Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 1: General Concepts of Science, Technology and Society (STS)
Introduction
Just two hundred years ago the world looked so
different. The majority of people’s lives were driven
by the tangible. Science was considered mostly an
academic notion and it was raising questions that
bothered the minds of few.
The technology used to be mainly in the hands of the
governments and it was used to benefit the lives of
people, in a way much different than it does today.
And to a way lesser extent.
Just thirty years ago if anyone had seen a person
holding a device with the features of today’s latest
iPhone, they could easily be mistaken for a magician
or… an alien.
Today we are so used to living with technology. Most
of us are surrounded by smart devices, travel in
futuristic vehicles. We read every day about the
latest breakthrough in science and share our
opinions over social media…
Elon Musk sent a Tesla into space…
We rarely stop to think about how we became this
way. Do we affect science and technology or do they
affect us? How do we keep the balance? Is there a
place for morals when science and technology show
us the ‘right‘ way?
Science, technology, and society (STS) as an
interdisciplinary program of study focuses on
understanding the relationship between scientific
developments and the everyday lives of people.
It is also an interdisciplinary investigation of the
relationship between scientific progress and societal
forces, and the role of technological innovations in
both. It attempts to explain the reasons why certain
scientific programs and projects are funded instead
of others, the response of the non-scientific
community to certain scientific discoveries, and the
role of technology within people's day-to-day lives.
It also considers how social, political, and cultural
values affect scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society,
politics, and culture.
M1 Lesson 1 Introduction to Science, Technology and
Society
STS explores in rich and compelling ways what
difference it makes to human societies that we,
collectively, are producers and users of science and
technology. STS research, teaching, and outreach
offer citizens of modern, high-tech societies the
resources with which to evaluate—analytically,
aesthetically, and ethically—the benefits and the
risks, the perils and the promises, of notable
advances in science and technology.
What is science?
The most basic definition of science is "it is a
systematic knowledge of nature through repeatable
observation and experimentation." Its aim is the
discovery of the laws that govern natural
phenomena.
Science developed from the observation of
regularity in the natural world such as the return of
spring after winter, the setting of the sun at a day's
end, the falling of the ebb tide after high water.
Regularity suggests that nature is not all chaos but
follows rules.
Defined in this way science has been a human
activity well before the development of the first
civilizations. The oldest civilizations are believed to
have emerged sometime before 3000 BC, but
excavations from Catal Hüyük in Anatolia have
shown that the people in today's Turkey had
developed advanced skills in measurement and
accurate mapping as early as 6200 BC.
Science is a systematic knowledge based on facts,
nature, and it is formulated through careful
observation, experimentation, and research,
Science developed from:
• the observation of regularity in the natural world:
a) The return of spring after winter,
b) the setting of the sun at a day's end,
c) the falling of the ebb tide after high water.
• Regularity suggests that nature is not all chaos but
follows rules.
Science has been a human activity well before the
development of the first civilizations.
The oldest civilizations are believed to have emerged
some time before 3000 BC; but excavations from
Catal Hüyük in Anatolia have shown that the people
in today's Turkey had developed advanced skills in
measurement and accurate mapping as early as
6200 BC.
Linking Science & Religion
• In early societies scientific study was undertaken by
priests and monks, and scientific knowledge was
taught in temples and monasteries.
• As civilizations developed, the link between science
and religion weakened and science became the
domain of philosophy.
• A clear distinction between science and religion did
not develop until well into the 18th century.
Religion
• Religion, like science, attempts to establish a system
of knowledge about nature.
• All religions are based on the belief that gods act in
an orderly fashion and make sure that nature follows
rules.
• The human mind is opposed to chaos; it can only
make sense of an ordered world and finds order to
meet its needs, even where order may not exist.
Separation of Science & Religion
• Science is a system of knowledge based on
repeatable observation and experiment.
• Religion is a system of knowledge based on
unverifiable belief.
