General Physics 2: Learning Activity Sheet

12
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
QUARTER 3
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
COPYRIGHT PAGE
Learning Activity Sheet in EARTH SCIENCE

(Grade 12)
Copyright © 2020
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Sample Table of Contents
Page
Compentency Code
number
Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and
charging by induction STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-1 1 – 10
Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic
charging by rubbing STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-2 11 – 20
Describe experiments to show electrostatic
charging by induction STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-3 21 – 30
Calculate the net electric force on a point charge
exerted by a system of point charges STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-6 31 – 39
Describe an electric field as a region in which an
electric charge experience a force STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-7 40 – 55
Calculate the electric field due to a system of point
charges usimng Coulumb’s law and the
superposition principle STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-10 56 – 67
Calculate electric influx STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-12 68 – 79
Use Gauss’s law to infer electric field due to
unniformly distributed charges on long wires,
spheres, and large plates STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-13 80 – 89
Solve problems involving electric charges, dipoles,
forces, fields and flux in context such as , but not
limited to, system of point charges, electrical
breakdown of air, charged pendelums, electrostatic
ink-jet printers STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-14 90 – 98
Relate the electric potential with work, potential
energy and electric field STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-15 99 – 107
Determine the electric potential fucntion at any
point due to highly symmetric continuous-charge
distributions STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-17 108 – 116
Infer the direction and strength of electriv field
vector, nature of electric field sources, and
electrostatic potential surfaces given the
equipotential lines STEM-GP12EM-IIIc-18 117 – 127
Calculate the electric field in the region given a
mathematical function describing its potential in a
region of space STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-20 128 – 133
Solve function involving electric potential energy
and electric potential in context such as, but not
limited to, electron guns in CRT TV picture tubes
and Van de Graaff generators STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-22 134 – 141
Deduce the effect of simple capacitors (e.g.
parallel-plate, spherical, cylindrical) on the
capacitance , charge and potential difference when STEM_GP12EM-IIId-23 142 – 149
the size, potential difference, or charged is
changed.
Calculate the equivalent capacitance of a network
of capacitors connected in series/parallel STEM_GP12EM-IIId-24 150 – 160
Determine the total charge, the charge on, and the
potential difference across each capacitor in the
network given the capacitors connected in series/
parallel STEM_GP12EM-IIId-25 161 – 168
Determine the potential energy stored inside the
capacitor given the geometry and potential
difference across capacitor STEM_GP12EM-IIId-26 169 – 177
Describe the effects of inserting dielectric materials
on the capacitance, charge, and electric field of a
capacitor STEM_GP12EM-IIId-29 178 – 186
Solve problem involving capacitors and dielectrics
in context such as, but not limited to , charged
plates, batteries, and camera flashlamps STEM_GP12EM-IIId-30 187 – 195
Distinguish between conventional current and
electron flow STEM_GP12EM-IIId-32 194 – 203
Apply the relationship charge=current x time to
new situations or to solve related problems STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-33 204 – 212
Describe the effect of temperature increase on the
resistance of a metallic conductor STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-35 213 – 223
Describe the ability of a material to conduct current
in terms of resistivity and conductivity STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-36 224 – 234
Apply the relationship of the proportionality
between resistance and the length and cross-
sectional area of a wire to solve problem STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-37 235 – 245
Differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in
terms of their I-V curves STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-38 246 – 257
Differentiate emf of a source and potential
difference (PD) across a circuit STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-40 258 – 267
Given an emf source connected to a resistor,
determine the power supplied or dissipated by
each element in a circuit STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-42 268 – 276
Solve problem involving current, resistivity,
resistance, and Ohm’s law in context such as but
not limited to , batteries and bulbs, household
wiring and selection of fuses STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-44 277 - 289
Operate devices for measuring currents and
voltages STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-45 290 – 302
Draw circuit diagram with power sources (cell or
battery), switches, lamps, resistors, (fixed and
variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters STEM_GP12EM-IIIf-47 303 – 314
Evaluate the equivalent resistance, current and
voltage in a given network of resistors connected in
series and/or parallel STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-48 315 – 323
Calculate the current and voltage through and
across circuit elements using Kirchhoffs’s loop and
junction rules (at most 2 loops only) STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-49 324 – 341
Solve problems involving the calculation of
currents and potential difference in circuits
consisting of batteries, resistors and capacitors STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-51 342 – 353
Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic
interactions STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-54 354 – 362
Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open
surface TSEM_GP12EM-IIIh-55 363 – 374
Describe the motion of a charged particle in a
magnetic field in terms of its speed, acceleration,
cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency and kinetic
energy STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-58 375 – 386
Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire
segment placed in a uniform magnetic field STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-59 387 – 401
Evaluate the magnetic field vector at a given point
in space due to a moving point charge, an
infinitesimal current element, or a straight current-
carrying conductor STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-60 402 – 412
Calculate the magnetic field due to one or more
straight wire conductors using the superposition
principle STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-62 413 – 421
Calculate the force per unit length on a current
carrying wire due to the magnetic field produced by
other current-carrying wire STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-63 422 – 428
Evaluate the magnetic field vector at any point
along the axis of a circular current loop STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-64 429 – 437
Solve problems involving magnetic fields, forces
due to magnetic fields and the motion of charges
and current carrying-wires in context such as, but
not limited to , determining the strength of Earth’s
magnetic field, mass spectrometers, and solenoids STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-66 438 – 445
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: _______________________________________Grade Level: _________

Date: ________________________________________Score:______________

ELECTRIC CHARGE
Background Information for the Learners (BIL)
The Origin of Electricity
The electrical nature of matter is inherent in atomic structure. An atom consists
of a small relatively massive nucleus that contains particles called protons and neutrons.
A proton has a mass of 1.673 x 10-27 kg, and a neutron has a slightly greater mass of
1.675 x 10-27 kg. Surrounding the nucleus is a diffuse cloud of orbiting particles called
electrons. An electron has a mass of 9.11 x 10 -31 kg. Like mass, electric charge is an
intrinsic property of protons and electrons, and only two types of charge have been
discovered, positive and negative. A proton has a positive charge, and an electron has
a negative charge. A neutron has no net charge.
Experiment reveals that the magnitude of the charge on the proton exactly equals
the magnitude of the charge of the electron; the proton carries a charge + e, and the
electron carries a charge of – e. The SI unit for measuring the magnitude of an electric
charge is the coulomb (C), and has been determined experimentally to have a value e
= 1.60 x 10-19 C.
The symbol e represents only the magnitude of the charge on a proton or an
electron and does not include the algebraic sign that indicates whether the charge is
positive or negative. In nature, atoms are normally found with equal numbers of protons
and electrons. Usually, then, an atom carries no net charge because the algebraic sum
of the positive charge of the nucleus and the negative charge of the electrons is zero.
When an atom, or any object, carries no net charge, the object is said to be electrically
neutral. The neutrons in the nucleus are electrically neutral particles.
The charge on the electrons or a proton is the smallest amount of free charge that
has been discovered. Charges of larger magnitude are built up on an object by adding
or removing electrons. Thus, any charge of magnitude q is an integer multiple on e; that
1
NOTE: Practice personal hygiene protocols at all times
is, q = Ne, where N is an integer. Because any electric charge q occurs in integers
multiples of elementary, invisible charges of magnitude e, electric charge is said to be
quantized.
To show the quantized nature of electric charge, let us consider this example.
How many electrons are there in one coulomb of negative charge?
The negative charge is due to the presence of excess electrons, since they carry negative
charge. Because an electron has a charge whose magnitude is e = 1.60 x 10 -19 C, the
number of electrons is equal to the charge e on each electron.
Thus, the number N of electrons is
𝑞 1.00𝐶
𝑁= = = 6.25 x 1018
𝑒 1.60𝑥10−19 𝐶
Triboelectric Charging
The presence of different atoms in an object provides different objects with
different electrical properties. One property is known as electron affinity. The property
of electron affinity refers to the relative amount of love that a material has for electrons.
If atoms of a material have a high electron affinity, then that material will have a relatively
high love for electrons. This property of electron affinity will be of utmost importance as
we explore one of the most common methods of charging - triboelectic charging, also
known as charging by friction or rubbing.
Charging by Induction
Induction charging is a method used to charge an object without touching the
object to any other charged object. An understanding of charging by induction requires
an understanding of the nature of a conductor and the polarization process.
Charging Two-Sphere System Using A Negatively Charged Object
One common demonstration performed to show how induction charging occur is
by using two metal spheres. The metal spheres are supported by insulating stands so
that any charge acquired by the spheres cannot travel to the ground. The spheres are
placed side by side (see diagram i. below) so as to form a two-sphere system. Being
made of metal (a conductor), electrons are free to move between the spheres - from
sphere A to sphere B and vice versa.
If a rubber balloon is charged negatively (perhaps by rubbing it with animal fur)
and brought near the spheres, electrons within the two-sphere system will be induced to
move away from the balloon. This is simply the principle that like charges repel. Being
charged negatively, the electrons are repelled by the negatively charged balloon. And
being present in a conductor, they are free to move about the surface of the conductor.
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Subsequently, there is a mass migration of electrons from sphere A to sphere B.
This electron migration causes the two-sphere system to be polarized (see diagram ii.
below). Overall, the two-sphere system is electrically neutral. Yet the movement of
electrons out of sphere A and into sphere B separates the negative charge from the
positive charge. Looking at the spheres individually, it would be accurate to say that
sphere A has an overall positive charge and sphere B has an overall negative charge.
Once the two-sphere system is polarized, sphere B is physically separated from sphere
A using the insulating stand. Having been pulled further from the balloon, the negative
charge likely redistributes itself uniformly about sphere B (see diagram iii. below).
Meanwhile, the excess positive charge on sphere A remains located near the
negatively charged balloon, consistent with the principle that opposite charges attract.
As the balloon is pulled away, there is a uniform distribution of charge about the surface
of both spheres (see diagram iv. below). This distribution occurs as the remaining
electrons in sphere A move across the surface of the sphere until the excess positive
charge is uniformly distributed.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-Induction
The Law of Conservation of Charge

The law of conservation of charge is easily observed in the induction charging
process. Considering the example above, one can look at the two spheres as a system.
Prior to the charging process, the overall charge of the system was zero. There were
equal numbers of protons and electrons within the two spheres. In diagram ii. above,
electrons were induced into moving from sphere A to sphere B. At this point, the
individual spheres become charged. The quantity of positive charge on sphere A equals
the quantity of negative charge on sphere B. If sphere A has 1000 units of positive
charge, then sphere B has 1000 units of negative charge. Determining the overall charge
of the system is easy arithmetic; it is simply the sum of the charges on the individual
spheres.
Overall Charge of Two Spheres = +1000 units + (-1000 units) = 0 units
The overall charge on the system of two objects is the same after the charging
process as it was before the charging process. Charge is neither created nor destroyed
during this charging process; it is simply transferred from one object to the other object
in the form of electrons.
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CHARGING TWO-SPHERE SYSTEM USING A POSITIVELY CHARGED OBJECT
What do you think will happen if there are two positively charged spheres? How
would the movement of electron be changed?
Study this figure:
The positively charged balloon is brought near sphere A. Consider the graphic
below in which a positively charged balloon is brought near Sphere A. The presence of
the positive charge induces a mass migration of electrons from sphere B towards (and
into) sphere A. This movement is induced by the simple principle that opposites attract.
Negatively charged electrons throughout the two-sphere system are attracted to the
positively charged balloon. This movement of electrons from sphere B to sphere A leaves
sphere B with an overall positive charge and sphere A with an overall negative charge.
The two-sphere system has been polarized. With the positively charged balloon still held
nearby, sphere B is physically separated from sphere A. The excess positive charge is
uniformly distributed across the surface of sphere B. The excess negative charge on
sphere A remains crowded towards the left side of the sphere, positioning itself close to
the balloon. Once the balloon is removed, electrons redistribute themselves about sphere
A until the excess negative charge is evenly distributed across the surface. In the end,
sphere A becomes charged negatively and sphere B becomes charged positively.
The Importance of a Ground in Induction Charging

In the charging by induction cases discussed above, the ultimate charge on the
object is never the result of electron movement from the charged object to the originally
neutral objects. The balloon never transfers electrons to or receive electrons from the
spheres; nor does the glass rod transfer electrons to or receive electrons from the
spheres. The neutral object nearest the charged object (sphere A in these discussions)
acquires its charge from the object to which it is touched. In the above cases, the second
sphere is used to supply the electrons to sphere A or to receive electrons from sphere A.
4
The role of sphere B in the above examples is to serve as a supplier or receiver of
electrons in response to the object that is brought near sphere A. In this sense, sphere
B acts like a ground.
Learning Competency:
Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-1)
Activity 1: Charge it!
Directions: Follow the procedures as stated in the activity.

Objective: To demonstrate the transfer of electric charge form one object to another.
Materials:
2 small rubber balloons
Small piece of wool cloth
Small pieces of paper
Procedure:
1. Blow one balloon and tie it.
2. Rub one side of the balloon with the scrap of wool.
3. Move a finger toward the balloon in the charged spot. What do you observe?
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__________________________________
4. Recharge your balloons, and try holding the charged parts near each other.
What do you observe? Explain your observations.
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__________________________________
5. Rub one of the balloon and put on a table top (or the floor) and try gently rolling
it? What do you observe? Explain you observations.
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5
6. Prepare the small bits of paper. Place it on top of a table. Recharge your balloon
and hold it slightly above the small bits of paper. What do you observe? Explain
your observation.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Guide questions:
1. What happened on the part of the balloon that you rubbed with the scrap of
wool?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What is the role of the rubbing process in the activity?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_
Activity 2: Charging
by Induction
Objective: Describe how the presence of negatively charge object induces movement of
electrons.
Materials:
2 pcs Styrofoam cups 1 pcs rubber ballon
2 pcs softdrinks empty cans scotch tape/double-sided tape
Procedure:
1. Label the softdrink cans as can A and can B.
2. Mount the softdrink can on top of the styro cup using a scotch tape or double-
sided tape.
3. Place the can side by side.
4. Charge the ballon by rubbing it with animal fur or hair (this will make the rubber
ballon negatively charged)
5. Place the negatively charged balloon near to one of the cans.
6. Follow the figure below:
6
7. Observe what happens. Write your observation in your notebook.
Guide questions:
1. What happens to the can when you brought the negatively charged rubber
ballon near it?
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_____________________________________________________
___
2. Describe the movement of the electrons in the experimental set-up.
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Would you expect that can A would be attracted by the negatively charged
balloon? Explain why or why not?
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______________________________________________________________
____
4. What is the role of the balloon in the activity?
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
____
7
Activity 3 : 10 minute
Video-Tutorial
Charging by Induction Video Tutorial

