a “With EUEE Questions Adugna Guade (Lecturer) 20"Bdvanced Worldwide ‘English Book I for Preparatory Schools Adugna Guade (Lecturer) 2018PREFACE This book is mainly intended for preparatory school students. It may also be useful to high schoo] teachers and university students. It has twenty-one units that encompass advanced grammar, detailed punctuation, capitaliza- hon. social language and some basic differences between British and Ameri- can English. The main body of each unit comprises numerous model ques- tons for a better clarification. Besides these, some selected ESLCE and EGSECE questions are incorporated. At the end of the units, University En- trance Examination (UEE) questions and their answers with detailed expla- nations are included. The main reason for the of model and national examination ques- tions is to sharpen studi rests and draw their attentions to read the entire contents of the book. Moreover, the questions are used as standard points te assess the contents of the book. They are also used as helpful meth- ods to explain and simplify some grammatical items which seem to be com- plex for students to understand easily. The overall objective of writing this book is to enhance the students’ _Eng- lish proficiency and improve their results in classroom English tests and na- tional examinations. The book is generally useful to any student who wishes to develop his/ her English competency. To help students understand the topics treated, numerous vivid examples are given and simple, everyday English is used to explain advanced points. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Tam deeply indebted to Ato Bezabih Tiru, Dr. Alemayehu Jotie, W/ro Askalu Kifle, Molla Munie and others for their direct or indirect involvement in the Preparation of this book. 1 am grateful to the Institute of Educational Re- search (IER) for EUEE questions, which are used after each unit of this book as reference points by which the contents of the book can be judged. My deepest gratitude also goes to Yeshifana Guade, Emebet Eredate, Yel- fie Worku and Kibreab Guade for their encouragement and moral support.Contents Unit 1 Relative Pronouns and Clauses .........1 | | Relative Pronouns in Defining Relative Clauses ......... ee: | 2 Relative Pronouns in Non-defining Relative Clauses ... . 1.3 Some Differences between Defining Relative Clauses and. Non-defining Relative Clause: 1.4 Non-defining Relative Clauses . 1.5 Meaning Differences between Defining and Non- defining Relative Clauses 1.6 Reduced Relative Clauses .. 1.7 Noun Used in Non- defining Rela 1.8 Omitting relative Pronouns (Contact Clatises). 1.9 Subjective and Objective Cases of Relative Pronouns. 1.10 Relative Clauses with Parenthetical Expressions 1.11 Personal Pronouns in a Relative Clause . 1.12. Prepositions with Relative Clauses 1.13 Position of a Relative Clause 1.14 That . 1.18 Who or that after all ,any 1.16 Quantifiers +of + whom /which LAT What vesccssscccceeess senses, 1.18 When, why and where deesaeaaesseeeeeee 1,19 University Entrance exam Questions Unit 2 Deduction .....ccsccesecessreeeeree 00ee4O 2.1 Must and have to for deduction .......... 2.2 Should for Assumption 2.3 Should + Perfect Infinitive (have +V4). 2.4 Negative Deduction (cannot /could not) Unit 3 Possibility ......0....scccccccsssseses one 46 3.1.Present or Future Possibility........ icinaracimerstacneeee dD 3.2. Past Possibility........... 3.3. Can/Could and may/might in Negative Sentences ...48 3.4, Must and could/may/might ....... 3.5. May and might 3.6 University Entrance exam Questions...........--unit 4 Obligation and Absence of obligation ...58 58 -60 44Hadto Pessoa stenenstessestensutenereteeen ct e ifferences between must and have (got) t 63 4.6 Absence of Obligation and Prohibition . 4.7 Did not need to and need not have + past participle . 4.8, Need + verb-ing British English)... 49 University Entrance Exam Questions... Unit 5 Capitalization . 15 Unit 6 Punctuation... 6.1The Full Stop ( 6.2Comma .... 4.3 Exclamation Mark (!) 6.4 Apostrophe (") 8.8 Colon (:) 6.6 Semicolon (;) 8.7 Hyphen (-) 6.8 Quotation Marks (" "or! ").. 6.9 Other Punctuation marks with Quotation Marks . 6.10 Capitalization inside Quotation Marks 6.11 .Parenthesi 6.12 Slash. 6.16 Italics.......... — aa 6.12 University Entrance Exam Questions... Unit 7 Participles... 7.1 The Present Participle (v-ing) aR eaE 7.2 The Past Participle Phrase (passive participle) 7.3 The Perfect Participle Phrase (active or passive) 7.3.1 Perfect Participle (active) 153 soe LBS 4 3.2 Perlect Participle (passive).7.4 Misrelated Participles 196 7.8 Participles as Adjectives. . o 168 1.6 Participles instead of Relative Clanses 189 7.7 University Entrance Exam Questions 161 Unit 8 The Gerund . Ba acrenseranannas LEM 8.1 Gerund ina Sentence . 8.2 To + gerund....... 