ICT 10

Name: ________________________ Grade: __________________

Technical
Drafting
for Digital Learners Asia Academic School
Don MC Enriquez Drive, Don Alfaro St.
Tetuan Zamboanga City
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M.M. Ayesha Allian-Schuck

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 1. Drafting
Drafting is said to be the universal language of
industry and modern technology. It is through the application
of special lines and symbols that drafter’s use so that
technical people can communicate. Through drawings, ideas
and designs are transferred between draftsmen, architects
and engineers. The uniformity of lines and symbols makes it
possible to be widely accepted, thus, making graphic
technical drawing understandable anywhere in the world.

In a fast-developing country like the Philippines, many

investors are coming in so they need technical people to
supervise factories and offices. New products are
introduced; hence, there is a great demand for designs. The
production of goods always starts from a design. Ideas are
presented by pictorial sketches in the initial stages of
creative work. Detailing is done with lines to represent all the
features of an object, such as its edges, surfaces and
contours. Lines also form the sizes, dimensions, symbols
and notes to complete a description.

To understand the fundamental principles of drawing,

acquired desirable values are necessary. A draftsman
should possess the ability and the skills in using different
drawing instruments. In general, it helps him construct output
with accuracy and speed.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN TECHNICAL DRAFTING

Individuals with technical drawing careers are known as drafters. They convert specifications
and sketches created by architects and engineers into mechanical drawings and blueprints.
Construction and production staff then use these plans to create structures and equipment. Drafters

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typically work indoors and regular business hours, although overtime is possible when project
deadlines approach.

QUALIFYING SKILLS THAT ANY DRAFTSMAN

MUST POSSESS:

 He must have the ability to interpret a working drawing.

 He must know how to read symbols.
 He must understand the alphabet of lines and drawing
specifications.
 He must have the ability to draw different styles of letters.
 He should know how to draw and apply
different shades in coloring.

2. Architectural Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment, Their

Uses and Care
There are a great variety of drafting materials and tools used in technical drafting. The drafting
materials and tools discussed in this Module include most of the basic ones but sufficient enough for
your initial understanding about mechanical drawing.

A. Tools
Triangles
– they are usually made of transparent
plastic which are used for
drawing oblique and vertical lines.

Triangular Scales
-English Scales
-Metric Scales
-they are made of wood, plastic or metal, which are used for
drawing an object on a paper by scaling the sizes.

Protractor
-Is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as
angles that cannot be measured with either the 45°or the
30° x 60° triangles. It is used in setting a line degree angle.

Compass
-Is used for drawing arcs and circles. It is made of the lower
portion of the pencil leg. It is removable and to be replaced when
needed. The pen and the needle point leg are held together by a
handle.

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T-square
-Is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It is also
used to support the triangle for drawing vertical or inclined line.
Are made of wood, plastic or metal.

Two Main Parts of T-square Three kinds of T-square

- The head - fixed heads
- The blade - removable head
- adjustable head

Drawing Pencil
- one of the most important tool of a draftsman in drawing.

Ruler
-it is the most popular type of tool for measuring sizes and short
distances.

Erasing Shield
-a thin sheet of metal used when erasing pencil and inked lines
to protect other drawing lines.

Divider
- This is a drawing instrument used when transferring
measurements, dividing lines and arcs into the desired number of
equal parts.

Pencil Sharpener
– shapes long pencil lead into a conical shape point.

French curve
- a flat drafting instrument with curved edges and several scroll
shaped cutouts, used as a guide in drawing irregular curves when
constructing graphs or making technical drawings.

Dusting brush
– a tool used for dusting and cleaning drawings with dust and crumbs.

Technical Pen
- a pen used for inking lines in drawing. It comes in different
points/sizes.

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 Templates
- a flat piece of plastic with standard symbols and used as guide
for drawing architectural images on plans.

B. Materials
Tracing Paper
- thin transparent paper used for reproduction in blueprint.

Masking tape
- They are used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing board.

Eraser
- This is used to clean the dirt off the drawing. A soft eraser is
advantageous in removing smudges and pencil marks, whereas, a
harder eraser is useful for making changes and correcting errors in
the drawing.

Sandpaper Block
- serves as substitute instrument in sharpening a pencil into
desired points.

C. Equipment
Drawing board/table
– a board made of soft wood but with cleats of hard wood
where the drawing paper is fastened with a draftsman’s tape.

Drawing stool
- a basic tool in drafting use is to give some height for the
drafting table on the user when drawing.