Objective: Explain how charging by induction happens.
Using your smartphones or laptops with internet go to this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=763tiBXvTGw&feature=youtu.be
The Charging by Induction Video Tutorial describes what charging by induction is and
explains how and why it occurs. Numerous examples, animations, and illustrations are
provided.
After watching the video lesson you will be able to answer the following questions:
1. What is charging by induction and how does it occur?
2. How can the results of charging by induction be predicted and explained?
Reflection:
Write your answer on the following:
1. I learned that
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_________________________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed the lesson most on
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_________________________________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on
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References:
Cutnell, J.D. and K. W. Johnsons. (2016). Physics, 9th Edition.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=763tiBXvTGw&feature=youtu.be
9
Answer key
Activity 1
Possible observation:
3. There is a crackling sound produced. This is due to the balloon’s negative
charge being released.
4. There is a production of crackling sound, and feel some resistance. This is
because of the two negative charges repelling each other.
5. The charged portion sticks to the floor or table, this is because the negatively
charged balloon is attracted to the neutrally charged floor.
6. The small bits of paper is attracted to the charged spot of the balloon. This is
because the positive ends of the small bits of paper are attracted to the
negatively charged balloon.
Answers to guide questions:

3. Rubbing the balloon with a wool cloth gives the spot on the balloon a
negative charge.
4. Ans. The rubbing process serves only to separate electrons and protons
already present in the materials.
Activity 2
5. The cans separated when the rubber ballon was brought near the end of one
of the cans. The balloon attracted can A.
6. The presence of negatively charge near the can induces electron movement
from can A to can B
7. The type of charge on the cans can be tested by seeing if they attract the
negatively charged balloon or repel the negatively charged balloon. Of course,
we would expect that Can A (being positively charged) would attract the
negatively charged balloon and Can B (being negatively charged) should repel
the negatively charged balloon.
8. During the process of induction charging, the role of the balloon is to simply
induce a movement of electrons from one can to the other can. It is used to
polarize the two-can system. The balloon never does supply electrons to can
A (unless your hear a spark, indicating a lightning discharge from the balloon
to the can).
Prepared by:
CHRISTOPHER A. MASIRAG
VICENTE D. TINIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
10
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ________________________________________Grade Level: _________

Date: __________________________________________Score:______________

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING
Charging by rubbing phenomenon in which friction transfers charged
particles from one body to another.
If two objects are rubbed together, especially if the objects are insulators and
surrounding air is dry, the objects acquire equal and opposite charges and an
attractive force develops between them.
• The object that loses electrons becomes positively charged.
• The other that gains electrons becomes negatively charged.
• The force is simply the attraction between charges of opposite sign.
Types of Electric Charges
Each type of charge attracts the opposite type but repels the same type. This
leads to the basic law of electrostatics: Unlike charges attract, like charges
repel.
• The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). It is a scalar quantity.
• Every electron has a charge of -1.6 x 10-19 C, and every proton has a
charge of +1.6 x 10-19 C.
Positively charged Particles
In this type of particles, numbers of positive ions are larger than the numbers of
negative ions. In other words, numbers of protons are larger than the number of
electrons.
p+>e-
To neutralize positively charged particles, electrons from the surroundings
come to this particle until the number of protons and electrons become equal. Do not
forget protons cannot move!
Negatively Charged Particles
In this type of particles, numbers of negative ions are larger than the numbers
of positive ions. In other words, numbers of electrons are larger than the number of
protons.
e+>p-
11
To neutralize negatively charged particles, since protons cannot move and
cannot come to negatively charged particles, electrons moves to the ground or any
other particle around itself.
Neutral Particles
These types of particles include equal numbers of protons and electrons. Be

careful, they have both protons, neutrons and electrons however, numbers of “+” ions
are equal to the numbers of “-” ions.
e+=p-
Conductors
Some of the matters have lots of free electrons to move. It is easy for electrons
to flow from these materials. Metals are good conductors. Gold, copper, human
bodies, acid, base and salt solutions are example of conductors.
Insulators
These types of materials do not let electrons flow. Bonds of the electrons in the
insulators are tighter than the conductors thus, they cannot move easily. Glass, ebonite,
plastic, wood, air is some of the examples of insulators.
Atoms having same charge repel each other and atoms having opposite charges
attract each other.
Example: Charged spheres A, B and C behave like this under the effect of charged
rod D and E. If C is positively charged, find the signs of the other spheres and rods.
12
We learned that opposite charges attract each other and same charges repel each
other. Using this explanation we can say that, if the sign of the C is “+” than rod E
must be “-” since it attracts C. B must be “+” since E also attract B. Rod D repels the
B so, we say that D must have same sign with B “+” , and finally D also repels A, thus
A is also “+”.
A(+), D(+), B(+), E(-), C(+)
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing.

(STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-2)
Activity 1: Types
of Charging
Objective: Give examples of charging by friction and charging by contact.
Charging by Friction
When you rub one material to another, they are charged by friction. Material losing
electron is positively charged and material gaining electron is negatively charged.
Amount of gained and lost electron is equal to each other.
Charging by Contact
Charging by conduction occurs when two objects with different amounts of electric
charge come in contact and electrons move from one object to the other. There are
equal number of electrons and protons in a neutral matter. If something changes this
balance, we can say it is charged.
13
Directions: Give examples of objects that demonstrate charging by friction and
charging by contact. (One example each is already given.)
Charging by Friction Charging by Contact

1. Rubbing of comb and hair 1. Metal rod/bar touching a neutral
sphere
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Guide questions:
7. Consider one of your answer in the first column (charging by friction), explain
how the electric charges are transferred from one object to the other.
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____________
8. Choose one of your answer in the second column (charging by conduction) and
explain how the two objects with different amounts of electric charge come in
contact and electrons move from one object to the other.
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Charging
by Friction
Objective: Perform activity that demonstrate charging by friction.

Materials do not always need to be rubbed together to create a charge imbalance. In
this activity, you will explore charging by friction through simple contact.
Materials:
Roll of clear plastic adhesive tape (scotch tape/clear packing tape)
14
Procedure:
1. Pull two 8-10 cm of tape from the roll.
2. Hold one piece of tape in each hand and bring the two shiny (non-sticky) sides
of the tape close together without letting them touch. Record your observations.
3. Exhale onto both sides of each piece of tape several times (over its entire
length). Bring the two shiny sides of the tape close together again without
letting them touch. Observe what happens.
4. Using the same two pieces of tape, allow each piece of tape to stick to the top
of a clean desk without rubbing. Then quickly pull the pieces off the desk. Bring
the shiny, non-sticky side of one of the pieces close to the edge of the desk
without letting it touch the desk. Observe what happens.
5. Quickly bring the shiny, non-sticky sides of both pieces of tape close to each
other without letting them touch. Observe what happens.
Guide questions:
9. What do your observations in step 2 indicate about the electric charge on
the pieces of tape when they were first pulled off the roll? Explain.
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______________________________________________________
10. What do your observations in step 3 indicate about the electric charge on the
pieces of tape? Explain.
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__
11. Why is there a difference in the electric charge on the pieces of tape
between steps 2 and 3?
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____
12. Write a question you have about the observations you made in this activity.
Exchange questions with a classmate through your social media account or
messenger and decide how you may find answers to your questions. Then design
and carry out simple experiments to answer your questions.
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15
Activity 3 : Research
this!
Objective: Analyze how technology works to hinder the effect of charging by friction.
Many people use fabric softener dryer sheets to control static charge buildup on clothes.
As clothes made of different materials tumble inside a clothes dryer, they rub together
and become charged by friction. Fabric softener sheets prevent the buildup of static
charges.
1. Research how fabric softener sheets prevent the buildup of static charges.
2. Research what chemicals are used in fabric softener sheets and their effects on
people and the environment.
Guide questions:
1. Analyze how this technology works to hinder the effect of charging by friction.
Draw a diagram to support your analysis.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. List some benefits and drawbacks of using fabric softener sheets. Suggest
alternatives to using fabric softener sheets.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Based on your research, decide whether fabric softener sheets are necessary.
Support your opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
16
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES: Check Your Learning
1. Consider the following pairs of materials. Using the electrostatic series,
determine the charge that each material will gain when the two are rubbed
together. (a) glass and silk (b) ebonite and fur (c) human hair and a rubber
balloon (d) amber and cotton
2. Why do objects made from different materials develop an electric charge when
rubbed together? What is this method of charging called? Use a diagram to
illustrate your answer.
3. In your own words, explain charging by conduction. Include diagrams showing
how a positively charged object can be used to charge a neutral object.
4. Use a graphic organizer to compare charging by conduction to charging by
friction.
Reflection:
1.I learned that
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2.I enjoyed the lesson most on

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3.I want to learn more on

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
17
References:
Cutnell, J.D. and K. W. Johnsons. (2016). Physics, 9th Edition.
https://www.miniphysics.com/charging-by-rubbing.html
https://www.physicstutorials.org/home/electrostatics
http://www.mrcaslick.altervista.org/SNC1D/Textbook/11.2.pdf
18
Answer key:
Activity 1
1. When they are rubbed together, the atoms in the comb gain electrons and the
atoms in the hair lose electrons.
2. Possible explanation: Two charged objects may come in contact, and electrons
may move from one object to the other. Electrons always move from the object
with a larger negative charge (less positive) to the object with the smaller negative
charge (more positive). This produces a more even distribution of electric charge
between the two objects.
Activity 2
Observations:
3. Repel each other.

4. The sticky tape is repelled by the edge of the table.
5. Repel each other.
1. The two tapes neither attract nor repel, this is because of the equal numbers
of positive and negative charges.
2. The repulsion between the 2 sticky tapes indicate that they have the same
electric charges.
3. The charges of two sticky tapes before exhaling on it has a neutral charge,
while the charge after exhalation makes the sticky tape acquire same charges
making them repel.
4. Answers may vary
Activity 3
1. The softener binds with the hydrogen- bonding network hence blocking the effect
of charging by friction.
19
(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Elucidation-of-the-softening-mechanism-of-fabric-Igarashi
Nakamura/cce20caa28a4d4f521d0c7d4615c973036444b91/figure)
3. Fabric softener dryer sheets coat clothes in a waxy substance that also makes the
clothes feel softer. Fabric softener softens clothes and adds a fragrance to them.
Fabric softeners can also reduce static cling. If you don't want to use cationic
fabric softeners, there are alternatives that work quite well. Add a half-cup cup of
white vinegar to the rinse cycle of your washer to soften clothes, naturally remove
static, and cut soap residue which can dull colored items. Or add a half-cup of
baking soda to the wash. You can also check with your local health food store or
look online for an all-natural softener. Last, because synthetic fibers are notorious
for static cling, wash and dry these items separately from cottons and remove
them from the dryer while slightly damp.
4. Answers may vary
Prepared by:
CHRISTOPHER A. MASIRAG
VICENTE D. TRINIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
20
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: ________
Date: _____________________________ Score: ______________
ELECTRIC CHARGE, COULOMB’S LAW, ELECTRIC FIELDS, AND ELECTRIC

FLUX
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION
Electrostatic induction is a process to produce static electricity in an object by

drawing near to an electrically charged material. The former will cause the electrical
charges to be reallocated in the material that will result in one side having an excess of
either positive (+) or negative (-) charges.
Electrostatic induction or Induction charging is a method used to charge an object

without touching. This method will cause the redistribution of electrical charges on a
material.
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION IN CONDUCTORS
Electrostatic induction is most effective when materials are conductors just like
metals. Metals are good conductors. In electrostatic induction, once you remove the
electrically charged object, the conductor loses its charge. Temporarily grounding the
conductor must be done to solve this phenomenon.
Electrical conductors in neutral state has an equal number of (+) and negative (-)
electrical charges. Equal number of positive ions and negative ions and electrons
interacts within the conducting material. When an static electrically charged is brought
near to an electrical conductor, the electrical charges on or near the surface of the
electrically charged object attracts the opposite charges in the conductor and repel the
like charges.
The law of attraction and repulsion is observed in this phenomenon. Unlike
charges attract, therefore a positive charge(+) will attract a negative charge(-). Like
charges repel, therefore a negative charge (-) will repel a negative charge (-) and vice
versa.
21
Example
______ plastic rod
_ _
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Figure 1
-
In figure 1, electrical charges in the conductor or in the metal are redistributed as
the rod is draw near in the metal plate. Nevertheless, by the time the electrically charged
object (plastic rod) is removed, the charges in the conductor interact or intermingle again.
So, the electrical charging is temporary.
ELECTROSCOPE
An electroscope is an instrument used to detect the presence of electric charge

on a body. It detects charge by the movement of a test object due to the Coulomb
electrostatic force on it.
Electrostatic induction is also applicable in electroscope. If you draw near a
charged object such as the plastic rod near an electroscope, the opposite charges will
move toward the metal end of an electroscope as shown in the illustration below. In the
same illustration, the negative charge(-) in the plastic rod attract the positive charge (+)
in the metal shaft of the electroscope. The electrical charges in the metal shaft are
redistributed while the negative charges are on the leaves at the lower shaft.
The leaves of the electroscope push apart because to the electrical force where the
charges are the same (negative charges repel negative charges).
______Plastic Rod
Metal shaft ______ + ++ +

+ + +
_______ Electroscope
_________leave electroscope
22
Electroscopes leaves separate because of electrical charges
Metal shaft ___ +

+
+ _______ Electroscope
___ leave of electroscope
Electroscopes leaves go back to its original position
When the charged plastic rod is removed, the leaves of the electroscope go to its
original position and the electrical charges in the latter will interact again. The leaves will
not repel anymore because the charges in the leaves are opposite.
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION IN NON-CONDUCTORS
Non-conductors or insulators can undergo also the process of electrostatic

induction. These non-conductors can be given static electric charge nevertheless
electrostatic induction in non-conducting materials is least effective because the
movement of charge is constraint.
Although electrostatic induction is possible to nonconducting or dielectric

materials, the movement of electrical charges is much more constrained in
nonconductors than in conducting materials. In, conductors’ electrons are allowed to
move freely that cause electricity.
In a nonconductor, separation of charged particles does not work because

electrons are constrained. Nevertheless, if the nonconductor consists of polar molecules
the electrostatic induction may be possible. The latter will cause the molecules to be with
the positive charges (+) and the other side with negative charges (-). Polar molecules are
molecules that has one side more positive that the other side.
For example: water is polar molecule so water can be slightly attracted to a static electric
charge that is why if you draw near a charged object to a water the stream of water will
eventually bend.
A tissue and small pieces of Styrofoam which are nonconductors can be also attracted
by a charge object through electrostatic induction.
`
Learning Competency
Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction. (STEM_GP12EM-
IIIa-3)
23
Activity 1: FACT OR BLUFF
Directions: Label the following statements as Fact if the statement is true or Bluff if the
statement is false. If the statement is false, underline the word/s that make it false and
change it to make it true.
_____ 1. Electrostatic induction can exist in nonconductors.
_____ 2. Negative charge will attract negative charge.
_____ 3. Positive charge will attract negative charge.
_____ 4. Electrostatic induction can produce static electricity when you draw near an
electrically charged object to a material.
_____ 5. Induction is not possible when the objects are not in contact.
____ 6. Electrostatic induction is more effective in conductors than in nonconductors.
____ 7. When a static electrically charged is brought near to an electrical conductor, the
electrical charges on or near the surface of the electrically charged object attract the
opposite charges in the conductor.
_____ 8. The law of attraction and repulsion is observed in electrostatic induction.

