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Grant Krulik
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The Early Cold War

APUSH Review Guide AMSCO chapter 26 o(or other resource covering events from 1945-1950s)

DirectionsPrint document and take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the
guide before you begin reading. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas
and information as you read. This guide can earn bonus points for students completing guide
IN ITS ENTIRETY BY QUIZ DATE.

From the College Board Content Outline for Period 8

Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a
position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
Key Concept 8.2: New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and
cultural responses.
Key Concept 8.3: Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.

Section 1 Period 8 Overview, page 556

Read the overview and alternate view of Period 8, and answer the following questions.

1. What were the three forces that impacted American lives post WWII?

a. -Fall of Colonial Empires

b. -The Spread of Communism

c. -Changes in the Global Economy

2. How did liberalism as inspired by Franklin Roosevelt continue into the 1950s-1970s?

- Democrats expanded the new deal and made major domestic

programs like Medicare, aid to education, and civil rights through
the 1960s
C
3. In what way did the U.S. and U.S.S.R. confront each other in this era?

With the threats and usage of Nukes

4. List the forces that gave way to a conservative resurgence in the late 60s and 70s?

a. -Economic Growth

b. -Little Competition

c. -Recovery of World Economics

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Section 2 Guided Reading pp 557-572

5. Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1952, pp 557-558

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

Postwar economic, Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1952… Explain how living through the Great Depression
demographic, and - Missouri Senator was elected vice president in 1944. He succeeded to the and the rationing of WWII war effort impacted the
technological changes presidency when Roosevelt died in 1945 and was involved in many key state of the economy when soldiers returned home
had a far-reaching decisions ending World War II and in the early Cold War. It was his decision to in 1945.
impact on American drop the atomic bomb on Japan. He was elected president again in 1948 and People learned from the great depression and
society, politics, and the decided to send troops to Korea in 1950. WW2 and saved their money in bank accounts
environment. -Between late 1940s and 1991--intense rivalry between Communist empire of post-war. They effectively were able to put money
the Soviet Union and leading Western democracy the United States. into the economy and enjoy higher standards of
living.
Rapid economic and
social changes in
American society GI Bill—Help for Veterans…
fostered a sense of
optimism in the postwar - In 1944, the federal government made unprecedented educational
years, as well as opportunities available to World War II veterans. It subsidized veterans so they
underlying concerns could continue their formal education, learn new trades, or start new How did the government encourage continued,
about how these businesses. It also contained pension, hospitalization, and other benefits. positive economic growth in the years following
changes were affecting
WWII?
American values.
They gave veterans of war continued education,
Baby Boom… 16 billion in low interest, government back loans to
A burgeoning private - Post-World War II Americans idealized the family. After the war, marriage buy homes and farms and to start businesses.
sector, continued federal and birth rates rose precipitously and the divorce rate dropped between 1942
spending, the baby and 1950.
boom, and technological
developments helped
spur economic growth, Suburban Growth…
middle-class Explain how the baby boom illustrates a break
- Low interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax
suburbanization, social from Depression Era American life.
deductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any
The baby boomers put a lot of money into the
mobility, a rapid family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became
economy which kept it out of another depression.
expansion of higher suburbanites.
education, and the rise of
the “Sun Belt” as a
political and economic
How did the role of women change from the Rosie
force. Rise of the Sunbelt… the Riveter of WWII to the baby boom of the
-A trend wherein people moved from the northern and eastern states to the
postwar years?
south and southwest region from Virginia to California.
The expectations of women after the baby boom
were that they should take care of the kids and be
homemakers instead of going to work and making
a life for themselves.

Identify one negative consequence o f

suburbanization.
People moved away from the city which caused it
to become very poor and racially divided because
city became the place to live if you didn't have a
lot of money.

