Chap 07 Valves

E-Book – Ductile iron pipe systems Chapter 7: Valves 7/1
7 Valves
7.1 Valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron
7.2 Corrosion protection of valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron
7.3 Principles of hydraulics and the design of valves
7.4 Isolation valves
7.5 Tapping valves
7.6 Control valves
7.7 Air valves
7.8 Hydrants
E-Book – Ductile iron pipe systems Chapter 7: Valves 7/2
7 Valves
Valves are components in piping systems which, in addition to the function of
“conducting the medium” (directing, changing the nominal width), also have the
functions of blocking or regulating the rate of flow and the pressure. Depending
on use, different materials are commonly used. The following chapter looks at
valves in which the main material is spheroidal graphite cast iron.
E-Book – Ductile iron pipe systems Chapter 7: Valves 7.1/1
7.1 Valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron
7.1.1 Classification of valves

7.1.2 Spheroidal graphite cast iron as valve material
7.1.3 Materials in contact with drinking water
7.1.4 References Chapter 7.1
07.2013
7.1 Valves in spheroidal graphite 7.1.1 Classification of valves For the isolation function only the “fully
cast iron open” or “closed” valve positions are
In general, valves can be distinguished permissible. With regulating valves on
according to their the other hand, all intermediary positions
The following section contains general n functional features, are also admissible.
information on function, construction, n basic design and
connection and material. This information n type of connection. Table 7.1.1-02 contains a classification of
is obligatory for all valves. For valves in The functional features of valves are valves according to basic design.
the drinking water area, the requirements defined in EN 736-1 [7.1-01]. Table
for materials in contact with drinking 7.1.1-01 contains a classification of Table 7.1.1-03 gives a comparison of
water also apply. valves according to their functional designs, connection possibilities and func-
features. tional features.
Isolating valves are basically intended

for shutting off lines. Because of their
construction they are not suitable for
flow regulation, or only to a limited
extent.
07.2013
Table 7.1.1-01:
Classification of valves according to functional features
Valve design Type of action on the fluid Examples
Isolating valve Blocking or releasing the flow Shutoff valve, gate valve,
of substance butterfly valve
Regulating valve Reducing the working pressure Pressure reducing valve, throttle valve
Tapping the flow substance Sampling valve
Control device Separate or combined control of pressure, Control valve, control butterfly valve, regu-
temperature and volume lating cock, servo valve
Controlling a fluid level Level control valve
Safety valve 1)
Preventing excess pressures and Outlet valve, safety valve,
subsequent shutoff safety shutoff valve
Bursting disc safety device Preventing excess pressures without Bursting disc safety device
subsequent shutoff
Return flow inhibitor Preventing a reversal of flow Non-return valve, check valve
1)
[German designation differs] in DIN EN 736-1 [7.1-02]
Source of Table 7.1.1-01 and Table 7.1.1-02:

Manual of pipeline construction, Vol. 1: planning, production, facilities
3rd edition, Günter Wossog, Vulkan Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8027-2745-0
07.2013
Table 7.1.1-02: Classification of valves according to basic design
Working mechanism of the closure device
Turning around the axis perpendicular Deformation of a

Linear to the direction of flow flexible component
Direction of flow in the connection area

Perpendicular to the move- In the direction of move- Different depending
ment of the closure device ment of the closure device Through the closure device Around the closure device on design
Designation of basic designs
Gate valve Control valve Cock Flap valve 1) Diaphragm valve
Type of connection
Wedge, plate, piston, Cup, cone, Teller, cylinder Ball, cone (tap), Disc, plate, rotary plug Diaphragm, tube
diaphragm, disc (piston), ball, needle cylinder
Design examples
Gate valve, slide valve, Shutoff valve, throttle Ball cock, cylinder cock, Butterfly valve, Diaphragm shutoff valve,
dam gate valve, safety valve, one-way stopcock check valve, eccentric diaphragm return flow
non-return valve, hydrant rotary plug valve inhibitor
1)
This also includes the eccentric rotary plug valve
07.2013
Table 7.1.1-03: A comparison of valve designs
Criterion Design
Gate valve Control valve Cock Flap valve Diaphragm valve
Flow resistance Low High Low Medium Medium
Connection possibilities Flanged, threaded, Flanged, Flanged, threaded Flanged, Flanged,

push-in socket, push-in socket, push-in socket, screwed socket
weld-on end threaded weld-on end
Piggable Yes No Yes No No
07.2013
The classification of valves according to and ageing resistance. Experience

connection type is covered in Chapter 7.9 shows it to be just as good as regards
(in preparation). corrosion protection. For centuries a
form of cast iron has been used which
contains graphite in the form of
7.1.2 Spheroidal graphite cast iron flakes (lamellar graphite cast iron).
as valve material These days spheroidal graphite cast
ironis used almost without exception
Because of their diverse functions, for the production of valve bodies in
valves are more cost-intensive and accordance with EN 1563 [7.1-03].
more complex to produce than pipes
or fittings and they consist of a number As well as the properties mentioned
of individual parts. When it comes to above, this material additionally offers
producing the complicated contours outstanding toughness, which is par-
of their body, the “casting” production ticularly important for valves with their
process is the most suitable. diverse range of load situations.
“Cast iron”, a material which was already A summary of the types of spheroidal
being used at a very early stage, not only graphite cast iron normally used today
offers a high degree of freedom in its for the production of valves and fittings
shaping but it also has great strength can be found in Table 7.1.2-01.
07.2013
Table 7.1.2-01:
A comparison of the properties of different types of spheroidal graphite cast iron for valves as per EN 1563 [7.1-03]
and ductile cast iron for fittings as per EN 545 [7.1-04]
Material Use Standard Tensile Yield Elongation Brinell- Modulus of Structure

strength strength at break Hardness elasticity
Rm [MPa] RP0,2 [MPa] A5 [%] [HB] [N/mm²]
EN-GJS-500-7 Valves and EN 1563 500 320 7 170–230 169.000 pearlitic –

(GGG 50) hydrants [7.1-03] ferritic
EN-GJS-400-15 400 250 15 135–180 170.000 pre-

(GGG 40) dominantly
ferritic
EN-GJS-400-18LT Valves 400 240 18 130–175 169.000 purely

(GGG 40.3) for use at ferritic
low tem-
peratures
EN 545 [7.1-04] Fittings EN 545 420 270 ≥5 < 250 170.000 pre-
[7.1-04] dominantly
ferritic
07.2013
Although spheroidal graphite cast iron The modern types of corrosion pro- 7.1.3 Materials in contact with
is a material which has been very tection for components in spheroidal drinking water
broadly perfected, further development graphite cast iron provide reliable cover
potentials can nevertheless be identified for all areas of use as regards soil type The 2nd amendment to the drinking water
for the future: and medium carried (Chapter 14 and regulation which came into effect on
Chapter 15). 13 December 2012 and in particular its
n new moulding processes guarantee- article 17, Requirements for materials,
ing castings of the highest precision Stainless steel is used among other means that in future the German Federal
and the most complex configuration, things for drive shafts and other un- Environmental Agency will determine
n 3D development of valves – coated parts. Bolts are produced in legally binding evaluations. These con-
construction with FEM simulation, A2 quality as a minimum (material tain test specifications, test parame-
construction of pattern equipment, no. 1.4301). Stem nuts and other com- ters and guidelines for methods. This
solidification simulation, rapid ponents subject to tribological stress also includes positive lists of basic and
prototyping, are usually in copperalloys. working materials and substances
n development of ADI materials which come into contact with drinking
(ADI = Austempered Ductile Iron) NBR and EPDM as per EN 681-1 water. The former Federal Environ-
with tensile strength > 1,000 MPa [7.1-05] are usually used for the seals mental Agency guidelines, which had a
and acceptable elongation at break, (Chapter 13). voluntary character, will be replaced by
n development of materials with wall these evaluation regulations.
thicknesses up to 2 mm and high
fatigue strength (3.8 % C; 2.9 % Si; Valve bodies in spheroidal graphite cast
0.04 % Mn; 0.040 % Mg) and wall thick- iron are always coated with epoxy or
ness reductions by means of micro- enamel. The drinking water has no contact
alloys, with the spheroidal graphite cast iron.
n silicon doped ferritic cast iron with
improved mechanical properties The epoxy resins used as corrosion pro-
(up to 3.2 % Si), EN-GJS-500-12, tection meet the requirements of the
n development of new welding filler guidelines for the hygienic assessment
materials with 58 % Ni for the reli- of organic coatings in contact with drink-
able production of a pearlitic structure. ing water of the German Federal En-
07.2013
vironmental Agency (UBA) [7.1-06]. Other functional parts such as gate valve
Annex 5 of the coating guideline wedges as well as flaps and gaskets are
[7.1-07] contains a list of approved counted as elastomer materials in con-
products. tact with drinking water. DVGW work-
sheet W 270 [7.1-08], Enhancement of
In addition, all components and all coat- microbial growth on materials in con-
ings of an organic nature which come tact with drinking water is to be ob-
into contact with drinking water are to served for this. In addition, the Federal
be tested for their potential to enhance Environment Agency elastomer guide-
microbial growth in accordance with line applies [7.1-11].
DVGW worksheetW 270 [7.1-08].
Furthermore the requirements and test
For enamelled valve bodies which come methods of the Federal Environment
into contact with drinking water, a draft Agency lubricants guideline [7.1-12]
enamel guideline is under preparation are to be observed for the lubricants
at the Federal Environment Agency. which are used on the moving functional
It is planned that the draft will be elements in valves.
published in 2013 and the evaluation
regulations will be established one year
later.
In Germany DIN 50930-6 [7.1-09] is to

be observed as regards metallic materials
coming into contact with drinking water.
This concerns components in stainless
steel and copper alloys. They are includ-
ed in the Federal Environment Agency
list “Metal materials suitable for hygienic
drinking water” [7.1-10].
07.2013
7.1.4 References Chapter 7.1 [7.1-04] EN 545 [7.1-06] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland

Ductile iron pipes, fittings, UBA-Beschichtungsleitlinie –
[7.1-01] EN 736-1 accessories and their joints for Leitlinie zur hygienischen
Valves – Terminology – water pipelines – Beurteilung von organischen
Part 1: Definition of types Requirements and test methods Beschichtungen im Kontakt mit
of valves [Rohre, Formstücke, Zubehörteile Trinkwasser
[Armaturen - Terminologie – aus duktilem Gusseisen und ihre [UBA-Coatings Guideline –
Teil 1: Definition der Verbindungen für Wasser- Guideline for the hygienic
Grundbauarten] leitungen – assessment of organic coatings
1995 Anforderungen und in contact with drinking water]
Prüfverfahren] 2010-11
[7.1-02] DIN EN 736-1 2010
Armaturen – Terminologie – [7.1-07] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland
Teil 1: Definition der Grund- [7.1-05] EN 681-1 Anlage 5 der Leitlinie zur
bauarten; Elastomeric seals – Material hygienischen Beurteilung von
Deutsche Fassung EN 736-1:1995 requirements for pipe joint seals organischen Beschichtungen im
[Valves – Terminology – used in water and drainage Kontakt mit Trinkwasser,
Part 1: Definition of applications – Organische Beschichtungen mit
types of valves; Part 1: Vulcanized rubber bestandener Prüfung
German version EN 736-1:1995] [Elastomer-Dichtungen – entsprechend dieser Leitlinie,
1995-04 Werkstoff-Anforderungen Beschichtungen auf Epoxidharz-
für Rohrleitungs-Dichtungen für basis
[7.1-03] EN 1563 Anwendungen in der Wasser - [Coatings Guideline –
Founding – Spheroidal graphite versorgung und Entwässerung – Annex 5 (list of products) PDF /
cast irons Teil 1: Vulkanisierter Gummi] 60 KB, in German]
[Gießereiwesen – Gusseisen mit 1996 + A1:1998 + A2:2002 + 2011-11-15
Kugelgraphit] AC:2002 + A3:2005
2011
07.2013
[7.1-08] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 270 Part 6: Evaluation process and [7.1-12] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland
Vermehrung von Mikroorga-
requirements regarding the UBA-Schmierstoffleitlinie –
nismen auf Werkstoffen für den hygienic suitability in contact Leitlinie zur hygienischen Beur-
Trinkwasserbereich – with drinking water] teilung von Schmierstoffen im
Prüfung und Bewertung 2013-01 Kontakt mit Trinkwasser
[DVGW worksheet W 270 (Sanitärschmierstoffe)
Enhancement of microbial [7.1-10] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland [UBA- Lubricant Guideline –
growth on materials in contact Empfehlung – Guideline for the hygienic
with drinking water – Trinkwasserhygienisch geeig- assessment of lubricants in contact
Test methods and assessment] nete metallene Werkstoffe with drinking water
2007-11 [Recommendation – (sanitary lubricants)]
List of metallic materials suitable 2010-11
[7.1-09] DIN 50930-6 for contact with drinking water]
Korrosion der Metalle – 2012-12
Korrosion metallener Werkstoffe
im Innern von Rohrleitungen, [7.1-11] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland
Behältern und Apparaten bei UBA-Elastomerleitlinie –
Korrosionsbelastung durch Leitlinie zur hygienischen Beur-
Wässer – teilung von Elastomermaterialien
Teil 6: Bewertungsverfahren und im Kontakt mit Trinkwasser
Anforderungen hinsichtlich der (Elastomerleitlinie)
hygienischen Eignung in Kontakt [UBA-Rubber Guideline –
mit Trinkwasser Guideline for the hygienic assess-
[Corrosion of metals – ment of elastomer materials in
Corrosion of metallic materials contact with drinking water
under corrosion load by water (Elastomer Guideline)]
inside of pipes, tanks and 2012-05
apparatus –

07.2013
07.2013
7.2 Corrosion protection of valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron
7.2.1 Epoxy coating

