COMPARATIVE POLICING SYSTEM

COURSE COVERAGE

 I. Comparative Policing Concept

 II. Globalization

 III.Transnational Crimes
 IV. Selected Police Models
 V. Police Global Organizations
 Part I

Comparative Policing Concept

 What is Comparative Policing System?

 It is the process of outlining the similarities and

differences of one police system to another in order to

discover insights in the field of international policing.
 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing

the police system of nations.

 It covers the study of the ff.

 police organizations

 trainings

 methods of policing of various nations

 Why Compare?

 Crime has become a global phenomenon.

 Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for bilateral and
international cooperation become imperative.

 How to Compare?
 SAFARI METHOD

 a researcher visits another country

 COLLABORATIVE METHOD

 the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.

 PUBLISHED WORKS

 SINGLE-CULTURE STUDIES
o crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed.
 TWO-CULTURE STUDIES
o the most common type it covers three or more countries.
 Global Policing

 indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in

scope.

 International Policing

 indicate those types of policing that are formally directed

by institutions usually responsible for international affairs.

 Transnational Policing

 pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national

borders.
THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM
 HOMERULETHEORY
 Policemen are servants of the Community

 Effectiveness of policemen depends on the express

wishes of the people

 CONTINENTAL THEORY
 Policemen are servant of higher authority.

 They just follow the wishes of top official of the

government
THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM
 CONTINENTAL/ OLD POLICING
 The yardstick of the efficiency of the police is

determined by the number of arrest.

 Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control.

 MODERN SYSTEM
 The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence or lesser
occurrence of crimes.
 Police omnipresence is considered as the tool or

instrument in crime prevention.

THREE STYLES OF POLICING (James Q. Wilson)
 Watchman
 This style places an emphasis on maintaining order, but

through informal methods.

 Focused on resolving disputes, but not terribly focused on

proactively preventing disputes.

 The overall goal is to keep the peace.
THREE STYLES OF POLICING (James Q. Wilson)
 Legalistic
 This style places an emphasis on violations of law and relies on

threats of arrest or actual arrests.

 Strict enforcement of criminal law.

 Focused on resolving disputes, like the watchman, however,

they use forma methods.

 The legalistic policing emphasizes their role as law enforcers

and prides themselves on professionalism.

THREE STYLES OF POLICING (James Q. Wilson)

 Service
 Normally found in sub-urban police department where small

amount of crime relatively happen

 Focused mainly on the service to the community and citizen
 SYSTEM OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

 Decentralized Law Enforcement

 a system where police administrations and operations are

independent from one state to another.

 applicable to countries with federal government.

 Example: US, UK and Germany.

 Centralized Law Enforcement

 simply means one police force operating in a country

 Example: Philippines, Israel, France, Chile and Austria.

 Comparative Policing System Theories

 Economic or MigrationTheory

 crime everywhere as the result of unrestrained migration

and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and

slums.

 Deprivation theory

 Holds that progress comes along with rising expectations.

 People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while

people at the top don't see themselves rising fast enough.

 Comparative Policing System Theories

 Theory of Anomie and Synomie

 Suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the

disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

 Modernization Theory

 sees the problem as society becoming too complex

 Comparative Policing System Theories
 Alertness to CrimeTheory

 states that as a nation develops, people's alertness to crime is

heightened.

 they report more crime to police and demand the police to become

more effective in solving crime problems.

 Opportunity Theory

 states that along with higher standards of living, victims become more

careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime

multiply.
It is a package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas, and
authority,

A. COMPARATIVE POLICING
B. GLOBALIZATION
C. PRIVATIZATION
D. INCLUSION
 Part II

GLOBALIZATION
 What is Globalization

 refers to the integration of economics and societies all over

the world
 involves technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges made possible largely by advances in
communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

 a process by which regional economies, societies, cultures

have become integrated through a global network of
communication, transportation and trade.
Characteristics of Globalization

 These include greater international movement of:

 Commodities

 Money

 Information

 People

 Technology

 Organizations

 Legal systems

 Infrastructures
Effects of Globalization
 Negative Effects

 White Collar Crimes & Labour exploitation

 Job insecurity/ unstable due to increased competition

 International crimes like human trafficking

 World Terrorism, Cyber crimes, Drug trafficking

 Human rights violations on global scale

 Bad effects of foreign culture to local cultures

 Deadly diseases spread on global scale

 Price increase on commodities

 Local industries taken over by foreign multinationals

 Environmental damage
Effects of Globalization

 Positive Effects

 Industry

 Culture

 Legislation

 Language

 Information

 Finance

 Politics
 Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization

 Globalization allowed international criminals to expand their networks and

increase their cooperation in illicit activities.

 Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning to establish front companies

and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money laundering,

financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures.

 Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to

smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband across national boundaries.

 Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide

drugs or other contraband or to conceal the true origin and ownership of

contraband
Opportunities to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization

 Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights

problems

 Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms

and link them to the enforcement power of states

 Transnational professional network and cooperation against

transnational crimes

 Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across

transnational issues
 Effects and Significance of Globalization to Law
Enforcement
 The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.

 There is a need for transnational policing, hence cooperation among police

organizations in the world is vital.

 Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include

advance computer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better

prepared to deal with cyber crimes.

 Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes.

 Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to

modernization theories of crime.

 Part III

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
 What is Transnational Crime?

 a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups which

the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or
offenses in order to obtain directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefits committed through
crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

 refers to criminal activities, transactions, or schemes that

violates the laws of more than one country or have direct
impact on a foreign country.
 Characteristics of Transnational Crime

 Is committed in more than one state

 Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation,

planning, direction or control takes place in another state

 Is committed in one state but involves organized crime group that
engages in criminal activities in more than one state
 Is committed in one state but has subs effects in another state

 It specifically targets three types of criminals:

 those who operate in more than one country

 those who do not travel at all but whose crimes affect other countries

 those who commit a crime in one country and flee to another

Categories of Transnational Crime

 Transnational crime covers many different types of

crime with varying levels of gravity:
 Organized crime

 Corporate crime

 Professional crime

 Political crime
 Transnational organized crime includes:

 Drugs and arms trafficking

 Trafficking in human beings

 People smuggling

 Smuggling of foodstuffs and stimulants (particularly tobacco

products, alcohol and meat)
 Smuggling of growth promoting substances for the livestock
industry
 Credit card fraud

 Smuggling of nuclear materials

 Illegal car trading

 Transnational corporate crime includes:

 Tax evasion

 Social security fraud

 Dumping of goods (clothes and electronic equipment) or products

(foodstuffs of inferior quality) on foreign markets

 Obtaining government subsidies by fraudulent means

 Formation of illegal cartels or monopolies

 Infringement of intellectual property rights

 Industrial espionage

 Import and export of protected plants and animals

 Illegal dumping of toxic and other waste in another country

 Transnational professional crime includes:
 Serious theft, fraud, kidnapping

 Illegal export and purchase of works of art

 The supply of fake brand name products

 Insurance fraud

 Production of counterfeit money and forged papers

 Transnational political crime includes:

 Illegal activities by terrorist groups or organizations

 Circumvention of sanctions imposed on countries by the UN

Facilitator s in Transnational Crime

 Organized crime groups such as :

 Russian organized crime syndicates,

 Chinese triads,

 Japanese yakuza,

 Colombian cartels,

 Nigerian networks and

 Burmese narco-warlords

 Individuals

 Corporations
I. Money Laundering
 What is Money Laundering

 the term “money laundering” originated from Mafia ownership of

Laundromats in the United States.
 a method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their
wealth and protect their asset bases.
 the process of creating the appearance of large amount of
money obtained from serious crimes, originated from a
legitimate source.
 Criminals who get their money from illegal actions typically

launder their money in order not to attract the attention of

authorities.
Money Laundering Scheme
 Money Laundering in Philippine Setting

 RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194

 This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Act of

2001."
 Creation of Anti-Money LaunderingCouncil (AMLC).

 composed of:

 Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (chairman)

 Commissioner of the Insurance Commission (member)
 Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
(member)
II. Terrorism
What is Terrorism

 destruction of people or property by people not acting on

behalf of an established government for the purpose of

redressing a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an
established government.

 refer only to those violent acts which are intended to

create fear and are perpetrated for a religious, political, or

ideological goal

 use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce,

especially for political purposes.

 Types of Terrorism

 National Terrorism

 based and operate entirely within a certain country.

 Transnational Terrorism

 terrorist groups who operate across national borders, whose

actions and political aspirations may affect individuals of more

than one nationality.

 International Terrorism

 foreign based and is directed against a country by countries or

groups outside that country.