_____ 9. Electrostatic induction is NOT possible to nonconducting or dielectric materials.
_____ 10. The movement of electrical charges is much more constrained in
nonconductors than in conducting materials
ACTIVITY 2. Draw the Charges

DIRECTIONS: Draw the correct orientation of charges in electrostatic induction in the
illustration given below. Draw your answer in the empty box at the right. (10 points)
ro r
___
____++++
__
NOTE: Assume that the upper illustration is charged object and the
lower part is metal plate.
24
Describe what happen on the charges on the metal plate.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________
ACTIVITY 3. Electrostatic Induction in Electroscope
DIRECTIONS: Draw the correct orientation of charges in electrostatic induction in

electroscope. Draw your answer in the empty box. (10 points)
1. BRINGING NEGATIVELY CHARGE OBJECT TO AN ELECTROSCOPE
Describe what happen on the the electroscope during electrostatic induction.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________
2. WHEN CHARGED OBJECT IS REMOVED FROM ELECTROSCOPE
25
Describe what happen on the electroscope during electrostatic induction.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________
ACTIVITY 4. ESSAY
DIRECTIONS: Write your idea briefly but substantially in the following situations.
1. Electromagnetic induction in a plastic rod and metal plate.
2. Electromagnetic induction in electroscope and charge object.
3. Electromagnetic induction in charged object and nonconductors.
ACTIVITY 5. INDUCTION ON A NONCONDUCTOR
Experiment
Materials:
comb and tissue paper
Procedures:
1. Tear off several bits of tissue paper.

2. Bring the comb near to the bits of tissue paper.
3. Describe what happens.
4. Then rub your hair with the comb.
5. Bring near the comb to the tissue paper.
6. Describe what happens
Guide Questions:
1. Why does the comb attract the pieces of tissue paper when you rub the comd
into your hair?
2. Explain the electrification that takes place in the comb.
26
Reflection:
1.I learned that
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2.I enjoyed the lesson most on

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3.I want to learn more on

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
27
REFERENCES:
“Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited.” Accessed January 19, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/18-4-electric-field-concept-of-a-field-
revisited/.
“Electroscope - Google Search.” Accessed January 19, 2021.

https://www.google.com/search?q=electroscope&oq=electroscope&aqs=chrome..69i57j
0l7.8818j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF
Contributors to Wikimedia projects. “Electrostatic Induction.” Wikipedia, January 16,

2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction.
Keil, Dennis. “Electrostatic Induction.” College-Physics - Lernportal. Accessed January

19, 2021. http://www.college-physics.com/book/electric-field/electrostatic-induction/.
IOPSpark. “Charging by Electrostatic Induction.” Accessed January 19, 2021.

https://spark.iop.org/charging-electrostatic-induction
28
ANSWER KEY:
Activity 1. FACT OR BLUFF
1. Fact 4. Fact 7. Fact 10. Fact

2. Bluff 5. Bluff 8. Fact
3. Fact 6. Fact 9. Bluff
ACTIVITY 2. Draw the Charges
Answer:
_ _
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _ _
-
When a static electrically charged is brought near to an electrical conductor, the
electrical charges on or near the surface of the electrically charged object attract the
opposite charges in the conductor and repel the like charges.
ACTIVITY 3. Electrostatic Induction in Electroscope
1. BRINGING A NEGATIVELY CHARGED OBJECT TO AN ELECTROSCOPE
+ ++ +
+ + +
The negative charge (-) object attract the positive charge (+) in the metal shaft of the
electroscope. The electrical charges in the metal shaft are redistributed while the
negative charges are on the leaves at the lower shaft.
29
The leaves of the electroscope push apart because to the electrical force where the
charges are the same (negative charges repel negative charges).
2. WHEN CHARGED OBJECT IS REMOVED FROM ELECTROSCOPE
+
+
________ _leave of electroscope
When the charged object is removed, the leaves of the electroscope go to its original
position and the electrical charges in the latter will interact again. The leaves will not
repel anymore because the charges in the leaves are opposite.
ACTIVITY 4. ESSAY
1. Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 5. INDUCTION ON A NONCONDUCTOR
1. When you rub the comb into your hair the comb became negatively charged.
This will create an electric field into the comb that will polarise and attract the
tissue paper so that the part closer to the comb will be the positive(+) and the
other will be(-).
2. When electrification occurs, electrons are not created but they are
transferred. In the case of the comd attracting the tiny bits of tissue paper
when you rubbed it into your hair electrons from your hair got transferred and
now the comb induces a dipole in the bits of paper and so the paper get
attracted.
Prepared by:
MILMAR T. EDRADA
Dassun National High School
30
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: ________
Date: _____________________________ Score: ______________
COULOMB’S LAW
COULOMB’S LAW
Coulomb’s law also known as Coulomb’s inverse-square law measures the

amount of force between stationary charged particles. The law was discovered by French
physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785. Coulomb’s law is very significant in the
progress of electricity and magnetism since it quantifies electrical charges. Hence, the
unit for charge is in unit Coulomb (C) in honor to the proponent of the law.
Coulomb force is extremely basic, since most charges are due to point-like
particles. It is responsible for all electrostatic effects and are due to point-like particles. It
is responsible for all electrostatic effects and underlies most macroscopic forces.
The Coulomb force is strong compared with the gravitational force, another
fundamental force. Nevertheless, compared to gravitational force it can cancel, since it
can be attractive or repulsive depending on the charges.
The electrostatic force between two subatomic particles is far greater than the
gravitational force between the same two particles.
When dealing with charged objects or charges, we also talk of forces between
them. These forces can be repulsive for unlike charges and can be a repulsive force for
like charges. To find for the force for charges we can employ the Coulomb’s Law is
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
In this equation, F is the electrical force exist between charges, q 1 is the charge of the
first object or a particle, q2 is the charge of the second object or particle and d is the
distance between the object or charges.
31
k q 1 q2
In the equation F=
d2
F α q1 ( If the charge on an object is doubled, the electrical force also doubled)
F α q1q2 ( If the charge of the two object or particles doubled, the electrical force
is quadrupled)
F α 1 ( If the distance of the two charges are doubled, the electrical force are quartered
d2
).
Coulomb’s law calculates the magnitude of the force F between two point charges,
q1 and q2 separated by a distance d. In SI units, the constant k is equal to 9 x 10 9 N.m2/
C2. The electrostatic force a vector quantity and is expressed in units of newtons (N).
In the equation
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
, it is apparent that the electrostatic force between any two points is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
Sample Problem 1:
A point charge has a magnitude of 3 x 10 -7 C. A second charge has a magnitude
of – 1.5 x 10 -7 C and is 0.11 meter away from the first charge. Determine the electrostatic
force that the charges exerted to each other.
Given: q1 = 3 x 10 -7 C
q2 = – 1.5 x 10 -7 C
k = 9 x 109 N.m2/ C2
d = 0.11m
F=?
Solution:
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
F= (9 x 109 N.m2/ C2) (3 x 10 -7 C) (– 1.5 x 10 -7 C)

(0.11m)2
32
F= 0.000405N
0.0121
F=0.0334 N
Sample Problem 2.
Determine the magnitude of electric force between a nucleus ( 6 protons having
a charge of 1.6 x 10 -19 C and its internal electron having a charge of – 1.6 x 10 -
19 C if the distance that separate them is 1.0 x 10 -7 m.
Given: q1 = 1.6 x 10 -19 C

q2 = – 1.6 x 10 -19
k = 9 x 109 N.m2/ C2
d = 1.0 x 10 -7 m.
F=?
Solution:
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
F= (9 x 109 N.m2/ C2){ (1.6 x10-19 C)(6)} (–1.6x10-19C)
(1x10-7m)2
F= (9 x 109 N.m2/ C2)(9.6x10-19C)(–1.6x10-19C)
1x10-14m2
F= -1.3824 x 10-27 N
1x10-14
F= 1.3824-41 N
Sample Problem 3. Determine the distance of two electrons having a charge of

-3.0 C if the force between them is 19.2N?
Given: q1 = 3.0C
q2 = 3.0 C
F = 19.2 N
33
k = 9 x 109 N.m2/ C2
d= ?
Solution:
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
d2= kq1q2
F
√d2= √ kq1q2
F
d = √(9 x 109 N.m2/ C2)( 3C )( 3C )/ 9.2 N
d = √8.1x1010m/9.2
d = √4218750000
d = 64951.9m
Sample Problem 4.
A negative charge of -4.0 x 10 -3 C exerts an attractive force of 12 N on a second
charge that is 0.050 m away. Determine the magnitude of the second charge?
Given: q1 = -4.0 x 10 -3 C
d= - 0.050 m
F= 12 N
q2 = ?
Solution:
k q 1 q2
F=
d2
Fd2 = k q1 q2
k q1 k q1
q2 = Fd2
k q1
q2= (12N)(0.050m)2
(9 x 109 N.m2/ C2)( -4.0 x 10 -3 C)
34
q2= 0.03
-3.6x107C
q2= -83333.33 C
Learning Competency
Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted by a system of point charges
(STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-6)
Activity 1: RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTRIC FORCE, ELECTRICAL CHARGE AND

DISTANCE OF CHARGES.
DIRECTIONS: Choose the correct term in the parenthesis. Underline the correct
term. (2 points each)
1. The magnitude of distance of charges is ( inversely proportional , directly

proportional) to the electrical force.
2. If the charge of both particles is doubled, the force ( unchanged, halved, doubled,
quadrupled)
3. If the charged of one of the particles id doubled, the force is ( unchanged, halved,
doubled, quadrupled)
4. If the distance between the particles is doubled, the force becomes ( one fourth, half,
double, 4 times)
5. The product of charges is ( inversely proportional , directly proportional) to the
electrical force.
ACTIVITY 2. SOLVING FOR THE ELECTRIC FORCE

DIRECTIONS: Solve for the following problems. Show your solutions for each
problem (5 points each)
1. Calculate the electric force between two charges -3.79 x 10 19 C and 5.67 x 10 –
18 C placed 3.5 x 10 -6C away from each other.
2. Find the force between charges of + 8.0µC and -40.0 µC located 10 cm apart.
Note: 1 µC = 1x 10 -6 C.
35
ACTIVITY 3. SOLVING FOR A NET ELECTRIC FORCE ON A POINT CHARGE BY A
SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES
1. Calculate the magnitude of electric force between an iron nucleus ( 26 protons
having a charge of 1.6 x 10 -19 C and its internal electron having a charge of of
– 1.6 x 10 -19 C if the distance that separate them is 1.0 x 10 -12 m.
2. Determine the electrostatic force between a 5 protons to an electron if the

distance that separate them is 1 x 10 -10m.
ACTIVITY 4. SOLVING FOR THE DISTANCE OF POINT CHARGES

1. What is the distance of two electrons having a charge of -1.6 x 10 -19 C if the
force between them is 1.0 x 10 -12 N?
2. What is the distance of two spheres, each with a charge of 2. 5 x 10 -5 C, when
the force between them is 0.60 N
ACTIVITY 5. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE OF CHARGE

1. An electric force 3.24 x 10 -10 N existing between a 18 proton charges and a

mystery particle separated by a distance of 2. 53 x 10 -10 N. Calculate the charge
of the mystery particle?
2. A negative charge of -5.0 x 10 -4 C exerts an attractive force of 12 N on a second
charge that is 0.040 m away. What is the magnitude of the second charge?
36
REFLECTION
1. I learned that ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed most on _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
37
References:
“Coulomb’s Law – Problems and Solutions | Solved Problems in Basic Physics.” 2018.
Physics.gurumuda.net. March 2, 2018. https://physics.gurumuda.net/coulombs-law-
problems-and-solutions.htm.
“Coulombs Law Worksheets & Teaching Resources | Teachers Pay Teachers.” n.d.
Www.teacherspayteachers.com. Accessed February 1, 2021.
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/Search:coulombs+law/Page:2.
“NGSS Physics: Static Electricity - Coulombs Law.” n.d. Www.physicsclassroom.com.
Accessed February 1, 2021. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/NGSS-Corner/Activity-
Descriptions/Coulombs-Law.
“Physics Tutorial: Coulomb’s Law.” n.d. Www.physicsclassroom.com.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-3/Coulomb-s-
Law#:~:text=Coulomb.
38
ANSWER KEY
Activity 1: RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTRIC FORCE, ELECTRICAL CHARGE AND
DISTANCE OF CHARGES.
1. INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
2. QUADRUPLED
3. DOUBLED
4. ONE FOURTH
5. DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
ACTIVITY 2. SOLVING FOR THE ELECTRIC FORCE
1. 58 x 10 -15 N
2. -28.8 N
ACTIVITY 3. SOLVING FOR A NET ELECTRIC FORCE ON A POINT CHARGE BY A

SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES
1. -5. 99 x 10 -3 N
2. 1.2 x 10 -47 N
ACTIVITY 4. SOLVING FOR THE DISTANCE OF POINT CHARGES

1. 1.52 x 10 -8 m
2. 3.06 m
ACTIVITY 5. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE OF A POINT CHARGE

1. + 50 C
2. -4.27 x 10-9C
Prepared by:
MILMAR T. EDRADA
Dassun National High School
39
GENERAL PHYISCS 2
Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: _________
Date: _____________________________ Score: ______________

Electric Field
Electric field
A region of space in which an electric charge will experience a force. The direction
of the field at a point in space is the direction in which a positive test charge would move
if placed at that point.
Representing electric fields
We can represent the strength and direction of an electric field at a point

using electric field lines. This is similar to representing magnetic fields around magnets
using magnetic field lines.
Positive charge acting on a test charge
The magnitude of the force that a test charge experiences due to another charge
is governed by Coulomb's law. In the diagram below, at each point around the positive
charge, +Q, we calculate the force a positive test charge, +q, would experience, and
represent this force (a vector) with an arrow. The force vectors for some points
around +Q are shown in the diagram along with the positive test charge +q (in red)
located at one of the points.
40
At every point around the charge +Q, the positive test charge, +q, will experience
a force pushing it away. This is because both charges are positive and so they repel each
other. We cannot draw an arrow at every point, but we include enough arrows to illustrate
what the field would look like. The arrows represent the force the test charge would
experience at each point. Coulomb's law is an inverse-square law which means that the
force gets weaker the greater the distance between the two charges. This is why the
arrows get shorter further away from +Q.
Negative charge acting on a test charge

For a negative charge, −Q, and a positive test charge, +q, the force vectors
would look like:
Notice that it is almost identical to the positive charge case. The arrows are the
same lengths as in the previous diagram because the absolute magnitude of the charge
is the same and so is the magnitude of the test charge. Thus, the magnitude of the force
is the same at the same points in space. However, the arrows point in the opposite
direction because the charges now have opposite signs and attract each other.
Electric fields around isolated charges - summary
Now, to make things simpler, we draw continuous lines that are tangential to the
force that a test charge would experience at each point. The field lines are closer together
where the field is stronger. Look at the diagram below: close to the central charges, the
field lines are close together. This is where the electric field is strongest. Further away
from the central charges where the electric field is weaker, the field lines are more spread
out from each other.
41
We use the following conventions when drawing electric field lines:
• Arrows on the field lines indicate the direction of the field, i.e. the direction in which
a positive test charge would move if placed in the field.
• Electric field lines point away from positive charges (like charges repel) and
towards negative charges (unlike charges attract).
• Field lines are drawn closer together where the field is stronger.
• Field lines do not touch or cross each other.
• Field lines are drawn perpendicular to a charge or charged surface.
• The greater the magnitude of the charge, the stronger its electric field. We
represent this by drawing more field lines around the greater charge than for
charges with smaller magnitudes.
42
Some important points to remember about electric fields:
• There is an electric field at every point in space surrounding a charge.

