CNAP Semester 2: Router and Routing Basics
Objectives

Module 6 • Explain the significance of static routing

• Configure static and default routes
• Identify the classes of routing protocols
ROUTING AND • Identify distance vector routing protocols
ROUTING • Identify link-state routing protocols
• Describe the basic characteristics of common
PROTOCOLS routing protocols
• Identify interior gateway protocols
• Identify exterior gateway protocols
• Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on a
router
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Table of Content

1 Introduction to static route

2 Dynamic routing overview
3 Routing protocols overview
INTRODUCTION TO STATIC ROUTING
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Introducing Routing
Static Route Operation

• Routing is the process that a router uses to forward

packets toward the destination network
Sterling
S0 S1
Hoboken S0 S1 waycross
• Static route & dynamic route 172.16.1.1/24 172.16.3.1/24 172.16.5.1/24

• Static routes must be configured manually

• Network topology changes require the network
administrator to add and delete static routes to
account for the changes.
Router(config) ip route des_net subnet_mask[next-hop-address |
• Static route requires a tremendous amount of adm. outgoing interface]
time. Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
Command des. Net subnetmask interface
• Static routing does not have the scalability of
Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.2
dynamic routing. Command des. Net subnetmask nexthop add
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Configuring Static Routes
Configuring Static Routes: Example

• Determine all desired destination networks, their

subnet masks, and their gateways. Enter global
S1 Hoboken S0 S1 waycross
Sterling
S0
configuration mode. 172.16.3.1/24 172.16.5.1/24
172.16.1.1/24
• Type the ip route command with a destination
address and subnet mask followed by their
corresponding gateway from Step one. Including
an administrative distance is optional.
• Repeat Step three for as many destination Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0
networks as were defined in Step one. Command des. Net subnetmask gateway

• copy running-config startup-config command. Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0 s1

Command des. Net subnetmask gateway
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Configuring Default Route Forwarding
Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration

Sterling
S0 S1
Hoboken S0 S1 waycross

172.16.3.1/24 172.16.5.1/24
172.16.1.1/24 • show running-config to view the active
configuration
• show ip route to verify that the route that was
configured is in the routing table.
waycross(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address | • Ping
outgoing interface]
Default routes are used to route packets with destinations
• Traceroute
that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table
waycross(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.4.1
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Introduction To Routing Protocols

• A routing protocol allows one router to share

information with other routers.
– E.g: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
• A routed protocol provides enough information in its
network layer address to allow a packet to be
DYNAMIC ROUTING OVERVIEW forwarded from one host to another based on the
addressing scheme.
– E.g IP,IPX,…
• An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of
networks under a common administration sharing a
common routing strategy
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Purpose Of A Routing Protocol & Autonomous Systems
Identifying The Classes Of Routing Protocols

• The goal of a routing protocol is to build and

maintain the routing table.
• The routing protocol learns all available routes, • Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of
places the best routes into the routing table two categories:
– The distance vector routing approach determines the
• When all routers in an internetwork are operating
direction (vector) and distance to any link in the
with the same knowledge, the internetwork is said internetwork.
to have converged – The link-state approach, also called shortest path first,
• Autonomous systems (AS) provide the division of recreates the exact topology of the entire internetwork.
the global internetwork into smaller and more
manageable networks.
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Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
Link

Link--state Routing Protocol Features
Hello Hello
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

A B C
10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table B A LSU C B

10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0
10.1.0.0
0 10.2.0.0
0 10.3.0.0
0
10.2.0.0  0 10.3.0.0  0 10.4.0.0  0 LSU
Routing Table
A C
10.1.0.0
0
10.3.0.0  1 10.1.0.0
1 10.2.0.0
1 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 SPF 10.2.0.0  0
10.4.0.0  1
B 10.3.0.0  1
10.4.0.0  2 10.1.0.0  2 10.4.0.0  2
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Path Determination

• Path determination occurs at the network layer.

• The path determination function enables a router to
evaluate the paths to a destination and to establish
ROUTING PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW the preferred handling of a packet
• The switching function is the internal process used
by a router to accept a packet on one interface and
forward it to a second interface on the same router.
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Routing Configuration
Routing Configuration ( cont. )

Network 172.16.0.0

Global configuration • Router(config)# router protocol {options}

RIP
– Defines an ip routing protocol
Select routing protocol(s)
Specify Network(s) – Protocol: IGRP, OSPF,EIGRP,RIP
IGRP
RIP
– Option: autonomous system or process id if required
IGRP
Network 160.89.0.0 • Router(config-router)# network network-number
Interface configuration
– The network subcommand is a mandatory configuration
Verify address/ command for each ip routing process
subnet mask RIP – Network-number: specifies a directly connected
network
Network 172.30.0.0
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Routing Protocols
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

• It is a distance vector routing protocol.