Key Elements of Terrorism
 It is premeditated

 It is political

 It is aimed at civilians

 It is carried out by sub – national groups

 Terrorist may Use:

 weapons of mass destruction

 threats to create fear

 traditional weapons

 Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) is a term used to describe a

massive weapon with the capacity to indiscriminately kill large
number of people.
Organized Crime Vs. Terrorism

 Organized crime  Terrorists

 motivated by money  motivated by ideology
 CATEGORIES OF TERRORIST GROUPS
 Non-state supporter
 A terrorist group that operates autonomously, receiving no

support from any government.

 State supported
 A terrorist group that operates alone but receives support

from one or more governments.

 State directed
 A terrorist group that operates as a great government,

receiving substantial intelligence logistic operational support

 Typologies of Terrorism

 Nationalist
 seek to form a separate state for their own national group

 freedom fighters

 Example: Basque Fatherland and Liberty

 Religious:
 use violence to further what they believe are divinely

commanded purposes; a spiritual rather than a military

objective.
 Example: Al-Qaeda, HAMAS, Hezbollah
Typologies of Terrorism

 State-Sponsored
 Used by radical states as foreign policy

 provide a cost effective way to wage war covertly

through terrorists.
 States considered to have sponsored terrorism include:

Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.

 Typologies of Terrorism

Left-Wing, Right-Wing, and Anarchist

 Left-wing groups
 seek to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist

social regime.

 Right-wing groups
 seek to create fascists states.

 Anarchists
 seek to overthrow all forms of government.
Republic Act 9372

 The Human Security Act of 2007

 took effect on July 15, 2007

 An Act to secure the state and protect our people

from terrorism
 SEC. 3. Terrorism.- Any person who commits an act punishable under any of

the following provisions of the Revised Penal Code:

 Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine

Waters) ;

 Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection) ;

 Article 134-a (Coup d' Etat) , including acts committed by private persons;

 Article 248 (Murder) ;

 Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention) ;

 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction) , or under

 Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson) ;

 Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste

Control Act of 1990) ;

 Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968
 SEC. 3. Terrorism.- Any person who commits an act punishable under any of

the following provisions of the Revised Penal Code:

 Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law) ;

 Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974) ;

and,

 Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal

and Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of

Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives)

 thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear

and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in
to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and shall suffer
the penalty of 40 years of imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as
provided for under Act No. 4103.
III. Human Trafficking
 Human Trafficking

 a crime against humanity

 the illegal act against human beings for purposes of

commercial sexual exploitation or forced labour:
 a modern-day form of slavery.
 an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring
or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or
other means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
 Human Trafficking

Elements
 1. The Act (What is done)
 Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of
persons

 2. The Means (How it is done)

 Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in
control of the victim

 3. The Purpose (Why it is done)

 For exploitation
 Philippine Domestic Laws

 Republic Act No. 9208

 Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003

 Republic Act No. 7610

 Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act

 Republic Act No. 8042

 Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act

 Republic Act No. 6955

 An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of Matching Filipino Women for Marriage

to Foreign Nationals on a Mail-Order Basis and Other similar Practices

 Republic Act No. 8239

 Philippine Passport Act of 1996

IV. Drug Trafficking
 Drug Trafficking

 is a global black market consisting of:

 Cultivation

 Manufacture

 Distribution

 Sale

 the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia

 local exchange between a user and a dealer or a major

international operation
 Applicable Philippine Laws
 R.A No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous DrugsAct of 2002)

 SECTION 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and

Essential Chemicals

 Section 5 - Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.

 SECTION 6. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort.

 SECTION 7. Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort.

 SECTION 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and

Essential Chemicals. –

 SECTION 9. Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.
 Applicable Philippine Laws
 R.A No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002)

 SECTION 10. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

 SECTION 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs.

 SECTION 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for

Dangerous Drugs.

 SECTION 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.

 SECTION 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for

Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.

 SECTION 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs.

 SECTION 16. Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources

Thereof.
V. Cybercrime or Computer Crimes
 Cybercrime or Computer Crime

 any type of illegal activity that makes use of:

 Internet

 private or public network

 an in-house computer system

 Any crime where:

 Computer is a target

 Computer is a tool

 Computer is incidental to a crime.