• Field lines are merely a representation – they are not real. When we draw them,
we just pick convenient places to indicate the field in space.
• Field lines exist in three dimensions, not only in two dimensions as we've drawn
them.
• The number of field lines passing through a surface is proportional to the charge
contained inside the surface.
Electric fields around different charge configurations

We have seen what the electric fields look like around isolated positive and
negative charges. Now we will study what the electric fields look like around
combinations of charges placed close together.
Electric field around two unlike charges

We will start by looking at the electric field around a positive and negative charge
placed next to each other. Using the rules for drawing electric field lines, we will sketch
the electric field one step at a time. The net resulting field is the sum of the fields from
each of the charges. To start off let us sketch the electric fields for each of the charges
separately.
A positive test charge (red dots) placed at different positions directly between the
two charges would be pushed away (orange force arrows) from the positive charge and
pulled towards (blue force arrows) the negative charge in a straight line. The orange
and blue force arrows have been drawn slightly offset from the dots for clarity. In reality
they would lie on top of each other. Notice that the further from the positive charge, the
smaller the repulsive force, F+ (shorter orange arrows) and the closer to the negative
charge the greater the attractive force, F− (longer blue arrows). The resultant forces are
shown by the red arrows. The electric field line is the black line which is tangential to
43
the resultant forces and is a straight line between the charges pointing from the positive
to the negative charge.
Now let's consider a positive test charge placed slightly higher than the line
joining the two charges. The test charge will experience a repulsive force (F+ in orange)
from the positive charge and an attractive force (F− in blue) due to the negative charge.
As before, the magnitude of these forces will depend on the distance of the test charge
from each of the charges according to Coulomb's law. Starting at a position closer to
the positive charge, the test charge will experience a larger repulsive force due to the
positive charge and a weaker attractive force from the negative charge. At a position
half-way between the positive and negative charges, the magnitudes of the repulsive
and attractive forces are the same. If the test charge is placed closer to the negative
charge, then the attractive force will be greater and the repulsive force it experiences
due to the more distant positive charge will be weaker. At each point we add the forces
due to the positive and negative charges to find the resultant force on the test charge
(shown by the red arrows). The resulting electric field line, which is tangential to the
resultant force vectors, will be a curve.
Now we can fill in the other field lines quite easily using the same ideas. The electric
field lines look like:
44
Electric field around two like charges (both positive)
For the case of two positive charges Q1 and Q2 of the same magnitude, things
look a little different. We can't just turn the arrows around the way we did before. In this
case the positive test charge is repelled by both charges. The electric fields around
each of the charges in isolation looks like.
Now we can look at the resulting electric field when the charges are placed next
to each other. Let us start by placing a positive test charge directly between the two
charges. We can draw the forces exerted on the test charge due to Q1Q1 and Q2Q2 and
determine the resultant force.
The force F1 (in orange) on the test charge (red dot) due to the charge Q1 is equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction to F2 (in blue) which is the force exerted on the
test charge due to Q2. Therefore, they cancel each other out and there is no resultant
force. This means that the electric field directly between the charges cancels out in the
middle. A test charge placed at this point would not experience a force.
Now let's consider a positive test charge placed close to Q1 and above the
imaginary line joining the centers of the charges. Again, we can draw the forces exerted
on the test charge due to Q1 and Q2 and sum them to find the resultant force (shown in
red). This tells us the direction of the electric field line at each point. The electric field line
(black line) is tangential to the resultant forces.
45
If we place a test charge in the same relative positions but below the imaginary
line joining the centers of the charges, we can see in the diagram below that the resultant
forces are reflections of the forces above. Therefore, the electric field line is just a
reflection of the field line above.
Since Q2 has the same charge as Q1, the forces at the same relative points close
to Q2 will have the same magnitudes but opposite directions i.e. they are also reflections.
We can therefore easily draw the next two field lines as follows:
46
Working through a number of possible starting points for the test charge we can
show the electric field can be represented by:
Electric field around two like charges (both negative)

We can use the fact that the direction of the force is reversed for a test charge if
you change the sign of the charge that is influencing it. If we change to the case where
both charges are negative, we get the following result:
Charges of different magnitudes

When the magnitudes are not equal the larger charge will influence the direction
of the field lines more than if they were equal. For example, here is a configuration where
the positive charge is much larger than the negative charge. You can see that the field
lines look more similar to that of an isolated charge at greater distances than in the earlier
example. This is because the larger charge gives rise to a stronger field and therefore
makes a larger relative contribution to the force on a test charge than the smaller charge.
47
A small test charge q placed near a charge Q will experience a force due to the
electric field surrounding Q. The magnitude of the force is described by Coulomb's law
and depends on the magnitude of the charge Q and the distance of the test charge
from Q. The closer the test charge q is to the charge Q, the greater the force it will
experience. Also, at points closer to the charge Q, the stronger is its electric field. We
define the electric field at a point as the force per unit charge.
According to Coulomb's law, the magnitude of the electric force exerted on the test
charge q is
𝑘𝑄𝑞
𝐹= (Eq. 1)
𝑟2
Inserting this expression into our relation for the electric field (Eq. 1) gives
𝑘𝑄𝑞
𝐹= = 𝑞𝐸
𝑟2
which leads to
𝑘𝑄
𝐸= 𝑟2
where E = electric field; N/C

F= electric force; F
Q = charge; C
r = distance between charges
Solved Problems:
1. What is the magnitude of a point charge that would create an electric field of 5N/C at
points
150 cm away?
Given: E = 5N/C
1𝑚
𝑟 = 150𝑐𝑚 100𝑐𝑚 = 1.5𝑚
48
𝑁−𝑚2
K = 9 x 109 𝐶1
Required, Q
𝑘𝑄
Solution: 𝐸 = 𝑟2
𝐸𝑟 2 = 5𝑁∕𝐶(1.5𝑚)2
𝑄= 𝑁−𝑚2
= 1.25 x 109 C
𝑘 9×109
𝐶2
2. A charge 1.5 𝜇C present in an electric field produces a force of 0.06N. What is the
intensity of the electric field?
Given: 𝑞 = 1.5 𝜇C
F = 0.06N
Required, E
Solution: 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗
𝐹 0.06𝑁
𝐸 = 𝑞 = 1.5𝑢𝐶 = 4.0 x 104N/C
3. Calculate the electric field strength 30 cm from a 55 nC charge.
+ 5 nC X
30 cm
. .
. .
. .
Given: Q= 55𝑛𝐶
r = 30 cm = 0.3m
Required, E
𝑘𝑄
Solution: 𝐸 = 𝑟2
𝑁−𝑚2
𝑞𝑥,09 5𝑥|0−9 𝐶
𝐶2
𝐸= 0.3𝑚2
= 4.99 x 102N/C
49
Two charges of Q1=+3nC and Q2=−4nC are separated by a distance of 50cm. What is
the electric field strength at a point that is 20 cm from Q1Q1 and 50cm from Q2? The
point lies between Q1 and Q2.
Given: Q1= 3×10-9C

r1 = 20 cm = 0.2m
Q2 = 4×10−9 C
r2 = 30 cm = 0.3m
Required, E for Q1
E for Q2
Solution for Q1
𝑘𝑄
𝐸= 𝑟2
N−m2 )
(qx,09 (3x|0−9 C)
C2
= 0.2m2
= 6.74 x 102 N/C
Solution for Q2
𝑘𝑄
𝐸= 𝑟2
N−m2 )
(qx,09 (4x|0−9 C)
C2
= 0.3m2
= 3.99 x 102 N/C
We need to add the two electric fields because both are in the same direction.
The field is away from Q1 and towards Q2. Therefore,
Etotal = 6.74×102N/C + 3.99×102N/C = 1.08×102 N/C
50
Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a
force (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-7).
Learning Activity 1- Check your Understanding

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but substantially.
1. Does the electric field depend on a test charge?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
2. In exploring the electric field with a test charge, we have often

assumed for convenience that test charge was positive. Does this
really make any difference in determining electric field?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
3. Why do we need the electric field?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________.
Learning Activity 2- Solved for me

Directions: Read carefully and analyze the following questions before solving.
Show your complete solutions.
1. What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on a 3.50 μC charge by
a 250 N/C electric field that points due east?
2. (a) What magnitude point charge creates a 10,000 N/C electric field at a distance
of 0.250 m? (b) How large is the field at 10.0 m?
51
3. a) Find the direction and magnitude of an electric field that exerts (a) 4.80 × 10−17 N
westward force on an electron. (b) What magnitude and direction force does this
field exert on a proton?
4. Calculate the electric field strength 20 m from a 7 nC charge.
+ 7 nC X
. .
20 cm
. .
. .
20 cm
5. Two charges of Q1=−6 pC and Q2=−8 pC are separated by a distance of 3km. What
is the electric field strength at a point that is 2 km from Q1 and 1km from Q2? The point
lies between Q1 and Q2.
Learning Activity 3- Mine Right or Mine wrong

Directions: Write MR if the statement/question is true and MW is the
statement/question is false.
1. The field was created by a positive charge and here acts on a negative
charge.
2. The number of field lines passing through a surface is proportional to
the charge contained inside the surface.
3. The magnitude of the force that a test charge experiences due to
another charge is governed by Newton's law.
4. The field lines are closer together where the field is stronger.
5. The greater the magnitude of the charge, the weaker its electric field.
We represent this by drawing more field lines around the greater charge
than for charges with smaller magnitudes.
52
REFLECTION
1. I learned that _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed most on _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
53
References
©2013, 2010Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

College Physics: Reasoning and Relationship
2nd Edition
General Physics 2 K to 12 Philippine Edition
Printed by Rex Book Sore
General Physics 2
COPYRIGHT 2020
Christopher G. Reyes
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/18-4-electric-field-concept-of-a-field-
revisited/\
https://www.quora.com/Does-the-electric-field-depend-on-a-test-charge
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/electrostatics/09-electrostatics-03
54
Answer key

1. No. A test charge is conceptually so small that it affects nothing. In
principle, a test charge is used to measure the electric field. A static electric
field is determined by the source of the field and the displacement from it.
2. Answer may vary
3. Answer may vary
Learning Activity 2- Solved for me
1. 8.75 × 10−4 N
2. (a) 6.94 × 10−8 C; (b) 6.25 N/C
3. (a)300 N/C (east); (b) 4.80 × 10−17 N (east)
4. 0.15 N/C
5. −5,8×10−8 N/C: direction of the -8-pC charge
Learning Activity 3- Mine Right or Mine wrong

1. MR
2. MR
3. MW- Coulomb’s
4. MR
5. MW-stronger
Prepared by:
LEONOR C. NATIVIDAD
Baggao National High School
55
GENERAL PHYSCIS 2
Name: _________________________________ Grade Level: _________

Date: __________________________________ Score: ______________
Coulomb’s Law: Superposition principle

Coulomb’s Law
The magnitude F of the electrostatic force exerted by one-point charge on

another point charge is directly proportional to the magnitudes Q1 and Q2 of the
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them.
Q1 Q2
|𝑄1 ||𝑄2 |
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2
1
where, k = 4𝜋𝜀 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 ∕ 𝐶
0
Electric charge is a property that accompanies fundamental particles, whenever

they exist.
When an electric charge qo is held in the vicinity of another charge Q, qo either

experiences a force of attraction or repulsion. We say that this force is set up due to the
electric field around the charge Q.
The electric field due to a given electric charge Q is defined as the space
around the charge in which electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion due to the
charge Q can be experienced by another charge q.
Electric Field Due to a Point Charge Formula
The magnitude of the electric field (E) produced by a point charge with a charge of
magnitude Q, at a point a distance r away from the point charge, is given by the
equation,
𝑘𝑄
𝐸=
𝑟2
56
where k is constant = 9 x 109 N m2/C2
r= distance from Q
Q = charge
The direction of the electric field produced by a point charge is away from the charge
if the charge is positive, and toward the charge if the charge is negative.
Electric field is a vector, so when there are multiple point charges present, the net
electric field at any point is the vector sum of the electric fields due to the individual
charges.
The concept of the field was firstly introduced by Faraday. The electric field intensity
at any point is the strength of the electric field at that point. It is defined as the force
experienced by a unit positive charge at a particular point.
Here, if force acting on this unit positive charge +qo at a point r the electric
field intensity is given by:
𝐹⃗ (𝑟⃗)
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟⃗) =
𝑞0
Here, E is a vector quantity and is in the direction of the force and along
the direction in which the test charge +q tends to move.
The electric field for +qo is directed radially outwards from the charge while for -
qo, it will be radially directed inwards.
Superposition principle
Coulomb’s law explains the interaction between two-point charges. If there are
more than two charges, the force on one charge due to all the other charges needs to be
calculated. Coulomb’s law alone does not give the answer. The superposition principle
explains the interaction between multiple charges.
According to this superposition principle, the total force acting on a given

charge is equal to the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the other charges.
Consider a system of n charges, namely q1, q2, q3 …. qn. The force on q1 exerted by
the charge q2
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒌 𝒓̂𝟐𝟏
𝒓𝟐𝟐𝟏
Here 𝑟̂21 is the unit vector from q2 to q1 along the line joining the two charges
and r21 is the distance between the charges q1 and q2. The electrostatic force between
two charges is not affected by the presence of other charges in the neighborhood.
57
The force on q1 exerted by the charge q3 is
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑
𝑭𝟏𝟑 = 𝒌 𝒓̂𝟑𝟏
𝒓𝟐𝟑𝟏
By continuing this, the total force acting on the charge q1 due to all other
charges is given by
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 ᵗᶱˢᵗ = 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 + 𝐹14 + ⋯ 𝐹1𝑛
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 ᵗᶱˢᵗ = 𝑘{ 𝑟12 2 𝑟̂21 + 𝑟12 3 𝑟̂31 + 𝑟12 4 𝑟̂41 + ⋯ 𝑟12 𝑛 𝑟̂𝑛1 } (1.3)
21 31 41 𝑛1
EXAMPLE
Consider four equal charges q1,q2, q3 and q4 = q = +1μC located at four different
points on a circle of radius 1m, as shown in the figure. Calculate the total force acting
on the charge q1 due to all the other charges.
y q2
q3 xq
1
q4
Solution
According to the superposition principle, the total electrostatic force on charge q1 is the
vector sum of the forces due to the other charges,
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 ᵗᵒᵗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹13 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹14
58
The following diagram shows the direction of each force on the charge q1.
y q2
r21 𝐹⃗14
ϴ 𝐹⃗13
q3 q1 x
ϴ
r31 Type equation here.