7.2.2 Enamel coating
07.2013
7.2 Corrosion protection of valves Epoxy powder coating guarantees a Duty Corrosion Protection of Powder
in spheroidal graphite cast seamless and homogenous all-over Coated Valves and Fittings (GSK), sets
iron coating (inside and outside). Because high requirements for epoxy pow-
corrosion primarily tends to start at the der coating. It possesses the following
transition between different types of characteristics:
7.2.1 Epoxy coating coating, a pore-free and flawless coating
is the best protection against corrosion. n hygienic and bacteriological safety,
The epoxy coating of valves has mean- Smooth internal surfaces ensure a high n chemical resistance,
while become the standard coating degree of protection against abrasion n smooth surface, low tendency for
method for all valves in the areas of raw and incrustation. incrustation,
water, drinking water and wastewater. n absence of pores both inside and
Because of its good adhesion, hardness outside (test voltage 3 kV),
Alongside the use of high-quality epoxy and dimensional stability under thermo- n high impact and pressure resistance,
paints, epoxy powder coating, also known setting, epoxy powder coating can also be n suitable for all soil classes as per
as EP coating, has become particularly used on the contact surfaces of sealing DIN 50929-3 [7.2-06], OENORM
popular for valves, being environmentally elements in valves. B 5013-1 [7.2-07] and DVGW
friendly and free of solvents. In the fusion worksheet GW 9 [7.2-08],
bonding process the coating powder melts Epoxy powder coating requires little n coating thickness ≥ 250 μm,
and becomes chemically bonded to the energy for the coating process. n full protection (continuous),
previously blasted metallic surface. n high adhesive strength of at least
According to the epoxy powder coat- 12 N/mm2 after 7 days immersion
The overall, pore-free and complete pro- ing of fittings described in EN 14901 in hot water,
tection provided by epoxy powder coating [7.2-01], external and internal epoxy n no emissions of solvents during the
with a minimum coating thickness of coatings for valves (Figs. 7.2.1-01, coating process,
250 μm durably protects the fitting in all 7.2.1-02 and 7.2.1-03) are standard- n resistance to gases in accordance with
soil classes. The smooth internal surface ised in standards DIN 30677-1 [7.2-02], DVGW worksheet G 260 [7.2-09].
also prevents incrustation. DIN 30677-2 [7.2-03] and DIN 3476
[7.2-04]. In particular RAL GZ 662
[7.2-05], the standard issued by the
Quality Association for the Heavy
07.2013
Fig. 7.2.1-01: Fig. 7.2.1-03:

Butterfly valve – coated inside and outside Check valve – external and internal
with epoxy powder in accordance with coating with epoxy powder in accordance
RAL GZ 662 [7.2-05] with RAL GZ 662 [7.2-05]
Fig. 7.2.1-02:
Gate valve with flanges – epoxy powder
coating inside and outside in accordance
with RAL GZ 662 [7.2-05]
07.2013
Application is by means of electro-

static powder coating with a spray gun
(Fig. 7.2.1-04) or using the fluidised
bed technique (Figs. 7.2.1-05., 7.2.1-06
and 7.2.1-07); if the corresponding
process parameters are observed, a con-
sistently high coating quality is achieved
with both processes.
A precondition for high-quality powder

coating is the surface preparation of the
parts. To achieve this, the parts of valves Fig. 7.2.1-04: Fig. 7.2.1-05:
to be coated are blasted directly before Electrostatic application of epoxy powder Application of epoxy powder by robot
the coating process. Blasting removes dirt, with a spray gun using the fluidised bed technique
rust, grease and humidity from the parts
producing a degree of purity of SA 2½ in
accordance with EN ISO 12944-4 [7.2-10].
Constant cleaning of the blasting agent
to remove impurities from circulation, as
described in the GSK guidelines, is one
of the essential conditions for the very
good adhesion characteristics.
After that, depending on the epoxy

powder used, the valve parts are heated
in the oven to about 190 °C to 200 °C.
In the subsequent coating process the
heated parts are sprayed with epoxy Fig. 7.2.1-06: Fig. 7.2.1-07:
powder or else dipped into a fluidised Dipping a valve body into the fluidised Gate valve body coated in the fluidised
bed of powder. bed of powder bed of powder
07.2013
Because of the fast cross-linking of corrosion protection but it also gives

the resin the parts coated e.g. by the the valve a very long-lasting protection
fluidised bed process can be taken out against the light.
after only approximately 30 seconds
without the coating being damaged by 7.2.2 Enamel coating
pressure marks. After the end of the
coating process the parts are slowly As an outstanding and durable corrosion
cooled down to room temperature. protection, enamel has been established
in the area of water supply for more than
There then follows comprehensive 50 years.
quality testing which includes monitor-
ing the coating thicknesses and impact Since the end of the nineties enamel
resistance on original parts. This testing has started to be applied on top of the Fig. 7.2.2-01:
is also accompanied by inspection for external coating in order to produce an Valve with complete enamel coating
disbonding of the coating, adhesive integral, continuous coating. As regards
strength after 7 days immersion in hot the material, the production technique
water and cross-linking. and the testing technique, a proven and 7.2.2.1 Requirements and charac-
self-contained “complete enamel” coating teristics of enamel coating
For valves to be installed outdoors, for system (Fig. 7.2.2-01) has been available
example pillar hydrants, there is a need for several years and it has now found its The requirements for enamel coating
to protect the epoxy powder coating way into practical applications in the area are determined in DIN 51178 [7.2-11]
against long periods of UV exposure. To of transporting raw water, drinking water and in the DEV guideline “Quality
do this it has proved effective to apply and wastewater. and testing requirements for enamelled
an additional polyester coating, approx. cast iron valves and pressure pipe fittings
100 μm thick, to the outside surface for the raw and drinking water supply
while the epoxy film is still hot at about sector” [7.2-12]. Testing according to
170 °C. This duplex coating is then DVGW worksheet W 270 [7.2-13] is
hardened at approx. 200 °C. The in- not necessary as this is directed at the
separable composite layer which this tendency to enhance microbial growth
produces not only provides very good in organic materials. As a purely inor-
07.2013
ganic material, enamelling does not

supply any nutrients for microorgan-
isms and thus does not promote the for-
mation of biofilms.
7.2.2.2 Complete enamelling
The “complete enamel” coating system

has to meet two further requirements,
which are irrelevant for the internal area:
n high impact resistance of the enamel

bond,
n resistance against the corrosion
environments of soil class III
(highly aggressive soils) according
to the specifications of DIN 50929-3
[7.2-06], OENORM B 5013-1 [7.2-07]
and DVGW worksheet GW 9 [7.2-08].
The finely dispersed deposits of ex-

tremely small particles suppress the
development and proliferation of cracks
at points of excess stress, e.g. impact
or thrust stress. Fig. 7.2.2-02:
Detailed image of an enamel composite layer with spheroidal graphite cast iron;
scanning electron microscope image, Fraunhofer Institute ISC, Würzburg
07.2013
With complete enamelling of this upwards, a seam of approx. 2 μm which

standard of quality the specific material seems to be homogenously mixed can
advantages of the enamel are united as be detected. Above that there is then
follows: the actual composite layer, clearly over
10 μm thick, with different precipitations
n integral protection (continuous), and deposits.
n hygienic and bacteriological safety,
n suitable for all soil types, When enamelling valves in spheroidal
n high impact and pressure resistance, graphite cast iron,a series of essential
n diffusion-proof, production parameters and restrictions
n resistance to disbonding even where determines the quality of the enamelling.
there is local surface damage, The chemical composition of the cast iron Fig. 7.2.2-03:
n ageing resistance. substrate material, its microstructure, its Gate valve body after blasting
pre-treatment and its surface condition
Enamelling is characterised by an inten- are of decisive importance.
sive physical and chemical bonding
with the substrate material (DIN 51178 A clean ferritic structure in the surface
[7.2-11]). This takes the form of a dif- layer makes the enamelling easier.
fusion process from the substrate mate- Thermal/mechanical pre-treatment is the
rial towards the enamel and vice versa second essential condition. Clean blasting
during firing. This causes a true composite material with an abrasive effect cleans the
layer to be formed with a thickness from a surface of the cast iron part, activates it
few to, depending on the material system, and increases the specific surface.
a few tens of micrometres (Fig. 7.2.2-02).
In the image, the micro-roughness of the

surface of the cast iron part (light, bottom) Fig. 7.2.2-04:
is clearly visible. The fine cracks dis- Slip application on the outside of gate
cernible in this are the indentations be- valve bodies by spraying
tween iron and enamel. Then moving
07.2013
This means that it is necessary to have a

rapid production process
n pre-treatment (Fig. 7.2.2-03),

n application of the enamel slip
(Fig. 7.2.2-04),
n drying (Fig. 7.2.2-05),
■ enamel curing (Figs. 7.2.2-06 and
7.2.2-07).
Fig. 7.2.2-05: Fig. 7.2.2-06: Fig. 7.2.2-07:

Internally coated gate valve bodies in the A view inside the curing oven Enamelled gate valve bodies and
drying line fittings after curing
The basis for the testing and evaluation

of enamelled components is DIN 51178
[7.2-11]. It describes test methods which
simulate typical and realistic loads on the
components.
07.2013
7.2.3 References Chapter 7.2 [7.2-03] DIN 30677-2 [7.2-05]

RAL – GZ 662
Äußerer Korrosionsschutz von Güte- und Prüfbestimmungen –
[7.2-01] EN 14901 erdverlegten Armaturen; Schwerer Korrosionsschutz von
Ductile iron pipes, fittings and Umhüllung aus Duroplasten Armaturen und Formstücken
accessories – (Außenbeschichtung) für erhöhte durch Pulverbeschichtung –
Epoxy coating (heavy duty) of Anforderungen Gütesicherung
ductile iron fittings and [External corrosion protection of [Quality and test provisions –
accessories – buried valves; Heavy duty corrosion protection
Requirements and test methods heavy-duty thermoset plastics of valves and fittings by powder
[Rohre, Formstücke und Zubehör coatings] coating –
aus duktilem Gusseisen – 1988-09 Quality assurance]
Epoxidharzbeschichtung 2008
(für erhöhte Beanspruchung) [7.2-04] DIN 3476
von Formstücken und Zubehör- Armaturen und Formstücke für [7.2-06] DIN 50929-3
teilen aus duktilem Gusseisen – Roh- und Trinkwasser – Korrosion der Metalle;
Anforderungen und Korrosionsschutz durch EP-Innen- Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit
Prüfverfahren] beschichtung aus Pulverlacken (P) metallischer Werkstoffe bei
2006 bzw. Flüssiglacken (F) – äußerer Korrosionsbelastung;
Anforderungen und Prüfungen Rohrleitungen und Bauteile in
[7.2-02] DIN 30677-1 [Valves and fittings for untreated Böden und Wässern
Äußerer Korrosionsschutz von and potable water – [Corrosion of metals;
erdverlegten Armaturen; Protection against corrosion by probability of corrosion of metallic
Umhüllung (Außenbeschichtung) internal epoxy coating of coating materials when subject to
für normale Anforderungen powders (P) or liquid varnishes (F) – corrosion from the outside;
[Corrosion protection of burried Requirements and tests] buried and underwater pipelines
valves; 1996-08 and structural components]
coating for normal requirement] 1985-09
1991-02
07.2013
[7.2-07] OENORM B 5013-1 [7.2-09] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt G 260 [Vitreous and porcelain enamels-
Oberflächenschutz mit Gasbeschaffenheit Inside and outside enamelled valves
organischen Schutzmaterialien [DVGW worksheet G 260 and pressure pipe fittings for un-
im Siedlungswasserbau – Gas quality] treated and potable water supply –
Teil 1: Abschätzung der Korrosions- 2013-03 Quality requirements and testing]
wahrscheinlichkeit und Schutz von 2009-10
unlegierten und niedriglegierten [7.2-10] EN ISO 12944-4
Eisenwerkstoffen Paints and varnishes – [7.2-12] DEV-Richtlinie
[Corrosion protection by organic Corrosion protection of steel struc- Qualitätsanforderungen und
coatings for water and waste- tures by protective paint systems – Prüfvorschriften für emaillierte
water engineering in residential Part 4: Types of surface and Gussarmaturen und Druckrohr-
areas – surface preparation formstücke für die Roh- und Trink-
Part 1: Assessment of corrosion [Beschichtungsstoffe – wasserversorgung
probability and protection of Korrosionsschutz von Stahlbauten [Quality requirements and test speci-
unalloyed and low-alloyed ferrous durch Beschichtungssysteme – fications for enamelled cast iron
materials] Teil 4: Arten von Oberflächen und valves and ductile iron fittings for
2013-12-1 Oberflächenvorbereitung] untreated and potable water supply]
1998 2006-09-27
[7.2-08] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt GW 9
Beurteilung der Korrosions- [7.2-11] DIN 51178 [7.2-13] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 270
belastungen von erdüberdeckten Emails und Emaillierungen – Vermehrung von Mikro-
Rohrleitungen und Behältern aus Innen- und außenemaillierte organismen auf Werkstoffen für
unlegierten und niedrig legierten Armaturen und Druckrohr den Trinkwasserbereich –
Eisenwerkstoffen in Böden formstücke für die Roh- und Prüfung und Bewertung
[DVGW worksheet GW 9 Trinkwasserversorgung – [DVGW worksheet W 270
Assessment of the corrosion level Qualitätsanforderungen und Enhancement of microbial
of buried pipes and tanks in unal- Prüfung growth on materials in contact
loyed and low-alloyed ferrous with drinking water –
materials in soils] Test methods and assessment]
2011-05 2007-11
07.2013
7.3 Principles of hydraulics and the design of valves
7.3.1 Hydraulic principles