• Early societies had only limited means of
experimentation, and their endeavor to discover the
laws of nature had to rely on a range of unverifiable
assumptions.
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 1: General Concepts of Science, Technology and Society (STS)
• As human knowledge progressed, the need for
unverifiable assumptions decreased progressively,
and eventually science and religion separated.
• Religious belief can still stimulate scientific
discovery today.
• Einstein's famous words "God does not play dice"
expressed the belief in a God who loves order, a
belief that influenced his approach to scientific study
and led to new scientific insight.
• People in early human societies had to spend much
of their time procuring food and shelter and could
not afford to put much effort into non-essential
activities. If science was practiced in the earliest
societies it must have been for a purpose; in other
words, science was undertaken for practical
applications. The fruits of science translated into new
technological developments.
What is technology?
- Technology is about taking action to meet a human
need rather than merely understanding the workings
of the natural world, which is the goal of science.
- It uses more than scientific knowledge and includes
values as much as facts, practical craft knowledge
as much as theoretical knowledge.
- The word technology has changed its meaning
several times since it came into use in Europe during
the 17th century. In the most general terms, it can be
defined as the application of knowledge about
nature to the practical aims of human endeavor.
- If this definition is accepted it follows that
technological development occurred at least as
early as the first scientific study: Stone-age humans
realized that flintstone produces better cutting tools
than sandstone.
- They made that discovery and used their new
knowledge well before someone found the scientific
explanation for the phenomenon.
- Long periods of human history were characterized
by the mastering of technologies such as the
smelting of copper, bronze or iron, without much
knowledge of the underlying scientific principles. In
some societies this lack of scientific understanding
gave technology mystical qualities and lead to
misguided activities such as medieval European
alchemy (unscientific attempts to convert lead or
other low value metals into silver or gold) or the
quest for immortality through chemical concoctions
in ancient China.
What is society?
- Society is a group of individuals involved in
persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory.
- Society is the organizational form in which
individuals of a species live together. Even the animal
world contains many examples of different societies.
But Humans are the only creatures that live in
evolving societies because they can restructure their
societies in response to changes in environmental
and economic conditions.
- The earliest human society was the hunter-
gatherer society. It relied on food availability from
the land and could therefore only support very small
kinship groups. Larger gatherings of many people
could be sustained only on festive (religious)
occasions and then only for a few days.
- The agricultural society is still widespread today
and probably the most common society structure
across the globe. It coexists with the more advanced
form of the urban society, which developed when the
division of labor reached the stage where individuals
specialized in trades and had to receive food and
other subsistence in exchange for products of their
work.
Society and ethics
An important aspect of the development of societies
is that interaction between many individuals is
impossible without rules of socially acceptable
behavior. The establishment of a moral code is
therefore a natural product of the evolution of
societies (Singer, 1995). It is a widespread belief that
moral codes are based on religious foundations and
that without religion there can be no agreement on
what is right and what is wrong. The comparative
study of humans and animal societies shows that
moral codes are a natural ingredient and regulator
of life in all societies. Any group of humans or animals
falls apart if its members make frequent recourse to
totally unrestrained attacks.
What is civilization?
- Civilization requires that the society has developed
a central institution responsible for the organization
of daily life support, for example, the maintenance of
a water supply or a transportation system.
- This requires an advanced administration, which is
not found before the development of cities.
- A civilization is therefore always sustained by an
urban society, although the majority of its people
may (and often do) live in an agricultural society
structure in the countryside.
- The existence of prehistoric art demonstrates that
human societies developed a culture before they
developed civilization. The point where a culture
evolved into civilization is difficult to determine, and
the boundaries between the two concepts are
indeed blurred.
Description of Different Civilizations
Different civilizations are described based mainly on
their:
• cultural achievements
• spiritual achievements
• artistic achievements
Culture Defined
- The classic definition of culture goes back to 1871,
when the English anthropologist Edward Burnett
Tylor wrote in his work Primitive Culture that "culture
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 1: General Concepts of Science, Technology and Society (STS)
... is that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society."