 Cybercrime in Philippine Setting

 RA No. 8792 (June 14, 2000)

 The Electronic Commerce Act of 2000

 regulated certain computer-related activities but it did not

provide a legal basis for criminalizing cybercrimes

 RA No. 10175 (September 12, 2012)

 the first law in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes

computer crime
 aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions

and the Internet in the Philippines

 Other Types of Transnational Crimes

 Arms Trafficking

 also known as gunrunning

 illegal trafficking or smuggling weapons or ammunition

 Environmental Crimes

 Crimes against nature

 illegal acts which directly harm the environment:

 Pollution

 Wildlife
 The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral

international cooperation against transnational crime:

 Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol

 Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individualstates

 European multilateral cooperation via Europol

 System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring

the people and the police together in cooperative manners:

 Problem Oriented Policing

 Community Policing

 Cooperative Policing

 Team Policing
VI: Organized Crime
What is Organized Crime (OG)
 any crime committed by a person occupying, in an established

division of labour, a position designed for the commission of

crimes providing that such division of labour includes at least
one position for a corrupter, corruptee and enforcer.

 a system of crime in which a group of individuals create and

maintain a corporate-like organization, its members each

having recognized responsibilities and obligations.

 a criminal activity by an enduring structure or organization

developed and devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits

through illegal means.
What is Organized Crime (OG)
 It is sometimes referred to the “mob”, “mafia”,
“syndicate” or the “cosa nostra” which are known as
“the enemy within”, “the 2nd government”, “the 5th
estate” or the “crime confederation”.

 The term cosa nostra (literally means “one thing”) or

mafia is use to signify organized crimes, and one of
the varieties names for either mob or syndicate.


 Main Attributes of Organized Crime Groups

 Has No Political Goals

 Hierarchical
 Limited or Exclusive Membership
 Constitues a Unique Subculture
 Perpetuates Itself
 Willingness to Use Illegal Violence and Bribery
 Specialization or Division of Labour
 Monopolistic
 Governed by Rules and Regulations
 Omerta - Code of Secrecy/Silence
Organized Crime Structure
The Bureaucratic/Corporate Model
 Characteristics of Bureaucratic Structure:
 A complicated hierarchy

 An extensive division of labour

 Positions assigned on the basis of skill

 Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal manner

 Extensive written rules and regulations

 Communication from the top of the hierarchy to

persons on the bottom, usually in written memo form

 Patrimonial/Patron-Client Model

 At the center of each organized crime

unit (famiglia) family is the boss
(capo). He assisted by an underboss
(sattocapo) and counsellor
(consigliere). Surrounding the boss are
his clients, the captains (capiregime).
Orbiting around each captain are his
clients, the lowest-ranking members
who have been formally initiated into
the family made guys.
 How the Organized Crime Group Works?
 For an organization to work with there must be:

 An Enforcer

 one who make arrangements for killing and injuring the members or non-

members.

 A Corrupter

 one who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates, and “sweet talks” into a

relationship with the police, public officials or any else who might help the
members security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and
punishment.

 Corruptee

 a public official, usually not a member of the organization family, who can influence

on behalf of the organization’s interest.

 Part IV

Selected Police Models

Countries
 Japan
 China
 Canada
 Thailand
 Singapore
 France
 Australia
 USA
 JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
 ORGANIZATION OF National Police Agency (NPA)

 1. National Public Safety Commission is a government body

responsible for the administrative supervision of the police. Under
the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
 2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) a totally gun less police

force, except for its special attack team

 3. Regional Police Bureau exercises control and supervision over
regional police offices and provides support with the prefectural
police.
 Director General heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the
Commission General of the NPA
 JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
 4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)

 administrative commission functioning under the representative

system which supervise the prefectural police. Under the
Jurisdiction of the Governor.

 5. Koban

 a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major

transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts
which forms the first line of police response to the public.
 Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential
police boxes (Chuzaisho- staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of
police is assigned to Koban.
 Organizations Attached to the NPA
 National Police Academy

 provides training to police officers and conduct academic research

 National Research Institute of Police Science

 conducts research in police science

 Imperial Guards

 provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other

Imperial family.
 responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

 Highest Rank
 Commissioner of Police

 Lowest Rank
 Police Officer
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
 Ministry of National Defense
 the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies
such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security.
 Ministry of Public Security
 the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s
Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement
 (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).