What was the most significant reason for

abandoning the Rust Belt for the Sun Belt?
The financial pull of lower taxes and jobs.
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6. Economic Program and Civil Rights, pp 559-561

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

Liberalism, based on Economic Program and Civil Rights… What did Truman have in common with Obama?
anticommunism He supported Civil Rights and health insurance as
abroad and a firm Employment Act of 1946… well as the idea of raising minimum wage.
belief in the efficacy of - Started because of the flood of available workers after WWII. Established the
governmental and Council of Economic Advisors. declared that the government was committed to
especially federal maintaining maximum employment.
power to achieve
social goals at home,
reached its apex in the
mid-1960s and
generated a variety of
political and cultural
responses. Inflation and Strikes…
Why did Republicans in Congress attempt to lower
-Rose by almost 25% in the first year and a half of peace; Workers and unions
taxes?
Seeking to fulfill wanted wages to catch up after years of wage controls.
Reconstruction-era
promises, civil rights -They wanted the rich and the capitalist
activists and political manufactures to prosper.
leaders achieved some
legal and political Civil Rights…
successes in ending - Truman used his executive powers to establish this. He was the first modern
segregation, although president to use the powers of his office to challenge racial discrimination.
progress toward
equality was slow and
halting.
Twenty-second Amendment (1951)…
- It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two. Was brought
on by FDR's 4-term presidency. How were the Republicans successful in
stemming the tide of FDR liberalism?

Republicans amended the constitution, got

majorities in Congress, and passed the 22
amendments.
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)…
-The anti-union act outlawed the closed shop and secondary boycotts. It also
authorized the president to seek injunctions to prevent strikes that posed a
threat to national security.

The Fair Deal…

-A program for expanded economic opportunity and civil rights proposed by
President Truman in 1949. Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum
wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover
10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-
income public housing units and for urban renewal.
To what extent was President Harry Truman’s
policies a continuation of President Franklin
Roosevelt’s policies? Defend your answer with
evidence.
Truman continued FDR’s policies with his Fair
Deal, which branched off the fundamental ideas of
the New Deal, with aid to education and civil
rights.

FDR desegregated the war industries. What did

Truman desegregate?
Harry Truman, July 26, 1948. The order
desegregated the U.S. armed forces. Second
page of Executive Order 9981, signed by U.S.
Pres. Harry Truman, July 26, 1948.
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…continued from previous page… The Election of 1948 (page 560)

a. Candidates

b. Surprising results

c. Who were the Dixiecrats, and what is significance about this party?
1948- Dixiecrats was a party that was formed in 1948 by diehard
Southern democrats. The Dixiecrats were opposed to President
Truman being nominated again as a Democratic candidate. These
Dixiecrats were committed to the state's rights and the maintenance
of segregation and opposed the federal intervention into race.
d. Why did so many people think Dewey won this election?
Truman won an upset victory over his opponent, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of
New York, in the 1948 presidential election. It was famously held up by Truman at a
public appearance following his successful election, smiling triumphantly at the
error.

e. What were “Give em Hell Harry!” speeches? What was purpose?

“Give 'em hell Harry” is a reference to President Harry Truman's 1948 re-election
campaign. It's also the name of a very successful play and movie. In 1948,
President Harry Truman was running for re-election. During a campaign stop in
Bremerton, Washington, Truman delivered a rousing speech attacking the
Republicans.

Read the excerpt from Truman’s inaugural address and then answer the question that follows regarding the Point Four program described.

“ It may be our lot to experience… a major turning point in the long history of the human race. The first half of this century has been marked by
unprecedented and brutal attacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars in history. The supreme need of our time is for men to
learn to live together in peace and harmony… we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and
industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the world are living in
conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is
a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to
relieve suffering of these people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques. The
material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge
are constantly growing and are inexhaustible…”

How did Point Four redefine the purpose of the United States and it’s government?
Point Four Program, U.S. policy of technical assistance and economic aid to underdeveloped countries, so named because it was the
fourth point of President Harry S. Truman's 1949 inaugural address. The first appropriations were made in 1950.