- Culture is behaviour; it includes language, rituals,
social customs and many other elements of
expression.
Ex. Neolithic Culture - is an artistic expressions of
stone-age humans.
French culture - “French way of life”; which is a major
consideration in the formation of today's nation.
- The existence of prehistoric art demonstrates that
human societies developed culture before they
developed civilization.
- If culture is behaviour, civilization is structure.
- One approach to defining civilization lists a few
conditions that have to be met before society is
considered a civilization.
- Not all civilizations satisfy all of these criteria, but to
be considered a civilization they have to satisfy the
majority of them.
Civilization is characterized by:
1. the existence of cities;
2. advanced division of labour based on
specialized occupational groups;
3. social classes, including a ruling class that is
exempt from work for basic subsistence;
4. an administration that can collect "social
surplus" (taxes or tribute);
5. public buildings not designed as dwellings but
for communal purposes; and
6. record-keeping in written form.
. warming, the ozone hole, weapons of mass
- Thus defined, civilizations are large structures that
can contain many cultures.
- The boundaries between different civilizations are
sometimes not well defined, particularly when one
civilization evolved from another.
- It is therefore not possible to state with certitude a
definite number for all civilizations of the world, but
the number is small, much smaller than the number
of languages, nations or art styles.
- There are a few thousand languages and hundreds
of cultures but only about a dozen civilizations.
In Summary
• Science is a system of knowledge based on
repeatable observation and experiment. Religion
is a system of knowledge based on unverifiable
belief.
• Technology is the application of knowledge about
nature to the practical aims of human endeavor.
• Technology and science began as parallel
developments but became eventually
inseparable.
• Society is the organizational form in which
individuals of a species live together.
• Human society is the only evolving society; its
structure changes in response to environmental
and economic conditions from the hunter-
gatherer society through the agricultural society
to urban society.
• The development of cities was accompanied by
a division of labor and by the development of
classes.
• The structure of the basic social unit (family) of
the human society evolves in response to
changes in society, and its role differs between its
classes.
• Civilization requires a central institution
responsible for the organization of daily life and
an advanced administration.
• Civilization is structure; culture is behavior.
M1 Lesson 2 Interrelatedness of Science, Technology
and Society
The world of the 21st century has become so
interconnected that the phrase "the global village"
has become acceptable as a term to describe
modern society. Today information technology links
people and places from all civilizations, and national
economies have become increasingly
interconnected.
Whether it is commerce or media, manufacturing, or
agriculture, the advancing globalization of human
activity would be unthinkable without the
development of science and technology. The
contributions from science have not always been
beneficial; indeed, many would argue that science is
to be blamed for the deterioration of the global
environment that we are witnessing today. But is it
science that, through its applications, leads to global
destruction, and widespread poverty? Or do these
developments occur through actions of those who
control science and use its findings for their own
aims?
This course will ponder such questions by studying
the interaction between science, technology,
civilization, and society through the millennia,
beginning with the earliest human societies and
ending at the dawn of the current century. It will ask
what drives people to scientific study, how they can
afford the time they spend on their studies when
others have to work on the fields, in factories, or in
offices to secure their livelihood, and who benefits
from the results of scientific studies. It will investigate
the degree to which civilization depends on its
scientists and trace the development of global
science from its infancy to today.
M1 Lesson 3 Importance/Applications of Science
and Technology to Society
For every nation to get developed, the application of
both science and technology has to go hand in hand.
Villages are developed into towns and towns to cities
and cities are expanding to greater horizons. This
expansion has occurred through the expansion of
science and technology over the years passed and
will be more in the coming years.