 Ministry of State Security

 the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security
matters.
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
 Kinds of police

 People’s Armed Police (PAP) deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police
and guard’s government compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border
defense but is called sometimes to back up local police.
 State Security Police safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage,
sabotage and conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly
accountable to the State council.
 Prison Police part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in
prisons and correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
 Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and
serving instruments and some also executing death sentences.
 Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) operate in many places and hired by officials to
help carry out some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting
peasants from seized land
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
 Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once
a year.
 Central Military Commission = appoints police in China

 People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.

 Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of

the Rank promotion Examination for police officer.

 RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA

 Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the

PNP
 Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Patrolman/woman in the PNP
 THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM
 Royal Thai Police = formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL
POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
 In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of
Thailand to be directly under the Office of the Prime Minister
using the name RoyalThai Police.
 The position of its supreme head was changed from Director-
General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal
Thai Police.
 Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok

 Police General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police

 Policeman/Constable = lowest rank

 Canada Police System

 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

 colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”

 the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of
its kind in the world being a national, federal, provincial and municipal
policing body.
 It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted
Police(1873) with the Dominion Police (1868)
 headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public
Safety Canada.
 Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

 Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank

 Singapore Policing System

 Singapore Police Force

 Ministry of Home Affairs

 Operational Control and Administrative Supervision

 Highest Rank

 Commissioner of Police

 Lowest Rank

 Police Constable
 France Policing System

 Police Nationale

 Ministry of the Interior

 Operational Control and Administrative Supervision

 Highest Rank

 Directeur des Services Actifs

 Lowest Rank

 Gardien de la Paix stagiaire

 Australia Policing System

 Australian Federal Police a progressive and multi-faceted law

enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the fight

against 21st century crime
 Home Affairs Ministry

 Operational Control and Administrative Supervision

 Highest Rank

 Commissioner

 Lowest Rank

 Constable
 US Policing System

 US Federal Police

 Department of Justice

 Operational Control and Administrative Supervision

 Highest Rank

 Police Chief

 Lowest Rank

 Federal Police
 Board Questions:

 Entrance age requirement for Police in Indonesia: 18

years old
 Entrance age requirement for Australia Federal Police: 21
years old
 Name of agency of police of Myanmar: Ministry of Home
Affairs
 Highest rank in Myanmar Police: Police Director General
 Police of Singapore: Singapore Police
 Entrance age of Singapore police applicant is 18 years old
 Part V

Police Global Organizations

 The different police international associations in the
world are:
 ASEAN Chiefs of Police

 Europol

 IACP

 Interpol

 UN Policing
 ASEAN Chiefs of Police
 established in 1981

 Members Countries
 Indonesia

 Malaysia

 Philippines

 Singapore

 Thailand

 Brunei Darussalam

 Vietnam

 Lao PDR

 Myanmar

 Cambodia
ASEAN Chiefs of Police
 Objectives
 Enhancing police professionalism

 Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and

promoting lasting friendship among the police officers of

ASEAN countries

 Permanent Secretariat
 Head of Secretariat- Executive Director (2 years) assisted by

2 directors (2-3 years)

EUROPOL
 European Union’s Criminal Intelligence Agency

 It became fully operational on 1 July 1999.

 aims to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between the

competent authorities of the member states primarily by

sharing intelligence to prevent and combat international
organized crime.
 its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European

Union’s law enforcement action against organized crime and

terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.
 EUROPOL’s Mandate
 Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the

member states mainly against:

 Illicit drug trafficking

 Illicit immigration networks

 Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other

means of payment
 Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography)

 Illicit vehicle trafficking

 Money laundering
 IACP
 International Association of Chief of Police

 world’s oldest and largest non-profit membership organization of

police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different
countries
 IACP Mission
 Advance professional police services

 Promote and enhanced administrative, technical, and operational

police practices
 Foster cooperation and the exchange of information

 Experience among police leaders of recognized professional and

technical standing throughout the world.
 INTERPOL

 International Criminal Police Organization

 Founded on September 7 1923, Vienna, Austria

 Founded by Johannes Schober, he was also the

first president of Interpol

 Its Headquarter is in Lyon, France

 Jolly R. Bugarin was the first Filipino President

of the Interpol in 1980 – 1984

 1. General Assembly
 INTERPOL’s supreme governing body

 It meets annually and comprises delegates appointed

by each member country.
 The assembly takes all important decisions related to:
 Policy

 Resources

 Working methods

 Finances

 Activities and programs

 2. Executive Committee

 Composed of:

 President

 Three vice-presidents

 Nine delegates covering the four regions

 This 13-member committee is elected by the General

Assembly.
 3. General Secretariat

 located in Lyon, France

 operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year

 run by the Secretary General

 The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in

Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,

Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives
at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union.
 4. National Central Bureaus

 Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National

Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers.