8.3 Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive 8.4 Love, like and prefer .. 8.5. Remember, pages mean, regret 8.6 Stop . lei 8. 7 Permit / allow / advise / recommend+ object + infinitive. 8.8 Verbs of Senses 8.9 Get, catch, have , find. ¥*.10 University Entrance Exam Questions. Unit 9 The Infinitive....,............ 9.1 Verbs Followed by the Infinitive .., 9.2 The Bare Infinitive, i.e. Infinitive without to 9.3 Not +to .... 9.4 An Infinitive 9.5 Perfect Infinitives (to thave + past participle) 9.6 Modals + perfect infinitives (without to) . °.7 University Entrance Exam Questions. Unit 10 The Passive Voice............. 10.1 Active and Passive Structures 10.2 Uses of the Passive Voice ...... 10.3 Some Rules of the Passive Voice: 10.4 Verbs Taking Two Objects .. 10.8 Exceptional Verbs.. . . 10.6 The Patterns of the Pamive voice with Different Tenses 10.7 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs .. 10. 8 Exgative Verbs . 0.9 Ergative Verbs10.10 Transitive Verbs That Are not Used in Passive ,,.. 223 10.11 Changing Active Voice into Passive . 10.12 Questions in the Passive Voice awe 10.13 University Entrance Exam Questions. Unit 11 Can ,Could and Be Able to ......233 Ell: Gan screens, 11.2 Can/could and may/might 11.3 Could 12.1. A Verb and Its Subject .....0....... 12.2 A Verb ina Relative Clause .. 12.3 Verbs after including, with, like, together with 12.4 A Subject after except, but, all except or all but 12.8 Positive and Negative Words or Phrases...... 12.6 Either...or, neither...nor, not only... but also 12.7 Amount of money, height or weight 12.8 Pronouns Taking a Singular Verb .. 12.9 Verbs after United Nations, United States, etc. 12.10 Neither, either, each and every 12.1] Adjectives Preceded by ‘the’ ... 12.12. Nouns Referring to the Same S: 12.13 A number and the number 12.14 Plural titles.....000.. 0. 12.15 University Entrance Exam Questions. Unit 13 Quantifiers. 13.1 Few and a few .........004 13.2 Little and a little (before uncountable nouns) 13.3 Some and any ........... 13.4 All , all ofand every/each. 13.8 Almost + every/all .. 13.6 No, not and none . 13.7 Double negatives... 13.8 University Entrance Exam Question:Unit 14 Request and Permission.........., 286 14.1 Requests (Asking for peaple’s favour). Sey 286 14.2 Permussion 290 |4. 2.1 Asking for permission. 289 14.3 University Entrance Exam Questions. 298 Unit 15 Advice and Opinion........... WEVA GVGG: .scesscnsssssccsseaicenscvii 15.1.1 Asking for advice 15.1.2 Giving advice... 15.1.3 Accepting advice . 18.2 Opinions... 18.2.1 Asking fore opinions, 15.2.2 Giving opinions. 15.2.3Saying you have no Opinions. 15.3 University Entrance Exam Question: Unit 16 Agreement and Disagreement...........318 16.1.1 Expressing Agreement....,.,.,.,..... 16.1.1 Expressing disagreement ....... 16. 2 University Entrance Exam Questio: Unit 12 Direction and Telephone.............329 V1 Directions............... I7 1 1 Asking for directions 17.1.2 Giving directions... 17.1.3 Saying you don't know 17.2 Telephoning. 17.2.1 Answering a call : 17.2.2 Asking people to wait........., 17.2.3 Ifthe person you want is not present. 12.2.4 Wrong number 00... cecceccesescs 17.2.8 Asking for a person . ‘ 17.3 University Entrance Exam Question: 329Unit 18 Confused Words socveweers 350 Accept and except, adapt , adopt, etc. ...... University Entrance Examination Question: Review Exercise. Unit 19 Phrasal Verbs............scceseseeee022s428 University Entrance Exam Questions... 450 Unit 20 Offering Help a and Shopping. 20.1 Offering help... a 20.1.2 Asking for help. 20.1.3 Accepting help 20.1.4 Refusing offer/help 20.2.Shoppin 20.3 University Entrance Examination Questions. Unit 21 Invitation and Apology............483 21,1 Invitation . 21.1.1 Accepting invitations 21.1.2 Refusing invitations 21.2 Apology......- 21.3 University Entrance Examination Questions... Appendices Appendix A British and American English. Appendix B English Puns (fa37A.1F +2) Appendix C Similes . Appendix D Irregular verbs.........-.eescr see reeseeeccees EUEE Questions (2008 E.C EUEE Questions (2009 E.C.Unit 1 Relative Pronouns and Clauses 1.1. Relative pronouns in defining relative clauses Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns .Who, whom ,which, that and whose are called relative pronouns. There are two main types of relative clauses: defining and non-delining relative clauses. Relative Pronouns in a Defining Relative Clause For things eT who that The relative pronouns can be omitted. possessive | whose object Or The relative pronouns can be omitted. , whose Related Question @Which one of the following is correct? A. The student whom you taught him English last year is smart. B. The student which you taught English is smart. . The man to who she spoke is a secret agent. D. The student whom you taught English last year is smart. Answer:D. — . Why not A? See page 22 in this book. Why not B? See