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 1: General Concepts of Science, Technology and Society (STS)
The role that science and technology have played in technologically without impacting society too
improving the life conditions across the globe is vivid, immensely by understanding these costs and
but the benefit has been harvested maximum by all minimizing them. There is a balance that needs to be
countries. Science and technology have made life a found between correctly using technology but
lot easier and also a lot better with the advancement knowing when to turn it off. Finding this balance is in
of medicines and analysis on diseases. Apart from the hands of the people though, and will ultimately
the medical side, there has been a remarkable influence our society for generations to come.
development in education, communication,
agriculture, industry, etc. the global economic output
has increased 17 folds in the 20th century. In spite of
the advancements in almost all sectors, still, the
world is not free from hunger, disease, pollution,
illiteracy, and poverty. The gap between the rich and
the poor has widened. By the 21st century, with the
right applications of research, development, and
implications of science and technology a major
difference could be brought about.

M1 Lesson 4 Development of Technology and its

Benefits to the Society
From personalized computers in our pockets to self-
driving cars, the world is at our fingertips today
thanks to technology. Technology has advanced into
many areas of our lives, making information more
accessible, improving communication, changing
transportation, and the list goes on. While it is easy
to sit back and benefit from a plethora of
technological advancements, it is crucial we do not
become blind to its effects on society. Today, society
is hugely reliant on technology and showing no signs
of curtailing its dependence. When thinking about
technology impacting our lives, what comes to mind
may be more extreme than what is currently at play.
Small aspects of everyday life in society are
changing, or have already changed so drastically
that it is merely just a societal norm.
We may not have flying cars yet, and artificial
intelligence has not taken over the world, but
technology is still influencing society. Something
simple to notice on the surface of technological
effects is that people no longer memorize phone
numbers. Smartphones and most phones today, in
general, can carry hundreds of phone numbers that
are all a click away. If you lost your cell phone, and
all its contacts, you’d have no idea how to get in
touch with anyone.
How often when you see a beautiful sunset do you
take out your phone and take a few pictures? With
such easy access to phones, especially smartphones,
people aren’t living in the moment. When seeing
something we like, or want to remember, we remove
ourselves from the moment to snap a picture and
share it with our friends. Slowly we are living in
hundreds of other people’s special moments instead
of our own. Small invasions of technology like this are
not something that will be the end of the human race
as we know it, but small encroachments of
technology into our lives is slowly changing society.
Technology can make our lives easier, but with each
benefit comes a potential cost. We can still advance
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 2: Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the
Course of Science and Technology
Introduction
- Have you ever wondered how people in the past
survived? Let us go back to the past and be amazed
at how the discoveries in science led to the inventions
that affected the lives of the people and which
contributed to the development of civilizations.
- SCIENCE a concerted human effort to understand,
or to understand better, the history of the natural
world and how the natural world works, with
observable physical evidence as to the basis of that
understanding. This is done through observation of
natural phenomena, and/or through
experimentation that tries to simulate natural
processes under controlled conditions. Through
science, we develop new technologies. Technology is
the application of scientifically gained knowledge for
practical purpose. Scientists use technology in all
their experiments. A scientist is someone who
conducts scientific research to advance knowledge
in an area of interest.
M2 - Lesson 1 : Historical Antecedents in the World
Historical Antecedents in the World
- An antecedent is a thing that comes before
anything else.
- In about 4000 BC, the Mesopotamians tried to
explain their observations by suggesting that the
Earth was at the center of the Universe, and that the
other heavenly bodies moved around it. Humans
have always been interested in the nature and
origins of this Universe.
- THE GREEKS were the first people to try and
develop the theory behind their observations.
People such as Pythagoras concentrated on a
mathematical view of the world. Similarly, Aristotle
and Plato developed logical methods for examining
the world around them.
- It was the Greeks who first suggested that matter
was made up of atoms - fundamental particles that
could not be broken down further.
- But it wasn't only the Greeks who moved science
on. Science was also being developed in India, China,
the Middle East and South America. Despite having
their own cultural view of the world, they each
independently developed materials such as
gunpowder, soap and paper.
- However, it wasn't until the 13th century that much
of this scientific work was brought together in
European universities, and that it started to look
more like science as we know it today.