7.3.2 Valve design
08.2015
7.3 Principles of hydraulics and 7.3.1 Hydraulic principles The resistance of a component can be
the design of valves determined mathematically or by hydrau-
Physical laws influence the basic con- lic measurements. The result is the flow
Valves need to be designed for specific struction, nominal size and equipment of resistance coefficient, referred to as zeta.
applications so that they can fulfil their control valves. Therefore it is also impor- As a rule the Greek letter ζ (zeta) is used
desired functions correctly. Below you tant to consider these laws when selecting as the symbol in formulas.
will find some explanations on the basic a control valve.
design of valves. 7.3.1.2 Pressure
7.3.1.1 Flow resistance coefficient
The terms used have been taken from Bernoulli’s equation describes the
EN 736-1 [7.3-01], EN 736-2 [7.3-02] and If solid bodies on top of each other are changes in pressure across a pipeline
EN 736-3 [7.3-03]. moved against each other, there is a through which a medium is flowing. This
resistance to be overcome. This resist- equation is also referred to as the law of
When designing valves, the difference ance is determined by the roughness conservation of energy. Bernoulli assumes
between isolation valves and control of the surfaces in contact, among other that, when a medium is flowing through
valves is an important aspect. While, as a things. The same also applies in a com- a pipeline, energy is not lost but is sim-
rule, isolation valves are selected accord- bination of a solid body and a liquid such ply converted. The energy contained in
ing to the nominal size and pressure rat- as water. The roughness of the surface a medium flowing through a pipe can be
ing of the pipeline, the choice of control of the solid body determines the level of described as follows.
valve is made on the basis of the hydrau- the resistance. The rougher the surface,
lic requirements of the control task to be the greater the resistance. However, the It contains:
performed. geometry of the solid body guiding the
flow also affects the resistance; changes n Pressure energy p [N/m²]
In order to assist the user in selecting the of direction increase it. Bearing this in
correct valve for his purposes, manufac- mind, components- along
Druckenergie
the line of pflow
[N/m²] n Potential (stored) energy
turers publish specific technical data on can be considered - and
Potentielle (Lage) Energie
the resistance Epot = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ∗ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ∗ 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 [N/m²]
[N/m²] (7.3.1) (7.3.1)
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
their valves. determined for each- Kinetische Energie
point. Finally thedurch Geschwindigkeit Ekin = ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 [N/m²] (7.3.2)
2
individual resistance
- values can be added
Reibungsarbeit
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
wR = 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 ∗ ∑ ξ [N/m²] (7.3.3)
together to produce an overall resistance.
08.2015
Legende:
- ρ = Dichte des strömenden Mediums [kg/m³]
- - c=
c=Fließgeschwindigkeit
Fließgeschwindigkeit
des
des
Mediums
Mediums
bezogen
bezogen
auf
auf
die
dieNennweite
Nennweite[m/s]
[m/s]
- - ξ=
ξ=Zeta-Wert
Zeta-Wert
[-][-]
Zwischen
Zwischendem
demEintritt
Eintritt
(Punkt
(Punkt1)1)
und
und
dem
demAustritt
Austritt(Punkt
(Punkt
2)2)
verändern
verändern
sich
sich
diese
diese
Energieanteile(Bild
Energieanteile (Bild
7.3.1).
7.3.1).
n Kinetic energy through (7.3.1)
t = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ∗ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ∗ 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 [N/m²] speed If the application is reduced to the control
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 valve, simplifications can be achieved. So
chwindigkeit Ekin = 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 [N/m²][N/m²]
(7.3.2) (7.3.2)
ckenergie p [N/m²] potential energy no longer applies as the
∑ ξ [N/m²]
entielle (Lage) Energie Epot = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ∗ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ∗ 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧(7.3.3)
[N/m²] (7.3.1) height difference between the inlet and
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
etische Energie n Friction durch Geschwindigkeit Ekin = 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 [N/m²] (7.3.2) outlet of the valve has no influence worth
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 mentioning.
bungsarbeit wR = 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 ∗ ∑ ξ [N/m²]
[N/m²] (7.3.3) (7.3.3)

ediums [kg/m³] Equally the kinetic energy can be ignored
1 [m/s²] Key: as the speed, with reference to the nomi-
ρ = strömenden
Dichte des density of the flow medium
Mediums [kg/m³] [kg/m³] nal size of the line, is and remains the
Mediums bezogen auf die Nennweite [m/s]
g = acceleration due
Erdbeschleunigung = 9,81 [m/s²] to gravity same before and after the valve.
Höhe [m] = 9.8 [m/s²]
z = height [m]
Fließgeschwindigkeit Fig. 7.3.1: [m/s]
des Mediums bezogen auf die Nennweite
Zeta-Wert
dem c [-]
= speed
Austritt (Punkt of
2) flow of the sich
verändern medium
diesewith Change in the energy proportions between
reference to nominal size [m/s] point 1 and point 2 of a line
ξ = zeta value [-]
dem Eintritt (Punkt 1) und dem Austritt (Punkt 2) verändern
Bild
Bildsich
7.3.1:diese
7.3.1:
teile (BildBetween
7.3.1). the inlet (point 1) and the outlet Veränderung
Veränderung
Simply der
the fact der
Energieanteile
thatEnergieanteile zwischen
zwischen
that friction has to be Punkt
Punkt11
und
undPunkt
Punkt2 2einer
einer
Leitung
Leitung
(point 2) these energy proportions change overcome on the way through the pipeline
(Fig. 7.3.1). results in a change in the energy propor-
Schon
Schon
tions. alleine
alleine
This die
means dieTatsache,
Tatsache,
that dass
dass
the energy auf
auf
state dem
dem
can Weg
Wegdurch
durchdie
dieLeitung
LeitungReibung
Reibung
überwunden
überwunden werden
werden
be described as follows:muss,
muss,führt
führt
zur
zur
Veränderung
Veränderungder
derEnergieanteile.
Energieanteile.SoSolässt
lässt
sich
sich
der
derEnergiezustand
Energiezustandwie
wiefolgt
folgt
beschreiben:
beschreiben:
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 22 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1++𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∗ ∗𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔∗ ∗𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧+ ++𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∗ ∗𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔∗ ∗𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧2𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧2++ ∗ ∗𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22++ ∗ ∗𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22∗ ∗∑∑
1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1==𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 ξ ξ==𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
22 22 22
[N/m²]
[N/m²](7.3.4)
(7.3.4)
[N/m²] (7.3.4)
Reduziert
Reduziertman
mandiedieAnwendung
Anwendung aufauf
die
dieRegelarmatur,
Regelarmatur, können
könnenVereinfachungen
Vereinfachungen
getroffen
getroffenwerden.
werden. SoSoentfällt
entfällt
die
diepotentielle
potentielleEnergie,
Energie,dada
der
der
Höhenunterschied
Höhenunterschied
zwischen
zwischenEintritt
Eintritt
und
undAustritt
Austrittder
derArmatur
Armatur keinen
keinennennenswerten
nennenswertenEinfluss
Einfluss
hat.
hat.
08.2015 Ebenso
Ebensokann
kanndie
diekinetische
kinetischeEnergie
Energievernachlässigt
vernachlässigtwerden,
werden,
dada
die
die
Geschwindigkeit,
Geschwindigkeit,
2
oder
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 umgestellt
7.3.1.3 Durchflussgeschwindigkeit
− 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 ∗ ∑ ξ [N/m²]
E-Book – Ductile iron pipe systems 2 = ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 2 Chapter 7: Valves
(7.3.6)7.3/4
Mit der Durchflussgeschwindigkeit 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 wird die Geschwindigkeit beschrieben, mit der ein
bezogenauf
bezogen aufdie dieNennweite
Nennweiteder derLeitung,
Leitung,vor 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝Medium
vorund
und −nach
17.3.1.3
nach𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 dem =
dem ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝Ventil
= gleich
Ventil
Durchflussgeschwindigkeit
durch
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 ∗ist
∗gleich
ein Rohrleitungssystem
∑und
ist [N/m²]befördert wird. Die Nennweiten von
ξund (7.3.6)
2
bleibt.
bleibt. Rohrleitungen sind i. d. R. unter energiesparenden Gesichtspunkten ausgelegt,
Somitergibt
Somit ergibt sich:
sich: Mitequation
der
Thus we arrive at: 7.3.1.3
The
sodass inDurchflussgeschwindigkeit
Durchflussgeschwindigkeit
of continuity states that
Rohrleitungssystemen wird
the die7.3.1.4 K
unterschiedliche Geschwindigkeit
-valuebeschrieben,
Nennweiten
v vorhanden sein mit der ein
same Medium
können. volume durch
Mit ein
of flow
Hilfe der Rohrleitungssystem
is present at everybefördert
Kontinuitätsgleichung kann wird.
nach Die
der Nennweiten
optimalen von
Nennweite für
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝11 == 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝22++ 2∗∗𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 ∗∗∑∑ξξ [N/m²] [N/m²][N/m²] Mit point
die Rohrleitungen
der the pipeline,
Regelarmatur sind
inDurchflussgeschwindigkeit i. d. R.werden.
regardless
gesucht unter
(7.3.5) energiesparenden
wird
of its
(7.3.5) local die Geschwindigkeit Gesichtspunkten
For the selection beschrieben,ausgelegt,
mit der einof
and dimensioning
2 sodass in Rohrleitungssystemen unterschiedliche
(7.3.5) Medium
diameter.
Die durch
Kontinuitätsgleichung ein Rohrleitungssystem besagt, dass befördert wird.Nennweiten
control
in einer Die Nennweiten
valves,
Rohrleitung vorhanden
von die
a characteristic
an jeder Stelle sein
value is
können.
Rohrleitungen
gleiche Mit sind
Hilfe i.der
Durchflussmenge d. R. Kontinuitätsgleichung
unter
gegeben energiesparenden
ist, unabhängig kann Gesichtspunkten
usually nach
von
used der
ihremoptimalen
– the Nennweite
ausgelegt,
lokalen
Kv-valueDurchmesser. für
or flow coef-
oderumgestellt
oder umgestellt sodass die Regelarmatur
infolgt:
Rohrleitungssystemen gesucht werden. unterschiedliche Nennweiten vorhanden sein
or transposed ItDaraus
follows that: ficient.
können.Die Kontinuitätsgleichung
Mit Hilfe der Kontinuitätsgleichung besagt, dass inkann einernach
Rohrleitung an jeder
der optimalen Stelle diefür
Nennweite
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 22 ∗∑
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝11− 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝22 = ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 2∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ ξ [N/m²] ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∑ ξ [N/m²]
[N/m²] die gleiche
Regelarmatur Durchflussmengegesucht
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(7.3.6) gegeben
werden.
(7.3.6) ist,
2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
unabhängig
The[m³/s] von ihrem lokalen
Kv-value is a parameter Durchmesser.
(7.3.7)
for the
2
(7.3.6) Die Daraus folgt:
Kontinuitätsgleichung besagt, dass in einer
achievable throughput of a die
Rohrleitung an jeder Stelle medium –
Durchflussgeschwindigkeit gleiche Durchflussmenge 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 gegeben(7.3.7)ist, unabhängig vongas
ihrem lokalena Durchmesser.
7.3.1.3 mit 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 folgt:
= 2
= 4𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴1∗ ∗𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1 = [m²]𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴[m³/s] liquid or – through component.
(7.3.8) The
Daraus 2 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. K -value
[m³/s]is expressed either as (7.3.7)
[m3/h] or
v
Mitder
Mit derDurchflussgeschwindigkeit
Flow velocity wirddie
wird dieGeschwindigkeit
Geschwindigkeitbeschrieben, beschrieben,mit mitderdereinein as [L/min]. Where water is the medium,
Mediumdurch
Medium durchein einRohrleitungssystem
Rohrleitungssystembefördert 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
befördert
with ∗mit
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐wird.
wird. =𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 Die
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴=
Die 1 ∗Nennweiten
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
1𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷22 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Nennweiten
∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐[m²] ∗von
12 [m²]
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
von (7.3.8) the [m³/s]
Kv-value indicates the volume (7.3.7)
(7.3.8)
of flow
Rohrleitungen sind i. d. R. unter energiesparenden folgt Gesichtspunkten
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2 =4 �𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 ∗ ausgelegt, [m] (7.3.9)
Rohrleitungen sind
Flow velocity describes the speed at which i. d. R. unter energiesparenden Gesichtspunkten 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 ausgelegt, with a pressure difference of 1 bar over
sodass 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
sodass
a medium ininRohrleitungssystemen
Rohrleitungssystemen
is transported through unterschiedliche
unterschiedliche
a pip- mit 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 Nennweiten
= ∗ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2 vorhanden
Nennweiten vorhanden
[m²] sein
sein the length of the component. (7.3.8)
It is appli-
können. Mit Hilfe der Kontinuitätsgleichung kann nach 4 optimalen
der 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1Nennweite für
können.
ing system. Mit As Hilfe
a ruleder Kontinuitätsgleichung
the nominal sizes of kann nach
folgt
itLegende:
then der
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2 =
follows optimalen
� 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1 ∗ Nennweite
2
[m] für cable for a water temperature of (7.3.9)
between
dieRegelarmatur
die Regelarmatur
pipelines are designed
gesucht
gesucht werden.
withwerden.
energy-saving
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
5 °C and 30 °C. When a control valve is
DieKontinuitätsgleichung
Die Kontinuitätsgleichungbesagt, besagt,dass dassinineiner einerRohrleitung
Rohrleitungan anjeder jeder
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Stelledie die
aspects in mind, meaning that different
gleicheDurchflussmenge
Durchflussmengegegeben gegebenist, ist,unabhängig
folgt- 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
unabhängig von ihrem�𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷12lokalen
A2==Querschnittsfläche ∗ 1 Stelle [m] der Rohrnennweite
[m]
Durchmesser.
(7.3.9) fully open [m²] it is referred to as the (7.3.9)
Kvs-value.
gleiche
nominal sizes may be present in the same Legende: von ihrem
- c = Fließgeschwindigkeit [m/s] lokalen 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 Durchmesser.
Daraus
Daraus folgt:
folgt:
pipeline system. Using the equation of - D = Innendurchmesser der NennweiteThe [m]Kv-value is calculated as follows:
continuity, the optimum nominal size for Key: - A = Querschnittsfläche der Rohrnennweite [m²]
Legende:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴∗∗𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐== 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴11∗∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐11 == 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴22∗∗𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22 ==𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴the 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. [m³/s]
[m³/s] - K c v-Wert= Fließgeschwindigkeit (7.3.7)[m/s]
(7.3.7) 1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
control valve can be determined. A 7.3.1.4
= cross-sectional area of the 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉̇ ∗ � [m³/h]
[m³/h] (7.3.10)
- - A =DQuerschnittsfläche
= Innendurchmesser der der Nennweite𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 [m]
Rohrnennweite [m²] ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 nominal pipe size [m²]
mit 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴== 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 ∗∗𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷22 [m²]
mit [m²] cZur =- flow c =
Auswahl Fließgeschwindigkeit
velocity und [m/s] Dimensionierung [m/s]
(7.3.8)
(7.3.8) von Regelarmaturen wird üblicherweise ein
44 7.3.1.4
- D =KInnendurchmesser
Kennwert v-Wert
eingesetzt, der K der Nennweite
v-Wert oder [m]
Legende:
Durchflusskoeffizient.
D = internal diameter of the Key:
DernominalKv-Wert ist size ein [m] Maß für den erzielbaren Durchsatz K eines Mediums
flow coefficient [m³/h]– Flüssigkeit
2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐11 7.3.1.4
oderZur Gas Auswahl
Kv-Wert – durch undein Dimensionierung
Bauteil. von RegelarmaturenK v wird üblicherweise
Durchflusskoeffizient
1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 [m³/h]ein
folgt 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷22 ==��𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷11 ∗∗
folgt 2 [m]
[m] Kennwert eingesetzt, der K
(7.3.9) 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉̇ ∗ �volume[m³/h]
(7.3.9)
-Wert oder
v
Durchflusskoeffizient. flow =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐22 Der Kv-Wert wird in der Einheit [m³/h] oder auch v 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ̇
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 [L/min] ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 angegeben.
Volumenstrom Für das Medium [m³/h]
= Durchflussmenge
Zur Der
AuswahlKv-Wert istK ein Maßdie fürDurchflussmenge
den erzielbaren throughput
Durchsatz eines volume
Mediums [m³/h]
– Flüssigkeit
Wasser gibt und der Dimensionierung
v-Wert von Regelarmaturen Δp bei einer
tatsächlich wird üblicherweise
Druckdifferenz vorliegendevon ein
1 bar
Druckdifferenz [bar]
oder
Kennwert Gas –
eingesetzt, durch ein Bauteil.
der Kv-Wert oder Δp
Durchflusskoeffizient. actual pressure difference
Legende: über die Länge des Bauteils an. Er giltLegende:
für eine Wassertemperatur zwischen 5 °C und
Legende: 7.3.1.5
Der30Der KBei
Kv-Wert
°C. v-Wert ist wird
ein Maß
Vollöffnung in der fürEinheit
eines den [m³/h] oderDurchsatz
erzielbaren
Regelventiles auch
wird erpresent
[L/min]
Kvs eines
Kavitation
-Wert [bar]
angegeben.
Mediums –Für
genannt. das Medium
Flüssigkeit
oder
Der WasserGas
K -Wert – gibtdurch der
wird K
ein
wie -Wert
v Bauteil.
folgt die Durchflussmenge
berechnet: bei einer Druckdifferenz von 1 bar
-- AA==Querschnittsfläche
08.2015 Querschnittsflächeder derRohrnennweite
Rohrnennweite[m²]
Der über
[m²]
v
Kv-Wert die Länge wird indes derBauteils Einheit an. Er oder
[m³/h] giltKvfür eine
auch
Durchflusskoeffizient
Wassertemperatur [m³/h]
zwischen 5 °C am
undEnde de
-- cc ==Fließgeschwindigkeit
Fließgeschwindigkeit[m/s] [m/s] Die[L/min]Ableitung angegeben. Für
der Bernoulli-Gleichung das Medium
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉̇ Volumenstrom = Durchflussmenge [m³/h]
7.3.1.5 Cavitation energy conversion occurs from pressure cess is not without loss, so that even
energy to kinetic energy and lost energy higher pressure losses are experienced
The deductions using the Bernoulli (Fig. 7.3.2). in addition.
equation at the end of Chapter 7.3.1.2
show that control actions change the After the water has passed through the Depending on the conditions of operat-
physical parameters of pressure and throttling point it undergoes another ing parameters this may mean that the
speed of flow. Control valves only work energy conversion. Because the flow pressure of the water in the throttling
at their best with higher speeds. This cross-section is now larger again, the point is lower than the vapour pressure
means that very high flow velocities speed of flow reduces. This means of the water. This then leads to the for-
can occur at throttling points. At the that kinetic energy is converted back mation of vapour bubbles in the flow of
throttling points only, considerable to pressure energy. However, this pro- water.
Fig. 7.3.2: Fig. 7.3.3:

Hydraulic energies in the area of the throttle gap Phase diagram of water
08.2015
The probability of this gets higher as forming a micro water jet, which shoots
the pressure after the throttling point through the vapour bubble. This process
approaches the level of atmospheric is summarised by the term “cavitation”
pressure. Depending on the pressure (Fig. 7.3.5).
and temperature of the water, it changes
its physical state. With an air pressure of Pressures of up to 10,000 bar have been Fig. 7.3.4:
1 bar and a temperature of 100 °C vapour able to be determined in micro water jets, Vapour bubble formation in a throttling
bubbles begin to form: the water boils regardless of the pressure in the pipe point
(Fig. 7.3.3). cross-section. These are the kind of ener-
gies which are used for waterjet cutting, of
The water in drinking water pipelines steel for example. A similar effect is also
usually has a temperature of between produced by cavitation in valves used for
5 °C and 20 °C in our latitudes. The asso- control purposes.
ciated vapour pressure is then at around
0.015 bar absolute, or about 0.9 bar below In order to keep the consequences of
atmospheric pressure. cavitation as slight as possible, there
are the following possibilities: Fig. 7.3.5:
Once the pressure in the throttling point n Directing the imploding vapour bub- Schematic diagram of cavitation
reaches vapour pressure or below, the bles to the centre of the component
formation of vapour bubbles begins. The so that they do not actually come into
intensity of the vapour bubble formation contact with it (Fig. 7.3.6).
depends on the degree to which the pres- n Use of a material with a higher resist-
sure is below vapour pressure (Fig. 7.3.4). ance to cavitation.
n Selection of an appropriate valve to
After the throttling point a further energy avoid cavitation. Fig. 7.3.6:
conversion takes place. The increased Directing vapour bubbles to the centre of
pressure in the medium which this causes In order to evaluate cavitation in pipe- the pipe
then has an effect on the vapour bubbles. line systems with control valves, the
The vapour bubbles are “dented” under sigma cavitation index is applied.
the increased pressure and they implode,
08.2015
7.3.2 Valve design
7.3.2.1 Design of isolation valves
The design of isolation valves is essen-

tially limited to determining nominal
sizes and pressure ratings. As long as the
flow velocity is within the range of the
specifications in EN 1074-1 [7.3-04] and
EN 1074-2 [7.3-05], the isolation valve is
determined in much the same way as the
pipeline itself.
7.3.2.2 Design of control valves
For control valves the hydraulic proper-

ties required of the control function need
to be taken into account. This may mean
that the different design stages have to
be repeated a number of times. Fig. 7.3.2:
Cavitation assessment for an operating point
As regards nominal pressure, the design
of control valves is based on that of the
pipeline. The nominal size of the control valve is Example:
determined for the maximum volume of n Nominal size of pipeline DN 150,
water required. When doing this, the maxi- n maximum flow rate 96 m³/h (usual
mum allowable flow velocity according rate for extinguishing water in the
to the manufacturer’s specification must municipal sector),
also be taken into account. n maximum flow velocity according to
manufacturer’s specification, e.g. 4 m/s.
08.2015
This results in a minimum diameter of 7.3.3 References Chapter 7.3 [7.3-04] EN 1074-1
81.6 mm for the control valve. Allowing a Valves for water supply –
tolerance for the flow velocity to be less [7.3-01] EN 736-1 Fitness for purpose requirements
than specified, this suggests a nominal Valves – Terminology – and appropriate verification tests –
size of DN 80 for the control valve. Part 1: Definition of types Part 1: General requirements
of valves [Armaturen für die Wasserver-
7.3.2.3 Checking for the absence [Armaturen – Terminologie – sorgung –
of cavitation Teil 1: Definition der Grund- Anforderungen an die Gebrauchs-
bauarten] tauglichkeit und deren Prüfung –
Once the nominal size and pres- 1995 Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen]
sure rating have been established, a 2000
specific valve is selected. Each valve has [7.3-02] EN 736-2
a specific characteristic for the Valves – Terminology – [7.3-05] EN 1074-2
sigma cavitation index. A valve is Part 2: Definition of components Valves for water supply –
said to be cavitation-free if its of valves Fitness for purpose requirements
cavitation lines ( and ) are [Armaturen – Terminologie – and appropriate verification tests –
below the “valve in operating situation” Teil 2: Definition der Armaturen- Part 2: Isolating valves
line ( )(Fig. 7.3.7). teile] [Armaturen für die Wasserver-
1997 sorgung –
Anforderungen an die Gebrauchs-
[7.3-03] EN 736-3 tauglichkeit und deren Prüfung –
Valves – Terminology – Teil 2: Absperrarmaturen]
Part 3: Definition of terms 2000 + A1:2004
[Armaturen – Terminologie –
Teil 3: Definition von Begriffen]
2008
08.2015
7.4 Isolation valves
7.4.1 Gate valves

7.4.2 Butterfly valves
7.4.3 Ball valves
05.2014
7.4 Isolation valves whole of the pipe cross-section is open.

This means that there are only very slight
7.4.1 Gate valves pressure losses. In addition, this makes
pigging possible. Also in wastewater
7.4.1.1 Field of application applications, the open cross-section is a
great advantage because it prevents clog-
The gate valve is the most frequently ging with floating particles and solids. The
installed valve in the water supply indus- classic construction connects the bonnet
try and can therefore be described as a to the valve body with bolts. More recent
standard valve. These days it is practically constructions have non-bolted connec-
only resilient seated gate valves (rubber tions. To date, the necessarily complex
coated valve wedges) which are used in geometry of a wedge gate valve can
drinking water applications and they are only be produced cost-effectively by the
subject to national approval regulations. casting process. In case of overhaul, its
Resilient seated and metal seated gate design allows moving parts to be replaced
valves are used in the wastewater sector. without removing the entire valve.
The flow through a gate valve can be in
both directions. Resilient seated wedge gate valves are
characterised by the fact that there is
7.4.1.2 Resilient seated wedge a vulcanised rubber coating on the Fig. 7.4.1-01:
gate valves wedge of the valve which comes into Design of a wedge gate valve:
contact with the corresponding sealing Body, bonnet, stem drive and wedge
A resilient seated wedge gate valve essen- surfaces in the valve body, thereby sealing
tially consists of the valve body, the valve the valve (Figs. 7.4.1-02, 7.4.1-03,
wedge and the bonnet with integrated 7.4.1-04, 7.4.1-05, 7.4.1-06, 7.4.1-07 present. This means that resilient seated
stem seal (Fig. 7.4.1-01). The valve wedge and 7.4.1-08). The elastic rubber coat- gate valves are also suitable for communal
is moved by the stem drive in the passage. ing of the wedge compensates for any sewage systems where there is a certain
In the open position these gate valves slight irregularities in the cast body and degree of solids content.
have a clear passage, in other words the forms an optimum seal even when dirt is
05.2014
Fig. 7.4.1-02: Fig. 7.4.1-04: Fig. 7.4.1-06:

Sectional image of a resilient seated flanged Resilient seated flanged gate valve with Resilient seated Novo SIT® push-in gate
gate valve with a non-bolted connection threadless stem mounting valve
between bonnet and body
Fig. 7.4.1-03: Fig. 7.4.1-05: Fig. 7.4.1-07:

Sectional image of a resilient seated Resilient seated TYTON® push-in gate valve Resilient seated TYTON® push-in gate valve
flanged gate valve with a bolted connec- DN 150 with spigot end and socket end, BAIO®
tion between bonnet and body system
05.2014
Smooth and homogeneous coatings, such The gate valves meet the requirements
as the epoxy resin powder coating accord- of both EN 1074-2 [7.4-04] and EN 1171
ing to GSK guidelines for heavy-duty [7.4-05]. Also to be considered are DVGW
corrosion protection RAL GZ 662 [7.4-01] Worksheets GW 336-1 “Stem extensions
or enamelling to DIN 51178 [7.4-02] and for underground installation – Part 1:
DEV guideline [7.4-03], prevent incrus- Standardisation of interfaces between
tations from forming in the valve body. buried valves and spindle extensions”
Because of the free and smooth pas- [7.4-06] and W 363 “Isolating valves, check
sage, the resilient seated gate valve has valves, air valves and control valves made
broadly replaced the metal seated valve from metal for drinking water distribu-
Fig. 7.4.1-08: as the standard gate valve. It is available tion systems – Requirements and testing”
Resilient seated wedge gate valve with in nominal pressure stages PN 10, PN 16 [7.4-07].
spigot end and socket end and PN 25.
Other standards to be considered are:
Resilient seated gate valves are not EN 558 [7.4-08], EN 736-1 [7.4-09],
suitable as flow control and regulation EN 1503-3 [7.4-10], EN 12516-2 [7.4-11]
devices – they are simple ON/OFF valves. and EN 12516-4 [7.4-12].
The reason for this lies in the geometry
of the wedge guiding. When the wedge
moves into the cross-sectional area of 7.4.1.3 Metal seated wedge
flow, high forces occur in the intermediate gate valves
positions which put stress on one side of
the opening; if it stays in this intermediary The metal seated wedge gate valve
position for long, this can cause damage. (Fig. 7.4.1-09) is characterised by a
Where the flow is restricted to a high metal shut-off device which moves into a
degree there is also the risk of cavitation so-called valve bag in the lower part of
Fig. 7.4.1-09: damage to the valve body. In addition, the the body when the valve closes.
Metal seated wedge gate valve resilient seated wedge gate valve also has
poor control characteristics.
05.2014
Table 7.4.1-01:
Field of application of resilient seated knife gate valves
Field of application Type of application (examples)

Hand-
Wastewater Digested sludge, wastewater, raw sludge, air wheel
Chemical industry Chemically contaminated wastewater

Biogas plant Sludge, waste water
Stem
mounting
The drawback with this type of construc- 7.4.1.4 Resilient seated Stem
tion lies with the sealing principle, in terms knife gate valves
of the valve bag and the high breakaway
Stem nut
torque when the valve opens. In the open Resilient seated knife gate valves are
position, flow resistances occur with a used above all in wastewater and in-
deadwater area, favouring the formation dustrial applications for the widest
Transverse
of deposits and incrustations. This can range of media. As pressures in these
seal
result in high actuating torques on open- areas of use are normally lower than
ing and closing. Metal seated gate valves with drinking water applications, it is
are normally used in the area of water and usually the simpler and cheaper
Valve plate
wastewater, in industrial applications and design of knife gate valve which is
in district heating systems up to a nominal selected. Fig. 7.4.1-10 shows the
pressure of PN 40. construction of a resilient seated knife U-frame
gate valve. They are produced in nomi-
nal sizes DN 50 to DN 1400 for operating
pressures of up to 16 bar. Table 7.4.1-01
gives some examples of the fields of use Fig. 7.4.1-10:
of resilient seated knife gate valves. Construction of a knife gate valve
05.2014
Fig. 7.4.1-11: Fig. 7.4.1-12: Fig. 7.4.1-13: Fig. 7.4.1-14:

Resilient seated knife gate Resilient seated knife gate valve Resilient seated knife gate Resilient seated knife gate valve
valve PN 10 with hand-wheel PN 10 with pneumatic drive valve with electric drive for installation underground
Resilient seated knife gate valves Resilient seated knife gate valves are used A major advantage of the gate valve
(Figs. 7.4.1-11, 7.4.1-12 and 7.4.1-13) above all in wastewater applications, but construction is the completely free pas-
essentially consist of a cast valve body, they are also used for controlling other sage when the valve is open and the valve
a stainless steel valve plate and a stem liquid media. They are not suitable for plate which is impervious to dirt. Because
drive, often with integral position display. use with drinking water. Resilient seated of the free passage through the valve
Depending on the application, various knife gate valves are primarily installed body, no solids can get stuck in the valve.
sealing materials and operating methods in shafts and structures, but constructions
are possible. are also available for installation under-
ground (Fig. 7.4.1-14).
05.2014
Knife gate valves with a fully devel- 7.4.2 Butterfly valves The designs most commonly used today
oped flange (through bolt holes and are resilient seated centric or double-
blind threaded holes) can be used both 7.4.2.1 General eccentric butterfly valves.
for installation between flanges and
for end-of-line applications without a After the gate valve, the second most Butterfly valves essentially consist of a
counter-flange. The short K1 face-to-face frequently installed type of valve for valve body, which is installed in the pipe-
length meets standard EN 558 [7.4-08]. water supply applications is the line with flanged joints, and a shut-off
butterfly valve (Figs. 7.4.2-01, 7.4.2- element, referred to as the butterfly disc.
Modular systems make other configu- 02, 7.4.2-03, 7.4.2-04, 7.4.2-05, 7.4.2- The butterfly disc is usually adjusted by
rations possible, such as: 06 and 7.4.2-07). They have a shut-off means of a gear mechanism and, in the
n electrical display of limit positions, element located in the cross-section of open position, lies parallel to the direc-
n scraper for cleaning the valve plate, the line which is referred to as the tion of flow (Fig. 7.4.2-03). The standard
n triangular or pentagonal orifices for butterfly disc. Just like gate valves, range of nominal sizes goes from DN 50 to
regulation purposes, butterfly valves are purely shut-off DN 4000 and the normal pressure stages
n numerous actuator and actuator devices (ON/OFF function). range from PN 6 to PN 40.
extension possibilities.
Depending on the medium carried,

suitable materials are available for the
valve plate and the seals.
Fig. 7.4.2-01:
Examples of butterfly valves with hand-wheel – butterfly valve coated with epoxy resin
powder (left) and fully enamelled butterfly valve (right)
05.2014
Fig. 7.4.2-02: Fig. 7.4.2-04: Fig. 7.4.2-06:

Centric butterfly valve with worm-gear and Double-eccentric butterfly valve with slider Double-eccentric butterfly valve with
hand-wheel crank mechanism and hand-wheel spindle gear and electric drive for large
nominal sizes, e.g. DN 1800
Fig. 7.4.2-03: Fig. 7.4.2-05: Fig. 7.4.2-07:

DN 250 double-eccentric butterfly valve Double-eccentric butterfly valve with loose Double-eccentric butterfly valve with
with slider crank mechanism flange hydraulic drive for very large nominal sizes,
high pressure stages and as a safety valve
05.2014
Advantages of butterfly valves as Disadvantages of butterfly valves as n operating pressure,

compared with gate valves: compared with gate valves: n operating medium,
n installation situation,
n Less space required – butterfly valves n Greater flow resistance – while gate n pigging possibilities.
can be made to be very compact even valves present practically no flow
for large diameters. No deadwater resistance in the fully open position For reasons of price, the gate valve is
space as the shut-off device is inte- (pressure loss coefficient ξ = 0.1 – 0.2), generally used up to DN 300.
grated directly in the cross-section of n butterfly valves have relatively high
the pipeline and does not need any flow resistance values in the open 7.4.2.2 Types of butterfly valves
installation space. position, depending on the design and
n Lighter weight – because of their com- dimensions (pressure loss coefficient With butterfly valves, a distinction is
pact construction, butterfly valves are ξ = 0.2 – 0.9). made between the following types of
lighter in large diameters. n Expensive construction – as compared construction:
n Low actuating moment – because of with gate valves, the construction is
the friction in the wedge-guide, par- somewhat more expensive and only n Centric mounting of the butterfly
ticularly with high nominal sizes, gate becomes worthwhile with larger nomi- disc (Fig. 7.4.2-08) – the shaft of the
valves have high actuating moments. nal sizes. butterfly disc is arranged both in the
By contrast, double eccentric butter- n Pigging is not possible in pipelines centre of the valve body and in the
fly valves are also easier to actuate with butterfly valves. centre of the disc. Because of its short
because of the gearing mechanisms overall length (EN 558, overall length
used. Selection criteria: K1 [7.4-08]), this construction with
n When installed underground, because tight-closing, resilient seated elasto-
of the low overall height (the same When deciding between gate valves and mer body seating is very suitable for
as the pipeline) and especially with butterfly valves, the following examples fittings between two pipeline flanges
higher nominal sizes, no conduits are represent factors which are of particular or for flange-mounting as an end-
necessary for frost protection. importance: of-line device. Actuation is often by
means of a ratch lever (to DN 300),
n actuation torque, electric drive or pneumatic drive.
n weight of the valve, The arrangement of the elastomer
n flow rates, sealing seat in the body opens up the
05.2014
possibility of producing the butter- 7.4.2.3 Types of body construction In pipelines as from DN 500, butter-
fly disc in the widest range of ma- fly valves of length R15 with integral
terials. This offers the advantage that In the construction of water supply bypasses are also used. For pipelines
the valve can be used for the widest pipelines, it is mainly butterfly valves in waterworks, and above all with
range of mediums. with flanges and face-to-face lengths in smaller nominal sizes, short sandwich-
n Simple eccentric mounting of the accordance with EN 558 [7.4-08] series type butterfly valves in length R20 are
butterfly disc – the shaft is arranged R14 which are installed (Fig. 7.4.2-11). also used (Fig. 7.4.2-13).
on the pipe axis of the valve body Alternatively, butterfly valves with
outside the seating surface of the but- push-in joints can also be supplied
terfly disc (Fig. 7.4.2-09). With this, (Fig. 7.4.2-12).
as well as the centric mounting of
the shaft, the butterfly disc performs
a purely rotary movement.
n Double eccentric mounting of the
butterfly disc – the shaft is arranged
both outside the pipe axis of the valve
body and outside the seating surface
of the butterfly disc (Fig. 7.4.2-10).
This means that the butterfly disc per-
forms a relative movement resulting
from a linear and rotary movement
of the butterfly disc. In this move-
ment, when it leaves the seating sur-
face, the seal applied to the butterfly
disc is completely separated from the
seating surface in the valve body after
a short rotation movement, thereby
making opening and closing easier. Fig. 7.4.2-08: Fig. 7.4.2-09: Fig. 7.4.2-10:
The double eccentric butterfly valve Centric design Simple eccentric design Double eccentric design
can react to pressure from both sides.
05.2014
Fig. 7.4.2-11: Fig. 7.4.2-13: Fig. 7.4.2-15:

Butterfly flange valve with gearing and Flange-mount butterfly valve with gearing Lug-type butterfly valve with lever
hand-wheel and hand-wheel
Fig. 7.4.2-12: Fig. 7.4.2-14: Fig. 7.4.2-16:

Butterfly valve with push-in joints Centric wafer-type butterfly valve with lever U-type design with gearing and
hand-wheel
05.2014
Fig. 7.4.2-17: Fig. 7.4.2-18: Fig. 7.4.2-19:

Sealing ring seated directly on the cast iron Sealing ring seated on the seat ring Sealing ring seated on a seating area
body produced by overlay welding
With flange-mount butterfly valves, a 7.4.2.4 Sealing principles n As a rule, eccentrically mounted
distinction is made between the follow- butterfly discs are designed with re-
ing designs: Depending on the type of construction, silient seating. The main seal, in the
different sealing principles and body form of a profile-ring seal, is clamp-
n Wafer-type: designed for clamping designs are used: ed and fixed to the butterfly disc. The
(Fig. 7.4.2-14), body belonging to this type comes in
 Lug-type: designed with threaded n With centrically mounted butterfly two different designs of seating sur-
blind holes (Fig. 7.4.2-15), discs, the valve body is designed with face. In one version the profile sealing
 U-type: designed for U-form clamping a rubber sleeve. This sealing principle ring seals onto a corrosion-protected
(Fig. 7.4.2-16). also allows the use of a body in the seating surface prefabricated directly
form of a flange-mount butterfly valve. into the body (Fig. 7.4.2-17).
05.2014
In the other version the body has a 7.4.3 Ball valves n Firstly there are ball valves con-
stainless steel ring in the seating structed with the ball plug mount-
area of the body (Fig. 7.4.2-18) or Ball valves have robust forms of shell. ed and run directly in the valve
a seating area produced by overlay Ball valves are generally used as shut- body. The drive shaft is not used
welding (Fig. 7.4.2-19). This sealing off elements. They mainly consist of balls for mounting but only for actuation.
principle requires on the one hand a which present a through-hole in the open With this type of construction the seals
mounting of the butterfly disc which position. Figs. 7.4.3-01 and 7.4.3-02 are required for making the valve tight
is at least eccentric and on the other schematic diagrams of the functions of are housed in the body. The ball plug
hand a body in different face-to-face a ball valve. constantly presses the seal into the
lengths. body (Fig. 7.4.3-03).
Resilient seated ball valves are mostly n With the other construction principle,
Practical tip: used in the water industry. There are basi- the ball plug is double-eccentrically
With butterfly valves for flanged connec- cally two different construction principles mounted in the body with the use of
tions it must be borne in mind that, in the available: shafts on both sides. In a similar way
open position, the butterfly disc projects to butterfly valves, the ball plug pivots
beyond the end of the body. Particularly in its seat.
with flange-mount butterfly valves, it is
important to check that there is no danger
of collision with adjacent components.
Fig. 7.4.3-01: Bild 7.4.3-02:

Ball valve position: Ball valve position:
fully “open” fully “closed”
05.2014
With this system, the sealing element

is applied to the ball plug. It is only in
contact with the body and/or the body
seating for about the last 10° of the
rotary movement. In all other posi-
tions of the ball plug there is a gap
between body and ball plug.
In practice the construction with

double eccentrically mounted ball plug
(Fig. 7.4.3-04) has proved to be very
well suited in the field of water supply Fig. 7.4.3-03: Fig. 7.4.3-05:
but also in pressure pipelines for con- Cross-section of a ball valve – DN 1000 ball valve for a wastewater pressure
veying wastewater (Fig. 7.4.3-05) and is valve shell with ball plug pipeline
low-maintenance.
To date, ball valves have found their use 7.4.3.1 Double eccentric ball valve
above all in pipelines carrying water at
higher pressure stages of up to 100 bar The basic construction of ball valves used
and higher flow rates of up to 15 m/s. in the water supply industry is based on
The undisrupted flow at the outlet of the positive experiences with double
the ball valve also means that they are eccentric butterfly valves. With just a 3°
predestined for installation in the intake pivoting movement, the ball plug moves
before turbines and pumps. In the double free of the seating on opening. This means
eccentric construction, the ball valve can that the working life of the profile seal is
be used for control functions because of considerably increased.
the behaviour of the pressure loss coef-
ficient ξ. Fig. 7.4.3-04:
Ball valve with slider crank mechanism and
hand-wheel
05.2014
Advantages and construction features of

a double eccentric ball valve:
n In the open position (Figs. 7.4.3-06

and 7.4.3-07) the profile ring is
outside the area of flow. The sealing
part, which is not sensitive to deposits,
retains its sealing properties in both
directions of flow.
n There is a clearance between the out-
side diameter of the ball plug and the
valve body which produces a very Fig. 7.4.3-06: Fig. 7.4.3-08:
smooth flow behaviour in the inter- Ball valve fully open Ball valve half open
mediary position (Fig. 7.4.3-08). This
means that oscillations and vibrations
at high flow speeds and high pres-
sures are avoided.
n The ball plug, with equalised pres-
sure and the current flowing round it
(Fig. 7.4.3-08), can thus be used for
a flow speed of up to 15 m/s without
problem.
Fig. 7.4.3-07: Fig. 7.4.3-09:

Cross-section of a ball valve – Ball valve closed
fully open position
05.2014
With these construction features, al- 7.4.4 References Chapter 7.4 [7.4-03] DEV-Richtlinie
though the ball valve is not suitable Qualitätsanforderungen und
for flow control and regulation op- [7.4-01]
RAL – GZ 662 Prüfvorschriften für emaillierte
erations, it is the ideal isolating valve Güte- und Prüfbestimmungen – Gussarmaturen und Druckrohr-
for higher pressure stages and flow rates Schwerer Korrosionsschutz von formstücke für die Roh- und
(Fig. 7.4.3-09). Armaturen und Formstücken Trinkwasserversorgung
durch Pulverbeschichtung – [Quality requirements and test
The entirely free and undisturbed pas- Gütesicherung regulations for enamelled cast
sage through the valve (Fig. 7.4.3-04) [Quality and test provisions – iron valves and pressure pipe
means that only very slight pressure loss- Heavy duty corrosion protection fittings for untreated and potable
es occur. For this reason this valve is not of valves and fittings by powder water supply]
only used for the flushing and draining coating – 2006-09-27
of main lines but it is also very often in- Quality assurance]
stalled before turbines or as a start-up 2008 [7.4-04] EN 1074-2
valve after pumps (Fig. 7.4.3-05). Valves for water supply –
[7.4-02] DIN 51178 Fitness for purpose requirements
Ball valves are either mechanically, elec- Emails und Emaillierungen – and appropriate verification tests –
trically, pneumatically or hydraulically Innen- und außenemaillierte Part 2: Isolating valves
actuated. Armaturen und Druckrohr- [Armaturen für die Wasser-
formstücke für die Roh- und versorgung –
Trinkwasserversorgung – Anforderungen an die Gebrauchs-
Qualitätsanforderungen und tauglichkeit und deren Prüfung –
Prüfung Teil 2: Absperrarmaturen]
[Vitreous and porcelain enamels – 2000 + A1:2004
Inside and outside enamelled
valves and pressure pipe fittings
for untreated and potable water
supply –
Quality requirements and testing]
2009-10
05.2014
[7.4-05] EN 1171 [7.4-07] DVGW Prüfgrundlage W 363 [7.4-09] EN 736-1

Industrial valves – Absperrarmaturen, Rückfluss- Valves – Terminology –
Cast iron gate valves verhinderer, Be-/Entlüftungs- Part 1: Definition of types of valves
[Industriearmaturen – ventile und Regelarmaturen aus [Armaturen – Terminologie –
Schieber aus Gusseisen] metallenen Werkstoffen für Trink- Teil 1: Definition der Grund-
2002 wasserversorgungsanlagen – bauarten]
Anforderungen und Prüfungen 1995
[7.4-06] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt GW 336-1 [DVGW test specification W 363
Erdeinbaugarnituren – Isolation valves, check valves, air [7.4-10] EN 1503-3
Teil 1: Standardisierung der valves and control valves made Valves – Materials for bodies,
Schnittstellen zwischen erd- from metal for drinking water bonnets and covers –
verlegten Armaturen und distribution systems – Part 3: Cast irons specified in
Einbaugarnituren requirements and testing] European standards
[DVGW worksheet GW 336-1 2010-06 [Armaturen – Werkstoffe für
Stem extensions for underground Gehäuse, Oberteile und Deckel –
installation – [7.4-08] EN 558 Teil 3: Gusseisen, das in Euro-
Part 1: Standardisation of inter- Industrial valves – päischen Normen festgelegt ist]
faces between buried valves and Face-to-face and centre-to-face 2000 + AC:2001
spindle extensions] dimensions of metal valves for use
2010-09 PN and Class designated valves [7.4-11] EN 12516-2
[Industriearmaturen – Industrial valves –
Baulängen von Armaturen aus Shell design strength –
Metall zum Einbau in Rohr- Part 2: Calculation method for
leitungen mit Flanschen – steel valve shells
Nach PN und Class bezeichnete [Industriearmaturen –
Armaturen] Gehäusefestigkeit –
2008 + A1:2011 Teil 2: Berechnungs-
verfahren für drucktragende
Gehäuse von Armaturen aus Stahl]
2004
05.2014
[7.4-12] EN 12516-4
Industrial valves –
Shell design strength –
Part 4: Calculation method for
valve shells manufactured in
metallic materials other than
steel
[Industriearmaturen –
Gehäusefestigkeit –
Teil 4: Berechnungsverfahren
für drucktragende Gehäuse
von Armaturen aus anderen
metallischen Werkstoffen
als Stahl]
2008
05.2014
7.5 Tapping valves
7.5.1 Sealing for supply lines