page 4.A.Who Who 1s generally used for human bemga 1) esed as s subject bot defining and non-defirung relanwe clauses Tor the difference betwee: subjective ant ebjective cae pe § For who 1 nep-defining relates clase seo | DA Who in defining reiauve Clamges Examples The boy who stole her sutcase has been arrested (subject ‘The man who came here yesterday is my uncle subject Who.is also used as an objective case in defining relative clauses in informal styles Examples ‘The man who she chslikes has never come agaun object ‘The girl who Dame] wants to marry has a good sense of humor | phyect Note When whe is used as an obyective case in defimang relasre clauses, it can be replaced by whem wih no difference im meatung (see 1 2B) Note That is used in defining relative classes ss a subjective or objective case Therefore it can be usec instead of whe in the abowe examples. How do we know whether whe, which and that ue obvectve or subjective cases? To answer this see | 9 The boy that stole her suitcase has been arrested (subject ‘The man that she chslikes has never come again | object Note: Whom (see B below ) is more common than whe i definin> Telative clauses as.an objective case lt w used only as an obyecove Case, but not as a subjectve case Examples The man whom she dishikes has never come again corres The student whom Fanka greeted speaks broken Englth ->~> The man whom was working in the field is verynch tons ‘The man whom came here yesterday is his uncle ox Why are the above nwo examples wrong” Because whom normally followed by a verb Was and came are verbs examples. In other words, whom 1s no! used as a gabecan use who or that instead of whom. Examples The man who (=that) came here yesterday is my uncle. (correct) The man who (=that) was working in the field is very rich. (correct) For mote information about subjective and objective cases, see 1.9, Generally, who, whom and that can be used as an objective case in defining relative clauses. However, they can also be omitted (see 1.8). Examples ‘The man who they respect is a hard worker. or The man that they respect is a hard worker. or The man whom they respect is a hard worker. Who, that and whom can be omitted from the above examples .A relative clause without a relative pronoun is called a contact clause. The man they respect is a hard worker. (contact clause) For a contact clause see 1.8.0n page 18. B.Whom ‘Whom is used for persons as an objective case. It is used in both defining and non-defining relative clauses. ~ Examples The girl whom they admire is loyal’ The teather whom the students like most is humorous and knowledgeable. Note: Whom, but not who or that, is used after a preposition (see .12).With is a preposition in the following examples. Examples The woman with who Meseret lives is a nurse. (wrong) The woman with that Meseret lives is a nurse. (wrong) The woman with whom Meseret lives is a nurse. (correct) However, in informal styles, you can shift the preposition to the end of the relative clause and you can use whom, who or that . Informal English is not commonly used in written form. And the above sentences can be rewritten as: The woman who Meseret lives with is a nun. (correct) or The woman that Meseret lives with is a nun. (correct) For details, see page 28. Example | This is Haile Gebreslasie, that you were talking about. (wreng) 3‘This is Haile Gebreslasie, whom you were talking about. (correct) Example 2 ‘That book, that our English teacher reads, is a good reference.x That book, which our English teacher reads, is a good reference. Example 3 Ato Guta, that lives in Addis Ababa, is a famous geologist. (wrong ) Ato Guta, who lives in Addis Ababa, is a famous geologist. (correct ) Related Question © The woman husband won the 1984 Nobel Prize is today's guest of honor. A. who C. which B. whom D. whose Dis the correct answer. Why? To answer this question, see the following explanations. - E. Whose Whose is a relative pronoun to show possession for people or things. It is used before nouns (whose + noun) in the same way as possessive adjectives like my, our ,its and their. It is used in both defining and non-defining relative clauses. Note: Ina relative clause, whose is used in place of possessive adjectives. Example | The chair has been stolen. Its leg was broken last week, These two statements can be combined as: (Whose is used in place of its.) Example 2 The girl went to Gambella yesterday. Her blouse is green, ‘These two statements can be combined as: it] whose b i it fer (Whose is used in place of her.)1.2. Relative pronouns in non-defining relative clauses For persons subject who object whom (Relative pronouns cannot be omitted.) For things which which (The relative pronoun cannot be omitted) possessive whose whose A. Subject: Who Who is the only relative pronoun used as a subjective case in non- defining relative clauses