DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

COE 485
Computer Architecture

Lecture 1
Introduction to Computer Systems
EUR ING Dipl.-Ing. B. Kommey
bkommey.coe@knust.edu.gh
2020 Tel.: 050 770 3286
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

“He who puts stew on jollof rice has

trust issues”

2020
African proverb
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Overview – Computer Architecture

Computer
Architecture
Computer
Systems
Reference
Books
Course
Outline
Course Info

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Course Information
COE 485 Computer
Architecture Requirements

3hrs Teaching Strong Knowledge in Digital Systems

2hr Tutorials Basic Operating System Knowledge

3 Credit Hours Strong Knowledge in Electronics

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Course Grading

Class Work
Final Exams 0-5%
70%

Mid-
Attendance
Semester
10%
Exams (20%)

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Course Outline – Computer Architecture

Introduction to Computer Systems – Lecture 1

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) & Design – Lecture 2

Assembly Language Programming – Lecture 3

Computer Arithmetics – Lecture 4

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Course Outline – Computer Architecture

Processing Unit Design – Lecture 5

Memory System Design I – Lecture 6

Memory System Design II – Lecture 7

Input/ Output Design – Lecture 8

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Course Outline – Computer Architecture

Pipelining Design Methods – Lecture 9

Reduced Instruction Set RISC – Lecture 10

Intro. to Multiprocessors – Lecture 11

Revision – Lecture 12

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References Books – Computer Architecture

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References Books – Computer Architecture

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References Books – Computer Architecture

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Introduction to Computer Systems

Computer Systems

Background

Architecture Development & Styles

Technological Developments

Performance Measures

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Computer Systems Background

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system
visible to a programmer or, those attributes that have a direct
impact on the logical execution of a program

the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the

programmer. I.e. the conceptual structure and functional
behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and
controls, the logic design, and the physical implementation. --
Amdahl, Blaauw, & Brooks, 1964
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Finding Definition for Computer Architecture

The science and art of designing, selecting and

interconnecting hardware components and designing the
hardware or software interface to create a computing
system that meets functional, performance, energy
consumption, cost and other specific goals

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Computer Architecture Generations

Zeroth Generation Mechanical Computers 1642-1940
First Generation Vacuum Tubes 1940-1955

Second Generation Transistors 1956-1963

Third Generation Integrated Circuits 1964-1971

Fourth Generation Very Large Scale Integration 1971-Date
Filth Generation Artificial Intelligence future

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Computer Systems Background

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Architecture Development & Styles

Von Neumann
• Stored program concept
• Sequential execution of programs
• Instructions in binary for storing in memory

Harvard Architecture
•use of separate memories
•separate cache for instructions and data
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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Architecture Development & Styles

Complex Instructions Set Computers CISC

• Intel Pentium, Motorola, MC68000, IBM &
Macintosh PowerPC

Reduced Instructions Set Computers RISC

• Sun SPARC and MIPS machines

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Technological Developments
SSI

MSI

LSI

VLSI

WSI
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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Technological Developments

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 Performance Measures
• Various facets of performance measures
• Based on time taken to execute a job/ program
• Total amount of work in a given time
• Program execution time
• System throughput

• define the clock cycle time as the time between two consecutive rising (trailing)
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• edges of a periodic clock signal
 Performance Measure - CPI
• Average Clock Cycles per Instruction CPI
• Lets denote:
• CC as Cycle Count
• CT as Cycle Time
• Clock frequency f = 1/CT
• Then CPU time for a job

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 Performance Measure - CPI

• Overall CPI computed as

• where Ii is the number of times an instruction of type i is executed in the program and
CPIi is the average number of clock cycles needed to execute such instruction.

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Performance Measure - CPI

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Performance Measure - CPI

Assuming the execution of 100 instructions, the overall CPI can be computed as

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Performance Measure - MIPS

MIPS (million instructions-per-second)
- the rate of instruction execution per unit time

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Performance Measure - MIPS

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Performance Measure - MIPS

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Performance Measure - MIPS

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Performance Measure - MIPS

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Performance Measure - MIPS

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Performance Measure - MFLOPS

Million floating-point instructions per second, MFLOP

-rate of floating-point instruction execution per unit time

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Performance Measures – Mean

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Performance Measures – AM-GM

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Amdahl´s Law for Performance Measure

Amdahl’s law for speedup (SU ) due to enhancement
o

we consider speedup as a measure of how a machine performs after

some enhancement relative to its original performance

The following relationship formulates Amdahl’s law

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Amdahl´s Law for Performance Measure

For a possible enhancement to a machine that will reduce the
execution time for some benchmarks from 25 s to 15 s.

for a fraction of time,

This relationship can be expressed as

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Amdahl´s Law
Example, a machine for which a speedup of 30 is possible after applying an
enhancement. If under certain conditions the enhancement was only possible
for 30% of the time, what is the speedup due to this partial application of the
enhancement?

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Amdahl´s Law-Generalized Formula

fractions of the time

speedup enhancements

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

Thank You

EUR ING Dipl.-Ing. B. Kommey

bkommey.coe@knust.edu.gh
Tel.: 050 770 3286
2020