5

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Aim : To familiarize students in the writings and ideals of different political groups
and individuals notably Mahatma Gandhi.

Introduction
The Nationalism in India means a change in peoples understanding of their identity and sense of
belonging. The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.
People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
1. The Satyagraha :
(i) It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha movement in various places—
(i) 1916 Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
(ii) 1917—Kheda district of Gujrat affected crop failure and a plague epidemic.
(iii) 1918—Ahmedabad—Cotton mill workers.
2. The Rowlat Act :
• 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act.
• This act focusses on the Govt Powers to repress political activities.
• Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violence civil disobedience against this act.
• Rallies were organized in various cities.
• Workers went on strikes.
• Shops closed down.
• Communication system disrupted.
• Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful
procession.
• Martial law was imposed.
• Jalianwalla Bagh incident took place.
3. Non Cooperation Movement :
• Famous book Hind Swaraj (1909)
• British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians.
• Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj
would come.

43
 • Non–Cooperation movements begins a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
• A civil campaign disobedience would be launched.
• A compromise was worked–out and the non-cooperation programme was adopted in
December 1920 at Nagpur Congress session.
4. Khilafat Movement (1921) : With the defeat of ottoman Turkey for defending khalifa’s
temporal powers.
(1) The Movement in the Towns :
• The movement started with middle class social groups in the cities.
• Thousands of students left schools run by the Govt., Teachers/Principals/H.M. resigned.
• The Council election were boycott in most of provinces except Madras.
• Foreign goods were boy cott, liquor shops picketed, foreign cloths burnt in huge bonfires.
• Traders refused to trade foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
• People weaved only Indian clothes, handlooms.
• At last, the movement in the towns gradually slowed down and students back to government
schools and lawyers joined back work in the courts.
(2) Rebellion in the countryside :
• The non-cooperation movement spread to the countryside.
• The movement was against Talukdars1 and ‘landlords’.
• Peasants were ‘begar’ and work at landlords without any payment.
• The peasants’ movements demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of ‘begar’ and social
boycott. .
• 1920, Jawahar Lal Nehru Visits Villages in Awadh and trying to understand their
grievance.
• In October, Awadh Kisan Sabha was set-up headed by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru and Baba
Ram Chandra.
• After one month, more than 300 branches had been setup in the villages.
• They were unhappy and the houses of Talukdars’ and merchants were attacked, bazars
were looted and grainhoards were taken–over.
• January 6, 1921 the police in United Provinces fired at peasants near the Rae–Bareli.
• Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj.
(3) Swaraj in the Plantation :
• Plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were closed.

44
 • Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, Plantation workers were not Permitted to leave
the Tea gardens without permission.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
• They were demanding Swatantra Bharat.

Civil Disobedience Movement

• February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement.
He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly
trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
• When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted by the slogan ‘Go back
Simon. All parties including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations.
• October 1929, a round table conference to discuss a future constitution.
• December 1929, Jawahar Lal Nehru demanded Purana Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
• It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when
people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
1. The Salt March—
• Gandhiji found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
• On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Irwin stating eleven demands. The most
important demand was to abolish salt tax.
• Gandhiji gave an ultimatum that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the
Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign, but the Irwin was unwilling to
negotiate.
• Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt march over 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi.
• Thousands from different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and
demonstrated in front of government factories.
2. How Participants Saw the Movement
• The Rich peasant communities, Poor Peasants, Business classes, Industrial working classes
and Women-all participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.
• For Rich Peasants :
(i) It was a struggle against high revenue, they were hard hit by the trade depression
and falling Price. But they were disappointed when the movement was called–off in
1931 without the revenue rates being revised.
(ii) So in 1932, when the movement was restarted many of them refused to participate.
• For Poor Peasants :
(i) Their main aim in participating in movement was to remit the unpaid rent to the
landlords.