for persons. Examples 2 Worku, who is good at history, will join a university one day. Tolosa, who lives in Addis, is a famous cyclist. Our teacher advised Deboch, who was the laziest student in our class, B. Object: Who and whom for persons Who is not a common relative pronoun as an objective case in non- defining relative clauses. In other words, it is less common to use who in place of whom in non-defining relative clauses as an objective case. Note: The objective case of a relative pronoun cannot be omitted froma non-defining relative clause (see 1.8). C. Which (for things and animals) Which is used for things. It can be used in both defining and non- defining relative clauses as a subject or object. Examples The goat which Aster bought yesterday is very fat. (object) The book which was bought a year ago is very important. (subject) 5‘The smacere whieh stood fret im cur cham @ Saree Mapgry cwrsey Wete Which not seed for persons m relative cleumes fet © came be weed for persons > questions show 4 imuted "Rows tarps ‘Drala Have pos seen Dareai” Wanmma There are Gree Dames bere Whsek Dame! de you mean” Exampi= 2 Which of = gris o the taseat? Which euder: do you lize most” ee Related Question ° My tate 4 farmer lneme on Gomer A whach al B ther D whe Snce whieh & not used for persons A is meerrent The wimentive ase @ 2 relative proncer @ usually tnllewed by s -erb The worl im afer oe Blank © the above questor ns verb There tre ‘hin queation jequires the wabjectrve case of 4 reiatve promeun arp “hed manage: whe ives u this spartan: + that) I always read is very interesting. (correct) Example 2 Everything what he says makes her happy. (wrong) Everything that he says makes her happy. (correct) Example 3 Thope Bezawit will get all what she ‘wants.( wrong) Thope Bezawit will get all that she wants. (correct) Thope Bezawit will get all which she wants, (wrong) Example 4 Tlike all what she has said, ( wrong) like all that she has said. (correct) Tike all which she has said (wrong) Note: Which isnot used after all and everything (see 1.148), 1.18.When, why and where When , why and where are relative adv relation rerbs, They can be replaced by A. When ‘pes talons fo time .In which or on which can also be used in place of Examples That was when (= on which) he first went h the day ane. Did you forget the year when(= in which) we mee 26B. Where Where refers to places and it can replace at which or in which. Example | The room where he was sleeping was untidy. This is the same as: The room in which he was sleeping was untidy. Example 2 The hotel where Aster works is in front of the bus station. ‘This is the same as: The hotel in/at which Aster works is in front of the bus station. Cc. Why Why refers to reasons. For which can be used instead of why. Example The reason why the visitor was absent was mysterious. This is the same as: The reason for which the visitor was absent was mysterious. 271.19 University Entrance Examination Questions (Relative clauses and pronouns) 1. The statement, “The car which he bought in September crashed yesterday" means: A. He has only one car. B. Yesterday was a bad. day. C. He was in the car when it crashed. D. He has more than one car, . Common nouns like car, daughter, student, guard can be used in both defining and non-defining relative clauses. However, the two clauses in which these nouns are used have two different meanings. For further information, see 1.8, Note: Non-defining relative clauses are separated by commas. Example 1a.Ato Abebe's daughter, who works in Black Lion Hospital, is a doctor. (non-defining) (Meaning: Ato Abobe has only one daughter.) Ib. Ato Abebe's daughter who works in Black Lion Hospital is a doctor, (detining ) (Meaning: Ato Abebe ‘has more than one doctor.Which one is a doctor? Answer: Lion Hospital.) The above aren is also about the meaning of a defining relative ed 0, clause. Basi m the above-mentioned examples, D is the correct answer. But proper nouns (the names of people, Places or thin, }) like Ethiopi: ; pia, Oxford, Galileo, Tilahon Gessesse,Bezawrit, fegans, Kenya are followed by a non-defining zelative clause, not by a defini i th ¥ a defining relative clause, Ethiopia which any precio letes is potenti ich.* This example is wrong because it implies that there are two or more countries called Ethiopia. As there is only one Ethiopia, the above example is nonsense. It can be corrected as : Ethiopia which ious at es daughter and one of them isa The one who works in Black is potentially rich. ¥ 28Related Question * Which one is correct? (This question is adapted from EGSECE.) &. Addis Ababa which is the capital city of Ethiopia is a seat of several, international organizations, B. Addis Ababa, which is the capital city of Ethiopia, is a seat of several international organizations. C. Addis Ababa which is the capital city of Ethiopia is a seat of several international organizations. D. Addis Ababa which, is the capital city of Ethiopia is a seat of several international organizations. Note: Alternatives A and D are wrong because the comma in each alternative is put in a wrong position. As Addis Ababa is a proper noun, it should be followed by a non- defining relative clause. Therefore, B is the correct answer, but why not C? To understand and answer this question, see 6.2F and 1.7B. For further understanding, try to answer the following question, Which one is correct? (Consider the uses of a comma.) 