To what extent is this policy a continuation of the Puritan ideal of “City on a Hill” (or of American Exceptionalism)?
The Puritan's goal of coming to the New World was not to create a new life, but to create the ideal model of living for the “corrupt”
inhabitants of England. This was coined “The Errand”, the Puritans desire to establish a City Upon a Hill that others could look up to and
imitate in order to receive God's grace.
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7. Origins of the Cold War, pp 561-563

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

Origins of the Cold War… Some historians postulate that FDR is largely
-The Cold War began because the Soviet Union was increasing their military power. responsible for the Cold War, because he
The United States was trying to contain communism and began paying attention to mishandled and misunderstood Stalin at Yalta.
The United States
the Soviets military. Because of this, the United States, also began supplying for a Support or refute this assessment.
responded to an
war. I support this statement. Truman did not appease
uncertain and
Stalin at Potsdam. Each of the four allied nations
unstable postwar
got their share of responsibility, and if anyone was
world by asserting
to benefit, it should have been Russia anyways
and attempting to U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945…
because of their high mortality rate from fighting
defend a position of - Wartime alliance between US and USSR = temporary halt in general poor relations
the Germans with more manpower than any of the
global leadership, Bolshevik Revolution est. Communist government in USSR (1917) US viewed USSR
other nations had.
with far-reaching as threat to capitalist countries Red Scare Refused to recognize USSR until 1933
domestic and Nonaggression Pact
international
consequences.
Allies in WWII…
- Alliance by convenience Stalin disliked that Allies waited until 1944 to open 2nd
front. Negotiations at Yalta & Potsdam showed conflict over Central and Eastern
Europe. Yalta: Divided German into 4 Zones, UN est., Free-elections post-war
Do you support the viewpoint that Truman
Eastern Europe Potsdam: atomic power announced, philosophical differences.
appeased Stalin at Potsdam? Why or why not?
How did the Potsdam Conference help bring about
the Cold War? The conference increased the
Postwar Cooperation and the U.N…. tension between the Soviet Union and the United
- Charter of United Nations (1945) "maintenance of international peace and security" States. It was clear that Truman, with the atomic
5 permanent members U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China 15 members in total bomb in his pocket, was not willing to make
concessions and the Soviets has to accept the
deal regarding Germany’s reparations.

Satellite States in Eastern Europe…

- Eastern European nations Became Soviet "satellites" (1946-1948) Soviets refused
to allow free elections in Eastern Europe Stalin hoped to establish "communist block"
Clear violation of war conference agreements "iron curtain"

After World War II,

the United States
sought to stem the To what extent did the United Nations relieve the
growth of Occupation Zones in Germany… growing tensions between the U.S. and the
Communist military - For purposes of occupation, the Americans, British, French, and Soviets divided U.S.S.R.?
power and Germany into four zones. The American, British, and French zones together made up
ideological the western two-thirds of Germany, while the Soviet zone comprised the eastern
influence, create a third.
stable global
economy, and build
an international Explain how the Soviet declination of the World
security system. Bank illustrated a fundamental conflict at the heart
of the Cold War.

Iron Curtain… Illustrated a fundamental conflict at the heart of the

- iron curtain meant that Stalin was shutting out his empire from the influence of the Cold War.
rest of the world

Explain how these words, “Iron Curtain,” indicate

Allied (British-American)
appeasement of Stalin.
Indicate Allied (British-American) appeasement of
Stalin. A curtain is flexible and can be expanded.
In this metaphor, the curtain can extend further
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without the US putting up a fight to push back.