Drafting machine
- a high technology machine for drawing purposes.
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 3. Proper Care of Drafting and other Materials
 Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in working condition.
This can be detected when there is ease and speed when in use.
 After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry with another piece of cloth
before keeping it.
 When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the hole to a nail (attached to a
wall) at the end of its blade.
 Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
 Avoid throwing a tool to anybody; instead, hand it over to him carefully.
 Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new position from time to
time, because slight errors in the measurements may accumulate and give rise to a large error.
 Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles protect the drawing. Pick up the triangle by
its tip and tilt the T-square blade upward slightly before moving.
 Do not pull too much the steel tape of pull-push rule to the coil spring to avoid damage.
 Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers, and
compasses to avoid stock-up.
 Report defective measuring tools and any hazard to instructor immediately.
 Gloves, masks and goggles are usually worn when cleaning tools since most cleaning agents and
solutions are harmful to the body.
 Only use cleaning agents as prescribed by the tool or equipment’s manufacturer.
 Cleaning the tools after use is highly recommended.

4. Architectural Working Drawings

The architectural working drawings together with the specifications are the most important parts
of a working plans. Information on the designs, locations, and dimensions of the elements of a building
is found on the architectural working drawings while information on the quality of materials and sizes
is found in the specifications. A good architectural working drawing gives the contractor the exact
information he needs.
Therefore, it must be made clear, simple, orderly arranged, and accurately drawn so that scaled
measurements will match with the actual structure.
The finished drawings made by the architect, or a draftsman and used by the contractor are
called architectural working drawings. The architectural working drawings, together with the
specifications and the general conditions, form the legal contract between the owner and the contractor.
Since working drawings are the major portion of the contract documents, they should be accurately
drawn.

 Technical Terms Encountered in Preparing Architectural Job Requirements

Baluster Detail- is the detail of the vertical railing along a staircase or balcony railing.
Column/Footing/Beam Schedule- a complete specification of column, footings, and beam in terms of
sizes, materials and quantity.
Electrical Plan- a plan consists of lighting plan, power layout and specification details of the house.
Foundation Plan- a structural excavation plan of footings and walls of a building.
Floor Plan- is the top view of the floor area of a house.

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Footings- a part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a house.
Lighting layout - an electrical plan that shows the flow of house lightings.
Location Plan- is the top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be built.
Perspective- is a drawing angle from which an object or structure is viewed.
Power & Auxiliary layout- an electrical plan that shows the location of the convenience outlet and
other auxiliary outlet in the floor plan.
Reflected Ceiling Plan- is the complete plan design of house ceiling.
Roof Plan- is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object.
Roof Framing Plan- a structural framing plan of the roof plan with complete specification.
Section- is the view showing the inside part of the building either in cross-section longitudinal section.
Site Development Plan or Lot Plan- refers to the position and the location of the building with
property line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape and other pertinent data in relation to the
site.
Septic Tank- it is the depository of human excreta and a drainage reservoir for all washing done in the
kitchen and bathroom.
Storm Drainage System- shows the flow of water waste from the lavatory, floor drain, and downspout
from the roof to storm drainage.
Truss Detail- a complete structural detail of a common or typical truss of a building.
 Technical Terms Encountered in Drafting Site Development Plan
Building Code- are local laws that set standard for structural design within the community.
Master plan- is the designer’s house or building design based on the needs and wants of his clients.
Corner lot- is a lot with at least two adjacent sides meeting on a corner of two streets.
Inside lot- is a lot surrounded on each side by other lots.
Open lot- is a lot bounded on all sides by streets or pathways.
Property lines- are those lines showing the exact area of the acquired lot.
Setback- refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the property lines.
Site- is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a building is constructed.
Through lot- is a lot having frontage on two public streets or highways.
Zoning- refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of structures to be built on a
designated area.

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Perspective
A graphic representation of the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the appearance of the finished
building. This drawing represents the actual, in three dimensional form of the proposed building. (See
sample perspective below).

Site Development Plan

Site Development Plan is the outline and measurements of the proposed building and its
placement on the property. This shows the position and the location of the building with property line,
setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape, and other pertinent data in relation to the site. A site
development plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than 1:200 meters so that other features found in
the plan will not be greatly affected
.

Location Plan
The top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be built. It shows the position of
the house inside the lot, the number of the adjacent lots, streets or lanes before or beside the lot, and the
North sign. The location plan is usually located near the title block. The main line symbol of the North
sign is generally parallel to the side border line of the drawing paper and points upward.
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 5. DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS

 Technical Terms Encountered in Drawing Walls, Windows, Doors, Fittings and

Fixtures.