EGP • Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.
IGP (BGP) • If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is
discarded.
AS 100
AS 200 • Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds,
by default.

RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

• It is a link-state routing protocol.

• It is a distance vector routing protocol.
• Open standard routing protocol described in RFC
• Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to
2328.
create a composite metric.
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost
• Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds,
to a destination.
by default.
• Routing updates are flooded as topology changes
occur
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Summary

• It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol.

• Uses load balancing. • Routing protocols
• Uses a combination of distance vector and link-state
• Autonomous systems
features. • The classes of routing protocols
• Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate • Routing configuration
the shortest path. • Routing protocols (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP)
• Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds or • Autonomous systems and IGP versus EGP
as triggered by topology changes • Distance vector routing
• Link-state routing
•
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CNAP Semester 2: Router and Routing Basics
Objectives

Module 7 • Describe how routing loops can occur in distance vector

routing
• Describe several methods used by distance vector routing
protocols to ensure that routing information is accurate
Distance vector • Configure RIP
Routing Protocols • Use the ip classless command
• Troubleshoot RIP
• Configure RIP for load balancing
• Configure static routes for RIP
• Verify RIP
Version 3.0 • Configure IGRP
Cisco Regional Networking Academy • Verify IGRP operation, troubleshoot IGRP
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mailto: info@saigonctt.com

Table of Content

1 Distance Vector Routing

2 RIP

3 IGRP

DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

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Distance vector routing updates
Distance vector routing loop issues
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The Problem of Count to infinity
Defining a maximum count

• Routing loops increment the distance vector •Specific a maximum distance vector metric as infinity.
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Elimination routing loops through split horizon
Route poisoning

• Advertises routes out an interface only if they were Network 3 Network 4 Network 5
not learned from updates entering that interface.
A B C E

Network 1
Distance 16

• When Network 5 goes down, Router E initiates

route poisoning by making a table entry for Network
5 as 16, or unreachable.
• When route poisoning is used with triggered
updates it will speed up convergence time.
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Split horizon with poison reverse
Avoiding routing loops with triggered updates
Network 4 Network 5 Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
Network 3

A B C E 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

A B C
Network 1
Network 1
Distance 16
unreachable

• Route poisoning does not break split horizon rules. • With the triggered update approach, routers send
• Split horizon with poison reverse is essentially messages as soon as they notify a change in their
route poisoning, but specifically placed on links routing table
that split horizon would not normally allow routing
information to flow across, the failed routes are
advertised with infinite metrics.
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Preventing routing loops with holddown timers

RIP
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
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RIP routing process
Basic Configuring RIP

Ethernet

Ethernet

• It is a distance-vector routing protocol. RFC 1058.

F0/0 S0/1 S0/0 S0/0
• Hop count is used as the metric for path selection. F0/0
BHM GAD BOAZ
• If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be 10.0.0.254 192.168.13.1 192.168.13.2 192.168.14.2 192.168.14.2 172.31.31.1

discarded. BHM(config)#router rip Selects RIP as the routing protocol

• By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds. BHM(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
BHM(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0
• RIP has evolved over the years from a Classful Routing Specifies a directly connected network
GAD(config)#router rip Major netwotk not subbnetwork
Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0
Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2). RIP v2 enhancements GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0
include: BOAZ(config)#router rip
– Ability to carry additional packet routing information. BOAZ(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0
BOAZ(config-router)#network 172.31.0.0
– Authentication mechanism to secure table updates.
– Supports variable length subnet masking (VLSM). BHM(config)#interface s0/0
BHM(config-if)#ip rip triggered
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Configuring RIP: Option tasks
Without ip classless command
• Applying offsets to routing metrics
10.3.3.0
• Adjusting timers Fa0/1 192.168.1.4/30

• Specifying a RIP version S0/0

BHM GAD
• Enabling RIP authentication 10.1.1.0
Fa0/0 192.168.13.2

• Configuring route summarization on an interface

• Verifying IP route summarization To
• Disabling automatic route summarization 10.2.2.4

• Running IGRP and RIP concurrently Destination network Outbound interface

• Disabling the validation of source IP addresses 10.3.3.0 Fa0/1
• Enabling or disabling split horizon 10.1.1.0 Fa0/0
• Connecting RIP to a WAN 0.0.0.0 S0/0
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With ip classless command
Common RIP configuration issues

