different shapes. Vanes usually used are flat plate, inclined plate, curved plate and
hemispherical cup. Equation used to determine the force of jet impact (Fy) is given as:

Fy = Q ( Vy1 - Vy2cos ), Vy1 = initial velocity, Vy2 = final velocity (after impingement)

where,

Figure 1: Flat plate

2. 120 curved plate

 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
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ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021
.

Figure 2: 120o curved plate

where, from analysis, velocity after impingement

3. Hemispherical cup

where, velocity after impingement

Figure 3: Hemispherical cup

 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
PAGE NO :
ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

4.0 EQUIPMENT
i) Hydraulic bench
ii) Jet impact apparatus
iii) Stop Watch
iv) Vernier caliper

Given:
Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81 ms– 2

From analysis, slope of the graph as in theory is given by:

Flat plate =

120 curved plate =

Hemispherical cup =

Figure 4: Equipments used Figure 5: Jet impact apparatus

 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
PAGE NO :
ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

Figure 6: Jet Impact Apparatus

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. First, take off the top plate and the transparent cylinder. Then, measure the diameter of the nozzle.

Assemble the flat plate to the lever that carries a jockey weight.

2. Assemble the top plate and cylinder to the apparatus. Connect the supply pipe from the hydraulic

bench to the inlet pipe of the apparatus.

Figure 7: Arrangement of apparatus

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PAGE NO :
ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

3. The apparatus is then need to be levelled and the lever is set to a balanced position (as indicated

by a tally supported from it) by placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and then adjusting the

knurled nut above the spring.

Figure 8: Jockey weight restrained by a light spring

4. Any force generated by impact of the jet on the vane is measured by moving the jockey weight along

the lever until the tally shows that it has been restored to its original balanced position.

5. Nominal weight is place on the lever first (it is suggested that initial weight and incremental weight

= 20g). Water is then admitted through the bench supply valve.

6. The force on the vane will displace the lever, which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding

the jockey weight along the lever. Then, cover the opening at the base of the hydraulic bench.

Figure 9: Move the jockey weight along the lever

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EDITION : 1
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REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

7. Record the volume of water and time to determine the flow rate. Also, record the weight on the

lever.

Figure 10: Determining flow rate

8. Repeat the procedure (step 1 to 7) for 120o curved plate and hemispherical cup.
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PAGE NO :
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EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

1. Record the readings in the table below.

a) Flat plate

Mass of jockey Volume of water

Time t (s) Flow rate Q (l/s) Q2
weight m (g) V (l)

b) 1200 curved plate

Mass of jockey Volume of water

Time t (s) Flow rate Q (l/s) Q2
weight m (g) V (l)

c) Hemispherical cup

Mass of jockey Volume of water

Time t (s) Flow rate Q (l/s) Q2
weight m (g) V (l)

2. Plot the graph of mass of jockey weight m versus Q2 for flat plate, 120o inclined plate and hemispherical

cup and find the slope of the graphs.

 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
PAGE NO :
ENVIRONMENT
EDITION : 1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 14/3/2021
TITLE : IMPACT OF A JET AMENDMENT DATE : 14/3/2021

7.0 QUESTIONS
1) For every plate, record and calculate Q and Q2 and plot graphs of mass of jockey weight m versus
Q2. Theoretically, slope of the graphs is given as:
a. Flat plate
b. 120o inclined plate
c. Hemispherical cup

2) Compare the value between the slope at the graph and the theory value.
a. Flat plate
b. 120o inclined plate
c. Hemispherical cup

3) From the result, comment on the graphs slope and theoretical value.

4) Give a conclusion for this test

5) Question by lecturer
Based on the given data, please plot the graphs and comment on the graph slope
and briefly explain the difference on the enlargement of nozzle diameter and increased
discharge.

8.0 ANSWER

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Prepared by: Approved by:

Dr Mohd Azlan B Mohd Yusoff Assoc. Prof Dr David Yeoh Eng Chuan

Signature: Signature:

Date: 14 MARCH 2021 Date: 14 MARCH 2021