- Progress was relatively slow at first. For example, it
took until the 16th century for Copernicus to
revolutionize (literally) the way that we look at the
Universe, and for Harvey to put forward his ideas on
how blood circulated around the human body. This
slow progress was sometimes the result of religious
dogma, but it was also a product of troubled times!
THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
- It was in the 17th century that modern science was
really born, and the world began to be examined
more closely, using instruments such as the
telescope, microscope, clock and barometer. It was
also at this time that scientific laws started to be put
forward for such phenomena as gravity and the way
that the volume, pressure and temperature of a gas
are related.
- In the 18th century much of basic biology and
chemistry was developed as part of the Age of
Enlightenment.
- The 19th century saw some of the great names of
science: people like the chemist John Dalton, who
developed the atomic theory of
matter, Michael Faraday and James Maxwell who
both put forward theories concerning electricity and
magnetism, and Charles Darwin, who proposed the
(still) controversial theory of evolution. Each of these
developments forced scientists radically to re-
examine their views of the way in which the world
worked.
- The last century brought discoveries such as
relativity and quantum mechanics, which, again,
required scientists to look at things in a completely
different way. It makes you wonder what the
iconoclastic discoveries of this century will be.
M2 - Lesson 2 : Historical Antecedents in the
Philippines
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the
Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already
had practices linked to science and
technology, Filipinos were already engaged in
farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The
Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products
of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipino.
Brief History Of Science And Technology In
The Philippines Science
Science
- In pre- Spanish Philippines, science is embedded in
the way of life of the Filipinos. Scientific knowledge is
observed in the way they plant their crops that
provide them food, in taking care of animals to help
them in their daily tasks and for food productions.
- Science is observed in the way they interpret the
movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons
and climates, and in organizing days into months
and years. They used science in preparing the soil for
agricultural purposes and like any other ancient
culture, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology
- Is used by people in building houses, irrigations and
in developing tools that they can use in everyday life.
They develop tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and
fishing, for fighting their enemies during war or tribal
conflicts, and for transportation, both on land and on
water ways. They also develop technologies in
creating musical instruments.
Stone Age
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 2: Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the
Course of Science and Technology
- Archaeological findings show that modern man
from Asian mainland first came over land across
narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan
about 48,000 B.C.
- Subsequently, they formed settlements in Sulu,
Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas,
Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan, and Cagayan.
Inventions
- They made simple tools and weapons of stone
flakes and later developed method of sawing and
polishing stones around 40,000 B.C
- By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes
ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery
flourished for the next 2,000 years until they
imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned to
produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools
and ornaments.
Iron Age
- The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C to
11th century A.D .During this period Filipinos were
engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron
from ores until the importation of cast iron from
Sarawak and later from China.
Inventions / Discoveries
- They learned to weave cotton, make glass
ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and dike fields
of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain
regions.
- They also learned to build boats for trading
purposes.
Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships
called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids.
10th Century A.D
- Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with
champa [Vietnam] and those from Ma-1 [Mindoro]
with China as noted in Chinese records containing
several references to the Philippines. These
archaeological findings indicated that regular trade
relations between the Philippines, China and
Vietnam had been well established from the
10th century to the 15th century A.D.
Trading
The people of Ma-1 and San- Hsu [Palawan] traded
bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise
shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for
porcelain, leads, fishnets sinker, colored glass beads,
iron, pots, iron needles and fin.
Before The Spaniards
Filipinos were already engaged in activities and
practices related to science forming primitive or first
wave technology. Included were the curative values
of some plant and the technology on how to extract
medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a
system of writing, a method of counting and weights
and measure. They had no calendar, but the years
were determined by the period of the moon and the
period from one harvest to another.
Science and Technology in the Philippines
Pre-Colonial Period
- Scientific and technological development in
the Philippines began in the Pre-Colonial Period.
Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine
islands, early Filipino settlers were already using
certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of
farming and animal- raising were also implemented.
Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed
different modes of transportation, whether
terrestrial or maritime.