1, This blouse, which my aunt gave me yesterday, suits me. 2. This blouse which my aunt gave me yesterday suits me. The first sentence is correct , but why not the second? Because demonstrative adjectives (this, these, that, those) + noun is not used ina defining relative clause. To understand and answer this question, see LTA. 2. Ali found his books and coat. He had left them in the library. Which one is the best combination of the given sentences ? 4, After he had left them in the library, Ali found his books and coat. B. Although Ali found his books and coat, he had left them in the library. C. Ali found his books and coat so that he could leave them in the library. D. Ali found his books and coat that he had left in the library. A defining relative clause answers the question “ Which one?” or “What kind?” In the above question, which books and coat did Ali find? 29Answer: Those which he left in the library. Therefore, D is the correct answer. 3. Oxtord is a city. It's a city in the south of England. Itis on the River Thames. These sentences are the same as: A. Oxford that is a city in the south of England which is on the River Thames. 8. Oxford that is on the River Thames is the south of England. C. Oxford, that is a city in the south of England, is on the River Thames, D. Oxford, which is a city in the south of England, is on the River Thames. Oxford is the name of a city. The name of a particular city, town, person or country is a proper noun. Proper nouns like Oxford, Tulu, Fetlework, Bedassa , Kiros, Ethiopia ,Dessie,Jimma are usually used in non-defining relative clauses, but not in defining relative clauses (see Q. 1 above). Ato Tulu who taught us two years ago sets a good test. (unusual) This can be corrected as: Ato Tulu, who taught us two years ago, sets a good test .(correct) Similarly, alternatives A and B are both wrong because Oxford isa Proper noun and it should not be usedina defining relative clause. Note: The relative pronoun that is not used in a non-defining relative clause. For this reason, C is incorrect, Example This microscope, that our biology teacher always uses, is broken.x This microscope, which our biology teacher always uses, is broken. Thus, D is the correct answer. For details, see 11D and 1.7B. Related Question ‘* Which is the best way to combine the following two sentences ? The bag is lost. You bought it last week, A. The bag is lost which you bought last week. B. The bag which you bought last week is lost, C. The bag which you bought it last week is lost. D. The bag that which you bought it last week is lost. The bag is an antecedent in the above choices, so the Telative clause should come immediately after it. Choice A is incorrect because the relative clause 30(which you bought last week ) is misplaced, See 1.13, When that and which are used as relative pronouns, they cannot be put together. For this reason, Dis incorrect. Now, it is clear that A and D are wrong options. Which one is correct then, B or G? B is the correct answer. Why not C? To answer this, see Ll. 4. . The letter arrived this morning. It's from my father. Which one is the best combination of the given sentences ? A. The letter which arrived this moming it's from my father. B. The letter arrived this morning which it's from my father. C. The letter from my father arrived this morning. D. The letter which it's from my father arrived this moming. This question is about a reduced relative clause (see 1.64 and 7.6).The past participle (vs) or the present participle (the -ing form of a verb) can be used instead of a relative pronoun + full verb without changing the basic meaning. Example 1 ‘The man who has been taken to hospital is seriously sick. The above relative clause contains a relative pronoun (who) anda passive verb (...has been taken). This is the same as: The man taken to hospital is seriously sick. (reduced relative clause) (.. who has been is omitted.) Example 2 The girl who is dancing in this hotel deesn’t worry about updating her knowledge. This is the same as: ‘The girl dancing in this hotel doesn't worry about updating her knowledge. (reduced relative clause) Example 3 The students have attended the meeting. They are responsible for revealing the truth. ‘These two statements can be combined as: The students who are responsible for revealing the truth have attended the meeting. This is the same as: The students sible fe ealing the truth have attended the meeting. (Who and are are omitted.) Sinan, the given sentences in the above question can be combined “the letter which is from my father arrived this morning. 