45
 (ii) They participated in variety of redicals movement led by socialist and communists.
(iii) But, Congress was unwilling to support no rent compaigns, therefore relationship
between poor peasants and the congress remained uncertain.
• For Business Class :
(i) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods.
(ii) They formed Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the federation
of the Indian chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 to organize
business Interest.
(iii) Failure of round table conference created disinterest among buisness classes towards
the movement as their interest was not served.
• For Industrial Classes—
(i) Industrial classes in Nagpur Region only participated in this movement.
(ii) Workers participated by adopting Gandhian ideas like boycott of foreign goods against
their low wages and poor working conditions.
(iii) Congress was reluctant to include workers demands therefore, this act again alienated
Congress and workers.
• For Womens
(i) Large scale participation of women in protest marches, manufactured Salts and picketed
foreign cloths and liquor shops.
(ii) Women were from high caste family, in rural areas they were from rich-peasants household.
(iii) However, Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any authoritative position.
3. The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement :
(i) Ignorance to Untouchables in movement.
(ii) Non Participation of Muslim Political Organization in movement worsened the gap between
Hindus and Muslims.
(iii) Demand of Muslims for reserved seats in Central Assembly Created Conflicts between
Congress and Muslim League.
(iv) Concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India alienated large sections
of Muslims from the struggle.

Some Important Dates :

• 1918–19 : Distressed U.P. peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.
• April 1919 : Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
• January 1921 : Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements launched
• February 1922 : Chauri Chaura, Gandhi withdraws Non-Cooperation movement.

46
 • May 1924 : Alluri Sitarama Raju was arrested ending a two-year armed Tribal struggle.
• December 1929 : Lahore Congress adopted the demand for Purana Swaraj.
• 1930 : Ambedkar establishes depressed classes Association.
• March 1930 : Gandhiji begins civil disobedience movement by breaking Salt law at Dandi.
• March 1931 : Gandhiji ends Civil Disobedience movement.
• 1932 : Civil disobedience re-launched.
Reference— : NCERT, History textbook class X
Source A Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagrah P–55
Source B J.L Nehru in U.P. during Non-Cooperation P–59
Source C Independence Day Pledge P–63
Source D Mohd Iqbal on separate electorate P–69
Source E Difference in Time P–72
• December 1931 : Second round table conference.
Project : Find out the anti colonial movement in Kenya, Nigeria (other African countries)
compare and contrast indian’s is national movement with the ways in which Kenya Nigeria became
independent.

47
 GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE

These three social differences can take the form of social divisions and inequalities. Let us start
with gender division.
In Indian families mostly women work inside the home and men outside the home.
Infact majority of women do some paid work in addition to domestic labour, but her work is
valued and recognised.
Gradually gender issue was raised in politics and feminist movement got momentum, which
help to improve women’s role in public life.
Our society is still male dominated, patriarchal society.
Gender divisions is an example that some form of social division needs to be expressed in politics.

RELIGION
1. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics.
2. Human right groups have demanded that government should take special steps to protect
religious minorities.
3. Women’s movement has argued that family laws of all religions discriminate against women.
These should be changed.
All these show relationship between religion and politics.
All religions should be treated equally-but should be prevented to discriminate and oppression.

COMMUNALISM
Some people take religion as basis of the nation. They feel that people who follow different religions
cannot belong to the same social community. Followers of one religion have same interests.
1. Communalism is in everyday beliefs.
2. Communal mind seeks political dominance for his/her own community.
3. Political mobilisation on religious basis is also communalism (symbols, flags, appeals, etc).

SECULAR STATE
1. No official religion of the state.
2. Freedom to all individuals to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
3. Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
4. Constitution allows the state to intervene in matters of religion in order to ensure equality
within religious communities.

CASTE
1. Caste division is special in India. In India occupations are passed on from one generation to
another.

48
 2. Caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the out caste groups.
3. Due to spread of education, efforts and due to socio–economic changes, caste system has
undergone a change.

CASTE IN POLITICS
1. Caste composition is kept in mind to select a candidate for election.
2. Parties and candidates seek votes on the basis of caste.
3 Universal Adult Franchise compelled the parties to gear up and value each and every vote. It
made the caste leaders conscious about their interests.
But caste is not everything in politics because—
1. No particular constituency has a clear majority of a single caste.
2. Neither party wins nor can win the total votes of a caste.
3. Different parties can put the candidates of the same caste.
4. The sitting MPs, and ML As loose elections frequently. So the above factors show that caste is
not the decisive factor.