- A complicated engineering feat was achieved by
the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice
terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people
were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in
cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation
system that uses water from the forests and
mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming
system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which
are still functional, show the innovative and ingenious
way of the natives to survive in an otherwise
unfriendly environments.
Colonial Period
- Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern means of construction. Wall,
roads, bridges, and other large infrastructure were
built using some of the engineering skills and tools
brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish
government developed health and education
systems that were enjoyed by the principal class.
- The American occupation modernized almost all
aspect of life in the Philippines. They established a
government Agency, the Bureau of Science ,for the
sole purpose of Nurturing Development in the field of
science and technology.
Science and Technology during the American Period
- Science and technology in the Philippines
advanced rapidly during the American regime. This
was made possible by the
simultaneous government encouragement and
support for an extensive public education system,
the granting of scholarships for higher education in
science and engineering, the organization of science
research agencies and establishment of science
based public services.
- In 1947, the Bureau of Science was recognized into
an Institute of Science. In the same year, an Institute
of Nutrition, and in 1952, the Science Foundation of
the Philippines [SFP] were created and placed
[along with the Institute of Science] under the Office
of the President.
M2 - Lesson 3 : Different Filipino Inventions
1.FLORESCENT BY AGAPITO FLORES
Agapito Flores is the reason why the world becomes
brighter. A Filipino Inventor who is known for his
funnel of the Fluorescent light tube invention – one
of the most commonly used lighting devices in the
world.
2. INCUBATOR BY FE DEL MUNDO
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 2: Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the
Course of Science and Technology
The first Asian to have entered the prestigious
Harvard University’s School of Medicine is also
credited for her studies that lead to the invention of
incubator and jaundice relieving device.
3.KARAOKE BY ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO
Roberto del Rosario is the president of the Trebel
Music Corporation and the inventor of the
Karaoke. Sing Along System in 1975.
4.LUNAR ROVER BY EDWARDO SAN JUAN
He is the inventor of the Moon Buggy or the Lunar
Rover (Links to an external site.). This Moon
buggy was the car used by Neil Armstrong and other
astronauts when they first explored the moon in
1969.
5.VIDEOPHONE BY GREGORIO ZARA
Gregorio Zara was born in Lipa City Philippines,
invented the videophone in 1955 and referred to as
a Photophone separator signal. Gregorio Zara
invented 30 Patented products including The
Compass in 1929, Wooden Microscope, Vapor
Chamber and Robot that talked walked, and
responded to a given command. etc…
6.ERYTHROMYCIN BY ABELARDO AGUILAR
Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from
the Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949 and sent
samples to Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli
Lilly Co. The drug firm allegedly registered the
propriety name Iloson for the antibiotic in honor of
Iloilo province where Aguilar discovered
it. Erythromycin the generic name of Iloson, was
reportedly the first successful macrolide
antibiotic introduced in the US.
7. ALCO-DIESEL, LAN-GAS, AND SUPERBUNKER
FORMULA L BY RUDY LANTANO SR.
In 1996, Rudy Lantano Sr a revolutionary fuel half-
composed of water. The mix burns faster and emits
pollutants, 95 percent less than those released to the
air by traditional fuel products. The inventor said his
invention is a result of blending new ingredients and
additives with ordinary oil products through
agitation and mixing, which is a very safe process.
8.FEMININE HYGIENE BY DR. VIRGILIO MALANG
Dr. Virgilio “Billy” Malang is one of the renowned
Filipino inventors. One of his famous inventions was
the Feminine Hygiene or The External Vaginal
Cleanser.
9.SINGLE-CHIP GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
ACCELERATOR BY DIOSDADO BANATAO
Introduced the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made computers work a
lot faster and for helping develop the Ethernet
controller chip that made the Internet possible. In
1989, he pioneered the local bus concept for
personal computers and in the following year
developed the First Windows accelerator chip. Intel
is now using the chips and technologies developed
by Banatao. He now runs his own semiconductor
company, Mostron, and Chips & Technology, which is
based in California’s Silicon Valley.