r41 𝐹⃗12
q4
𝐹14 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 𝐹⃗14
ϴ 𝐹⃗13 𝐹⃗14 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳

q1
ϴ 𝐹⃗12 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳
𝐹12 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 𝐹⃗12
The charges q2 and q4 are equi-distant from q1. As a result, the strengths (magnitude)
of the forces 𝐹⃗12 and 𝐹⃗14 are the same even though their directions are different.
Therefore, the vectors representing these two forces are drawn with equal lengths. But
the charge q3 is located farther compared to q2 and q4. Since the strength of the
electrostatic force decreases as distance increases, the strength of the force 𝐹⃗13 is lesser
than that of forces 𝐹⃗12 and 𝐹⃗14 . Hence the vector representing the force 𝐹⃗13 is drawn with
smaller length compared to that for forces 𝐹⃗12 and 𝐹⃗14 .
59
From the figure, r21 = √2𝑚 = r41 and r31 = 2m
The magnitude of the forces is given by
𝑘𝑞 2 9 × 10−12
𝐹13 = 2 =
𝑟31 4
𝐹13 = 2.25 x 10-3 N
𝑘𝑞 2 9 × 10−12
𝐹12 = 2 = 𝐹14 =
𝑟21 2
𝐹12 = 4.5 x 10-3 N
From the figure, the angle θ = 45º. In terms of the components, we have
𝐹⃗12 = 𝐹12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑖̂ − 𝐹12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑗̂

1 1
=4.5 × 10−3 × 𝑖̂ − 4.5 × 10−3 × 𝑗̂
√2 √2
𝐹⃗13 = 𝐹13 𝑖̂ = 2.25 𝑥 10-3 N𝑖̂

𝐹⃗14 = 𝐹14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑖̂ + 𝐹14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑗̂
1 1
= 4.5 × 10−3 × 𝑖̂ + 4.5 × 10−3 × 𝑗̂
√2 √2
Then the total force on q1 is,

𝐹⃗1 ᵗᵒᵗ = (𝐹12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑖̂ − 𝐹12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑗̂ + 𝐹13 𝑖̂ + 𝐹14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝐹14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑗̂
𝐹⃗1 ᵗᵒᵗ = (𝐹12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐹13 +𝐹14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑖̂ + (−𝐹12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝐹14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑗̂
Since F12 = F14, the jth component is zero.
Hence, we have
𝐹⃗1 ᵗᵒᵗ = (𝐹12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐹13 +𝐹14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑖̂
Substituting the values in the above equation,

4⋅5 4.5
𝐹⃗1 ᵗᵒᵗ = ( + 2.25 + ) 𝑖̂
√2 √2
= (4.5√2 + 2.25)𝑖̂
𝐹⃗1 ᵗᵒᵗ = 8.61 x 10-3 N 𝑖̂

The resultant force is along the positive x axis
60
Calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using coulombs law
and the superposition principle (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-10).

Directions: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answer. Write your answer in
another sheet of paper.
1. Electric field lines of force

A. exist everywhere
B. exist only in the immediate vicinity of electric charges
C. exist only when both positive and negative charges are near one
another
D. is imaginary
2. Identify which of the following diagrams best represents the electric field lines around
a positive charge?
A. B. C. D.
3. The constant k in Coulomb's law depends upon
A. nature of medium C. system of units

C. intensity of charge D. both a and b
61
4.The point-like charges carrying charges
of +3×10−9C and −5×10−9C are 2 m apart.
Determine the magnitude of the force between them and state whether it is
attractive or repulsive.
A. F=3.37×10−8 N C. F=3.57×10−8 N
B. F=3.47×10−8 N D. F=3.67×10−8 N
5. The electric field due to a charge at a distance of 3m from it is 500N/C. The

magnitude of the charge is[4πε01=9×109Nm2/C2]
A. 2.5𝜇C C. 1.0 𝜇C
B. 2.0 𝜇C D. 0.5 𝜇C
Learning Activity 2- Apply your Skills

Directions: Read and carefully analyze the given problems. Be sure to identify all the
given and unknown quantities. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer. Scoring is
provided for your reference.
Given: 1 point
Formula with solutions: 2 points
Answer with correct unit: 2 points
1. Two charges +3μC and +12μC are fixed 1 m apart, with the second one to the
right. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on a −2-nC charge when
placed at the following locations:
(a) halfway between the two

(b) half a meter to the left of the +3μC charge
(c) half a meter above the +12μC charge in a direction perpendicular to the
line joining the two fixed charges
2. Point charges q1=50μC and q2=−25μC are placed 1.0 m apart. What is the
force on a third charge q3=20μCplaced midway between q1 and q2?
62
3. A particle of charge 2.0×10−8C2.0×10−8C experiences an upward force of
magnitude .0×10−6N when it is placed in a particular point in an electric field.
(a) What is the electric field at that point?

(b) If a charge q=−1.0×10−8C is placed there, what is the force on it?
4. If the electric field is 100N/C at a distance of 50 cm from a point charge q, what

is the value of q?
5. Point charges q1=50μC and q2=−25μC are placed 1.0 m apart.
(a) What is the electric field at a point midway between them?

(b) What is the force on a charge q3=20μC situated there?
Learning Activity 3 -Field Map Representation
Directions: In this exercise, you will practice drawing electric field lines. Make sure you
represent both the magnitude and direction of the electric field adequately. Note that the
number of lines into or out of charges is proportional to the charges.
(a) Draw the electric field lines map for two charges +20μC and −20μC situated 5
cm from each other.
(b) Draw the electric field lines map for two charges +20μC and +20μC situated 5
cm from each other.
(c) Draw the electric field lines map for two charges +20μC and −30μC situated 5
cm from each other.
63
REFLECTION
1. I learned that _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed most on _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
64
References
©2013, 2010Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

College Physics: Reasoning and Relationship
2nd Edition
General Physics 2 K to 12 Philippine Edition
Printed by Rex Book Sore
General Physics 2
COPYRIGHT 2020
Christopher G. Reyes
https://www.vedantu.com/physics/electric-field-due-to-point-charge
http://www.brainkart.com/article/Coulomb---s-Law--Superposition-principle
phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(Op
enStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_
_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_
and_Fields/5.0E%3A_5.E%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields_(Exercises)
https://www.google.com/search?q=The+electric+field+due+to+a+point+charge+at+a+di
stance+r+is&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC54H5ptXuAhUPPnAKHSiHDkwQ1QIwGnoECCoQ
AQ&biw=1366&bih=657
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Supplemental_Modu
les_(Electricity_and_Magnetism)
65
Answer key
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D
Learning Activity 2- Apply your Skills

1. a. q1 = 3μC
q2 = 12μC
F31=2.16×10−4N
F31=2.16×10−4N to the left,
F32=8.63×10−4N
F32=8.63×10−4N to the right,
Fnet=6.47×10−4N
Fnet=6.47×10−4N to the right;
b. F31=2.16×10−4N
F32=9.59×10−5N
Fnet=3.12×10−4N
Fnet=3.12×10−4N to the right,
c. F⃗ 31x=−2.76×10−5Ni^,
F⃗ 31y=−1.38×10−5Nj^
F⃗ 32y=−8.63×10−4Nj^
F⃗ net=−2.76×10−5Ni^−8.77×10−4Nj^
2. F=53.94N
3. a. E=2.0×10−2 NC
b. F=2.0×10−19 N
66
4. q=2.78×10−9C
5. If the q2 is to the right of q1, the electric field vector from both charges point to
the right.
a. E=2.70×106N/C
b. F=54.0N
Learning Activity 3- Field Demonstration
Prepared by:
LEONOR C. NATIVIDAD
Baggao National High School
67
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: _________

Date: _____________________________ Score: ______________

ELECTRIC FLUX
What is Electric flux?
The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area.
More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field with an area. You may conceptualize
the flux of an electric field as a measure of the number of electric field lines passing
through an area (Figure 1). Thus, Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field
through a given surface. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence,
the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field is (represented by a greater
density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if the area rotated so that the
plane is aligned with the field lines, none will pass through and there will be no flux.
Photo source: https://phys.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/8028/CNX_UPhysics_23_01_Flux.jpg?revision= 1
Figure 1: The flux of an electric field through the shaded area captures information about the
“number” of electric field lines passing through the area. The numerical value of the electric flux
depends on the magnitudes of the electric field and the area, as well as the relative orientation of
the area with respect to the direction of the electric field.
A macroscopic analogy that might help you imagine this is to put a hula hoop in a flowing
river. As you change the angle of the hoop relative to the direction of the current, more
or less of the flow will go through the hoop. Similarly, the amount of flow through the hoop
68
depends on the strength of the current and the size of the hoop. Again, flux is a general
concept; we can also use it to describe the amount of sunlight hitting a solar panel or the
amount of energy a telescope receives from a distant star, for example.
Electric Flux through Open Surfaces
https://howtomechatronics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1.Electric-Flux-and-Gausss-Law-Electric-Flux-through-an-Open-
Surface.png
Figure 2. The red lines represent a uniform electric field. We will bring in that field a
rectangle, which is an open area, and we will divide it into very small elements, each with
size 𝑑𝐴 (differential of area).
𝑑Φ = 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴⃗
𝑑Φ = 𝐸𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
The electric flux that passes through this small area 𝒅𝝋 (also called a differential of flux),
is defined as a dot product of the magnitude of the electric field E and the magnitude of
⃗⃗⃗, times the angle between these two vectors 𝜽.
the vector area 𝒅𝑨
⃗⃗ a vector, with a magnitude 𝒅𝑨

Now we are going to make the area 𝒅𝑨 ⃗⃗. The vector
⃗⃗.
direction is always perpendicular to the small element 𝒅𝑨
Φ = ∫ 𝑑Φ
69
Φ = ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴
The total flux is going to be the integral of 𝑑𝜑, or the integral over that entire area of
𝑬. 𝒅𝑨.
It is a scalar quantity and the end result can be positive or negative. If the flux is going
from the inside to the outside, we call that a positive flux, if it is going from the outside
to the inside, that is a negative flux.
𝑁𝑚2
Φ=
𝐶
The unit of electric flux is Newton meters squared per Coulomb (𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑪). ).
https://howtomechatronics.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/5.Electric-Flux-and-Gausss-Law-3-Rectangles-with-Different-
Orientation-into-an-Electric-Field-768x280.png
Figure 3. Electric flux through open surfaces in different orientations
To get a better understanding of what electric flux is, let us consider electric fields
passing through these three rectangles with different orientations.
In the first case, the area is perpendicular to the electric field, and the angle between
their vectors 𝜃 is 0°. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0° is 1, so the electric flux is going to be 𝑬𝒅𝑨. Here we have
maximum flux.
𝒅𝚽 = 𝑬𝒅𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒅𝚽 = 𝑬𝒅𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎°
𝒅𝚽 = 𝑬𝒅𝑨
70
In the second case, the angle between 𝑬 and 𝒅𝑨 𝜽 is 60°, and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60°cos is 0.5, so the
electric flux will be half 𝑬𝒅𝑨.
𝒅𝚽 = 𝑬𝒅𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°
𝑬𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝚽 =
𝟐
In the third case, the area is parallel to the electric field, which means that their vectors
are perpendicular to each other, and the angle 𝜽 between them is 90°. cos90° is 0, so
the electric flux here will be 0. This means that nothing goes through that rectangle, so
here we have zero flux.
𝒅𝚽 = 𝑬𝒅𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝟎°
𝒅𝚽 = 𝟎
Problem #1
A uniform electric field 𝐸 = 8000 𝑁⁄𝐶 is passing

through a flat square area 𝐴 = 10𝑚2 . Determine the
electric flux.
https://physics.gurumuda.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Electric-flux-
through-area-and-closed-surface-%E2%80%93-problems-and-solutions-1.png
Given:
• The magnitude of the electric field (𝐸) = 8000 𝑁⁄𝐶

• Area (𝐴) = 10𝑚2
• 𝜃 = 0° (the angle between the electric field direction and a line drawn a
perpendicular to the area)
Unknown: Electric flux (Φ)
71
Solution:
The formula of electric flux :
𝑑Φ = 𝐸𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Φ = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Φ = electric flux (𝑁𝑚2/ 𝐶), E = electric field (N/C), A = area (𝑚2 ), 𝜃 = angle between
electric field line with the normal line.
Electric flux :
Φ = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑁
Φ = (8000 ) (10𝑚2 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠0°)
𝐶
𝑵𝒎𝟐 𝟒
𝑵𝒎𝟐
𝚽 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝑪 𝑪
Problem #2
A square surface with side length of 3.7 mm is in a

uniform electric field with magnitude E=2400 N/C, as
shown in the figure. The angle between the normal to
the surface and the electric field is 30°. What is the
electric flux through the surface, assuming that the
normal is directed outward?
https://ds055uzetaobb.cloudfront.net/brioche/solvable/bdc8
e6790a.4cd16ed770.RxZunD.jpg?width=500
Given:
𝐸 = 2400 𝑁⁄𝐶
𝐴 = 𝑆 2 = (3.7𝑚𝑚)2 = 13.69𝑚𝑚2 = 3.7𝑥10−6 𝑚2
72
The vector area 𝐴⃗ and electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ are shown on the diagram below. The angle θ
between them is 180° − 30° = 150°
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Φ=𝐴
= (2400 𝑁⁄𝐶 )(3.7𝑥10−6 𝑚2 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠150°)
𝑵𝒎𝟐
= −𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝑪
Note:
𝛷𝐸 is positive if flux lines are flowing outward that is if 𝜃 < 90°
𝛷𝐸 is negative if flux lines are flowing inwards that is if 𝜃 > 90°
Quiz Time!
Multiple choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer that suits to the given question.
1. The electric flux Φ through a surface
a. is the amount of electric field piercing the surface.
b. does not depend on the area involved.
c. is the electric field multiplied by the area.
d. is the line integral of the electric field around the edge of the surface
2. The area vector for a flat surface
a. is parallel to the surface and has a magnitude equal to the length of a side of
the surface.
b. is parallel to the surface and has a magnitude equal to the area of the surface.
c. is perpendicular to the surface and has a magnitude equal to the length of a
side of the surface.
d. is perpendicular to the surface and has a magnitude equal to the area of the
surface.
3. Which quantity and unit are correctly paired?
a. electric field strength and N/C
b. electrostatic force and electrons
c. electricity and Coulombs
d. electric field strength and E
73
4. When is the flux on a surface zero?
a. When it is perpendicular to an electric field
b. When it is parallel to an electric field
c. When it is at an angle to an electric field
d. It is never zero in an electric field
5. Which among of the choices is/are not FALSE about electric flux?
a. Electric flux can be defined on how much of something is passing through
some surface.
b. Electric flux is the amount of charge in a certain surface.
c. Electric flux is the direction of the electric field in a certain charge.
d. All of the above
6. Which among the statement is TRUE?
a. A flux flowing from inside to outside is negative.
b. A flux flowing from inside to outside is positive.
c. A flux flowing from outside to inside is positive.
d. A flux flowing from inside to outside can be negative or positive.
7. The formula to solve the electric flux is:
a. Electric flux is equal to Electric Field over Area of the surface subtracted to
cosine theta.
b. Electric flux is equal to cosine theta over Electric field multiplied by Area of the
surface.
c. Electric flux is equal to Area of the surface multiplied by cosine theta over
Electric field.
d. Electric flux is equal to Electric field multiplied by Area of the surface times
cosine theta.
8. Flux will be minimum when the electric field lines to the vector area are
a. parallel c. at angle
b. perpendicular d. at distance
9. System International unit of electric flux is
a. 𝑁𝑚2 𝐶 −1 c. 𝑁𝑚1 𝐶 −1
b. 𝑁𝑚2 𝐶 d. 𝑚2 𝐶 −1
10. If the electric field lines are parallel to the vector area, the electric flux will be
a. minimum d. zero
b. maximum e. constant
74
Learning Competency
Calculate electric flux (STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-12)
Activity 1: DRAW MY ANGLE!
Directions: Draw the corresponding orientation of each shapes with the given angle.
Illustrate vector lines and electric field using arrow heads.
1. Rectangle; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 35°

2. Circle; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0°
3. Square; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 45°
4. Triangle; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 90°
Activity 2: SOLVE THE SHAPE OF YOU!