7.5.2 Tapping valves without operational shut-off
7.5.3 Tapping valves with operational shut-off
7.5.4 Tapping process for tapping valves
05.2014
7.5 Tapping valves In the water supply industry, tapping

valves are usually connected by means
of clamps or straps.
Tapping valves have a large field of
application in the public water supply 7.5.1 Sealing for supply lines
system. They are used as connections
and branches in pipelines as from A seal is required for tapping valves
DN 80. DIN 3543-2 [7.5-01] as well as which are not welded to the pipeline. The
DVGW worksheets GW 336-1 [7.5-02], following types of seals can be used:
GW 336-2 [7.5-03], W 332 [7.5-04], W 333
[7.5-05], W 336 [7.5-06] and W 365 [7.5-07] n Profile seals (these directly surround
are to be observed. the area of the tapped opening), Fig. 7.5.2-01:
n Flat sealing mats (these are pressed Tapping valve without operational shut-off,
Tapping valves are most frequently used onto a large area between the tapping with clamp
for the connection of service pipelines valve and the line).
or branch pipelines. The major advan-
tage of tapping valves is the possibility 7.5.2 Tapping valves without
of producing a later connection with the operational shut-off
supply pipeline system without having
to take the whole system out of operation. Tapping valves without operational shut-
off (Figs. 7.5.2-01 and 7.5.2-02) are only
Additional fields of application: suitable if there is no need for a possibil-
ity of shutting off the flow directly from
n The production of venting points, the valve.
n The production of drainage points,
n The production of measurement and
injection points.
Fig. 7.5.2-02:
Tapping valve without operational shut-off,
with steel strap
05.2014
Basically, tapping valves without op- The purpose of auxiliary shut-off devices
erational shut-off usually consist of the is to prevent the medium being carried
following two components: from escaping when the tapping equip-
ment is being assembled or taken down.
n Connection piece without operational There are different designs of auxiliary
shut-off, shut-off devices:
n Clamp (this serves to attach the
connection piece to the supply pipe- n as an additional shut-off integrated
line). into the tapping valve for operational
shut-off,
The connection piece may be threaded, n an auxiliary and operational shut-off
for example, to enable it to be connected device in one unit,
to other supply pipelines. n as a separate and reusable tool (is
installed during the assembly of
7.5.3 Tapping valves with the tapping valve).
operational shut-off
The different types of operational
The purpose of the operational shut-off shut-off devices (Fig. 7.5.3-01) are
device is to allow the flow of water in the covered in DIN 3543-2 [7.5-01].
branch pipeline to be interrupted and,
in case of underground piping systems,
it is usually actuated by means of a stem
extension with an operating key.
Tapping valves with operational shut-off

can be equipped with an auxiliary shut-
off device. Auxiliary shut-off devices are Fig. 7.5.3-01:
used while the pipeline is being tapped. Different types of operational shut-off
device according to DIN 3543-2 [7.5-01] –
d1 is equivalent to diameter of connection
05.2014
In addition, and depending on the field

of application and the diameter of the
pipe, there are numerous types of tapping
valves (Figs. 7.5.3-02 and 7.5.3-03)
Fig. 7.5.3-02: Fig. 7.5.3-03:

Tapping valve for cast iron pipelines Tapping valve for cast iron pipelines
with cast iron bracket with steel strap
05.2014
More tapping valves with different house

connections are shown in Figs. 7.5.3-04,
7.5.3-05, 7.5.3-06, 7.5.3-07 and 7.5.3-08.
Fig. 7.5.3-05: Fig. 7.5.3-07:

Tapping sleeve with steel strap – Tapping sleeve – house connection via push-
house connection via male thread in joint and integral auxiliary shut-off device
Fig. 7.5.3-04: Fig. 7.5.3-06: Fig. 7.5.3-08:

Tapping sleeve with steel strap – Tapping sleeve with integral shut-off device – Tapping valve with steel strap and
house connection with female thread house connection via push-in joint lateral outlet
05.2014
7.5.4 Tapping process for tapping 7.5.4.2 Tapping using separate on different, commercially available
valves tapping equipment tapping valves using an adapter are to
be preferred. Tapping can be done
There are different methods for tapping For tapping purposes, the tapping device manually or with motor-driven equip-
the main pipeline: is fixed to the tapping valve by means of a ment (e.g. compressed air or electric
n Tapping by means of an integral threaded or flanged connection. Universal drive) (Fig.7.5.4-02).
milling tool or punch, tapping devices which can be mounted
n Tapping using separate tapping
equipment.
The geometry and the material for drills,

milling tools and punches depend on
the material of the supply pipeline to
be tapped. For pipelines in ductile cast
iron and grey cast iron, twist drills are
used as well as bore-type cutters. When
using hole cutters it is important to make
sure that the disk of pipe wall cut out
remains in the cutter after completion.
7.5.4.1 Tapping by means of an

integral milling tool or punch
With this type of tapping valve the milling

tool or punch is directly integrated into
the tapping valve and stays there after the
tapping process (Fig. 7.5.4-01).
Fig. 7.5.4-01: Fig. 7.5.4-02:
Tapping valve with integrated Bore-type Example of tapping equipment –
cutter manual or motor-driven
05.2014
7.5.5 References Chapter 7.5 [7.5-03] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt GW 336-2 [7.5-06] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 336
Erdeinbaugarnituren – Wasseranbohrarmaturen;
[7.5-01] DIN 3543-2 Teil 2: Anforderungen und Anforderungen und Prüfungen
Anbohrarmaturen aus Prüfungen [DVGW worksheet W 336
metallischen Werkstoffen [DVGW worksheet GW 336-2 Tapping valves for water –
mit Betriebsabsperrung – Stem extensions – Requirements and testing]
Maße Part 2: Requirements and 2004-06
[Metallic tapping stop valves – test methods]
Dimensions] 2010-09 [7.5-07] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 365
1984-05 Übergabestellen
[7.5-04] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 332 [DVGW worksheet W 365
[7.5-02] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt GW 336-1 Auswahl, Einbau und Betrieb von Transfer points]
Erdeinbaugarnituren – metallischen Absperrarmaturen 2009-12
Teil 1: Standardisierung der in Wasserverteilungsanlagen
Schnittstellen zwischen erd- [DVGW worksheet W 332
verlegten Armaturen und Selection, installation and
Einbaugarnituren operation of metallic isolation
[DVGW worksheet GW 336-1 valves in water distribution
Stem extensions – installations]
Part 1: Standardisation of inter- 2006-11
faces between underground
valves and stem extensions] [7.5-05] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 333
2010-09 Anbohrarmaturen und Anbohr-
vorgang in der Wasserversorgung
[DVGW worksheet W 333
Tapping valves and tapping
process in water supply]
2009-06
05.2014
05.2014
7.6 Control valves
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Areas of application
7.6.3 Designs
7.6.4 Operating limits
08.2015
7.6 Control valves The main areas of use of control valves Valves using an external power source
are:
n Water pumping for reservoirs and Valves which are operated by an exter-
7.6.1 General dams, nal power source are moved to the
n Bypass pipelines for hydropower required regulating position by drive
Control valves are special valves con- plants, mechanisms such as a hand wheel, elec-
structed specifically for performing con- n Long-distance pipelines, tric actuators and pneumatic or hydrau-
trol functions in the water supply industry. n Water treatment in waterworks, lic drives. With smaller dimensions the
In contrast to gate valves and butterfly n Water supply to pumping stations, usual construction is a seating sur-
valves, which are mainly used as shut- n Controlling the intake of elevated tanks, face arranged vertically to the pipe axis
off devices in pipeline systems, control n Drinking water networks, (Fig. 7.6.1). With this type of design the
valves meet the particular requirements n Cooling water circuits for industrial valve is referred to as a piston valve.
of controlled operations. Control valves and power station applications.
are predominantly used for applications
where volume flow rates need to be accu- Another example of use is controlling
rately metered or water pressure has to be the air supply to aeration basins in sew-
precisely regulated or reduced. To achieve age treatment plants. In this case con-
this, control valves can be operated in any trol valves are also used with air as the
position between fully open and closed. medium because their control character-
istics allow for better metering than knife
7.6.2 Areas of application gate valves or waver-type butterfly valves
(Chapter 7.6.3.5).
Control valves are suitable both for puri-
fied and drinking water and for cooling 7.6.3 Designs
water at temperatures which are custom-
arily as high as 50° C. Control valves are basically divided into
two different groups. One group requires
an external power source and the other
is by own-medium controlled. Fig. 7.6.1:
Piston valve
08.2015
A particular form of this is the plunger

valve in which the hydraulic cylinder in
the pipe axis moves towards the seating
surface (Fig. 7.6.2). Plunger valves are
used e.g. for the control of very high vol-
umes of water in the bottom outlet of res-
ervoirs (Fig. 7.6.3).
Own-medium controlled valves
Own-medium controlled valves draw

the energy for their movement from the
pressure in the pipeline. These valves Fig. 7.6.2: Fig. 7.6.4:
include both pilot-operated control Plunger valve Pilot-operated control valve
valves (Fig. 7.6.4) and direct operated
valves (Fig. 7.6.5).
7.6.3.1 Piston valves
With piston-type control valves the flow

inside the valve is diverted. The hydraulic
piston moves perpendicular to the pipe-
line. This type of construction is mainly
used in sizes up to DN 150. The valve
consists of a valve body, a mounting
flange, a top column, a protective cover
and the interior parts with valve piston, Fig. 7.6.3:
control cylinder and stem. Plunger valve DN 800, PN 10,
with aeration as a bottom outlet valve in Fig. 7.6.5:
the wall of a dam Direct operated control valve
08.2015
With the pressure-relieved valve pis- Piston valves are mainly operated by
ton the power required for operating the electric drive mechanisms (Fig. 7.6.6).
valve is largely independent of operating However hand-wheels are also used
conditions. Pressure and flow rate are (Fig. 7.6.7) as well as, for container
affected by the position of the interior inlets, levers with floats (Fig. 7.6.8).
parts and the control cylinder. The seal
on the valve seat is produced by O-rings 7.6.3.2 Plunger valves
or securely fitted profile sealing rings.
The plunger valve (Fig. 7.6.9) is a
straight form control valve with a flow
cross-section which is annular in every
position.
Fig. 7.6.7:
Piston valve with hand-wheel
Fig. 7.6.6: Fig. 7.6.8: Fig. 7.6.9:

Piston valve with electric drive Piston valve with float Plunger valve
08.2015
Inside the valve body the plunger (also Large numbers of plunger valves are Internal parts are usually entirely made
called the piston) is moved by a crank in use around the world, including of stainless steel. A major advantage of
mechanism in the direction of flow axial some valves in pressure stage PN 160 the plunger valve is the fact that the
to the seating surface of the valve. (Fig. 7.6.10). The compactly designed plunger runs through stainless longi-
body is generally produced in high-qual- tudinal guides hard-faced or screwed to
Plunger valves are regulating devices ity ductile cast iron. the valve body (Fig. 7.6.11). This pro-
which generate different pressure drops vides an optimum guide for the plunger
in piping systems by continuously con- In some particular applications plunger and thus ensures free of play sliding
stricting the flow at the valve seat accord- valves have also been produced from with extremely low actuation forces at
ing to the plunger setting. Depending on special materials such as high-grade the same time.
the application, the nominal size of the steel.
valve must be sufficiently dimensioned The shape of the outlet of the plunger
to be able to achieve the greatest rate valve is variable (Figs. 7.6.12 to 7.6.14)
of flow required with the lowest pres- and, like a kind of construction kit, it
sure difference and to relieve maximum allows the valve characteristics to be
pressure differences over the long term changed. This is a very important advan-
without damage. Additionally no damage
whatsoever must be caused by vibrations
or cavitation effects along the course of
travel to the piping system downstream
or to the structure as a whole.
In recent decades the reliable plunger

valve has been further developed for
control tasks in water supply systems.
Current plunger valves are more or less
universally available in nominal sizes
DN 150 to DN 2000 in pressure ratings
PN 10 to PN 63. Fig. 7.6.10: Fig. 7.6.11:
Plunger valve PN 160 Longitudinal guides of the plunger valve
08.2015
tion as a pressure reduction valve. These

valves have a chamber separated by a
diaphragm which forms the basis for the
hydraulic control of the valve position.
Because of the differences in surface at
the valve seat and the diaphragm, at the
same pressure a force is produced on
these surfaces which closes the valve.
This state exists if the pilot valve is com-
pletely closed (Fig. 7.6.15).
When the pilot valve is open water flows

Fig. 7.6.12: Fig. 7.6.14: through the control circuit. This causes
Slotted cylinder Special forms a pressure drop at an orifice plate, the
pressure in the diaphragm chamber and
hence the closing force decrease and the
tage of the plunger valve as it means that main valve opens (Fig. 7.6.16).
even after installation in the pipeline it
can be adapted to altered operating con- In the control mode the pilot valve opens
ditions. according to its function (e.g.: pressure
reduction valve or overflow valve). The
7.6.3.3 Pilot-operated valves main valve both opens and closes due
to pressure differences in the dia-
Pilot-operated control valves perform phragm chamber. The valve regulates
the widest variety of control functions; according to the demands of the pilot
they work in almost all applications valve. Where there is a balance of forces
without an outside energy source. The between the seat and the diaphragm,
most common type of design for pilot-op- the valve remains in its current position
Fig. 7.6.13: erated control valves are the so-called (Fig. 7.6.17).
Perforated cylinder diaphragm-operated valve in its func-
08.2015
Fig. 7.6.15: Fig. 7.6.17:

Main valve and pilot valve closed Main valve and pilot valve going into control mode
Fig. 7.6.16: Fig. 7.6.18:

Main valve and pilot valve completely open Pilot-operated plunger valve driven by its own medium
08.2015
With pilot-operated control valves there pressure (P2) (Fig. 7.6.19). The mov- the valve. By preloading the spring
are also applications in which plunger ing parts of the valve are pressure- accordingly, the desired value for the
valves are used. In this case special compensated as regards the forward back pressure can be set or changed.
drives are necessary for use in water pressure which means that this has
(Fig. 7.6.18). no effect on the control function of
7.6.3.4 Direct-operated
control valves
Direct-operated control valves (Fig. 7.6.5)

are predominantly used for pressure
reduction. They must be capable of
converting a fluctuating inlet pressure
to a lower supply pressure regardless
of flow rate. Direct-operated, spring-
loaded pressure reduction valves are
very suitable for this and offer an
economically interesting solution if
no high requirements are set for
control accuracy. In contrast to pilot-
operated pressure reduction valves,
the back pressure set falls as the flow
rate rises. With a pressure difference
of more than 3 bar between forward
pressure and back pressure the use of
these valves is no longer worth rec-
ommending because of the possibil-
ity of cavitation occurring. The valves
are equipped with adjustable com- Fig. 7.6.19:
pression springs for setting the back Construction of the valve
08.2015
If the back pressure drops below the set 7.6.4 Operating limits
value, the valve opens. When it increases
again it then closes. If there is a balance The maximum operating temperatures
between the force on the valve plate and and operating pressures specified in the
the spring force, then the valve stays in manufacturer’s technical documenta-
an intermediate position. tion should not be exceeded. The closed
valve should only be loaded up to the
7.6.3.5 Special applications maximum allowable pressure Ps,max. This
may be different from the PN. In com-
The use of valves for controlling common parlance, PN refers to the nominal
pressed air is one possible application. pressure. However the definition accord-
Special gate valves can also be used ing to EN 1333 [7.6-02] states that the
for regulating the air supply to aer- PN is merely an alphanumerical param-
ation tanks in sewage treatment plants, eter to ensure that pipeline parts can be
such as knife gate valves (Figs. 7.6.20 connected with each other.
and 7.6.21) or butterfly valves, since the
operating pressures to be governed are The maximal allowable flow velocity
very low. With operating pressures above is based on EN 1074-1 [7.6-03]. Over
0.5 bar the requirements of the pressure and above this and regardless of the
equipment directive [7.6-01] are to be Fig. 7.6.20: Fig. 7.6.21: pressure stage, control valves should
observed. Knife gate valve with Knife gate valve be operated with a flow speed of up to
perforated aperture with control 5 m/s. These are considered as reference
orifice values at full operating pressure. If the
flow speed is any higher, this can result
in turbulence in the valve and even cav-
itation. Exceptions are use as the end
valve in the bottom outlets of reservoirs
and dams.
08.2015
When it comes to selecting the correct 7.6.5 References Chapter 7.6 [7.6-03] EN 1074-1
nominal diameter (DN) there is a signifi- Valves for water supply –
cant phrase in DVGW technical infor- [7.6-01] DIRECTIVE 97/23/EC Fitness for purpose requirements
mation sheet W 335 [7.6-04]: “With all DIRECTIVE 97/23/EC OF THE and appropriate verification tests –
control valves, correct dimensioning does EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND Part 1: General requirements
not depend on the nominal diameter of OF THE COUNCIL of 29 May 1997 [Armaturen für die Wasserver-
the pipeline but on the flow rate and on the approximation of the laws sorgung –
the operating pressures”. of the Member States concerning Anforderungen an die Gebrauchs-
pressure equipment tauglichkeit und deren Prüfung –
For this reason it is important to have „Pressure Equipment Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen]
the equipment data to hand when select- Directive (PED)“ 2000
ing a control valve so that suitability can [Richtlinie 97/23/EG
be checked against the manufacturer’s des europäischen Parlaments [7.6-04] DVGW-Merkblatt W 335
technical data. und des Rates vom 29. Mai 1997 Druck-, Durchfluss- und Niveau-
zur Angleichung der Rechts- regelung in Wassertransport und
Another important operating limit for vorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten -verteilung
control valves is cavitation. A cavitation über Druckgeräte – [DVGW technical information
study needs to be carried out for each „Druckgeräterichtlinie (DGRL)“] sheet W 335
application so that the control valve can 1997-05-29 Pressure, flow and level control
perform sustainably and without damage in water transport and water
(Chapter 7.3). [7.6-02] EN 1333 distribution]
Flanges and their joints – 2000-09
Pipework components –
Definition and selection of PN
[Flansche und ihre Verbindungen –
Rohrleitungsteile –
Definition und Auswahl von PN]
2006
08.2015
7.7 Air valves
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Air release
7.7.3 Aeration
7.7.4 Selection of air valves
08.2015
7.7 Air valves The gas bubbles trapped in pipelines pressures and rising temperatures. This
(air, carbon dioxide etc.) reduce the free means that air bubbles (Fig. 7.7.1) tend
cross-section of flow, increase the pres- to collect at
7.7.1 General sure loss in the pipeline and in some cases n static high points
cause unwanted pressure surges. (L 1, L 3, L 6, L 7) and
According to DVGW technical information n hydraulic high points (L 2, L 4).
sheet W 334 [7.7-01] the accumulation of As a rule, air valves are installed in shafts Hydraulic high points sometimes occur
air in drinking water pipelines can lead to or buildings. They can also be installed on in certain operating situations and are
considerable dynamic pressure changes pipelines running above ground. However transitory in nature.
on account of the different density of there are also designs which are suitable
the two types of medium. It is therefore for buried installation in the form of air 7.7.3 Aeration
important that pipelines are kept as free valve sets.
of air as possible. Aeration by means of automatic air valves
7.7.2 Air release is necessary in the following cases:
Air can get into pipelines in a number of n the draining of sections of pipeline,
ways, for example: Air release is not necessary in normal n where negative pressures are pro-
n dissolved in the water, network operation as branches in the duced, to protect the pipeline (for
n present in empty or drained pipeline, hydrants and above all house example behind pipe burst safety
pipelines, connections automatically provide devices) (Fig. 7.7.1).
n sucked in at high points, venting. Even with long-distance pipe-
n sucked in from a sump pit, lines, no forced air release is required 7.7.4 Selection of air valves
n introduced via surge vessels. if the speed of flow is sufficient to carry
the air bubbles away, even when the Most air valve designs (Fig. 7.7.2) are
To protect the pipeline against unaccep- pipeline runs along a downward gra- based on the float principle with and
table pressure fluctuations and ensure dient. In cases where disruptive accu- without lever reinforcement.
that it functions without problem, air mulations of air can form, automatically
release or air admission is necessary for operating air release valves are used.
the equipment in the pipeline depending Air is mainly to be expected in water
on operating status. pipelines in places where certain con-
ditions are present, such as decreasing
08.2015
Fig. 7.7.1: Fig. 7.7.2:

Installation locations of air valves in a pipeline Air valves
08.2015
7.7.4.1 Float principle
Large diameter float Small diameter float The air valve can be effective for both
main ventilation and operational air
The float is raised by the operating The float is raised by the operating release. This state occurs for example
medium and always stays closed under medium and closes the nozzle (Fig. 7.7.3). when starting to fill a pipeline with water.
pressure even when air accumulates It opens again if air bubbles accumulate
during operation (Figs. 7.7.3 and 7.7.4). in the body during operation (Fig. 7.7.4).
Main venting Operational venting Main venting Operational venting
Larger Smaller Larger Smaller

float float float float
Fig. 7.7.3: Fig. 7.7.4:

Air valve with large and small float in the open state The valve is tightly closed.
Both main venting and operational venting are closed because there
is no accumulation of air in the pipeline
08.2015
7.7.4.2 Valve lever function
In the normal operating state the float

is in its “up” position. The nozzle valves
are closed (Fig. 7.7.5, left). In case of
a negative pressure wave the float
drops and the nozzle valves open. Air
in the pipeline is sucked out through
the nozzles. The liquid level drops accord-
ingly (Fig. 7.7.5, centre). As soon as the
pressure wave goes back to positive pres-
sure, the central valve plate closes the
large nozzle (Fig. 7.7.5, right).
Fig. 7.7.6 shows a section through an air Fig. 7.7.5:

valve with valve lever function, which can The float mechanism and valve lever function
be used in valves for water and sewage
pipelines under pressure (Fig. 7.7.7). Left: The valve is closed. The float is positioned at the top.
7.7.4.3 Lever principle Middle: Under negative pressure the float drops down. The nozzle valves open and air is
introduced into the pipeline. The liquid level falls accordingly.
A float is attached to a lever which in
turn is mounted on an articulated joint. Right: As soon as the pressure wave goes back to positive pressure, the central valve plate
The lever performs a pivoting movement closes the large nozzle. In this process, the free-moving valve plate acts like a non-
(Fig. 7.7.8). return valve. The air that is drawn in by this action can now only escape slowly and
in a controlled way through the two small nozzles. The two columns of water are
slowed down and slowly merge with each other. An abrupt collision is avoided
along with the effects resulting from this.
08.2015
Operational venting
Valve tappet
Valve lever Valve Valve plate
Fig. 7.7.6:
Sectional view of a single chamber valve with valve lever for small and large air volumes
Lever
Float
Fig. 7.7.8:
Different lever principles for air valves –
the illustration shows the operational
venting process. The float is attached to a
lever. A valve tappet on the lever closes the
venting hole under positive pressure. Under
negative pressure the float drops and the
hole is opened. Air can escape.
Fig. 7.7.7:
Air valve with lever function for sewage pipelines under pressure
08.2015
7.7.4.4 Dynamic pressure brake
A movable gate is mounted in the flow

path of the valve body. When a certain
flow velocity is exceeded the medium
pushes the gate into the seat of the valve.
This only leaves a reduced cross-section
free. This dynamic pressure brake is used
to protect the air valve from pressure
surges (Fig. 7.7.9).
7.7.4.5 Air valve with slide gate

Spring
So that the air valve can be isolated
Dynamic
from the pipeline for overhaul work, a pressure
gate valve is often installed before the brake
air valve. This means that the air valve
can be dismantled or cleaned even while
the main pipeline remains in operation
(Fig. 7.7.10). A soft-seated gate valve Fig. 7.7.9: Fig. 7.7.10:
is best suited to this function as it Air valve with dynamic pressure brake Air valve with gate valve
allows free passage.
08.2015
7.7.4.6 Air valve 7.7.4.7 Air valve 7.7.4.8 Operating characteristics

with air-intake stop with air-release stop
If air is given off when filling pipelines
In order to prevent air inflow with small In order to prevent air outflow with small via venting valves, the speed of filling
air valves and only ensure air release air valves and only allow the admission must be kept as slow as possible. The
functions, air valves with a device to stop of air, air valves with air-release stop are dreaded pressure surge (Joukovsky
air-intake are often used (Fig. 7.7.11). often used (Fig. 7.7.12). The main appli- surge), which occurs if the float of the
The main application for these valves cation for these valves is in pressure pipe- venting valve slams the valve seat shut
is in suction pipelines for mechanically lines for drinking water or mechanically at the end of the filling process, must
purified water or in the drinking water purified water. remain below the allowable maximum
industry. operating pressure (PMA = maximum
hydrostatic pressure, including surge,
that a component can withstand from
time to time in service [7.6-02]). As a rule
the allowable pressure surge is limited
Air-intake to 3 bar for safety reasons. According
stop to DVGW technical information sheet
W 334 [7.6-01] the filling speed is limited
to 0.25 m/s.
The size and number of venting valves

is to be determined according to the
nominal size of the pipeline, the fill-
Air-release ing volume, the topography and the
stop maximum allowable air speed in the
narrowest cross-section of the venting
valve (main venting).
Fig. 7.7.11: Fig. 7.7.12:
Air valve with air-intake stop Air valve with air-release stop
08.2015
As regards aeration parameters it is gen- 7.7.4.10 Air valves for small The valve is fitted with an internal
erally assumed that the pressure in the volumes of air thread and can be mounted directly on
pipeline should not be below the abso- the pipeline (Fig. 7.7.15). Valves of this
lute pressure of 0.8 bar (0.2 bar negative Air valves are available for the admis- kind are mainly used for installation in
pressure). According to experience, the sion and release of small volumes of air. buildings.
limits are met with sufficient certainty if
the air inlet speed in the correctly dimen-
sioned aerator is no more than 80 m/s.
Also, the speed of 80 m/s should not be
exceeded for reasons of noise prevention.
7.7.4.9 Air valves for buried

installation
In general, air valves are installed in

shafts. Their construction is described
in DVGW worksheet W 358 [7.7-03].
In order to save on construction work
for the shaft, air valve sets are used
(Figs. 7.7.13 and 7.7.14). On the left
is an illustration of an air valve which
releases air underground via a surface
box. The figure on the right shows an
above ground design.

Fig. 7.7.13: Fig. 7.7.14:
Air valve for buried installation Air valve for buried installation –
above ground design
08.2015
[7.7-01] DVGW-Merkblatt W 334

Be- und Entlüften von
Trinkwasserleitungen
[DVGW technical information
sheet W 334
Aeration and air release for
drinking water pipelines]
2007-10
[7.7-02] EN 805
Water supply –
Requirements for systems and
components outside buildings
Fig. 7.7.15: [Wasserversorgung –
Air valve for small volumes of air with internal threaded connection Anforderungen an Wasserver-
sorgungssysteme und deren Bau-
teile außerhalb von Gebäuden]
2000
[7.7-03] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 358

Leitungsschächte und Auslauf-
bauwerke
[DVGW worksheet W 358
Manholes and outlet structures
for piping systems]
2005-09
08.2015
7.8 Hydrants
7.8.1 Field of use

7.8.2 Materials
7.8.3 Pillar hydrants
7.8.4 Underground hydrants
7.8.5 Industrial hydrants
05.2014
7.8 Hydrants Possible fields of application for hydrants: More far-reaching regulations (specific
n Taking off extinguishing water, to individual countries) can be found
n Ventilating pipelines, in standards EN 14384 [7.8-03] and
7.8.1 Field of use n Flushing piping networks, particu- EN 14339 [7.8-04].
larly in end sections for reasons
A hydrant is part of the central ex- of hygiene, As it must be assumed that the users of
tinguishing water supply for towns n Producing temporary network hydrants will have different qualifica-
and communities. It makes firefight- connections, tions, high requirements are set for
ing possible but it also helps public n Emergency water take-off, construction, ease of operation, ease of
users (e.g. road maintenance and n Short-term water supply, e.g. for maintenance and operational safety:
urban departments) and private users construction purposes, funfairs, etc.,
(e.g. street cleaning companies and n Bridging for emergency supplies, 1. Low flow resistance:
open-air festival organisers) to take water n Drainage of pipelines, n A hydrodynamically efficient con-
from the public water supply network n Leak detection. struction of the shell and valve body,
(communal water supply). In addition, n Minimum flow rate at 1 bar pressure
hydrants prove to be very helpful for Depending on the position of the outlet difference (kV value):
operational measures such as the opening, a distinction needs to be drawn pillar hydrants as per Table 7.8.-01,
flushing and ventilation of piping between underground and pillar hydrants. underground hydrants to EN 14339
networks. They are the only valves Pillar hydrants are preferable for fire- [7.8-04]
which allow drinking water to be taken fighting purposes; they are easy to find, - 60 m³/h for DN 80 and
directly from the supply network. easily accessible and ready for operation - 75 m³/h for DN 100.
at all times. However, in densely built-up
DVGW worksheet W 331 [7.8-01] covers areas and in narrow streets with heavy 2. Pressurised water tightness:
the choice, installation and operation traffic, underground hydrants have to be n For hydrants with automatic drainage,
of hydrants and DVGW worksheet used and their location must be identified the main shut-off device must be
W 405 [7.8-02] deals with the provision with indication plates. closed before the drainage device
of extinguishing water. opens or the drainage device must
be closed before the main shut-off
device opens.
05.2014
Table 7.8.-01:
Minimum flow rate values kV for pillar hydrants as per Table 4 of EN 14384 [7.8-03]
Number and size of outlets to be tested
Hydrant 1 x 37,5 2 x 37,5 1 x 50 2 x 50 1 x 65 2 x 65 1 x 100 2 x 100 1 x 150 2 x 150