10.3.3.0
Fa0/1 192.168.1.4/30

S0/0
BHM GAD
• To reduce routing loops and counting to infinity,
Fa0/0 192.168.13.2
10.1.1.0 RIP uses the following techniques:
– Count-to-infinity
– Split horizon
To
10.2.2.4 – Poison reverse
– Holddown counters
Destination network Outbound interface
– Triggered updates
10.3.3.0 Fa0/1
10.1.1.0 Fa0/0
0.0.0.0 S0/0
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Setting holddown timer
To configure the router to send and receive packets
To disable split horizon: Command Purpose
Router(config-if)#no ip split-horizon Router(config-router)#version {1 | 2} Configure the software to
send and receive RIP version
To change the holddown timer: 1 version 2 packets
Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1 Configure an interface to send
Router(config-router)#timers basic update invalid RIP version 1 packets
holddown flush [sleeptime] Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 2 Configure an interface to send
RIP version 2 packets
To change the update internal: Configure an interface to send
Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1 2
Router(config-router)#update-timer seconds RIP version 1 or 2 packets
Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1 Configure an interface to
Disable the sending of routing updates on specified interfaces: receive RIP version 1 packets

Router(config-router)#passive-interface interface Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 2 Configure an interface to

receive RIP version 2 packets
Configure RIP in a non-broadcast network: Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1 2 Configure an interface to
receive RIP version 1 or 2
Router(config-router)#neighbor ip address
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packets

Verifying RIP configuration: SHOW IP PROTOCOLS
Verifying RIP configuration: SHOW IP ROUTE

Networks being advertised

RIP interface

Networks being advertised

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Troubleshooting RIP update issues: DEBUG IP RIP
Troubleshooting RIP update issues: Others command

• show ip rip database

• show ip protocols {summary}
• show ip route
• debug ip rip {events}
• show ip interface brief
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Load balancing with RIP
Load balancing with RIP

1
56K

64K 2

GAD 1.544M BHM

3
155M

• RIP is capable of load balancing over as many as six equal-

cost paths, with four paths being default. RIP performs what
is referred to as “round robin” load balancing.
• Router(config-router)#maximum-paths [number]
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Integrating static routes with RIP
RIP with floating route

•Static routes are user-defined routes.

•They are also useful for specifying a “gateway of last .2
192.168.13.0/30
resort”, commonly referred to as a default route. BHM
.1
–A router running RIP can receive a default route via an update S0/0
.2
from another router running RIP.
GAD
192.168.14.0/30
–Another option is for the router to generate the default route Bri0/1
.1
itself.
•RIP will advertise a static route throughout the
internetwork. • The floating static route was configured by defining an AD
on the static route (130) greater than the default AD of RIP
–If static route is assigned to an interface that is defined in the
RIP process, via a network command. (120).
–Other, via a redistribute static command is specified in the
RIP process.
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Characteristics

• Cisco’s Distance-vector routing protocol.

• Routing updates at 90 second intervals, advertising
networks for a particular AS.
IGRP • The versatility to automatically handle indefinite,
INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL complex topologies
• The flexibility needed to segment with different
bandwidth and delay characteristics
• Scalability for functioning in very large networks.
• Use a composite metric of bandwidth, delay, load
and reliability.
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IGRP Metric
Example: IGRP Metric

k2xBW
Metric = k1xBW + + k3xDelay
256 – Load
k5
If k5 ≠ 0 then: Metric = Metric x
Rel + k4
• Default: k1 = 1, k2 = 0, k3 = 1, k4 = 0, k5 = 0.
• Delay is the sum of all the delays of all outgoing interfaces
divided by 10.
– Delay = [Delay / 10ms].
• BW is the lowest bandwidth of all outgoing interfaces divided
by 10,000,000.
– BW = [10.000.000 / bandwidth in Kbps].
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Interior, System and Exterior route
IGRP stability features

• IGRP has a number of features that are designed to

enhance its stability, such as:
– Holddowns
– Split horizons
– Poison reverse updates
• IGRP also maintains a number of timers and
variables containing time intervals. These include an
update timer, an invalid timer, a holddown timer,
and a flush timer.
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Configuring IGRP and migrating RIP to IGRP
Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP INTERFACES
Ethernet

Ethernet

F0/0 S0/1 S0/0 S0/0

F0/0
BHM GAD BOAZ
10.0.0.254 192.168.13.1 192.168.13.2 192.168.14.2 192.168.14.2 172.31.31.1

BHM(config)#router igrp 101 Selects igrp as the routing protocol

BHM(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 101 is Autonomous System number is one
BHM(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0 that identifies the IGRP process.
GAD(config)#router igrp 101
GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0 Specifies a directly connected network
GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0 Major netwotk not subbnetwork

BOAZ(config)#router igrp 101

BOAZ(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0
BOAZ(config-router)#network 172.31.0.0

BHM(config)# no router igrp 101

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Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP PROTOCOLS
Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW RUN
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Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW RUN
Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP ROUTE
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Troubleshooting IGRP
Troubleshooting IGRP

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Summary

• Routing table updates occur periodically, when yhe

topology in a distance vector protocol network
changes.
• RIP is a distance vector routing protocol.
• RIP has evolved over the years from classful routing
protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a classless
routing protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2).
• IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol
developed by Cisco.
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