Bathroom- Where the toilet and tub or shower are separated for east installation of pipes.
Bedroom- is a room for sleeping and taking rest.
Carport- is a garage consisting of a free-standing roof completely separated from the house or it may
be built against the existing walls of the house with one or more of the exterior walls removed.
Floor Plan- is the top cross- sectional view of the house that shows the size and arrangement of the
rooms. It also presents the sizes and locations of the stairs, doors and windows openings and partitions
and walls. Kitchen- is the place where foods are prepared.
Living room- is the center of the living area in most homes.
Main Entrance- provides access to the house. It is the one through which guest are welcomed. It
Provides shelter to anyone awaiting entrance.
Service Entrance- provides access to the house through which supplies can be delivered to the service
areas.

 Area Planning
In creating any architectural design, the designer should progress logically follow the step by
step design process. One of the vital step is to divide the functions of the building into specific areas.
Three Major Functional Areas of the House
1. Living Area- the space in the house where the family spends their free time.
a. Living Room d. Terrace
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 b. Balcony e. Family Room
c. Porch f. Recreational or Game Room
2. Sleeping Area- the area where the family rests.
a. Bedrooms
b. Guest Room
c. Maids Room
3. Mechanical Chore Areas- the place where the family works.
a. Kitchen d. Service Room
b. Dining Room e. Library
c. Bath and Toilet

Living Areas. This is the area of the house where the first impression for the entire house is being
portrayed. This is the area of the house where guests observe, and dwellers usually spent their free
time.

Windows- the opening on the walls to

provide ventilation to the room.

a. Windows of the living room should be

made wider and longer than the rest of the
room to afford more entrance and exit for
air.
b. It should be an internal part of the room

c. The view of the window becomes a part of

the decoration of the room, more so if
landscape feature is near and readily
observable.
Recommended sizes should be at least 2.00
m x 3.00 small, 3.70 m. x 5.50 m.
Average or optimum size would be 6.10

Sleeping Areas. The sleeping is usually located in the quite part of the house. The size and shape of
the bedroom depends on the furniture needed and what the family can afford. One method of
conserving of the wall space for bedroom furniture placement is the utilization of high windows. This
will allow the location of the furniture underneath. Entrance doors, closet doors and windows should be
grouped to conserve all wall space of the room whenever possible.

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Noise Control in Bedroom
A sleeping room should be free from any noise to provide the optimum comfort and relaxation to the
users. The presence of the unnecessary will only add to the fatigue of the occupants.

The following guides might help you to design bedrooms that quiet and restful.

1. The bedroom should be away from the major noise of the street; it must be situated in the quietest
part of the house.
2. Using carpeted or porous walls and ceiling panels will be help in absorbing the noise.
3. Rooms situated above the bedroom should be carpeted.
4. The draperies of floor to ceiling will help in reducing the noise.
5. Double- glazed insulating glasses in windows and sliding doors will reduce the outside noise.
6. During hot weather the window in an air-conditioned room should be kept close.
Service Area. The service area includes the kitchen, laundry, garage workshops, storage and utility
room. Since most of the activities takes place in the service area, the facilities for maintenance and
serving the area of the house should be included. The efficiency of the service area is greatly dependent
on the function of the living and sleeping areas.
 Kitchen- is the place where food is prepared. The storage, mixing center, preparation, cleaning
center and cooking center is connected on the called work triangle area.
Types of Kitchen
1. U-Shape- the most efficient arrangement for a small kitchen. The sink is at the bottom of the “U”
and the range and refrigerator are at the opposite side. The space is ideal at 1.2 or 1.5 m (4 or 5 feet).

2. L-
Shape- this shape has a continuous counter and appliances and equipment on two adjoining walls. The
remaining space is left for other facilities like dining and laundry.

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3. Corridor Type Kitchen- this is the efficient arrangement for a long and narrow kitchen. Its work
triangle is ideal shape.

Dining Area- the space provided in the house where food during and or between mealtime is shared
by the members of the family and the visitors.

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Comfort Room- (Bath and Toilet)- the bathroom and toilet needs careful planning like any other
rooms in the house.

Basic Fixtures of a
Comfort Room

1. Lavatory
2. Water Closet
3. Mirror
4. Sink
5. Shower
6. Floor Drain
7. Tub

Garage and Carport

Garage- it is a structure or a part of the house for the automobile. It could be connected to the main
structure or as an integral part of it or a separate building. It is more secure for the car if attached to the
main building.
Types of Garage Doors:

1. Two-leaf wing door 4. Sectional Roll-up

2. Overhead 5. Electronic Controlled
3. Four-leaf wing door

Carport- A style of garage with one or more exterior walls removed. It is less expensive than a real
garage.

