The International Cooperation in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage Project

commissioned by the Agency of Cultural Affairs

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner
Human Resource Development Project in Central America on
Three-Dimensional Documentation of Cultural Heritage and
Utilization of Three-Dimensional Documentation Data in the
World Heritage Site "Tikal National Park "

05 3D Documentation of Portable Objects

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner
 Legend
2
• This slide is a part of texts for Human resource development project in Central
America on three-dimensional documentation of cultural heritage and

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

utilization of three-dimensional documentation data organized by CSACCR
(Center for the Study of Ancient Civilization and Cultural Resources),

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

Kanazawa University, Japan.
• This slide is authored by Atsushi Noguchi (fujimicho0@hotmail.com), a visiting
researcher of CSACCR and published by CSACCR
• This slide is published under the Creative Commons CC Attribution 4.0
International License while some contents are reserved their own licenses.
 Questions
3
1 Can the contours of the cross sections be separated?
☞ Yes, each contour is generated as single polyline entity and can export in dxf format as

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

well.

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

2 Are the units shown in the measurements of the model centimeters or millimeters?
☞ CloudCompare doesn’t have Unit Define function. It represents 3D model with given
unit. Both Laser Scanner and 3D Photogrammetry software have Unit Define
function. Thus you need to set appropriate unit for your 3D model before processing
on CloudCompare (or other processing software).
 Program of this course
4
1 The Basics of 3D Documentation of Cultural Heritage
2 Practice on Basic Operations of Agisoft Metashape and of Capturing

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

Reality's RealityCapture

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

3 Nature, Format, and Visualization of 3D Documentation Data
4 Metrics of 3D Documentation Data on CloudCompare
5 3D Documentation of Portable Objects with Desktop/ Portable
Laser Scanner (Using Shining3D’s Einscan SP)
6 3D LiDAR Documentation on i-OS Mobile Devices
7 3D Photogrammetry and Spherical Photography on Mobile Devices
⇒ Choice of Camera and settings for 3D Photogrammetry
8 Publishing 3D Cultural Heritage Data Online: How to Publish Your
Data on Sketchfab
 Differecens of Laser Scanning and 3D Photogrammetry
5
• Laser (structured light) scanner

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

 Distance measurement by laser (light) with its straightness and
convergence

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

= Direct measurement, absolute distance, orientation and scale
• Triangulation laser scanner: optical cutting/ pattern projection (structured light)
• Middle range laser scanner: Phase-shift/ ToF (Time of Flight) methods

• 3D Photogrammetry
 Reconstruction of depth information with stereoscopy method
= Indirect-relative measurement, need external references
• Stereo-pair photogrammetry
• SfM-MVS (Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo) photogrammetry
• Machine learning depth reconstruction
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
6
• Use triangulation principle for
detecting distance (depth) of

3D
02 Documentation
Methods and devices
target point

with Desktop/ Portable

• Laser projected onto target
• Optical sensor detects the
point within a field of view

of Portable
• Calculate depth (distance from
datum) with triangulation

documentation
of 3D Objects
Laser Scanner
difference of angle
is proportional to
distance in z axis
distance in z axis >
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
7
• Triangulation laser scanner is relatively compact and reasonable in cost.

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

• Portable and desktop-size scanners are
appropriate for small objects

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

http://en.shining3d.com/ http://www.nextengine.com/
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
8
• High-end models are faster and covering wider range in a single shot
with more high-resolution.

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner
https://www.ksdl.co.jp/product/artec-spacespider/

https://www.keyence.co.jp/ss/products/measure-
sys/vl/003/1099_01.jsp
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
9
• SOMA is developed by LANG Co.,ltd.

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

• Scanning >100 pieces in one time with
4 optical cutting censors.

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

• Average scanning time is 5 min/ piece.

http://www.lang.co.jp/
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
10
• 4 different ways of scanning

3D
02 Documentation
Methods and devices
Optical cutting and pattern projection Pattern projection

with Desktop/ Portable

Laser & object turning Parallel laser scanning Laser fix, object turning Free laser moving
(turn table) (object fixed) (turn table) (object fixed)

of Portable
single shot

documentation
of 3D Objects
Laser Scanner
Device fixed, Censor moving Device & censor fixed Device & censor
censor turning in parallel moving by hand
 Laser scanner 2: middle-range laser scanner
11
• ToF (Time-of-Flight): measuring distance by reflection time

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

• Phase-shift: measuring distance by Phase-shift after reflection

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

• Phase-shift is faster than ToF, while ToF has advantage in dynamic
range (reliability)