DN mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
80 und
30 60 40 60 80 140 160 a) – – –
100
150 – – – – 80 140 160 280 300 –
a)
Does not apply to DN 80
– Combination of DN/size of outlet not permissible
Table 7.8.-02: 3. Low residual water volume: 4. Protection from roots:

Maximum residual water volume after n Permissible residual water volumes n The drainage opening must be
draining pillar and underground hydrants for automatic drainage devices in protected against root penetration,
accordance with EN 14384 [7.8-03] e.g. with a 50 mm dry section beneath
Maximum residual water volume after and EN 14339 [7.8-04] with refer- the drainage point as per DVGW test
draining as per EN 1074-6 [7.8-05] ence to EN 1074-6 [7.8-05] as per specification VP 325 [7.8-06].
Table 7.8-02 for pillar and under-
DN Residual water max. ml
ground hydrants,
65 100
80 100
100 150
150 200
05.2014
5. Actuating the main shut-off device: 7.8.2 Materials 7.8.3 Pillar hydrants
n  In accordance with EN 1074-6
[7.8-05] the following maximum n  Valve shell parts are generally Pillar hydrants used in the public water
actuation torque values apply: constructed in spheroidal graphite supply system must meet the require-
- DN 65: 85 Nm, cast iron to EN 1563 [7.8-07] and steel. ments of EN 14384 [7.8-03], EN 1074-1
- DN 80: 105 Nm, In accordance with EN 14384 [7.8-03], [7.8-08], EN 1074-6 [7.8-05] and other
- DN 100: 130 Nm, other materials are also permissible. national regulations where applicable
- DN 150: 195 Nm. For example, upper sections in alumin- such as DVGW worksheet W 386 (P)
ium are also available (Fig. 7.8.2-01). [7.8-09].
6. Protection of the stem seal: n  PUR (polyurethane) and EPDM (eth-
n  Protection against the ingress of sur- ylene propylene diene monomer) 7.8.3.1 Construction
face water and dirt above the seal are used as materials for shut-off
(O-rings). elements. n  Pillar hydrants project above ground
level and have a main shut-off valve
7. No deadwater spaces: and one or more water take-off points.
n  All parts which come into contact
with drinking water must be within n  Pillar hydrants consist of two parts:
the flow zone during opening or when the bottom section of the hydrant
in the open position. which contains the main valve and is
installed underground plus the top
8. Internal and external coating: part of the hydrant which is gener-
n  Internal and external coating is ally flanged onto the bottom part at
covered in Chapter 7.2. ground level.
Fig. 7.8.2-01:
Pillar hydrant – upper part in aluminium
05.2014
n Pillar hydrants are equipped with a

predetermined breaking point which
is normally located in the connection
flange between the top and bottoms
parts of the hydrant. This protects the
bottom part of the hydrant and the
pipeline to which it is connected.
n The majority of pillar hydrants are

in nominal sizes DN 80 and DN 100,
designed for a allowable operating
pressure PFA = 16 bar. They have
a vertical or horizontal inlet with a
flanged, push-in or spigot end joint
(Figs. 7.8.3-01 and 7.8.3-02).
n The pipe covering usually varies

between 1.25 m and 1.5 m. This
ensures that, even with a minimum
volume of residual water, the main
valve cannot freeze up. Shallower
pipe coverings down to a minimum
of 0.2 m can be found in tunnels with Fig. 7.8.3-01: Fig. 7.8.3-02:
restricted space (Figs. 7.8.3-03 and DN 100 pillar hydrant – Design examples – DN 100 pillar hydrant –
7.8.3-04). 2 B outlets 2 B outlets, 1 A outlet with flanged joint
05.2014
Fig. 7.8.3-03: Fig. 7.8.3-04: Fig. 7.8.3-05:

Tunnel hydrant with adjustable height, Tunnel hydrant with a hand-wheel DN 100 pillar hydrants with flanged joint –
inlet bend and assembly base as the operating element height-adjustable bottom part
n The bottom part of hydrants is nor- In Switzerland, the majority of hydrants

mally designed for a fixed depth of have height-adjustable bottom parts
pipe cover. (Fig. 7.8.3-05).
05.2014
n Pillar hydrants differ in the type

of protection of their B outlets –
without drop jacket (Fig. 7.8.3-06) or
with drop jacket (Figs. 7.8.3-07 and
7.8.3-08).
Fig. 7.8.3-06: Fig. 7.8.3-07: Fig. 7.8.3-08:

Cross-section of Examples of DN 100 pillar hydrants Pillar hydrant with
a DN 100 pillar with 2 B outlets and 1 A outlet open drop jacket –
hydrant with 2 B with closed drop jacket 2 B outlets and 1 A
outlets and 1 A outlet
outlet with stain-
less steel column
05.2014
n Fig. 7.8.3-09 shows a pillar hydrant 7.8.4 Underground hydrants

without a drop jacket and with B out-
lets which can be shut off. Underground hydrants used in public
n Operation is by means of a hydrant water supply systems must meet the
key which is specific to each country. requirements of EN 14339 [7.8-04],
n Pillar hydrants can have single or EN 1074-1 [7.8-08], EN 1074-6 [7.8-05]
double shut-off devices. The double and other national regulations where
shut-off version is usually a ball or applicable such as DVGW worksheet
cone design. W 386 (P) [7.8-09].
7.8.3.2 Connection options 7.8.4.1 Construction
Pillar hydrants are used in different The majority of underground hydrants

piping and pipe joint systems. Different are in nominal sizes DN 80 and DN 100.
joints are available for these: They are usually housed in surface boxes
in the road as per DIN 4055 [7.8-10]
n Hydrant with flanged joint, and can be operated from there. A stand-
n Hydrant with spigot ends and various pipe according to DIN 14375-1 [7.8-11]
restrained joint systems (Novo SIT®, is always required in order to take off
TYTON SIT PLUS®, BLS®, VRS®-T, water and this is connected to the locking
BAIO®, vonRoll HYDROTIGHT, claw. In addition to the locking claw
threaded sockets or similar). connection there are also different types
of connection specific to the individual
Fig. 7.8.3-09: region; in Switzerland, for example,
The upper part of a pillar hydrant without there are also round-thread connections.
drop jacket and with B outlets which can
be shut off
05.2014
The main shut-off device is actuated by

applying a hydrant key. The design of the
hydrant key varies from region to region, Square cap
e.g. in accordance with DIN 3223 [7.8-12].
Locking claw cover
Underground hydrants consist of a one
or two-part shell, also referred to as a
jacket pipe or standpipe, the lower part Self-closing locking claw
of which houses the shut-off device. The
opening movement may be against or Actuating rods
with the direction of flow. Underground
hydrants can have single or double
shut-off devices. The double shut-off
version is usually a ball or cone design
(Figs. 7.8.4-01 and 7.8.4-02). Main shut-off device
The double shut-off version has the Automatic draining

advantage that the shut-off device device
including its drive elements can be
replaced in the surface box with the line Double shut-off device
under full pressure. When hydrants with
a double shut-off system are used there
is no need for an up-stream gate valve.
Fig. 7.8.4-01: Fig. 7.8.4-02:
DN 80 underground hydrant – double shut-off, DN 80 underground hydrant –
opening against the direction of flow – coating with double shut-off, opening
epoxy resin powder against the direction of flow –
fully enamelled
05.2014
As underground hydrants are usually 7.8.5 Industrial hydrants

located in surface boxes there is the risk
that, with insufficient maintenance and The field of application for industrial
in unfavourable locations (road sub- hydrants, as the term suggests, in indus-
sidence) road grit, stones or other small trial plants, power stations, airports
objects may get into the shell and damage and any locations where large volumes
the shut-off device. In order to minimise of extinguishing water are required
this risk, two systems are used in the (Figs. 7.8.5-01 and 7.8.5-02).
area of the locking claw: sealing flap
and cover.
7.8.4.2 Connection options
Underground hydrants are used in

different piping and pipe joint systems.
Different joints are available for these:
n Hydrant with flanged joint,
n Hydrant with spigot ends and various
restrained joint systems (Novo SIT®,
TYTON SIT PLUS®, BLS®, VRS®-T,
BAIO®, vonRoll HYDROTIGHT,
threaded sockets or similar).
Fig. 7.8.5-01: Fig. 7.8.5-02:

Industrial hydrant for the supply of Industrial hydrant for the supply of
extinguishing water in industrial plants extinguishing water in industrial plants
05.2014
Industrial hydrants have a DN 150,

PN 16 flanged joint, 2 upper B outlets
and, characteristically for industrial
hydrants, 2 lower A outlets. There are
industrial hydrants with or without drop
jackets (Figs. 7.8.5-03 and 7.8.5-04).
Industrial hydrants are usually of the

same construction as pillar hydrants.
A particular design is the industrial
hydrant with a ball valve (Chapter 7.4.3)
as the shut-off device (Fig. 7.8.5-05).
Fig. 7.8.5-03: Fig. 7.8.5-04: Fig. 7.8.5-05:

Industrial hydrant with DN 150 ball valve Industrial hydrant with DN 150 ball valve A ball valve as the shut-off device for a
and without drop jacket and drop jacket DN 150 industrial hydrant
05.2014
7.8.6 References Chapter 7.8 [7.8-05] EN 1074-6 [7.8-08] EN 1074-1

Valves for water supply – Valves for water supply –
[7.8-01] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 331 Fitness for purpose require- Fitness for purpose require-
Auswahl, Einbau und Betrieb ments and appropriate verifi- ments and appropriate
von Hydranten cation tests – verification tests –
[DVGW worksheet W 331 Part 6: Hydrants Part 1: General requirements
Selection, installation and [Armaturen für die Wasserver- [Armaturen für die Wasser-
operation of hydrants] sorgung – Anforderungen versorgung –
2006-11 an die Gebrauchstauglichkeit Anforderungen an die
und deren Prüfung – Gebrauchstauglichkeit
[7.8-02] DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 405 Teil 6: Hydranten] und deren Prüfung –
Bereitstellung von Löschwasser 2008 Teil 1: Allgemeine Anfor-
durch die öffentliche Trink- derungen]
wasserversorgung [7.8-06] DVGW-Prüfgrundlage VP 325 2000
[DVGW worksheet W 405 Hydranten in der Trinkwasser-
Provision of extinguishing verteilung – Anforderungen [7.8-09] DVGW-Prüfgrundlage W 386
water by the public drinking und Prüfung Entwurf Hydranten in der
water supply system] [DVGW test specification VP 325 Trinkwasserverteilung –
2008-02 Hydrants in drinking Anforderungen und Prüfungen
water distribution – [DVGW test specification W 386
[7.8-03] EN 14384 Requirements and testing] Draft Hydrants in drinking
Pillar fire hydrants 2008-01 water distribution –
[Überflurhydranten] Requirements and testing]
2005 [7.8-07] EN 1563 2014-01
Founding –
[7.8-04] EN 14339 Spheroidal graphite cast irons
Underground fire hydrants [Gießereiwesen –
[Unterflurhydranten] Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit]
2005 2011
05.2014
[7.8-10] DIN 4055

Wasserleitungen; Straßenkappe
für Unterflurhydranten
[Water pipelines; valve box for
underground hydrants]
1992-02
[7.8-11] DIN 14375-1

Standrohr PN 16; Standrohr 2 B
[Double outlet standpipes,
nominal pressure 16]
1979-09
[7.8-12] DIN 3223

Betätigungsschlüssel für
Armaturen
[Handling keys for valves]
2012-11
05.2014
05.2014

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E-Book – Ductile iron pipe systems Chapter 7: Valves 7/1

7.1 Valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron

7.1.1 Classification of valves

Isolating valves are basically intended

Valve design Type of action on the fluid Examples

Tapping the flow substance Sampling valve

Controlling a fluid level Level control valve

Source of Table 7.1.1-01 and Table 7.1.1-02:

Table 7.1.1-02: Classification of valves according to basic design

Working mechanism of the closure device

Turning around the axis perpendicular Deformation of a

Direction of flow in the connection area

Designation of basic designs

Gate valve Control valve Cock Flap valve 1) Diaphragm valve

Table 7.1.1-03: A comparison of valve designs

Gate valve Control valve Cock Flap valve Diaphragm valve

Flow resistance Low High Low Medium Medium

Connection possibilities Flanged, threaded, Flanged, Flanged, threaded Flanged, Flanged,

Piggable Yes No Yes No No

The classification of valves according to and ageing resistance. Experience

Material Use Standard Tensile Yield Elongation Brinell- Modulus of Structure

EN-GJS-500-7 Valves and EN 1563 500 320 7 170–230 169.000 pearlitic –

EN-GJS-400-15 400 250 15 135–180 170.000 pre-

EN-GJS-400-18LT Valves 400 240 18 130–175 169.000 purely

In Germany DIN 50930-6 [7.1-09] is to

7.1.4 References Chapter 7.1 [7.1-04] EN 545 [7.1-06] Umweltbundesamt, Deutschland

7.2 Corrosion protection of valves in spheroidal graphite cast iron

7.2.1 Epoxy coating

Fig. 7.2.1-01: Fig. 7.2.1-03:

Application is by means of electro-

A precondition for high-quality powder

After that, depending on the epoxy

Because of the fast cross-linking of corrosion protection but it also gives

ganic material, enamelling does not

7.2.2.2 Complete enamelling

The “complete enamel” coating system

n high impact resistance of the enamel

The finely dispersed deposits of ex-

With complete enamelling of this upwards, a seam of approx. 2 μm which

In the image, the micro-roughness of the

This means that it is necessary to have a

n pre-treatment (Fig. 7.2.2-03),

Fig. 7.2.2-05: Fig. 7.2.2-06: Fig. 7.2.2-07:

The basis for the testing and evaluation

7.2.3 References Chapter 7.2 [7.2-03] DIN 30677-2 [7.2-05]

7.3 Principles of hydraulics and the design of valves

7.3.1 Hydraulic principles

Fig. 7.3.2: Fig. 7.3.3:

7.3.2 Valve design

7.3.2.1 Design of isolation valves

The design of isolation valves is essen-

7.3.2.2 Design of control valves

For control valves the hydraulic proper-

7.4 Isolation valves

7.4.1 Gate valves

7.4 Isolation valves whole of the pipe cross-section is open.

Fig. 7.4.1-02: Fig. 7.4.1-04: Fig. 7.4.1-06:

Fig. 7.4.1-03: Fig. 7.4.1-05: Fig. 7.4.1-07:

Field of application Type of application (examples)