AUXILIARY STRUCTURES

 Introduction
 Intro to Wind Load calculations
 Design of Steel and RCC Chimneys
 Bunkers and silos
 Flat and Conical Bottoms
 Summary
 References

INTRODUCTION
Auxiliary building structures refers to any building structures within a plot on which
a main building stands, other than a delimiting wall or fence, which is ancillary or subordinate
to the main building and which is used in connection with the main building but does not
constitute a separate tenement. Some examples of auxiliary building structures are garage,
storage building, sheds, carports, etc.
Wind Load Calculations
Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the code-specified wind
loads. Calculating wind loads is important in design of the wind force-resisting system,
including structural members, components, and cladding, against shear, sliding, overturning,
and uplift actions.
Wind Load Calculation Procedures
The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according
to one of the following procedures:
(1) Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm buildings
(2) Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures
Method 1 – Simplified Procedure
The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind pressures in the
design of simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled, and hipped roofs and having a mean
roof height not exceeding the least horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m), whichever is less,
and subject to additional limitations.
Following are the steps of the simplified procedure:
1. Determined the basic wind speed, V, in accordance with ASCE 7 Figure 6-1 or IBC Figure
1609, assuming the wind can come from any direction. ASCE 7 6.5.4 includes some provisions
for the special wind regions indicated, near mountainous terrain, and near gorges.
2. Determine the importance factor, I, in accordance with ASCE 7 Table 6-1 & Table 1- 1, or
with IBC Table 1604.5.
3. Determine the exposure category in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.6 or IBC Section
1609.4.
4. Determine the height and exposure adjustment coefficient, λ, from ASCE 7 Figure 6- 2 or
IBC Table 1609.6.2.1
5. Determine S 30 pS30, the simplified wind pressure for exposure B, at h=30 ft, for I=1.0, from
ASCE 7 Figure 6-2 or IBC Table 1609.6.2.1.
Simplified design wind pressures, PS, for the main wind force resisting systems of low-
rise simple diaphragm buildings is determined by the following equation:

where PS represents the net pressure (sum of internal and external) to be applied to the
horizontal and vertical projections of building surfaces. For the horizontal pressures, PS is the
combination of the windward and leeward net pressures.
Method 2 – Analytical Procedure
Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using the
simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical procedure provided that it is a
regular shaped building or structure, and it does not have response characteristics making it
subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or does
not have a site location that require special consideration.
The steps of analytical procedure, described in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.3 only, are as
follows:
Design of Steel and RCC Chimneys
Design of RCC Chimneys
1.) Working Stress Method: Chimney is designed according to IS: 4998 and following steps
are followed:

i. Determine eccentricity (e) = M/W

ii. Determine (eccentricity/radius) at section
iii. Assume the p (percentage of steel at section) at the section under consideration
iv. Select the value of m (modular ratio) for concrete grade to be used
v. Determine α (position of neutral axis)
vi. Determine compressive stresses for different values of α and β (β = constant depends on
openings in chimneys) in concrete and steel
vii. Calculate temperature stresses in steel and concrete
viii. Calculate stresses in steel and concrete due to wind induced moment. And check combined
stresses.

2.) Limit State Method for Collapse: Following steps are followed:

i. Calculate the W/fck D2 and M / fck D3.

ii. Calculate ratio d/D and D’/D
iii. Where, d=inner diameter of concrete shell
iv. D=outer diameter of concrete shell
v. D’=D - concrete cover
vi. Refer the suitable Pu-Mu Interaction curves
vii. From selected interaction curve take appropriate value of p/fck
viii. Calculate p percentage of steel required at section for the value of fck used.

Design of Steel Chimneys

i. The steel chimneys are designed and constructed conforming to code of practice for design
and construction of steel chimneys, IS:6533 – 1989.

ii. The base of the chimney may be made bell-mouthed or conical. The fabrication of bell-
mouthed base is costly and does not have any advantage over conical base. Therefore, the
conical base is provided.

iii. The recommended height of flared portion of steel chimney is equal to one-third the height
of the chimney.

iv. The bottom diameter (d1) of the flared portion shall not be less than one and a quarter times
the diameter of stack.

v. Steel chimney are kept at least 5m taller in height than the tallest building within an area of
150m radius.

vi. The thickness of the steel plate in the flared portion should not be less than the thickness at
the lowest section of the cylindrical portion.

vii. For ease in construction, the upper diameter of plates forming the side of chimney is kept
less than the lower diameter. Each course fits telescopic over the lower course.

viii. Maximum deflection of steel chimney shall be limited to 1/200 of the unsupported length.
2/24/20165.