 ROOM SIZES

Entrance- the main opening in the house that provides access to both owners and visitors into the
structure. It should be strategically located where it could serve the most, usually in front of the
building.
The entrance is classified into three kinds, namely:

1. Main Entrance- this should be made visible to the stranger and should appear, if possible, at the
lower portion of the floor.
2. Service Entrance- This opening provides access for the entrance of supplies into the house and an
access to the other service areas, like garage, laundry and workshop.
3. Special Purpose Entrance- an opening in the house that does not provide traffic into the house but
outward like that of the living room to the terrace.

Wall Opening Windows- the kind of wall opening that provides natural daytime lighting and
ventilation to the house to the house or room. It is provided with a shutter to control the light and air
needed and to provide safety for the users at night time.

 Doors and Windows in Plan

1. Show normally swinging doors at 90 degrees opening

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2. Doors swing are shown with light lines and quarter symbols
3. Door type is illustrated in plan, only in elevation.
4. Windows type cannot be explained in plan except for width and location
5. Show sill lines with a lighter line weight than walls, jambs and glass.

 Steps in Drawing Floor Plans

1. Layout the position of exterior and interior walls. (refer to Rule VIII of the New National Building
Code under the Implementing Rules and Regulations (No.7).
2. Add the thickness of the walls with a hard pencil (Don’t darken the walls at this stage).
3. Locate the position of doors and windows by center line and by their width.
4. Darken the object lines with an F pencil.
5. Add door and window symbols with 2H pencil.
6. Add symbols for stairwells.
7. Erase extra heavy lines that can be perceive as object lines.
8. Draw the outline of the furniture and fixtures.
9. Add symbols for any masonry work such as planters if necessary.
10.Dimension the drawing.

Doors
-the planned opening in a wall of the house that is used as entrance or exit in the house. Its width
vary as to its purpose, like exterior or interior openings with a standard height of 2.10 meter for
residential.
Common Kinds of Doors
1. Panel Doors- a kind of door that is made of board on a wide exposed frame. It is often provided
with a design in a variety of partitions within frame. This is commonly used an exterior or
shutter for residential houses.

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 2. Flush Doors- this is made of thin sheet of veneer (usually plywood) over a core wood, or a
lawanit over a frame of lumber strips. This type is lighter and less costly making it more
convenient for indoor door shutter.
3. Kalamein Door- this is a thick door provided with sheet metal facing bonded or attached to a
kiln dried wood cores. This is often used as outdoor shutter where more strength is needed.
4. Blind Door (Summer Door)

Types of Windows
1. Double Hung Window- a kind of window that could be used in any type of building except in
industries. It is often made of wood, steel, aluminum and kalamein. It opens up to the one and
half the entire area.
2. Reversible window- type of window that is used in both industry and residence. Its material
could either be wood or steel as may be desired. It also opens to one half of the size like a
double hung window.
3. Austral Window- a window that could be used industrial and commercial buildings like schools
and hospitals. It may come in either wood or steel. When closed it exactly looks like a double
hung window. When open, it Information Sheet 4.1 Fig. 4.1. Sample drawing on different
symbols and terminologies on dimensioning. may give way to at least one half of its full
opening but it is very difficult to screen.
4. Casement Window- window type that is common residential houses. The material is often
wood, steel and aluminum or bronze. This type is easy to clean and screen and could be full
open when desired.
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5. Horizontally Sliding Window- a residential type design of window. Its blade could be removed
for cleaning purposes. The common material used is aluminum, when opened, it gives way to
half the area.
6. Project window- a kind of window that is applicable for commercial, institutional and public
buildings. It comes in either steel or aluminum when opened. It could be severed inside but
could be left open in rain.
7. Combination Window- this type could be a casement and a projected style in combination like a
projected style, this is often made in steel or aluminum. This is applicable for commercial,
institutional and public buildings.
8. Awning Window- a type of window that could open to at least 100% of the available space and
could be left open in rain. When in heavy- duty materials it could be in the industries. When
light materials are used, it is good for residential houses. The usual materials used are either
wood, steel or aluminum. It is also called Louver Window.

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Name: ____________________________Grade: ____________________________
Activity 1:
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space provided before
each number.