Directions: Solve for the value of Area and Electric flux.
Rectangle Square Circle Triangle

Dimensions L=24cm b=25cm
s=89cm r=89cm
W= 15cm h=30cm
Area (𝒎𝟐 )
Electric Field (𝑵⁄𝑪) 1.8𝑥10−24 8.99𝑥106 2.89𝑥1024 9.0𝑥109
Angle 75° 90° 45° 50°
Electric Flux
75
Activity 3: PROBLEM SOLVING
Directions: Solve the following problem with complete solutions
Problem no. 1
An anemoscope is a device invented to
show the direction of the wind, or to
foretell a change of wind direction or
weather. Consider a situation where an
anemoscope is in a uniform electric
field of magnitude 𝐸 = 4.5 𝑚𝑁⁄𝐶 E=4.5
mN/C, as depicted in the above figure. If the rim of the anemoscope is a circle with
radius r=13 cm, and is perpendicular to the electric field, what is the magnitude of the
electric flux through the fabric of the anemoscope?
Problem no. 2
Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle

of sides 5 cm and 10 cm kept in the region of a
uniform electric field 100 N/C The angle θ is 60°.
Suppose θ becomes zero, what is the electric
flux?
REFLECTION
1. I learned that__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed most on ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
76
REFERENCES
Ali, F. (2020). Electric Flux, Gauss Law: Solved Example Problems. Retrieved February
13, 2021, from https://www.brainkart.com/article/Electric-Flux,-Gauss-Law--Solved-
Example-Problems_38381/
D. (2018, October 1). Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from
https://howtomechatronics.com/learn/electricity/electric-flux-gausss-law/
Electric Flux, Gauss Law: Solved Example Problems. (2019, March 13). Retrieved
February 13, 2021, from https://www.brainkart.com/article/Electric-Flux,-Gauss-Law--
Solved-Example-Problems_38381/
Libretexts. (2020, November 5). 6.2: Electric Flux. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physi
cs_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/06%3A_Gauss’s_Law/6.0
2%3A_Electric_Flux
Paul, J. (2019, February 26). Quiz. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from
https://www.scribd.com/document/400547728/Quiz
Practice Electricity and Magnetism | Brilliant. (2014, November 26). Retrieved February
13, 2021, from https://brilliant.org/electricity-and-magnetism/?subtopic=electrodynamics
77
ANSWER KEY:
Quiz Time
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B
Activity 1 Draw my angle! (Possible illustrations)
1. 2.
3. 4.
Activity 2 SOLVE THE SHAPE OF YOU!

Rectangle Square Circle Triangle
Dimensions L=24cm b=25cm
s=89cm r=89cm
W= 15cm h=30cm
Area (𝒎𝟐 ) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕
Electric Field (𝑵⁄𝑪) 1.8𝑥10−24 8.99𝑥106 2.89𝑥1024 9.0𝑥109
Angle 75° 90° 45° 50°
Electric Flux𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑪 𝟏. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟓 0 𝟓. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝟐. 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖
78
Activity 3 PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem no. 1
The flux through the flat surface encircled by the rim is given Φ = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸. Thus, the flux
through netting is
𝚽 ′ = −𝚽 = −𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑬
= −𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝒎)𝟐 (𝟒. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑵⁄𝑪)
= −𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑪
Problem no. 2
Given:
𝐴 = (𝐿)(𝑊) = (0.005𝑚)(0.1𝑚) = 0.5𝑚2
𝐸 = 100 𝑁⁄𝐶
𝜃 = 60°, 0°
𝚽 =?
𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
𝚽 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗𝑬⃗ = 𝑬𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝚽 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑵⁄𝑪)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎𝟐 )(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°)
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑪
𝜽 = 𝟎°
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑬
𝚽=𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝑬𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝚽 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑵⁄𝑪)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎𝟐 )(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎°)
= 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑪
Prepared by:
JOHN DAVID B. MEDRANO

APARRI EAST NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
79
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Name: __________________________________ Grade Level: _______________
Date: ___________________________________ Score: ____________________
THE USE OF GAUSS’S LAW

Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law
In order to explain Gauss’s law, we must first define a quantity called the electric
flux. In words, we say that there is an electric flux through a surface whenever electric
field lines pass through the surface. In the simplest case, with the electric field directed
perpendicular to the surface, the magnitude of the flux is the product of the electric field
and the area of the surface. Electric flux is denoted by the symbol 𝚽𝑬 .
Figure 1.0 Finding the electric flux through a surface.

Some examples of electric flux calculations are given pictorially in Figure 1.0. For
simplicity, these examples assume the electric field is constant in both magnitude and
⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to a flat surface having a total area A, and
direction. In Figure 1.0-A, 𝑬
the flux is 𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨. In this case, the flux is just the magnitude of the electric field
multiplied by the area of the surface. Flux is a scalar quantity.
If ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ is parallel to the surface (Figure 1.0-B), no electric field lines cross. The surface
and 𝚽𝑬 = 𝟎. In general, if the electric field makes an angle 𝜃 with the direction normal to
the surface (Figure 1.0-C), the magnitude of the flux is proportional to the component of
the field perpendicular to the surface, and
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 (Equation 1.0)
The three examples in figure 1.0A-C all involve simple, flat surfaces. We’ll usually
be interested in the flux through a closed surface such as a box or a sphere. The flux due
to a constant field ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ through these closed surfaces is shown in parts D and E of Figure
1.0. By convection, the flux through a surface is positive if the field is directed out of the
80
region contained by the surface; whereas the flux is negative if ⃗𝑬⃗ is directed into the
region. For the case with constant field, the total flux through the entire closed surface is
zero in each case. For the box in Figure 1.0-D, there is a negative flux through the face
of the box on the left and a positive flux through the face on the right. The total flux is the
sum of these two contributions and is zero. Likewise, there is a negative flux through the
left side of the spherical surface in Figure 1.0-E and a positive flux through the right side,
and the total flux again is zero.
Gauss’s Law
Gauss’s law asserts that the electric flux through any closed surface is proportional
to the total charge q inside the surface, with
𝒒
𝚽𝑬 = (Equation 1.1)
𝜺𝟎
The constant of proportionality that relates flux and charge is 𝜺𝟎 , the same physical
constant that enters Coulomb’s law.
Since electric flux depends on the magnitude and direction of the electric field, the
left-hand side of the equation depends on ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ while the right-hand side depends on the
⃗⃗, but it is not immediately obvious
charge. We would like to use Gauss’s law to calculate𝑬
how to do so. In particular, 𝚽𝑬 is the total flux through closed surface, so its value
depends on the magnitude and direction of the electric field at all points on the surface.
⃗⃗ for a Point Charge

Using Gauss’s Law to find 𝑬
Let’s first consider the familiar case of a single point charge. To apply Gauss’s
law, we must first choose the surface, called a Gaussian surface that will be used in the
flux calculation. Equation 1.0 holds for any closed surface, so our strategy is to choose a
surface that will make the calculation of 𝚽𝑬 as simple as possible. To this end, it is almost
always best choose a surface that matches the symmetry of the problem. For a point
charge, the electric field lines have a spherical symmetry (Fig. 1.1), meaning that the
magnitude of the electric field depends only on the distance r from the charge and that
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⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ is directed radially, either outward or inward with respect to the central point. A surface
that matches this symmetry is a sphere centered on the charge as sketched in Figure
1.0. Because of the symmetry, the magnitude of ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ is the same at all points on the sphere,
and ⃗𝑬⃗ is everywhere perpendicular to the sphere.
Figure 1.1 To calculate the electric field near a point charge using Gauss’s law, we
choose a spherical Gaussian surface centered on the point charge.
When ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ is perpendicular to a surface, the flux is equal to the magnitude of ⃗𝑬⃗
multiplied by the area of the surface. So, for the flux in Figure 1.1, we have
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 (Equation 1.2)
where 𝑨𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 is the area of our spherical Gaussian surface. If the radius of this sphere
is r, the 𝑨𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 and the flux is
𝚽𝑬 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑬 (Equation 1.3)
According to Gauss’s law, this flux is proportional to the total charge contained
within the surface. Using Equation 1.1, we have
𝒒
𝚽𝑬 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑬 = (Equation 1.4)
𝜺𝟎
We can now solve for E and find

𝒒
𝑬= (Equation 1.5)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
The key to this application of Gauss’s law was our choice of the Gaussian surface.
This choice made the calculation of 𝚽𝑬 straightforward because 𝑬 has the same value
82
over the entire surface and the electric field’s direction is always perpendicular to the
surface.
More Applications of Gauss’s Law
A. Consider a very long, straight line of charged. The line of charge has total length
L (where L is very large) and the total charge Q. How can we find the electric field
produced by this charge distribution?
We can calculate the flux through our chosen Gaussian surface which is a
cylinder. For a cylinder of radius r and length h, the area of the curve part of the
cylinder is 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ. The flux through this curved surface is thus
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝑬𝒓𝒉
We now find the total charge inside the Gaussian surface and then apply Gauss’s
law. The total charge within the cylinder is equal to the charge per unit length Q/L
multiplied by the length h of the cylinder, so
𝑸
𝒒= 𝒉
𝑳
Applying Gauss’s law then gives
𝒒 𝑸𝒉/𝑳
𝚽𝑬 = 𝟐𝝅𝑬𝒓𝒉 = =
𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝟎
wherein E:
𝑸
𝑬 = 𝟐𝝅𝜺 (Equation 1.6)
𝟎 𝑳𝒓
B. Consider a large, flat sheet of charge. If this sheet has positive charge per unit
area 𝜎, find the electric field produced by the sheet.
We choose a Gaussian surface. The cylinder’s axis is oriented perpendicular to

the plane. The flux through the curved sidewall of the surface is zero because 𝑬 ⃗⃗
is parallel to this part of the cylinder. The electric field ⃗𝑬⃗ is perpendicular to the
ends of the cylinder, so if the ends each have an area A, the flux is 𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨
through each end. For a positively charged plane, the electric flux through each
end of the cylinder is positive because the electric field lines pass outward through
the cylinder. The total electric flux through the cylinder is thus
𝚽𝑬 = 𝟐𝑬𝑨
where the factor of two is needed to include the flux through both ends.
Applying Gauss’s law then gives

𝒒
𝚽𝑬 =
𝜺𝟎
83
𝝈𝑨
𝟐𝑬𝑨 =
𝜺𝟎
Solving for the electric field, we get
𝝈
𝟐𝜺𝟎
C. Calculation of the electric field between two thin metal plates. This arrangement is
called a parallel-plate capacitor.
In this case, the charges on the two plates attract each other and all the charge
on each plate resides on the inner surface of the plate, with none on the outer
surfaces.
𝑸
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
Examples of Problems Solving;

1. A 4.0 cm2 in the x-y plane sits in a uniform electric field E = (2.0 i + 3.0 j + 5.0 k)
N/C. Find the electric flux through the square.
Solution:
𝑁 𝒎𝟐
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 = (5.0 ) 𝑥 (16 𝑐𝑚2 ) = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑵.
𝐶 𝑪
2. A thundercloud produces a vertical electric field of magnitude 28.0 kN/C at ground

level. You hold a 22.0 cm x 28.0 cm sheet of paper horizontally below the cloud.
a. What is the electric flux through the sheet?
𝑁 𝒎𝟐
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 = (28.0 𝑥 103 ) (0.0616 𝑚2 ) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵.
𝐶 𝑪
0
b. What would be the flux be if you tilt the sheet of paper by 30 ?
𝑚2 𝒎𝟐
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =( 1.72 𝑥 103 𝑁. )(0.8660) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵.
𝐶 𝑪
c. What would be the flux be if you hold the sheet of paper vertically?
Since the electric field would be parallel to the paper, the flux would be zero.
3. A long copper wire with radius of 1.0 mm carries a uniform surface charge density
of 5.0 x 10-6 C/m2.
a. Find the total charge in a 1.0-meter-long section of the wire.
2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋(1.0 𝑥 10−3 𝑚)(1.0 𝑚) = 6.28 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2
10−6 𝐶
Therefore, the charge is (5.0 𝑥 ) (6.28 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2 ) = 𝟑. 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑪
𝑚2
b. Find the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 15 cm from the wire.
𝐶
𝑄 3.1 𝑥 10−8 𝑚 𝑵
𝐸= = = 𝟑. 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 (0.15 𝑚) 𝑪
84
Learning Competency
Use Gauss’s Law to infer electric field due to uniformly distributed charges on long wires,
spheres, and large plates. STEM_GP12EM-IIIb-13
Learning Activity #1: COMPLETE ME!

Directions: For 5 points, complete the concept below.
The key to this application of _________________was our choice of the
_________________. This choice made the calculation of
_______________________________straightforward because ________________________________has the
same value over the entire surface and the electric field’s direction is always
_________________ to the surface.
Learning Activity #2: INFERRING

Directions: Consider a hollow spherical conductive shell of radius (R) 0.2 m with a fixed
charge of +2.0 x 10-6 C uniformly distributed on its surface.
a. What is the electric field at all points inside the sphere? Express your answer as
a function of the distance r from the center of the sphere. (2 points)
b. What is the electric field outside the sphere? Express your answer as a function
of the distance r from the center of the sphere. (2 points)
c. What if the sphere is a solid conductive sphere? What is the electric field at all
points inside the sphere? Express your answer as function of the distance r from
the center of the sphere. (3 points)
85
d. (Connected to c) What is the electric field at all points outside the sphere? Express
your answer as a function of the distance r from the center of the sphere. (3 points)
Learning Activity #3: PROBLEM SOLVING

Directions: Solve the following problems accurately with complete solutions. (5 points
each)
1. A cylindrical metal can has a height of 27 cm and a radius of 11 cm. the electric
field is directed outward along the entire surface of the can (including the top and
bottom), with a uniform magnitude of 4.0 x 105 N/C. How much charge does the
can contain?
2. An insulating sphere with a radius of 20 cm carries a uniform volume charge

density of 1.5 x 10-6 C/m3. Find the magnitude of the electric field at a point inside
the sphere that lies 8.0 cm from the center.
3. A square metal plate with a thickness of 1.5 cm has no net charge and is placed
in a region of uniform electric field 8.0 x 104 N/C directed perpendicularly to the
plate. Find the resulting surface charge density on each face of the plate.
86
REFLECTION
1.I learned that ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.I enjoyed most on ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3.I want to learn more on ________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
87
References:
2018. General Physics 2, Rex Book Store, Inc. pages 23-33.
Gauss’s Law review paper retrieved from

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/content/dam/region-na/us/higher-
ed/en/products-services/course-products/young-freedman-14e-info/pdf/sample-
chapter--ch22.pdf
Worksheet on Gauss’s law retrieved from

http://faculty.bard.edu/~belk/phys142s09/Chapter24Solutions.pdf
88
Answer Key
Learning Activity #1: COMPLETE ME!

