NAME- VAISHNAVI CHAUDHARY

CLASS- B.COM (2ND YEAR)

DIVISION- C
ROLL NO - 510
SUBJECT –FUNDAMENTAL
COURSES
TOPIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
COMMITMENTS.
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my financial accounts teacher who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project of financial accounts. Who also helped
me in completing my project. I came to know about so many new things I really thankful to
them.
INDEX
TOPIC PAGES

s.no.

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature review

3. Case study

4. Observation

5. Conclusion

6. References
INTRODUCTION
Dealing with disasters: Role of National Disaster

Management Cell.

Environmental commitment is the individual's pursuit of environmental sustainability,

willingness to sacrifice personal enjoyment, reducing waste of resources, using environmentally
friendly new products and supporting government's adaptation strategies.

Fort HealthCare is committed to the promotion of healthier communities by serving as an

environmental leader in all aspects of our operations. We recognize the links between
environmental health and public health, and acknowledge that reducing our negative impact on
the environment is implicit in our Mission, Vision, Values and Core Commitments.

Therefore, in an effort to protect natural resources, restore environmental quality, and protect the
health and welfare of those we serve, Fort HealthCare will:

Instill environmental responsibility as a guiding principle

Minimize generation of waste through source reduction, re-use and recycling

Conserve energy/water and improve the energy/water efficiency of our operations

Ensure the health and safety of our employees, patients and communities by managing,
minimizing reducing exposure to and eliminating—where possible—the use of hazardous
substances

Strive to purchase and utilize environmentally preferable products and services, including those
made of recycled content

Incorporate environmental considerations and total facility lifecycle analysis into building
design, construction and renovation strategies

Employ prevention strategies to minimize negative environmental impacts we cannot eliminate.

National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is an apex Body of

Government of India, with a mandate to lay down policies for disaster management. NDMA was
established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India on 23
December 2005.

NDMA is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices for
coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and
distributed approach to disaster management.

It is headed by the Prime Minister of India and can have up to nine other members. Since 2020,
there have been five other members. There is a provision to have a Vice Chair-person if needed.

NDMA ( National Disaster Management Authority) runs various programs for mitigation and
responsiveness for specific situations. These include the National Cyclone Risk Management
Project, School Safety Project, Decision Support System and others. India Disaster Response
Summit held on 9 November 2017 held at New Delhi. This Summit was jointly organised by the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and social networking site Facebook. India
has become the first country to partner with Facebook on disaster response.

The Indian government strives to promote a national resolve to mitigate the damage and
destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters, through sustained and collective efforts of
all Government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations and People’s participation. This is
planned to be accomplished by adopting a Technology-Driven, Pro-Active, Multi-Hazard and
Multi-Sectoral strategy for building a Safer, Disaster Resilient and Dynamic India.

The NDMA Logo reflects the aspirations of this National Vision, of empowering all stakeholders
to improve the effectiveness of Disaster Management in India. NDMA has 5 major divisions viz.
Policy & Plans, Mitigation , Operations & Communications & Information & Technology ,
Administration and Finance.
Functions and responsibilities

NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster
Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the
following responsibilities:

* Lay down policies on disaster management;

* Approves the National Plan;

* Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in

accordance with the National Plan;

* Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;

* Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the

Government of India for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the
mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;

* Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster
management;

* Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;

* Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by
the Central Government;

* Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and
capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider
necessary;

* Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster
Management.
Programs

NDMA ( National Disaster Management Authority) runs various programs for mitigation and
responsiveness for specific situations. These include the National Cyclone Risk Management
Project, School Safety Project, Decision Support System and others. India Disaster Response
Summit held on 9 November 2017 held at New Delhi. This Summit was jointly organised by the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and social networking site Facebook. India
has become the first country to partner with Facebook on disaster response.