10. QUINK INK INVENTED BY FRANCISCO
QUISUMBING
An innovative ink at that time and was further
developed to work with Parker Pens. Aside from
being quick-drying, it was also water-resistant, did
not clog the pen opening, does not blot, and will not
fade. It is considered one of the best-selling ink for
fountain pens of the millennium.
M2 - Lesson 4 : Intellectual Revolution
The term "Intellectual Revolution“
• is used to refer to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly
600 to 400 BCE).
• the alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic"
or "non-theological" or "first philosophy"
There are three characteristic features of this form
of speculation
• the world is a natural whole
• there is a natural order
• humans can discover those laws
Intellectual revolutions that defined society
COPERNICAN
- This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth
and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the
idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the
center of the solar system) and proved the
heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar
system having the earth revolving around it.)
DARWINIAN
- This has brought a great impact on how people
approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a
different than the "theory of Creation". The
Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin
published his book "The Origin of Species" that
emphasizes that humans are the result of an
evolution.
FREUDIAN
- This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry
with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian
Theory of Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her personality and
also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not
complete his/her developmental stage.
INFORMATION
- This has been the era in which technology has been
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that
has brought so much change on how are we living
today.
MESO-AMERICAN
- It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for
Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot
about of Architecture that leads us to study more of
it.
ASIAN
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 2: Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the
Course of Science and Technology
- The revolution itself taught Asian countries about
freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST
- The revolutions in the Middle East were a product
of the development and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize
and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push
the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the
Arab region.
AFRICAN
- The fight against colonialism and imperialism in
Africa.
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 3: Science and Technology in Nation Building
Introduction
- It is a well-known fact that no nation can develop
without advancing in the areas of science and
technology. Science and technology are essential
tools in every sector of society. It is a well-
established fact that science and technology impact
all aspects of our lives as well as the planet we live
on. Science and technology have been considered as
one of the driving forces of the economic growth of
nations. Most developed countries have generated
new technologies with the potential to result in
dynamic economic performance. This, however, has
not been the case with most developing countries
and their development plans have not given
adequate emphasis and importance to science and
technology and in particular to research in the
science and technology aspects. Countries like
Japan, India, South Korea, and Taiwan have
achieved much through science and technology for
economic growth.
- The basic sciences physics, biology, chemistry, and
mathematics form the foundation from which
applied sciences, technology, and engineering are
built. Without a proper foundation in basic sciences,
it is very difficult if not impossible to achieve
sustainable scientific development.
- Until recently economists considered land, labor,
and capital as the only important economic factors.
Intellectual pursuits and knowledge were seen as
unrelated to and without any utility for concrete
things. It is now recognized that scientific knowledge,
which is inexhaustible, is more essential for the
wealth creation of nations today than either capital
or land.
- The standard of living of a nation depends on
science and technology whether in agriculture, food
production, good health, good housing,
communication, better roads, etc.
- Even if a country has a national commitment to
science and technology, if literacy is low, it will not be
successful in its national development.
M3 Lesson 1 S & T Education in the Philippines-2
It would be good for you to take a glimpse of the
historical background of science and technology in
the Philippines. Learn how science and technology
were introduced in the archipelago, how the
indigenous knowledge of the early inhabitants
flourished, and how technology was embedded in
the people’s way of life during the Pre-Spanish
Philippines. In this Slide Share, you will learn about
the influences in the development of science and
technology in the Philippines as well as the
government policies on science and technology.
These policies introduced and implemented
programs and projects to boost science and
technology to meet the demands of a technologically
driven world and capacitate the people to live in a
world driven by science.