8. Containment in Europe, pp 563-566

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

The United States Containment in Europe… Support or refute the view that the Truman
responded to an Doctrine polarized the world into pro-
uncertain and - February 1946, George F. Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of American and pro-Soviet divisions and thus
unstable postwar containment - an effort to block the Soviets' attempts to spread their influence by creating exacerbating the hostile situation.
world by asserting alliances and supporting weaker countries. This policy began to guide the Truman
and attempting to administration's foreign policy. Truman categorized the world with pro and
defend a position of anti-communism countries by allying the US
global leadership, with all those who were not communist
with far-reaching countries. This automatically caused the
domestic and Warsaw Pact as a retaliation, because
international The Truman Doctrine… when you square up you want a squad
consequences. behind you
- 1947 President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country
After World War II, threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. Mainly helped Greece and Turkey.
the United States
sought to stem the
growth of The Marshall Plan…
Communist military How did Truman use the foreign policy of
power and Containment in response to the Soviet
- Submitted in December 1947. Plan proposed by George Marshall to revive war-torn “betrayal” of Yalta (concerning the
ideological
economies in Europe and strengthen democratic governments. This plan offered $13 billion reconstruction plan for Germany)?
influence, create a
to aid western and Southern Europe.
stable global
economy, and build
an international
security system. Effects…
- The Marshall Plan generated a resurgence of European industrialization and brought
The United States extensive investment into the region. It was also a stimulant to the U.S. economy by
developed a foreign establishing markets for American goods.
policy based on
collective security
and a multilateral
economic
The Berlin Airlift…
framework that
- Joint effort by the US and Britain. Fly food and supplies into Western Berlin after the Soviet
bolstered non- How was Containment policy in dealing with
blocked off all ground routes into the city
Communist the U.S.S.R. following WWII different from
nations. the British and French foreign policy of
appeasement with Hitler prior to WWII?
The United States
sought to “contain”
Soviet-dominated
communism
through a variety of
measures.

Walter Lippmann criticized containment,

saying it over-simplified the “Cold War,” a
term he coined. Is it fair to compare the
Truman Doctrine to “bribing” unrestricted
free agents on the open market? (Not
 7

wanting them to go to a rival team so you

pay the players enough to stay)

How was the Marshall Plan different from

the Treaty of Versailles?

…continued from previous page…

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

After World War II, NATO and National Security… What would President George Washington
the United States have said about NATO?
sought to stem the 1949 United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense
growth of pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact: a
Communist military military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.
power and
ideological
influence, create a
stable global National Security Act (1947)…
economy, and build - Passed in 1947. In response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII.
an international Established: - Department of Defense - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - National Security
security system. Council.

The United States What does the National Security Act

developed a foreign Explain the role of each department. foreshadow about the Cold War?
policy based on
collective security Dept. Defense: provides the military forces needed to deter war, and to protect the
and a multilateral security of the United States.
economic
framework that Sec. Defense: developing and evaluating policy, establishing and maintaining training
bolstered non- and planning operations, resource management, and related duties.
Communist
nations.
National Security Council: is the President's principal forum for national security and
foreign policy decision making with his or her senior national security advisors and
The United States cabinet officials, and the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies across
sought to “contain” federal agencies.
Soviet-dominated
communism
through a variety of
CIA: collect and analyze foreign intelligence and conduct covert action.
measures.
List the measures of NSC-68: outlined a variety of possible courses of action, including
a return to isolationism; war; continued diplomatic efforts to negotiate with the Soviets; or
“the rapid building up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world.”
Although the arms race created a frightful
threat of world annihilation, the technology
Atomic Weapons… along with leadership of NATO essentially
- A nuclear weapon that unleashes a large amount of energy through nuclear fission; Two reduced the threat of war and maintained a
atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to balance of power with the Soviets for
surrender and ended WWII. The Manhattan Project was the name of the top-secret program decades. Defend or refute this statement.
that developed the atomic bomb

The arms race began when the Soviets worked to catch up (and steal) atomic technology to/from the
U.S. It took t hem only 4 years to successfully explode their first atomic bomb thanks to Americans who
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were willing to sell the secrets to the Russians.

Next came the hydrogen bomb, a thousand times more powerful. Truman didn’t heed warnings by some
scientists, such as Einstein, who worried these bombs risked “annihilation of any life on earth has been
brought within the range of technical possibilities.” In a quest for nuclear superiority, he furthered the
competitive arms race with the Soviets by completing the H-Bomb in 1952,” triggering” the Soviets’
completion of the bomb in 1953.