POLITICS IN CASTE
1. Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-
castes which were excluded earlier.
2. Various caste groups enter into coalition with other castes—thus enter into a dialogue or
negotiation.
3. New classification of caste has emerged “Agda”, ‘Pichhra’: Backward, Forward.

49
 POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS

In a democracy conflict of interests and viewpoints do emerge those who are in power are required
to balance these conflicting demands and pressures.
There are two examples of popular movements.
• Nepal—struggle for democracy
• Bolivia—struggle to get water at normal rates.
• Both were successful. Govt. had to concede to their demands.
If people join hands to work for their interest—it is called interest group. They promote their
viewpoint and work for their interests.
Pressure Groups are organisations that try to influence or pressurise the government. Do not
take part in elections.
Interest groups and movements have loose organisations but do have support of the people.
1. Narmada Bachao Andolan
2. Chipko Andolan
3. Women’s Movement
4. Anti Liquor Movements
5. Environmental Movements.
Pressure Groups and Movements exert influence on politics in a number of ways.
1. Try to gain public support.
2. Organise protest activities—strikes etc.
3. Business groups employ lobbyists and sponsor advertisement to air their viewpoint.
4. Sometimes pressure groups are led by political leaders.
5. Sometime political parties emerge out of these movements—as AGP, DMK.
6. There is no direct relation between movements, pressure groups and political parties but
political parties take position to enhance their worth and get the popular support.
Political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government. It is an organised group. All the members have common viewpoint on certain issue.

50
 MONEY AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The financial system is the system that allows the transfer of money between savers and
borrowers. International financial system is a set of institutions which have evolved over years to the
the same job at international level. Imagine how nice it would be if you wanted to construct a house
and you could borrow from a bank in Japan because the interest rate there including many other
countries of the world is low. This is in India you can not do at personal level because Indian laws do
not allow that but companies with RBI permission can do it. In short a seamless international financial
system is good for business and development because the shortage of fund at any place in the world
could be fulfilled by supply from any other place where fund is available.
If there is no international money in place then it will be very difficult for residents of one country
to buy anything from other country. For example your cars will not be able to run because you know
that India imports 70 percent of its petroleum from abroad. Can such transaction happen with the
help of barter? How does the world does these transactions? This is done with the help of US Dollar
which is recognised as international currency. So USD is at the centre of international financical
system. How has Dollar got this status. It is interesting to know it, isn’t it?
Imagine Sachin Tendulkar playing cricket in any part of the world. Imaging him winning man of
the match award. Have you ever thought how does he bring the prize money to India ? Does he bring
in his bag? No way. How does he do it ? He does it with the help of banks and the currency market .
Thus banks and currency markets are a part of international financial system. Besides banks and
currency market there are many agencies and institutions which form the international financial
system.
The institutions which form international financial system can be classified as below-
1. Multi government institutions.
2. Single government institutions.
3. International banks and non-bank financial institutions.
The most prominent muti-country financial institutions are -
1. The International Monetary Fund.
2. The World Bank.
The IMF would help nations with balance-of-payments problems and with difficulties maintaining
reserves consistent with agreed upon fixed exchange rates defined in terms of gold. While the fixed-
rate system broke down after 1971, the IMF continues with expanded responsibilities. For example,
it has played a key role in averting or reducing national and regional financial crises, serving as a