M3 Lesson 2 The Philippine Government S & T
Agenda
- The DOST, in consultation with government and
private research and development institutions, the
academe, industry, and other concerned agencies,
prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda
(HNRDA) 2017-2022 to ensure that the results of S&T
endeavors are geared towards and are utilized in
areas of maximum economic and social benefit for
the people. The formulation of the HNRDA is in line
with the DOST’s mandate of providing central
direction, leadership, and coordination of the
scientific and technological efforts in the country. The
HNRDA is aligned with AmBisyon Natin 2040:
matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa
lahat. It has three pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the
social fabric), Pagbabago (reducing inequality) and
Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth). AmBisyon
Natin 2040 and the three pillars form the foundation
for more inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient
society and a globally competitive knowledge
economy.
The DOST’s Harmonized National R&D Agenda
(2017-2022) had the following R&D Priority Areas and
Programs:
- Section I: National Integrated Basic Research
Agenda (NIBRA)
- Section II. Health
- Section III. Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Sector (AANR)
- Section IV. Industry, Energy, and Emerging
Technology
- Section V. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
Change Adaptation (DRR CCA)
M3 Lesson 3 Major Development
Programs/Government Policies for S & T in the New
Normal
- A new normal is a state to which an economy,
society, etc. settles following a crisis, when this differs
from the situation that prevailed prior to the start of
the crisis. The term has been used following
the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the aftermath of
the 2008–2012 global, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The COVID-19 pandemic has changed life as we
know it. As the rate of infections begins to slow down
in some hard-hit areas, early signs of recovery are
appearing. Some towns, cities and states are
starting to slowly reopen businesses, public areas
and more.
Science, Technology, and Society
LECTURE | MODULE 3: Science and Technology in Nation Building
- As long as the world has not found a cure or a Academy for our beloved nation.” This was part of
vaccine for Covid-19, we may have to adjust to a the message given by then President of NAST, Perla
“new normal”, meaning a new way of living and D. Santos Ocampo, M.D. Pediatrician Santos
going about our lives, work and interactions with Ocampo was conferred the prestigious rank,
other people. National Scientist on June 23, 2010, through
- Many Filipinos believe that they have adapted to Proclamation No. 2099.
the restrictions and routine of the new normal.
However, 94% express worry that they can contract
COVID-19 as found in the recent Ipsos Southeast
Asia Study (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) on Living with
COVID-19. The survey was conducted prior to the
end of the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ)
in Metro Manila over the period of 22nd to 26th May
2020 among 500 Filipinos.
- Filipinos have also experienced a significant impact
on their household income due to community
quarantine measures. 38% claimed that their
income is down by more than 50%, the highest
among the six countries surveyed.
- With the fear still imminent, Filipinos think that it will
take them some time to revert to their pre-COVID-
19 routines. The majority say that they can resume
activities such as going to restaurants, visiting family
and friends, and using public transportation around
August to December this year. Recovery for travel,
culture, and fitness industries might be longer as
Filipinos most have expressed that they will neither
go to cultural events/gatherings nor go to the gym
for the remainder of the year. They are also still on a
wait-and-see for domestic and international travel.
- When asked what Filipinos plan to spend on after
movement restrictions, spending on essentials will
still continue: food for cooking at home, cleaning
products, and personal care items. Filipinos will,
however, minimize expenditures compared before
on restaurants and cafes, travel, and cultural
activities than before.

M3 Lesson 4 Personalities in S & T in the Philippines

- It’s about time that we recognize the achievements
of some of the prominent personalities in Science
and Technology in the Philippines. There is no doubt
about their contributions having aided in the
improvement of the lives of the Filipino people. Most
of them are National Scientists and their names are
on the list of National Scientists of the Philippines by
the Presidential Communications Operations
Office. National scientists are selected based on the
annual recommendation from the National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), the
highest recognition and advisory body on Science
and Technology.
- Here’s a catchy theme of a previous NAST Annual
Scientific Meeting: “On Being and Becoming: Where
We Are and Where We Want To Be.” Annual
meetings such as this one serve “to challenge more
of our scientists, policymakers, and citizens to work
together towards the progressive Philippines
anchored on science, which is the vision of the