Wang et al. 2020: fig.3 DOI: 10.1007/s11831-019-09320-4

 Laser scanner 2: middle-range laser scanner
12
• Scanning method

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

Scanner (laser projector & censor) rotate
horizontally and vertically, then scan hemi-

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

spherical region. But some part around the foot
will be blind spot.

https://leica-geosystems.com/-
/media/images/leicageosystems/produc
ts/laser_scanners/800x428_thumbnail_
portlet_callout/1-leica-rtc360-hero-shot-
800x428.ashx

practical notion for laser scanning will be discussed in later

 Laser scanner 3: iPhone/ iPad LiDAR scan
13
• iPhone 12 pro/ proMax and iPad 2020 (& later) has LiDAR censor

3D
02 Documentation
LiDAR is Light Detection and Ranging/ or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging. It is

Methods and devices

developed to detect distance or depth from the censor as a kind of laser scanners. On

with Desktop/ Portable

iPhone, it is basically installed for measuring distance of target to assist camera
focusing.
But many apps. are developed to acquire 3D
point cloud by LiDAR censor,

of Portable
such as 3dScannerApp, Forge, Scaniverse,
EveryPoint, etc.

documentation
of 3D Objects
Laser Scanner
 Critical points of Laser Scanning Management
14
1. Beam Divergence

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

• High-convergence of Laser beam <> but divergent in distance
2. Perspective and Blind Spot (or Area)

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

• Straightness of Laser beam makes blind spot/ area
3. Projection Angle
These are common among any type of Laser Scanner

②Blind Spot ③Projection Angle

①Beam divergence
 Beam Divergence
15
High-convergence of Laser beam <> but divergent in distance
> control of measurement distance is critical

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

short-range = convergent, but need frequent scanning for coverage

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

long-range = divergent, but able to cover with less scanning

Example of Beam Divergence

(Archaeology Data Service: Guides to Good Practice)
https://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/LaserScan_1-4
 Projection Angle
16
Nearly all Laser Scanner scans with rotation

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

> measurement pitch is different in center and periphery (①)
for managing resolution, angle is critical rather than measurement pitches

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

> in case of oblique scanning, measurement pitches increase
rather than orthogonal scanning (②)
Control of scanning direction and angle is also critical
① ②
 Scanning Frequency and Coverage
17
Control of Scanning Area (or Coverage)

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

> single scanning of wide area makes large fluctuation of scanning pitches (①)
> keeping distance can make convergence of scanning angle

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

but may be affected by Beam divergence (②)
> frequent scanning can cover wide area with high accuracy result (③)
(peripherical data can be rejected)

① ② ③
 Eiscan SP: middle class desktop Laser Scanner
18
Multi-functional 3D Scanner: Desktop type
• Capture 3D Data Easier and Faster

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

• Dual scan modes: Auto Scan and Fixed Scan

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

• Wide scan range from small to large
https://www.einscan.com/desktop-3d-scanners/einscan-sp/

Einscan HX
hand-held = free scan
high-end = >10,000 USD
 Eiscan SP: middle class desktop Laser Scanner
19
How it works ?
1. Projecting pattern (white light)

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

2. Detect reflection

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

3. Generate Point Cloud
4. Rotate turn table
5. Caliblate position by marker →①
③

④
 Eiscan SP: comparison of specs
20
Einscan SE Einscan SP Einscan Pro 2x+ Einscan HX

3D Documentation of Portable Objects

Price 2500USD 6000USD 16000USD 210000USD
Fix, Auto (turntable),
Scan mode Fix (turntable) Free (handheld)

with Desktop/ Portable Laser Scanner

Auto (turntable) Free (handheld)
Blue LED/
Source light White LED White LED White LED
Blue Laser
Min scan size 3x3x3 mm 3x3x3 mm ~ ~
Max scan size 20^3~700^3 mm 20^3~1200^3 mm by PC spec By PC spec
Scan resolution 0.17~0.2mm 0.17~0.2mm 0.2~3mm 0.05~3mm
Single shot ≦0.04mm (Auto) ≦0.04mm (Laser)
≦0.1mm ≦0.05mm
accuracy ~ ≦0.1mm (Free) ~ ≦0.05mm (LED)
Scan range 290~480mm 290~480mm 510mm 470mm
Color texture 1.3M pixel 1.3M pixel Need color pack Full color
https://www.einscan.com/ https://www.einscan.com/ https://www.einscan.com/ https://www.einscan.com/
Source desktop-3d- desktop-3d- handheld-3d-scanner/2x- handheld-3d-
scanners/einscan-se/ scanners/einscan-sp/ plus/ scanner/einscan-hx/