51
lender of last resort to nations in fiscal stress. The World Bank originally provided loans to war-torn
countries to finance reconstruction, although by the 1950s the bank had moved to broader lending to
finance new development projects. Although both the IMF and World Bank are headquartered in
Washington, D.C. (given America’s prominence as a global financial power), these organizations are
truly international in orientation and control.
Traditionally New York and London have been regarded as the centres of the World Financial
System. All major banks of the world have their headoffices there. After late 1970s Singapore,
HongKong have come up as financial centres of Asia. Remember all these places are near seaports so
they are trading hubs also. Historically financial centres have developed near trading centres. Can
you think why ? Simply because trade and finance go hand in hand both require each other. Off late
there has been demand in India to recognize Mumbai as an international financial centre.
It is true that international financial system helps business and prosperity but an unregulated
or poorly regulated financial system can create financial instability which can also harm prosperity.
World has faced many phases of financial crisis upto now.
Two noteworthy examples are the financial crises of 1998 beginning in Asia but ultimately
spreading beyond, especially to Russia, and the 2008 worldwide crisis that has caused significant
stress to financial institutions and economies worldwide. In both instances, the IMF and World Bank
made important financial infusions in stressed countries such as Thailand and Russia. The
development arm of the World Bank makes “soft” loans of around $10 billion annually, for example.
Additionally, large-nation central bankers and finance ministers have met and coordinated the
provision of credit to ease panic and the potential collapse of major banks, insurance companies, and
other financial institutions.
As international economic and financial interaction grows, the need for coordinated rules of
behavior becomes greater than ever — uniform accounting rules, international standards of permissible
conduct, provision for emergency loans, and the like. No doubt existing institutions will continue to
evolve, perhaps into a new umbrella organization encompassing all facets of financial regulation.

Single government institutions in case of India are-

1. Reserve Bank of India.
2. Public Sector banks.
3. Stock market, debt market, foreign currency market.
4. Private commercial banks.
5. Credit insurance, life insurance and general insurance companies.

International Less banks and non- bank institutions include-

1. International commercial banks.
2. Pension funds.
3. Hedge funds.
4. Private equity firms etc.

52
 The international financial system of today has taken approximately 120 years to evolve. The
evolution has been phasewise and has seen many ups and downs. The period after the second world
has seen American currency (USD) occupying the central place in the international payment system.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was little coordination of international
finances. That changed substantially after World War II, and the change is continuing today.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was little coordination of international
finances. The world’s financial capital was London, and most major trading nations were on the gold
standard, meaning financial obligations were settled in currencies redeemable in gold.
World War–I involved vastly larger international capital flows than ever before, as European
nations such as Britain and Germany went deeply in debt, borrowing heavily from other nations,
especially the United States.
The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted partially from sharply declining international trade
caused, in part, by high tariffs.
A large number of major developments between 1944 and 1960 profoundly altered the nature of
the international financial system. Concerned about huge deficiencies of hard currencies to pay for
goods, services, and the reconstruction of war-torn economies, Britain’s John Maynard Keynes and
the United States’ Harry Dexter White successfully proposed a new international financial order at
the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) were created.

53
 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

(i)
(ii) egklkxjh; IysV
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii) egk}hih; IysV
(viii)
54
55
1.

56
 mQ¡p kbZ ehV j esa
1,200 ls mQij
600 - 1,200

300 - 600
0 - 300

ioZr J s. kh

57
58
 (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(i)

59
60
 (ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(i)

(ii)

61
62
 cj[kku Vhys

63
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.

1.

2.

64
1.

2.

3.
4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

65
1.
2.
3.

66
1.

2.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.

67
 Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx lao xksZa ds vuqikr esa ifjorZu % 1960&1961
50 45 43
45 rFkk 2002&2003
40
{ks=k dk çfr'kr

35
30
25 23
20 18
15 12
10 8 7
5 6 6 5 6 4 4
5 4 4
0
ou xSj&o`Qf"k catj o LFkk;h pkjxkgsa o`Qf"k ;ksX; o`Qf"k ;ksX; orZeku fuoy
dk;ksZa esa O;FkZ&Hkwfe rFkk iQly o`{kksa O;FkZ O;FkZ Hkwfe ijrh cks;k
ç;qDr ds v/hu {ks=k Hkwfe orZeku ijrh Hkwfe {ks=k
Hkwfe osQ vfrfjDr
ijrh Hkwfe
1960-61 2002-03