Introduction to Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities

In 1969, the Cuyahoga River in Ohio was so polluted that it spontaneously burst into flame. Air
pollution was so bad at that time that Chattanooga, Tennessee was a city where, as an article
from Sports Illustrated put it: “the death rate from tuberculosis was double that of the rest of
Tennessee and triple that of the rest of the United States, a city in which the filth in the air was so
bad it melted nylon stockings off women’s legs, in which executives kept supplies of clean white
shirts in their offices so they could change when a shirt became too gray to be presentable, in
which headlights were turned on at high noon because the sun was eclipsed by the gunk in the
sky.”

The problem of pollution arises for every economy in the world, whether high-income or low-
income, and whether market-oriented or command-oriented. Every country needs to strike some
balance between production and environmental quality. This chapter begins by discussing how
firms may fail to take certain social costs, like pollution, into their planning if they do not need to
pay these costs. Traditionally, policies for environmental protection have focused on
governmental limits on how much of each pollutant could be emitted. While this approach has
had some success, economists have suggested a range of more flexible, market-oriented policies
that reduce pollution at a lower cost. We will consider both approaches, but first let’s see how
economists frame and analyze these issues.

The Economics of Pollution

From 1970 to 2012, the U.S. population increased by one-third and the size of the U.S. economy
more than doubled. Since the 1970s, however, the United States, using a variety of anti-pollution
policies, has made genuine progress against a number of pollutants. Table 1 lists users of energy
—from residential to industrial—the types of fuels each used, and the emissions from each,
according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). The table shows that emissions
of certain key air pollutants declined substantially from 2007 to 2012; they dropped 730 million
metric tons (MMT) a year—a 12% reduction. This seems to indicate that progress has been made
in the United States in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions, which cause greenhouse gases.
Externalities

Private markets, such as the cell phone industry, offer an efficient way to put buyers and sellers
together and determine what goods are produced, how they are produced, and who gets them.
The principle that voluntary exchange benefits both buyers and sellers is a fundamental building
block of the economic way of thinking. But what happens when a voluntary exchange affects a
third party who is neither the buyer nor the seller?

As an example, consider a concert producer who wants to build an outdoor arena that will host
country music concerts a half-mile from your neighborhood. You will be able to hear these
outdoor concerts while sitting on your back porch—or perhaps even in your dining room. In this
case, the sellers and buyers of concert tickets may both be quite satisfied with their voluntary
exchange, but you have no voice in their market transaction. The effect of a market exchange on
a third party who is outside or “external” to the exchange is called an externality. Because
externalities that occur in market transactions affect other parties beyond those involved, they are
sometimes called spillovers.

Pollution as a Negative Externality

Pollution is a negative externality. Economists illustrate the social costs of production with a
demand and supply diagram. The social costs include the private costs of production incurred by
the company and the external costs of pollution that are passed on to society. It shows the
demand and supply for manufacturing refrigerators. The demand curve (D) shows the quantity
demanded at each price. The supply curve (Sprivate) shows the quantity of refrigerators supplied
by all the firms at each price if they are taking only their private costs into account and they are
allowed to emit pollution at zero cost. The market equilibrium (E0), where quantity supplied and
quantity demanded are equal, is at a price of $650 and a quantity of 45,000. This information is
also reflected in the first three columns of Table 2.

India's international commitments-

The Kyoto Protocol, The Paris Agreement.

The Kyoto Protocol 

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex ratification

process, it entered into force on 16 February 2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol.
In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and
reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The
Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to
report periodically.

The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows its
annex-based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them
under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities”,
because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG
emissions in the atmosphere.

In its Annex B, the Kyoto Protocol sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized
countries and economies in transition and the European Union. Overall, these targets add up to
an average 5 per cent emission reduction compared to 1990 levels over the five year period
2008–2012 (the first commitment period)

The Paris agreement

The Paris agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted
by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November
2016.

Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared
to pre-industrial levels.

To achieve this long-term temperature goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse
gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century.

The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the
first time, a binding agreement brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious
efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.