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Data Presentation
Data Presentation
There are various ways of presenting the data after collecting it. The method depends
on the type of data. For example, if data about age of the respondents was collected, it’s
meaning, effect, or impact in the study cannot be understood if the raw data is being
presented instead of a systematic presentation like table or graph. Hence, the importance
of data presentation. The following are the methods used in presenting a set of data:
TABLE HEADING
Perception of Leadership Behavior Frequency
CAPTION
Strongly Favorable 10
Favorable 11
Slightly Favorable 12
Slightly Unfavorable 14
Unfavorable 22
Strongly Unfavorable 31
BODY
STUBS/CLASSES TOTAL 100
TYPES OF FDT:
1. Qualitative or Categorical FDT is a frequency distribution table where the data are
grouped according to some qualitative characteristics; data are grouped into non
numerical categories.
Example:
Quantitative FDT is a frequency distribution table where the data are grouped
according to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.
Example:
K= √ N
1
UTCB=UL+ unit of measure
2
2. Class Mark (CM) – midpoint of the class interval where the observations tend to cluster
about.
1 1
CM = ( ¿+UL ) ∨CM= (LTCB+UTCB)
2 2
3. Relative Frequency (RF) – the proportion of observations falling in a class and is
expressed in percentage.
frequency frequency
RF= %RF= x 100 %
N N
4. Cumulative Frequency (CF) – accumulated frequency of the classes.
a. Less than CF (<CF) - total number of observations whose values do not exceed the
upper limit of class.
b. Greater than CF (>CF) – total number of observations whose values are not less than
the lower limit of the class.
5. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF)
a. Less than RCF (<RCF)
b. Greater than RCF (>RCF)
Advantages:
1. It is accurate.
2. It is clear.
3. It is simple.
4. It has a good appearance.
1. Scatter Graph – a graph used to present measurements or values that are thought to be
related.
Example:
In this example, the study time and math grade are presented for possible
relationship. It forms a line that inclines to the right, which implies a positive
relationship. The more time a student devotes in studying, the higher the grade in math
can be achieved.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ck12.org%2Fbook%2Fck-12-middle-school-math-concepts-grade-
8%2Fsection%2F10.7%2F&psig=AOvVaw3A-2OQPq71hf_4356CmX-
V&ust=1592466640570000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMDf-o28iOoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
2. Line Chart – graphical presentation of data especially useful for showing trends over a
period of time.
Example:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/javafx/user-interface-tutorial/img/line-sample.png
3. Pie Chart- a circular graph that is useful in showing how a total quantity is distributed
among a group of categories. The “pieces of pie” represent the proportions of the total
that fall into each category.
Example:
https://www.advsofteng.com/doc/cdnetdoc/threedpie.htm
4. Column and Bar Graph- like pie charts, column charts and bar charts are applicable only
to grouped data. They should be used for discrete, grouped data of ordinal or nominal
scale.
Example:
https://www.visme.co/templates/infographics/largest-companies-of-2019-by-revenue-bar-graph-1425280738/
1. Frequency Histogram – a bar graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and
the frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis.
Example:
https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat500/book/export/html/539
2. Frequency Polygon- a line chart that is constructed by plotting the frequencies at the
class marks and connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines.
Example:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/statistics/frequency-polygon/
3. Ogives- graphs of the cumulative frequency distribution
a. <Ogive- the <CF is plotted against the UTCB
b. >Ogive- the >CF is plotted against the LTCB
https://www.aplustopper.com/cumulative-frequency-curve-ogive-statistics/
2. The following are the body weights (in grams) of 50 rats used in a study of vitamin
deficiencies:
136 92 115 118 121 137 132 120 104 129
125 119 115 101 129 87 108 110 133 124
135 126 127 103 110 126 118 82 104 113
137 120 95 146 126 119 119 105 132 95
126 118 100 113 106 125 117 102 146 148
Construct the FDT of the given data set and write a brief report about it.
3. The following are the number of customers a restaurant served for lunch on 60
weekdays:
50 64 55 51 60 41 71 53 63 64
49 59 66 45 61 57 65 62 58 65
55 61 60 55 53 57 58 66 53 56
64 46 59 49 64 60 58 64 42 47
59 62 56 63 61 68 57 51 61 51
60 59 67 52 52 58 64 43 60 62
Construct the FDT of the given data set and write a brief report about it.
4. Construct a graph for the given FDT and write a brief interpretation.
The 2019 Purchases by A Car Rental Agency
To know more about data collection and presentation, you may check the following links:
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv
%3DuHRqkGXX55I%26feature%3Dshare%26fbclid
%3DIwAR3u_X5_f31r2v6baDZo6Bc4RqId0xhCV573A3aHLHUSCdCtRkn0aeH9-
Og&h=AT2CxgYdKThdgcoWKfGI9iG8AZMorVucfnS3kvf22C5YLwjhVfbnXS4GnXekg_BPfEM6wEcq
1WCtUEfklEf4I5WI_huKOMrmv-Ix9IX14UjcCcuMaEVw8qeNB3uo8WjMdw
2. Charts in excel:
https://youtu.be/TfkNkrKMF5c
https://youtu.be/9NUjHBNWe9M
Answer to Practice Exercises in Chapter 2.
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B
1. Systematic S 6. Convenience S
2. Convenience S 7. Expert S
3. Simple RS 8. Systematic S
4. Stratified S 9. Simple RS
5. Cluster S 10. Convenience S
Note: S – Sampling; RS – Random Sampling
Interpretation: Most of the employees report to work by means of car corresponding to 45% of
the total number of respondents. On the other hand, the least of the respondents prefer train,
corresponding to only 10% of the total respondents.
2.
Interpretation: Most of the rats used in the experiment are weighing between 115-125
grams, corresponding to 30% of the total number of rats. While the least of the rats is
between 148-158 grams. The average weight of most of the rats is 120 grams.
3.
4.
Interpretation: The most purchased car in 2019 is Ford Taurus (33%) and the least
purchased car is Pontiac Grand An (8%).