fp=k- 1
bl varjky esa Hkwfe mi;ksx esa vk;k ifjorZu Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
xSj&Ñf"k dk;ksZ esa iz;qÙkQ Hkwfe {ks=k] ouksa osQ varxZr lhekadu }kjk rFkk orZeku ijrh Hkwfe esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSaA
nwljh vksj catj Hkwfe] O;FkZ Hkwfe] Ñf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe] pkjkxkgkas] r# iQlyks osQ varxZr Hkwfe rFkk fucy cks;k x, {ks=k esa
vis{kkÑr deh vk;h gSA
Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ,oa laj{k.k %
Hkwfe dk mi;ksx vkfndky ls orZeku le; rd gksrk jgk gS ijUrq oqQN tkus&vutkus dkj.kksa ls yxHkx 13 djksM+ gsDVs;j
Hkwfe dk fuEuhdj.k gqvk gSA blosQ fy, ouksUewyu] vfr&i'kqpkj.k] [kuu] vf/d ikuh ls flapkbZ vkfn ekuo fozQ;k;sa Hkwfe
fuEuhdj.k osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA ouksUewyu ls 28 izfr'kr] 56 izfr'kr {ks=k ty vijfgr rFkk 'ks"k 16 izfr'kr {ks=k yo.kh; ,oa {kkjh;
Hkwfe dk fuEuhdj.k gqvk gSA
[kuu osQ dkj.k >kj[k.M] NÙkhlx<+] eè;izns'k rFkk mM+hlk esa fo'kky {ks=kksa esa ouksUewyu osQ dkj.k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gSA xqtjkr]
egkjk"Vª] jktLFkku vkfn jkT;ks esa vfr&i'kqpkj.k] iatkc] gfj;k.kk rFkk if'peh mÙkj izns'k esa vfr&flapkbZ ls Hkwfe esa yo.kh;rk ,oa
{kkjh;rk osQ dkj.k Hkwfe dk fuEuhdj.k gqvk gSA m|ksxksa ls mRiUu vif'k"V inkFkksZ dk Hkwfe ij foltZu vkfn ls Hkwfe dk fuEuhdj.k
gqvk gSA
Hkwfe osQ fuEuhdj.k ls laj{k.k osQ fy, lhfer i'kqpkj.k] o`{kkjksi.k] [kuu fu;a=k.k] flapkbZ esa vko';drkuqlkj lhfer ty osQ
mi;ksx vkfn ls Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

68
e`nk lalk/u %
i`Foh /jkry ij 'kq: esa dksbZ feV~Vh ugha FkhA le; osQ lkFk vkXus; 'kSyksa dk vi{k; gqvk rFkk mlesa à;wel osQ feyus osQ
ckn ewy 'kSy ij e`nk dh ijr cuhA bl izdkj e`nkvksa dks cuus esa yk[kksa o"kZ dk le; yxk gSA e`nkvksa dk jax] :i] izdkj vkfn
ewy 'kSy dh izÑfr] tyok;q] ouLifr] /jkry <yku ,oa le; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA nsf[k, fp=k la[;k 2

fp=k&2

e`nk dk oxhZdj.k %
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS ftlesa fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa mPpkop] ouLifr] tyok;q vkfn dh fofo/k gksus osQ dkj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj
dh fefV~V;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gS% nsf[k, fp=k la[;k&3-
1. tyks<+ e`nk % Hkkjr osQ mÙkjh eSnku esa ufn;ksa }kjk cgkdj yk, inkFkZ osQ fu{ksi.k ls tyks<+ e`nk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA leqnzh
rV osQ lkFk yxs eSnkuksa esa Hkh tyks<+ e`nk, feyrh gSA
2. dkyh ;k jsxwj e`nk % Hkkjr osQ izk;}hih; iBkj eas djksM+ksa o"kZ iwoZ cM+s iSekus ij ykok dk mnHksnu gqvk ftlosQ cgqr cM+s
{ks=k esa iSQyus osQ dkj.k cuh 'kSyks osQ vi{k; cgqr cM+s {ks=k esa dkyh fefV;ksa dk fodkl gqvkA dkyh fefV~V;k¡ egkjk"Vª]
lkSjk"Vª] eè; izns'k] NÙkhlx<+ vkfn {ks=kks esa iSQyh gqbZ gSA
3. yky ,oa ihyh e`nk % nDdu iBkj osQ iwohZ ,oa if'peh Hkkxksa esa tgk¡ de o"kkZ gksrh gS ogk¡ dh vkXus; 'kSyksa osQ vi{k;
ls yky o ihyh e`nkvksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bu e`nkvksa esa yksg /krq osQ va'k gksus osQ dkj.k gh budk jax yky vFkok ihyk
gSA ;g e`nk,a mM+hlk] NÙkhlx<+] if'peh ?kkV osQ iwohZ <ykuksa ij ikbZ tkrh gSA