Bunkers and Silos

Bunkers are large size shallow bins to store grains, coal and cement. In bunkers, the
plane of rupture intersects the free surface of the stored material. Generally, steel bunkers are
used to store coal at power plants and loco-running sheds. Generally, these are square or
rectangular shaped.

Silos are the deep bins for storage. They are circular in shape. The plane of rupture
intersects the opposite side of the container.
Design of Bunkers
Design of Silos
Flat and Conical Bottoms
Flat Bottom Silo
The flat bottom silo has a flat service which means it can gives a full support to the silo.
The floor design of the steel silo is decided by the material that stored in the silo. In flat bottom
silos, air slides can be bolted onto the plinths cast into the floor or bolted directly to the silo
floor. The flat bottom silo is suitable for cement storage, fly ash storage and other materials
that requires fluidity system. The flat bottom silo is the most popular and cost effective silo
because of it’s wild application. The flat bottom silo can be designed to meet the requirements
of our customers. As for grain storage silo, it needs to accept loads from mixing, condition and
unloading equipments, equipment floors will be added to the steel silo plans.
Conical Bottom Silo
Conical bottom metal silo is also called hopper bottom silo, it has named according the
shape of their bottom. Cone bottom silo is always designed to store specific material such as
sand, salt and other material. They are used for temporary material storage not for long term
storage. So the size and quantity of the cone bottom silo is always smaller than the flat bottom
silo. They are raised on structural steel supports to permit access underneath, making loading
materials for transport easier. The conical hopper attached to the bottom of these silos allows
for an easy, metered unloading, provided the material in the silo corresponds to the silo design.
Metal silos with conical bottoms must be precisely engineered for the material they are meant
to store if flow is to be properly controlled.

SUMMARY
- Auxiliary building structures refers to any building structures within a plot on which a
main building stands. Some examples of auxiliary building structures are garage, storage
building, sheds, and carports.
- The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according
to one of the following procedures: (1) Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple
diaphragm buildings. (2) Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and
structures.
- The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind pressures in the
design of simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled, and hipped roofs and having a mean
roof height not exceeding the least horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m), whichever is less,
and subject to additional limitations.
- Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using the
simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical procedure provided that it is a
regular shaped building or structure, and it does not have response characteristics making it
subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or does
not have a site location that require special consideration.
- There are two methods of RCC design for chimneys: (1) Working Stress Method, (2)
Limit State Method for Collapse.
- Bunkers are large size shallow bins to store grains, coal and cement. In bunkers, the
plane of rupture intersects the free surface of the stored material. Generally, steel bunkers are
used to store coal at power plants and loco-running sheds. Generally, these are square or
rectangular shaped.
- Silos are the deep bins for storage. They are circular in shape. The plane of rupture
intersects the opposite side of the container.
- The flat bottom silo has a flat service which means it can gives a full support to the silo.
The floor design of the steel silo is decided by the material that stored in the silo. In flat bottom
silos, air slides can be bolted onto the plinths cast into the floor or bolted directly to the silo
floor.
- Conical bottom metal silo is also called hopper bottom silo, it has named according the
shape of their bottom. Cone bottom silo is always designed to store specific material such as
sand, salt and other material. They are used for temporary material storage not for long term
storage.

REFERENCES
- Retrieve from https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/auxiliary-building-or-structure

- Retrieve from https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/1-051-structural-engineering-design-fall-

2003/294abc6a0aa95fe569eda2a9436c51db_rec1wind_eqloads.pdf

- Retrieve from https://pdfcoffee.com/unit-13-bunkers-and-silos-pdf-free.html

- Retrieve from https://ijritcc.org/download/conferences/ICMTEST_

2016/ICMTEST_ 2016_Track/1462173856_02-05-2016.pdf

- Retrieve from http://www.silobuilder.com/news/comparison-between-flat-bottom-

silo-and-hopper-bottom-silo.html

- http://www.silobuilder.com/news/introduction-about-different-silos.html