 The NCB is the designated contact point for the General

Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries

requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the
location and apprehension of fugitives.

 5. Advisers

 experts in a purely advisory capacity

 appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the

General Assembly
 Interpol’s Core Functions

 1.Secure global police communication services

 The I-24/7 enables police in all member countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.

 2. Operational data services and databases for police

 Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including
information on known criminals

 also disseminates critical crime-related data through a system of international notices.

 3. Operational police support services

 provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operational
activities, especially in its priority crime areas.

 4.Police training and development

 provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of
member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism
Four Official Languages of Interpol
 English
 French

 Arabic
 Spanish
 Board Question

 International notice used to seek arrest with view to

extradition of subjects wanted and based upon arrest
warrant: Red
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Red Notice
 To seek the arrest or

provisional arrest of
wanted persons with a
view to extradition.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Blue Notice
 To collect additional
information about a
person’s identity or
activities in relation to
a crime.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Green Notice
 To provide warnings and

criminal intelligence about

persons who have
committed criminal
offences and are likely to
repeat these crimes in other
countries.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Yellow Notice
 To help locate missing

persons, often minors,

or to help identify
persons who are unable
to identify themselves.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Black Notice
 To seek information on

unidentified bodies.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Orange Notice
 To warn police, public
entities and other
international
organizations about
potential threats from
disguised weapons, parcel
bombs and other
dangerous materials.
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 Purple Notice
 To provide information,

modus operandi,
procedures, objects,
devices and concealment
methods use by criminals
Interpol’s Eight Notices

 INTERPOL-United
Nations Special Notice
 Issued for groups and

individuals who are the

targets of UN sanctions
against Al Qaeda and
the Taliban.
 United Nations
 An international organization whose stated aims are facilitating

cooperation in international law, international security, economic

development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world

peace.

 It was founded in October 24, 1945 after World War II to replace the

League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a

platform for dialogue.

 The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in

New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and

Vienna.
 Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS
 1. General Assembly

 May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions

to the UNSC

 Decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC

 Adopts the budget

 Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC, all members of

ECOSOC, on the proposal of the UNSC the UN Secretary General, and

the 15 judges of the ICJ

 When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-

thirds majority of those present and voting is required.

 Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS
 2. Secretariat

 Located in New York City

 Headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of

international civil servants worldwide.

 It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United

Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as

directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly,
the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.

 Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesperson and

leader of the UN.

 Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS

 3. International Court Justice

 Located in Hague Netherlands

 The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the primary judicial

organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the

United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the

successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice.

 Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS
 4. Economic Social Council

 The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General

Assembly in promoting international economic and social

cooperation and development.

 ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the General

Assembly for a three-year term

 The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst

the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC.

 ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session.

 Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS
 5. Trusteeship Council

 Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine and discuss

reports from the Administering Authority on the political,

economic, social and educational advancement of the

peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the

Administering Authority, to examine petitions from and

undertake periodic and other special missions to Trust

Territories.
 UN is Composed of:
 193 member states

 Five Permanent Members

 China

 France

 Russia

 United Kingdom

 United States
 Official Languages of United Nations

 Arabic

 English

 French

 Spanish

 Chinese

 Russian
 UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)

 AGE REQUIREMENT
 Must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years

old upon actual deployment.

 RANK REQUIREMENT
 For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): POLICE MAJOR

 For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): POLICE

STAFF SERGEANT

 All applicants must have been appointed in permanent

status in their respective present ranks.
 UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)
 SERVICE REQUIREMENT
 Minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding cadetship,
officer orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)
 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
 Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the
PNP DHRDD, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatry
examinations.
 SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED
 Computer Literacy Requirement

 Driving Proficiency Requirement

 UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)
 UNIT RECOMMENDATION REQUIREMENT

 Must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command Group or Directors of their

respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional Offices).
 OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

 1. Must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very Satisfactory
evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters.
 2. Must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary
reasons.
 3. Must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no
pending administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
 4. No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those
covered by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases.
 TERM OF DEPLOYMENT

 All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have
one (1) year tenure, extendable to 6 months
The End
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