Evaluating U.S. Policy…

-National Security Council said to win war must: quadruple defense spending, form alliances
w/non-Comm. countries, convince public that buildup was imperative

9. Cold War in Asia, pp 566-569

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

As the United Cold War in Asia… How did the era of imperialism impact post
States focused on Japan… Cold War relations?
containing -Japan's reconstruction controlled by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, helped create new Const.
communism, it w/parliamentary democracy
faced increasingly
complex foreign -7 Jap. gens, incl. Premier Hideki Tojo, tried + executed -Emperor Hirohito ceremonial head
policy issues, of state
including
decolonization,
shifting international
alignments and U.S. – Japanese Security Treaties…
regional conflicts, -new Const. renounced war + provided for limited military capability
and global
economic and -two treaties: Japan gave up Korea + islands in Pacific, US troops remained @ military bases
environmental in Japan, Japan= strong ally
changes.
What would President Theodore Roosevelt
have said about the U.S.-Japanese
The United States Security Treaties?
sought to “contain” The Philippines and the Pacific…
Soviet-dominated -Philippines became ind. republic on July 4, 1946
communism
through a variety of
measures.
China…
-Chiang Kai-Shek used command of Nationalist, or Kuomintong, Party to take control

The Philippines were finally independent

U.S. Policy…
following WWII. How long had it been that
-US gave aid to Chiang in WWII, after war, civil war between Chiang's Nationalists + Mao
they were not controlled –at some level—by
Zedong's Communists
a foreign power?
-George Marshall tried to negotiate end to civil war, failed
-Congress gave $400 million in aid to Nat. gov, but 80% of military supplies ended up in
Communists hands

Two Chinas…
-1949: China controlled by Communists, US refused to recognize Mao's regime until 1979
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-1950: Stalin + Mao signed Sino-Soviet Pact To what extent was the Open Door Policy
responsible for China’s ‘descent’ into
communism?

We formally recognized China in 1979, and

they are now one of the most important
parts of our economy. Today, the United
States is still fearful of Chinese / communist
expansion as they have increased control
over regions including Tibet and threatened
take over of areas like Taiwan. The
Chinese are currently building up their
military at a time when the U.S. is scaling
back. Do you think we should still fear
China?

…continued from previous page…

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

As the United The Korean War… Compare the response of the United
States focused on -Korea divided between Soviets + US, north in hands of Comm. leader Kim II Sung + South Nations to the invasion of South Korea to
containing under Cons. Nat. leader Syngman Rhee the League of Nations’ response to the
communism, it Japanese invasion of Manchuria 20 years
faced increasingly earlier. Was this later reaction a “lesson
complex foreign learned” or a “tragic error?” Explain your
Invasion…
reasoning.
policy issues, -1950: N. Korea invades S. Korea, UN authorized force against invaders (mostly US troops)
including
decolonization,
shifting international Counterattack…
alignments and -MacArthur reversed war + UN forces destroyed N. Korean army
regional conflicts, -Chinese troops crossed border into Korea, UN forces defeated
and global
economic and
environmental
changes.
Truman Versus MacArthur…
-Reps thought Truman + Dems were "soft on Communism"
The United States
sought to “contain”
Soviet-dominated
communism
Armistice…
through a variety of
-Korean-war stalemated, armistice signed in 1953, 2.5 million ppl died
measures, including
military
Who had the better approach… Truman’s
engagements in “limited war” or MacArthur’s “no substitute
Korea. for victory?” Explain your reasoning.
The 1953 an armistice set up the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). To this day, the two nations are
 10

essentially still at war and the DMZ is heavily guarded.

Postwar
decolonization and Political Consequences…
the emergence of -Reps thought Truman + Dems were "soft on Communism"
powerful -MacArthur wanted to expand war, Truman said to not speak publicly, but he did and was
nationalist recalled for insubordination
movements in
Asia, Africa, and
the Middle East
led both sides in
the Cold War to
seek allies among
new nations, many
of which remained North Korea announced that it will no longer
nonaligned. abide by the armistice at least 6 times…
1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.
They have also stated they are free to
attack the South, develop nuclear weapons,
and develop their own independent peace
treaty with the South (ignoring U.N.
resolutions and protocol). The U.S. military
is active in South Korea to defend them if
needed. Why are we still dedicated to
defending South Korea if the Cold War
ended in 1989?