69
 Hkkjr
Ek`n k osQ eq[; çdkj

ikfdLr ku

phu
(frCcr)

ioZr vkSj ou
tyks<+
yky vkSj ihyh
dkyh
ysV jkbV
'kq"d

y{k}hi
(Hkkjr)

fp=k- 3

70
 4. ySVsjkbV e`nk % ;g fefV~V;k¡ iBkjh {ks=k osQ mu Hkkxksa esa fodflr gqbZ gS tgk¡ o"kkZ vf/d gksrh gSA bu e`nkvksa esa â;wel
dh deh gksrh gSA ;s de mitkÅ e`nk, gSaA ;s e`nk,a dukZVd] osQjy] rfeyukMq] eè;izns'k] mM+hlk ,oa vle osQ igkM+h
{ks=kks esa fodflr gqbZ gSA bls e`nk, dkaiQh] pk;] dktw dh iQlyksa osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ gSA
5. e#LFkyh ;k 'kq"d e`nk % ;s e`nk,a jsrhyh ,oa yo.kh; gksrh gSA buesa â;wel o ueh dh ek=kk cgqr de gksrh gSA e`nk
osQ uhps pwus ls cus dadM+ vkfn osQ fu{ksi gkssrs gSaA ;g e`nk,a if'peh jktLFkku esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
6. ioZrh; e`nk % ;g e`nk, igkM+h ,oa ioZrh; {ks=kksa tSls fgeky; ioZr osQ {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA tgk¡ i;kZIr o"kkZ ou gksus
ls 'kSyksa dk vi{k; gksus osQ dkj.k budk fodkl gksrk gSA bu e`nkvksa esa nkseV] flYV ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g vEyh; gksrh gS
rFkk â;wel dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA unh ?kkfV;ksa esa fu{ksfir ;g fefV~V;k¡ mitkÅ gksrh gSaA
e`nk vijnu ,oa laj{k.k %
e`nk dk fuekZ.k ,oa mldk vijnu lkFk&lkFk gksrk jgrk gSA e`nkvksa dk vijnu mu {ks=kksa esa vf/d gksrk gS tgk¡
vfr&i'kqpkj.k] <ky dh izoh.krk rFkk ouksUewyu gksrk gS A izkÑfrd rÙoksa fgekuh] ty ,oa iouksa osQ }kjk e`nk dk vijnu gksrk
gSA oqQN {ks=kksa esa ty osQ }kjk rhoz vijnu ls mR[kkr Hkwfe cu tkrh gSA pacy unh esa cus [kM+s ty }kjk rhoz vijnu dk ifj.kke
gS A vf/d o"kkZ esa <ky osQ lkFk Åijh feVVh ty osQ lkFk dVdj cg tkrh gSA bl izdkj osQ vijnu dks pknj vijnu dgk
tkrk gSA xyr fn'kk esa [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ djus ij e`nk vijnu c<+ tkrk gSA
e`nkvksa dks vijnu ls jksdus osQ fy, <ky okys {ks=kksa esa leksPp tqrkbZ rFkk Hkwfe ij lksikuks dk iz;ksx mi;ksxh gksrk gSA o`{kkjksi.k
Hkh e`nkvksa osQ vijnu dks jksdus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA lhfer i'kqpkj.k vko';d gS rkfd ?kkl tehu ls m[kM+s ughaA e#LFkyh; {ks=kksa
esa j{kk Ük`a[kyk osQ }kjk rFkk >kfM+;ksa osQ jksi.k ls vijnu esa deh vkrh gSA

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