_____ 1.A drawing tool used to draw horizontal lines and serves as guide for triangles.
a. protractor b. ruler c. triangles d. T-square
_____ 2. An instrument used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.
a. protractor b. ruler c. tape rule d. triangles
_____ 3. The best instrument used for dividing lines or distance into equal parts.
a. compass b. divider c. protractor d. ruler
_____ 4. A flat piece of plastic with standard symbols and used as guide for drawing images on plans.
a. French curve b. templates c. triangles d. T-square
_____ 5. It is used in setting a line degree angle.
a. compass b. divider c. protractor d. ruler
_____6. The top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be built.
a. floor plan b. foundation plan c. location plan d. roof plan
_____7. Shows the design of the house, height dimension, material finish and complete
information and specification.
a. elevation b. perspective c. roof d. section
_____8. Shows the outline of the roof and the major object lines indicating ridges, valleys,
hips, and openings.
a. ceiling plan b. floor plan c. foundation plan d. roof plan
_____9. The structural excavation plan of footings and walls of the building.
a. ceiling plan b. floor plan c. foundation plan d. roof plan
_____10. A part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a house.
a. beams b. footings c. lintels d. roofs
_____11. This is the kind of wall opening that provides natural daytime lighting and ventilation to the
house to the house or room.
a. Window b. Doors c. Wall d. Crack
_____12. This is a kind of door that is made of board on a wide exposed frame. It is often provided
with a design in a variety of partitions within frame.
a. Flush b. Blind c. Panel d. French
_____13. This is window type that is common residential houses. The material is often wood, steel and
aluminum or bronze.
a. Casement b. Austral c. Awning d. Project
_____14. A type of window that could open to at least 100% of the available space and could be left
open in rain.
a. Casement b. Austral c. Awning d. Project
_____15. What is the suggested size of a small living room?
a. 3.7 x 5.5 m b. 1.80 x 1.80 m. c. 1.20 x 2.40 m d. 1.50 x 2.70 m
Activity 2:

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Name: ____________________________Grade: ____________________________

Activity 3:

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 Activity
4:

Directions: Design a One-storey Residential house with the following specifications:

 Living Area
 2 bedrooms
 1 bathroom
 kitchen/dining and service area at the back.

RUBRIC
FLOOR PLAN DESIGN

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  CRITERIA
CATEGORIES POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT
  5 points 10 points 15 points 20 points

Floor plan is Floor plan is

Floor plan is Floor plan is complete.
incomplete. incomplete. Although
Completeness incomplete. Less than Every part of the graph
Approximately half of most of the graph
Use of Oslo paper half of the graph paper paper is used. (1320
the graph paper is paper is used (more
is used. sq. ft.)
used. than half).

Windows
Windows are 2 squares Windows are 3 squares
Windows are less than
Points will be Windows have not wide or one window wide. At least two
2 squares wide or
deducted if some, but been factored into this with appropriate width exterior windows are
more than 3 squares
not all windows meet project. was included in the included in the floor
wide.
the requirements. floor plan. plan.

Bedroom
Either no bedroom was
More than one At least one bedroom At least one bedroom
included or the At least one bedroom
bedroom can be was included. This was included. This
bedroom was missing was included, but was
included but will be bedroom was missing bedroom has a door
both the door and the missing a door.
graded using the a closet. and a closet.
closet.
criteria listed.
Kitchen was not
included or kitchen
Kitchen was included.
was included but did Kitchen was included Kitchen was included
Areas for sink,
not include but lacked areas/labels but lacked areas/labels
Kitchen refrigerator, and stove
areas/labels for any of for 2 out of 3 (sink, for 1 out of 3 (sink,
are included and
the 3 (sink, refrigerator, or stove.) refrigerator, or stove.)
labeled.
refrigerator, and
stove.)

Bathroom Bathroom was not

included or bathroom Bathroom was Bathroom was Bathroom was
was included but did included with labeled included with labeled included with labeled
More than one not include labeled areas for 1 out of the 3 areas for 2 out of the 3 areas for the hand
bathroom can be areas for any of the 3 (hand sink, toilet, or (hand sink, toilet, or sink, toilet, and the
included but will be (hand sink, toilet, or bathtub). bathtub). bathtub.
graded using the bathtub).
criteria listed.

Living room was

Living room was
included but a door
Living room was not Living room was included with a door
way or opening to
Living Room included in this included but the way or opening to
another part of the
project. spaces are too narrow another part of the
house was not
house.
included.

Prepared by:
M.M. Ayesha Allian-Schuck
ICT Teacher

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