The key to this application of Gauss’s law was our choice of the Gaussian surface.
This choice made the calculation of 𝚽𝑬 straightforward because 𝑬 has the same value
over the entire surface and the electric field’s direction is always perpendicular to the
surface.
Learning Activity #2: INFERRING

a. E = 0
𝑞
b. 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
0
𝑞𝑟
c. 𝐸 = 3𝜀0
𝜎𝑅 3
d. 𝐸 = 3𝜀0 𝑟 2

1. C = +9.3 x 10-7
2. E = 4.5 x 103 N/C
3. E = 0, 𝜎 = 7.1 x 10-7 C/m2
Prepared by:
JOLLY MAR D. CASTANEDA

Baggao National Agricultural School Sta. Margarita Annex
89
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Name: ________________________________ Grade Level: _________________
Date: _________________________________ Score: ______________________
SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING ELECTRIC CHARGES DIPOLES,
FORCES, FIELDS AND FLUX

Review on the Concepts of Electric Forces and Fields
A. Electric Charges
• There are only two types of charge, which we call positive and negative. Like
charges repel, unlike charges attract, and the force between charges decreases
with the square of the distance.
• The vast majority of positive charge in nature is carried by protons, whereas the
vast majority of negative charge is carried by electrons. The electric charge of one
electron is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the charge of one proton.
• An ion is an atom or molecule that has nonzero total charge due to having unequal
numbers of electrons and protons.
• The SI unit for charge is the coulomb (C), with protons and electrons having
charges of opposite sign but equal magnitude; the magnitude of this basic charge
is e- =1.602 × 10−19 C
• Both positive and negative charges exist in neutral objects and can be separated
by bringing the two objects into physical contact; rubbing the objects together
can remove electrons from the bonds in one object and place them on the other
object, increasing the charge separation.
• For macroscopic objects, negatively charged means an excess of electrons and
positively charged means a depletion of electrons.
• The law of conservation of charge states that the net charge of a closed system
is constant.
B. Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction
• A conductor is a substance that allows charge to flow freely through its atomic
structure.
• An insulator holds charge fixed in place.
• Polarization is the separation of positive and negative charges in a neutral object.
Polarized objects have their positive and negative charges concentrated in
different areas, giving them a charge distribution.
90
C. Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law gives the magnitude of the force between point charges. It is
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 2 =
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
Where, q1 and q2 are two point charges separated by a distance r. This
Coulomb force is extremely basic, since most charges are due to point-like
particles. It is responsible for all electrostatic effects and underlies most
macroscopic forces.
D. Electric Field
Whenever you have a charge Q placed anywhere in space, it will be surrounded
by a region such that if you will put any other charge q at any point P in this region,
the charge q will be acted upon by an electric force ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹𝑒 . We call this region around
Q the electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ of Q. The strength of this electric field is operationally defined
as the ratio of the electric force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑒 to the charge q placed at that point in the field.
In symbols,
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑒
𝐸⃗⃗ =
𝑞
E. Electric Flux
There is an electric flux through a surface whenever electric field lines pass
through the surface. In the simplest case, with the electric field directed
perpendicular to the surface, the magnitude of the flux is the product of the electric
field and the area of the surface. Electric flux is denoted by the symbol 𝚽𝑬 . When
electric field (E) is perpendicular to a flat surface having a total area A, and the
flux is 𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨. In this case, the flux is just the magnitude of the electric field
multiplied by the area of the surface. Flux is a scalar quantity.
F. Gauss’s Law
Gauss’s law asserts that the electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the total charge q inside the surface, with
𝒒
𝚽𝑬 =
𝜺𝟎
The constant of proportionality that relates flux and charge is 𝜺𝟎 , the same physical
constant that enters Coulomb’s law.
Since electric flux depends on the magnitude and direction of the electric
⃗⃗ while the right-hand side
field, the left-hand side of the equation depends on 𝑬
⃗⃗, but it is
depends on the charge. We would like to use Gauss’s law to calculate𝑬
not immediately obvious how to do so. In particular, 𝚽𝑬 is the total flux through
closed surface, so its value depends on the magnitude and direction of the electric
field at all points on the surface.
91
Learning Competency
Solve Problems Involving Electric Charges Dipoles, Forces, Fields and Flux in Context
such as but not limited to systems of point charges electrical breakdown of air charges,
electric breakdown of air charged pendulums, electrostatic ink set printers.
Activity #1: KEY TERMS

Directions: Use each term/phrase in a sentence.
Key Terms Sentence
1. Conductor
2. Electric Charge
3. Electric Field
4. Electrostatics
5. Induced charges
6. Induction
7. Insulator
8. Lines of force
Activity #2: CRITICAL THINKING

Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. (5 points each)
1. When glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod becomes positively charged, but when a
rubber rod is rubbed with fur, the rubber becomes negatively charged. Suppose you
have a charged object but don’t know whether its charge is positive or negative.
Explain how you could use a glass rod and piece of silk to determine the sign of the
unknown charge on the object.
2. Two point charges are separated by a distance r. If the separation is reduced by a

factor of 1.5, by what factor does the electric force between them change?
3. If there are more electric field lines leaving a Gaussian surface than entering, what can
you conclude about the net charge enclosed by that surface?
92
4. A point charge is placed at the center of an uncharged metallic spherical shell insulated
from ground. As the point charge is moved off center, describe what happens to
(a) the total induced charge on the shell and
(b) the distribution of charge on the interior and exterior surfaces of the shell.
5. Two solid spheres, both of radius R, carry identical total charges, Q. One sphere is a
good conductor while the other is an insulator. If the charge on the insulating sphere
is uniformly distributed throughout its interior volume, how do the electric fields outside
these two spheres compare? Are the fields identical inside the two spheres?
Activity #3: BE AN EXPERT!

Directions: Solve the following problems accurately withy complete solutions. (5 points
each)
1. A positively charged particle with Q= 5 𝜇C is placed between two negatively

charged particles with q1= 1 𝜇C (left) and q2=9 𝜇C (right). The distance between
q1 and q is 5 cm and the distance from q to q2 is 9 cm. What is the total force
acting on the middle particle? Find the value and the direction.
2. A small particle with mass m=1 mg and positive charge Q=1 𝜇C is placed just near
the ground. What should be the surface charge density on the ground to keep the
particle above it in a stationary position? Assume that the ground is a non-
conductor.
93
3. What is the magnitude of a point charge that would create an electric field of 1.00
N/C at points 1.00 m away?
4. A 4.0 cm2 in the x-y plane sits in a uniform electric field E = (2.0 i + 3.0 j + 5.0 k)
N/C. Find the electric flux through the square.
5. A long copper wire with radius of 1.0 mm carries a uniform surface charge density
of 5.0 x 10-6 C/m2.
c. Find the total charge in a 1.0-meter-long section of the wire.
d. Find the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 15 cm from the wire.
94
PERFOMANCE TASK: Electric Fields in a Smokestack Scrubber
Problem: Smokestack scrubber removes undesirable particles by first adding some
excess electrons and then using electric forces to pull the particles out of the air. Consider
a soot particle of mass 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 1.0 𝑥 10−12 𝑘𝑔 that travels upward in a smokestack and a
charge of 𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 1.1 𝑥 10−17 𝐶. Assume the electric field in the scrubber is produced by
two parallel, square plates of width 𝐿 = 1.0 𝑚 and separation 𝑑 = 0.010 𝑚, with charges
±𝑄.
(a) What must be the value of the electric field between the plates so that the force on
the soot particle is equal to the weight of the particle? (A real scrubber would use
a collection of many pairs of such plates in parallel)
(b) What charge Q on the scrubber’s plates is required to produce the electric field in
part (a)?
Recognize the Principle (How will you find the magnitude of E) (5 points)
Sketch the Problem (5 points)
Identify the Relationships in part (a) (5 points) –“The formula”
Solution for part (a) (5 points)
Identify the Relationships in part (b) (5 points) –“The formula”
95
Solution for part (b) (5 points)
Conclusion: (5 points)
REFLECTION
1.I learned that ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.I enjoyed most on ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
96
References:
Padua, Alicia L. et. al, 2003, States of Equilibrium, Practical and Explorational
Physics: Modular Approach, pp. 244-254.
97
Answers key
Learning Activity #1: KEY TERMS

Answers may vary
Learning Activity #2: CRITICAL THINKING
1. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod becomes positively charged and as
the sum of the total charge must be zero this means that silk has become
negatively charged.
2. The force between two charges depends upon distance. According to
the Coulomb's law the forces between two charges is inversely proportional to the
distance between the charges.
3. More field lines leaving a surface than coming in means a net positive charge
within the surface. Remember, E-field lines originate on positive charges and
terminate on negative charges.
4. a. The total induced charge -- the sum of the charge on the interior and on the
exterior -- will be zero.
b. The distribution of the charges will change but there will be the same amount
on the exterior as on the interior -- but of the opposite sign.
5. Outside the radius R, the electric fields are identical. Inside the radius R, the
electric field inside the conductor is zero. Inside the radius R, the electric field
inside the conductor increases linearly with radius from zero at the center.
Learning Activity #3: BE AN EXPERT!

1. 3.2 x 107 N, right
2. 1.75 x 10-13 C/m2
3. 1.1 x 10-10 C
𝑚2
4. 8.0 𝑥 10−3 𝑁. 𝐶
−8 𝑁
5. A. 3.1 𝑥 10 𝐶, B. 3.8 𝑥 103 𝐶
Prepared by:

98
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: _________

Date: _____________________________ Score: ______________

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
What is Electric Potential?
Electric field lines "flow" from positive charges to negative charges. A positive charge is
like an open faucet and a negative charge is like an open drain. Anyone with a working
sink can make a crude model of an electric dipole in their kitchen or bathroom with the
flick of the wrist. Similar analogies exist for wind, heat, and dissolved substances.
Think for a moment, of the other things that flow and think of what causes them to flow.
This will be the answer to our next conceptual problem. Let us set up a table that
compares similar phenomena. In all cases, there will be something that flows and
something that causes the flow.
the flow of… is caused by a difference in…

A river
altitude
(a liquid water)
the wind
atmospheric pressure
(atmospheric gases)
heat
temperature
(internal energy)
dissolved substances
concentration
(solutes)
In each case, the thing that is flowing can be described by a vector field (a quantity that
has magnitude and direction at any location) and the thing that causes the flow can be
described by a difference in a scalar field (a quantity that has magnitude only at any
location).
99
a vector field a scalar field
The "flow" of the electric field is "caused" by a difference in electric potential.

electric field (test charges) electric potential
The electric potential, or voltage, is the difference in potential energy per unit charge
between two locations in an electric field.
When a charged particle moves in an electric field, the field exerts a force that can do
work on the particle. This work can always be expressed in terms of electric potential
energy. Just as gravitational potential energy depends on the height of a mass above the
earth’s surface, electric potential energy depends on the position of the charged particle
in the electric field.
Work and Potential Energy
When a free positive charge q is accelerated by an electric field, it is given kinetic energy
(Figure 1). The process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational
field, as if the charge were going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy
is converted into kinetic energy, although of
course the sources of the forces are very
different.
Figure 1: A charge accelerated by an electric field

is analogous to a mass going down a hill. In both
cases, potential energy decreases as kinetic
energy increases, −∆𝑈 = ∆𝐾. Work is done by a
force, but since this force is conservative, we can
write 𝑊 = −∆𝑈.
https://phys.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/8098/CNX_UPhysics
_24_01_PotEnWork.jpg?revision=1 A difference in electric potential gives rise to an
electric field. The electric field is the force per charge acting on an imaginary test charge
at any location in space. The work done placing an actual charge in an electric field gives
the charge electric potential energy. (This concept is called the work-energy theorem.)
100
By the transitive property, electric potential gives rise to electric potential energy; and by
the reflexive property, the electric potential is the energy per charge that an imaginary
test charge has at any location in space.
Derivation of the Equation
Start from the work-energy theorem. When work is done (𝑊), energy changes (∆𝐸).
𝑾 = ∆𝑬 (Equation 1)
More specifically, when work is done against the electric force (𝐹̅𝐸 ), electric potential
energy changes (∆𝑈𝐸 ). Recall that work is force times displacement (𝑑). There's a bar
over the force symbol to indicate that we will be using the average value. This is one of
the limitations of derivations done without calculus.
̅ 𝑬 𝒅 = ∆𝑼𝑬
𝑭 (Equation 2)
Divide both sides by charge (𝑞).
𝟏
̅ 𝑬 𝒅 = 𝟏 ∆𝑼𝑬
𝑭 (Equation 3)
𝒒 𝒒
Rearrange things a bit.
̅𝑬
𝑭 ∆𝑼𝑬
𝒅= (Equation 4)
𝒒 𝒒
The ratio of force to charge on the left is called electric field (𝐸). The only thing that is
changed is we are dealing with average values right now. The ratio of energy to charge
on the right is called electric potential (𝑉).
̅𝑬
𝑭 ∆𝑼𝑬
̅=
𝑬 (Equation 5) ∆𝑽 = (Equation 6)
𝒒 𝒒
The electric field is the force on a test charge divided by its charge for every location in
space. Because it is derived from a force, it is a vector field. The electric potential is the
101
electric potential energy of a test charge divided by its charge for every location in space.
Because it is derived from an energy, it is a scalar field. These two fields are related.
The electric field and electric potential are related by displacement. Field times
displacement is potential…
̅ 𝒅 = ∆𝐕
𝑬 (Equation 7)
or field is potential over displacement if you prefer.
̅ = ∆𝑽
𝑬 (Equation 8)
𝒅
Quiz Time!
Multiple choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer that suits to the given question.
1. It is the potential energy per unit charge.
a. Gravity c. Electric potential
b. Electric field d. Electric force
2. A change in potential energy of a charge moved from one point to another,
divided by the charge; units are joules per coulomb.
a. Work c. Potential energy
b. Electric field d. Potential difference
3. In what direction will an object accelerate when released with initial velocity
upward?
a. Downward only if the ratio of the g to initial velocity is large enough.
b. Upward or downward depending on its mass.
c. Downward
d. Upward
4. As a proton moves in the direction the electric field lines...
a. it is moving from low potential to high potential and gaining electric
potential energy.
b. it is moving from high potential to low potential and gaining electric
potential energy.
c. it is moving from low potential to high potential and losing electric
potential energy.
102
d. it is moving from high potential to low potential and losing electric
potential energy.
5. Electric potential ____________ as distance increases.
a. increases c. decreases
b. remain constant d. zero
6. The direction of electric field lines shows the
a. direction of the force on a test positive charge.
b. strength of the field.
c. size of the field.
d. all of the above
7. The difference in electrical potential energy between two places is called_____
a. Voltage c. Electric field
b. Electric potential energy d. Work
8. What is voltage?
a. The amount of electric potential energy per one coulomb of charge
b. The number of volts per coulomb
c. The amount of 1 coulomb of charge per unit of potential energy
d. The amount of electric potential energy per volt
9. If the electrical potential energy between two equal charges quadruples,
describe the change in the distance between the particles.
a. The distance was quadrupled.
b. The distance was halved.
c. The distance was not changed.
d. The distance was quartered.
10. Which of the following is not true regarding electric potential?
a. The positive terminal of a battery has higher electric potential than the
negative terminal.
b. Electric potential can be expressed with units of Volts or Joules per
Coulomb.
c. When a positive charge moves from a region of low potential to high
potential, the electric field does positive work on the charge.
d. A negative charge moving from low potential to high potential will
accelerate.
103
Learning Competency
Relate the electric potential with work, potential energy and electric field
Activity 1: THE CAUSE TO FLOW!
Directions: Give at least 4 examples of a phenomenon and what causes it flow.