10. The Second Red Scare, pp 569-572

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

Cold War policies The Second Red Scare… What did the First Red Scare have in
led to continued -Smith Act of 1940: illegal to advocate or teach overthrow of gov. by force or to belong to org. common with the Second Red Scare?
public debates over w/objective, used in case of Dennis et al v. U.S.
the power of the
federal government,
acceptable means Security and Civil Rights…
for pursuing -McCarran Internal Security Act: 1) unlawful to advocate/support totalitarian gov, 2) restricted
international and employment + travel of those joining Comm. orgs, + 3) created detention camps
Starting around 1947, employers
domestic goals, and
increasingly demanded that their
the proper balance employees take loyalty oaths to the United
between liberty and States; teachers especially were subject to
order. this. Is the current Texas state law that
Prosecutions Under the Smith Act… mandates we stand up and say the pledge
Americans debated -House of Un-American Activities Committee: looked for Comm. in gov, but also Boyscouts + of allegiance each day the same thing as a
policies and Hollywood loyalty oath? Explain your reasoning.
methods designed
to root out
Communists within
the United States McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
 11

even as both (Congress overrode Truman’s veto)

parties tended to
support the broader three provisions of the McCarran Act.
Cold War strategy
of containing a) unlawful to advocate/support totalitarian gov
communism.
b) restricted employment + travel of those joining Comm. orgs

c) created detention camps

Why did Truman veto McCarran?

Un-American Activities…
-creators of crime dramas + playwrights (Arthur Miller) under attack, Rodgers +
Hammerstein's musical, South Pacific criticized
Although some doubted Hiss’s guilt at the
Cultural Impact… time, it was later proven beyond a shadow
-loyalty oaths required of writers + teachers of a doubt that he was guilty. Was Nixon
-American Civil Liberties Union argued 1st amendment protected them (as a member of HUAC committee) a hero
for exposing an American traitor or was he
an illustration of American paranoia?
Espionage Cases… Explain your reasoning.
-Whittaker Chambers, Comm. testified + investigation by Richard Nixon led to trial of Alger
Hiss

Hiss Case…
-Hiss denied accusations, but convicted + sent to prison

Rosenberg Case…
-Klaus Fuchs admitted giving A-bomb secrets to Russians, tied to Julius + Ethel Rosenberg,
executed in 1953

If the Rosenberg’s were guilty (and they

were), why did their execution cause a civil
rights debate?

…continued from previous page…

Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations/Notes Analysis

Cold War policies The Rise of Joseph McCarthy… What finally ended the Second Red Scare?
led to continued -used concerns in election for Senator, speech: 205 Comm. working in State Dept.
public debates over
the power of the McCarthy’s Tactics…
federal government, -became one of most powerful men in US -used unsupported accusations, Reps disliked
acceptable means tactics, but it did hurt Dems -McCarthy exposed on TV-> censured in Senate
for pursuing
international and
domestic goals, and Army-McCarthy Hearings…
the proper balance -"witch hunt" for Communists = McCarthyism How were McCarthy’s tactics similar to the
between liberty and Salem Witch Trials?
order.

Americans debated
 12

policies and
methods designed
to root out Truman in Retirement…
Communists within
the United States -Image result for Truman in Retirement… Harry Truman lived for nineteen years after leaving Consider all of the events and policies
even as both the White House in 1953. He and his wife Bess returned to Truman's hometown of under Truman. Why did the Republicans
parties tended to Independence, Missouri, where Truman spent his post-presidential years guarding and blame Truman for the “mess in
support the broader constructing his legacy and place in history. Washington,” and what exactly did they
Cold War strategy mean by “mess?”
of containing
communism.