1. Water in a hose pressure
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 2: IT IS COMPLICATED!
Directions: Identify the relationship of the following paired quantities.

1. Electric Potential and Work done
2. Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
3. Displacement/distance and Electric Potential
4. Electric Field Strength and Electric Potential
5. Electric/Electrostatic Force and amount of Electric Charge
Activity 3: CHOOSE YOUR BET!

Directions: Choose one (1) from the panels you want to perform or answer.
What object do you associate Make a slogan consisting of the

Potential difference? Why words; Electric potentials, Work,
(Essay) Energy
104
Compose a short song with a Make a short poem about Electric
familiar tune about Electric potential, Work and Energy
potential.
REFLECTION
1.I learned that________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.I enjoyed most on ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
105
REFERENCES
D. (2018a, August 22). Work and Electric Potential Energy. Retrieved February 13,
2021, from https://howtomechatronics.com/learn/electricity/work-electric-potential-
energy/
Elert, G. (2015, February 24). Electric Potential –. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from
https://physics.info/electric-potential/
Khan Academy. (2015, September 9). Electric potential (article). Retrieved February 14,
2021, from https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-
processes/electrostatics-1/a/electric-potential
Libretexts. (2020a, November 5). 6.2: Electric Flux. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physi
cs_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/06%3A_Gauss’s_Law/6.0
2%3A_Electric_Flux
106
ANSWER KEY:
Quiz Time
2. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C
Activity 1 Answers vary
Activity 2
1. The potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as

amount of work done in moving a unit charge from one point to other point.
Potential difference or Electric Potential = Work Done/ Quantity of Charge
moved. (Direct proportion)
2. Electric Potential is directly proportional to the electric potential Energy. In this
way, the electric potential at any point in the electric field is the electric potential
energy of a unit positive charge at that point.
3. Moving towards and away from the charge results in change of potential; the
relationship between distance and potential is inverse.
4. The relationship between electric potential and field is similar to that between
gravitational potential and field in that the potential is a property of the field
describing the action of the field upon an object.
5. Electrostatic/electric force is directly related to the charge of each object. So, if
the charge of one object is doubled, then the force will become two times
greater.
Activity 3 Answers vary
Prepared by:
JOHN DAVID B. MEDRANO
APARRI EAST NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
107
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Name: ___________________________________ Grade Level: _____________
Date: ____________________________________ Score: __________________

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION

Introduction to Continuous Charge Distribution
With the help of Coulomb’s Law and Superposition Principle, we can easily
find out the electric field due to the system of charges or discrete system of
charges. The word discrete means every charge is different and has the existence
of its own. Suppose, a system of charges having charges as q 1 , q 2, q 3……. up to
q n. We can easily find out the net charge by adding charges algebraically and net
electric field by using the principle of superposition. This is because:
• Discrete system of charges is easier to solve
• Discrete system of charges do not involve calculus in calculations
Image 1: A system in which charge is distributed over a conductor, is

called continuous charge distribution system taken from
https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-electrostatics/continuous-charge-distribution/
If the charge distribution is continuous, the potential at a point P can be

found by summing over the contributions from individual differential elements of
charge dq.
Consider the charge distribution shown in Image 1. Taking infinity as our reference
point zero potential, the electric potential at P due to dq is
108
1 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑉 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Summing over contributions from all differential elements, we have
1 𝑑𝑞
𝑉= ∫
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
But how to calculate electrostatics terms in continuous charge system? For

an example if there is a rod with charge q, uniformly distributed over it and we wish
to find the electric field at some distance ‘r’ due it. It would be illogical and irrelevant
to simply add electric field using principle of superposition as the charge is
uniformly distributed over the rod. So we take a small element of the ro d and
integrate it with proper limits.
We consider element, based on how density of charge is centered on the
material or object. If the charge is uniformly distributed over the surface of the
conductor, then it is called Surface Density. If the charge varies linearly along the
length of the conductor, then it is called Linear Charge Density. And if the charge
changes with volume of the conductor, then it is called Volume Charge Density.
What is Continuous Charge Distribution?
Image 2: Types of Charge Distribution
The continuous charge distribution system is a system in which the charge

is uniformly distributed over the conductor. In continuous charge system, infinite
numbers of charges are closely packed and have minor space between them.
Unlikely from the discrete charge system, the continuous charge distribution is
uninterrupted and continuous in the conductor. There are three types of the
continuous charge distribution system.
• Linear Charge Distribution
• Surface Charge Distribution
• Volume Charge Distribution
109
Linear Charge Density
When the charge is non-uniformly distributed over the length of a conductor, it is
called linear charge distribution. It is also called linear charge density and is
denoted by the symbol λ (Lambda).
Mathematically linear charge density is
𝑑𝑞
𝜆=
𝑑𝑙
The unit of linear charge density is C/m. If we consider a conductor of length ‘L’
with surface charge density λ and take an element dl on it, then small charge on it
will be
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑙
So, the electric field on small charge element dq will be
𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
𝑟2
𝑘𝜆𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐸 = 2
𝑟
To calculate the net electric field we will integrate both sides with proper limit, that
is
𝐿
𝑘𝜆𝑑𝑙
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = ∫
0 𝑟2
𝑘 𝐿
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = 2 ∫ 𝜆 𝑑𝑙
𝑟 0
Surface Charge Density

When the charge is uniformly distributed over the surface of the conductor,
it is called Surface Charge Density or Surface Charge Distribution. It is denoted
by the symbol σ (sigma) symbol and is the unit is C / m 2.
It is also defined as charge/ per unit area. Mathematically surface charge
density is
𝑑𝑞
𝜎=
𝑑𝑠
where dq is the small charge element over the small surface ds.
The electric field due to small charge at some distance ‘r’ can be evaluated as
𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
𝑟2
𝑘𝜎𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝐸 = 2
𝑟
Integrating both sides with proper limits we get
110
𝑠
𝑘𝜎𝑑𝑠
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = ∫
0 𝑟2
𝑘 𝑠
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = 2 ∫ 𝜎 𝑑𝑠
𝑟 0
Volume Charge Density
When the charge is distributed over a volume of the conductor, it is
called Volume Charge Distribution. It is denoted by symbol ρ (rho). In other
words charge per unit volume is called Volume Charge Density and its unit is
C/m 3. Mathematically, volume charge density is
𝑑𝑞
𝜌=
𝑑𝑣
where dq is small charge element located in small volume dv. To find total charge
we will integrate dq with proper limits. The electric field due to dq will be
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
𝑟2
𝑘 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝐸 =
𝑟2
Integrating both sides with proper limits we get
𝑣
𝑣 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = ∫
0 𝑟2
𝑘 𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝐸 = 2 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
𝑟 0
Examples:
1. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF A LINE CHARGE
An infinite line charge has linear charge density = −1.mC 0.2 Calculate the electric
potential at a point on a line perpendicular to the line charge, at a distance of 3.0 m from
the line charge. Assume that the electric potential of the line charge is zero at the
perpendicular distance of 4.0 m.
SOLUTION: Note that the potential difference between two points a and b due to an
infinite line charge is given as
𝜆 𝑟𝑎
𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 = ln ( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑏
We get:
10−6 𝐶
2.0 𝑥 3.0 𝑚
𝑣𝑎 − 0 = 𝑚 ln ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑽
−12
10 𝐹 4.0 𝑚
2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 (8.85 𝑥 𝑚 )
111
2. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO CHARGED CONDUCTING SPHERE
Two charged spherical conductors of radius r1 = 0.8 cm and r2 = 0.2 cm are separated
by a distance much larger than 10 cm. These spheres are connected by a conducting
wire and a total of 60 nC charge is placed on one of the spheres. (a) Calculate the charge
on each sphere. b) Calculate the electric potential of each sphere at a point on their
surfaces.
SOLUTION: Since the charged conducting sphere is connected through a conducting
wire to the uncharged sphere, the 60 nC charge will redistribute between the two sphere
in such a manner so that both sphere have same electric potential. Let the final charge
be q1 (on the larger sphere) and q2 on the smaller sphere.
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 𝑟
a. = = 𝑞2 = 𝑟2 𝑞1
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2 1
𝑟2
𝑞1 + 𝑞 = 60 𝑛𝐶
𝑟1 1
𝑟1 80 𝑐𝑚
𝑞1 = ( ) 𝑥 60 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑥 60 𝑛𝐶 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒏𝑪
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 10 𝑐𝑚
So, 𝑞2 = (60 𝑛𝐶 − 48 𝑛𝐶) = 𝟏𝟐 𝒏𝑪
1 48 𝑛𝐶 1 12 𝑛𝐶
b. 𝑉1 = = 5.4 𝑘𝑉 𝑉2 = = 5.4 𝑘𝑉
4𝜋𝜀0 (8.0 𝑥 10−2 𝑚) 4𝜋𝜀0 (2.0 𝑥 10−2 𝑚)
Determine the electric potential function at any point due to highly symmetric
continuous charge distribution (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-17)
Learning Activity #1: FACT or BLUFF

Directions: State TRUE if the statement is correct and BLUFF if otherwise.
1. When the charge is uniformly distributed over the surface of the conductor,
it is called Volume Charge Density.
2. When the charge is non-uniformly distributed over the length of a conductor,
it is called non-linear charge distribution.
3. In general, for determining the electric potential of a continuous charge
distribution, we first calculate the potential due to a small element of the
charge distribution and then integrate this expression over appropriate limits
to include the effect of total charge in it.
112
4. Charge per unit volume is called Volume Charge Density.
5. In continuous charge system, infinite numbers of charges are closely packed
and have minor space between them.
Learning Activity #2: MATCH ME!

Directions: Match the items from column a to its corresponding formula in Column B.
Column A Column B
1 𝑑𝑞
1. Linear Charge Density A. 𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
2. Surface Charge Density 𝑘 𝜌 𝑑𝑣
B. 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑟2
3. Volume Charge Density 𝜆 𝑟

C. 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 = 2𝜋𝜀 ln (𝑟𝑎 )
0 𝑏
4. Electric Potential of a line charge 𝑘𝜎𝑑𝑠

D. 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑟2
𝑘𝜆𝑑𝑙
5. Continuous Charge distribution E. 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑟2

Directions: Solve the following problems accurately with complete solution. (5 points
each)
1. The linear charge density of an infinite line charge is 0.3 10 .m C − −16  Assuming
that the electric potential at a perpendicular distance of 5.0 m from the wire is zero,
calculate the potential at the perpendicular distance of 6.0 m.
2. The radius and surface charge density of a uniformly charged spherical shell are
20 cm and ,m C0.3 −2  respectively. Calculate the electric potential at a distance
(a) 40 cm and (b) 15 cm from the center of the shell.
3. An isolated solid sphere of aluminum having radius 7.0 cm is at a potential of 500

V. Calculate the number of electrons which have been removed from the sphere
to raise it to this potential.
113
REFLECTION
1.I learned that ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2.I enjoyed most on ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
114
References:
Padua, Alicia L. et. al, 2003, States of Equilibrium, Practical and Explorational
Physics: Modular Approach, pp. 244-254.
https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-electrostatics/continuous-charge-distribution/
115
Answers key
Learning Activity #1: KEY TERMS

1. BLUFF
2. BLUFF
3. FACT
4. FACT
5. FACT
Learning Activity #2: CRITICAL THINKING

1. E
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. A
Learning Activity #3: Problem Solving

1. Vp = -9.8 x 103 V
2. a. V = 8.4 x 104 V , b. 6.7 x 104 V
3. n = 2.4 x 108
Prepared by:

116

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Learning Activity Sheet in EARTH SCIENCE

Focal Persons : GERRY C. GOZE, PhD., Division Learning Area Supervisor

Printed by: DepEd Regional Office No. 02

Address: Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Name: _______________________________________Grade Level: _________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

The Law of Conservation of Charge

The Importance of a Ground in Induction Charging

Activity 1: Charge it!

Directions: Follow the procedures as stated in the activity.

2. Describe the movement of the electrons in the experimental set-up.

Charging by Induction Video Tutorial

Answers to guide questions:

Name: ________________________________________Grade Level: _________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Types of Electric Charges

Positively charged Particles

Negatively Charged Particles

These types of particles include equal numbers of protons and electrons. Be

Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing.

Objective: Give examples of charging by friction and charging by contact.

Charging by Friction Charging by Contact

Objective: Perform activity that demonstrate charging by friction.

2.I enjoyed the lesson most on

3.I want to learn more on

3. Repel each other.

Answers to guide questions:

4. Answers may vary

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

ELECTRIC CHARGE, COULOMB’S LAW, ELECTRIC FIELDS, AND ELECTRIC

Background Information for the Learners (BIL)

Electrostatic induction is a process to produce static electricity in an object by

Electrostatic induction or Induction charging is a method used to charge an object

ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION IN CONDUCTORS

An electroscope is an instrument used to detect the presence of electric charge

Metal shaft ______ + ++ +

Metal shaft ___ +

___ leave of electroscope

Electroscopes leaves go back to its original position

ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION IN NON-CONDUCTORS

Non-conductors or insulators can undergo also the process of electrostatic

Although electrostatic induction is possible to nonconducting or dielectric

In a nonconductor, separation of charged particles does not work because

_____ 8. The law of attraction and repulsion is observed in electrostatic induction.

ACTIVITY 2. Draw the Charges

ACTIVITY 3. Electrostatic Induction in Electroscope

DIRECTIONS: Draw the correct orientation of charges in electrostatic induction in

Describe what happen on the the electroscope during electrostatic induction.

2. WHEN CHARGED OBJECT IS REMOVED FROM ELECTROSCOPE

1. Electromagnetic induction in a plastic rod and metal plate.

2. Electromagnetic induction in electroscope and charge object.

3. Electromagnetic induction in charged object and nonconductors.

ACTIVITY 5. INDUCTION ON A NONCONDUCTOR

comb and tissue paper

1. Tear off several bits of tissue paper.

2. Explain the electrification that takes place in the comb.

2.I enjoyed the lesson most on

3.I want to learn more on

“Electroscope - Google Search.” Accessed January 19, 2021.

Contributors to Wikimedia projects. “Electrostatic Induction.” Wikipedia, January 16,

Keil, Dennis. “Electrostatic Induction.” College-Physics - Lernportal. Accessed January

Name: _______________________________Grade Level: _

Name: ________________________________Grade Level: _

Name: _________________________ Grade Level: _