31This is the same as: The letter from my father arrived this morning. (reduced relative clause) (Which and is are omitted.) ‘Therefore, C is the correct answer. Related Question © The sweat which is oozing from the athlete has covered his face. This is the same as. A. The sweat oozed from the athlete has covered his face. B. The sweat oozing from the athlete has covered his face. C. The sweat has covered his face. D. The sweat the athlete has covered his face. Choice D is generally meaningless. Ina reduced relative clause, which + is can be omitted (see 7.6). Therefore, Bis the correct answer. Why not K? To answer this, see 1.6A and the above explanation. For further information, see 1.6 and 7.6, 55, Choose the sentence that has the nearest meaning to the given sentence. Kn exception is students who come from peripheral regions, who are entitled to live in university dormitories and eat in university cafeteria. AK. Students who are exceptions come from regions. B. Students from peripheral regions have to use university facilities. C. All students from peripheral regions do not live in university dormitories. D. Only students who come from peripheral regions can use university facilities. ‘This question contains both defining and non-defining relative clauses. ‘An exception is students who come from peripheral regions,..(defining) ... Who are entitled to live in university dormitories and eat in university cafeteria ( non-defining) When the antecedent, students in the above question, is plural, @ defining relative clause selects some out of several. The above defining relative clause refers to only some groups of students, Which groups of students does it refer to? Answer : To those students who come from peripheral regions, This implies that the question does not concern students who come from 32any other regions. (Entitle to means give a right to) .What right is given to the students who come from peripheral regions? Answer: The right to live in university dormitories and eat in university cafeteria .This is nearly the same as: “They are given the right to use university facilities.” From the above question, you can deduce that all students from periph- eral regions are entitled to (=given a right to) use university facilities. However, this does not concern the students who come from any other regions. Entitle to refers to permission or right, but not obligation. Since have to (choice B ) is used for obligation, it is inappropriate here. Note: Can is used for permission. (See unit 11.) He is entitled to try again. ‘This is almost the same as: He can try again. Students are entitled to live in university dormitories and eat in university cafeteria. This sentence is nearly the same as: Students can use university facilities, Answer: D Related Question « Which of the following is correct? A. The girl to who I spoke is a smart student. B. The girl to whom I spoke is a smart student. C, The room in he lives is very wide. D. The room in that he lives is very wide. Note: Alternatives A and D are ungrammatical because prepositions like to and in should not be placed before who and that. Choice C is also ungrammatical. The room in he lives is very wide. (wrong) The girl to whom I spoke is a smart student. (correct) Answer: B For details, see 1.12, 6. Choose the sentence that has the nearest meaning to the given sentence. There was no way which could prevent the disease from spreading. A. The disease could have spread very quickly if it had not been prevented. 8. It was unlikely that the disease would spread. C. No means was available to stop the spreading of the disease. 33D. There was an effective means of preventing the disease from spreading. No way means “no means”. ‘Was there a means to prevent the spreading of the disease? No, there wasn't. Therefore, C is the correct answer. Related Question * Biniam is the boy A. who she saw him in the theatre last week B. whom. she saw him in the theatre last week C. which she saw in the theatre last week D. who she saw in the theatre last week Choice C is wrong because which is not used for persons. Thus, D is the correct answer, but why not A or B? Because the personal pronoun him is wrongly used in both alternatives. For further information, see 1.11, Example The man whom she dislikes him is arrogant. (wrong) This is wrong because him is unnecessarily used. This can be corrected as: The man whom she dislikes is arrogant. 7. When we came in the morning, we found the window-——-----——-—-. A, broke C. broken B. breaking D. break ‘This question is about a reduced relative clause .You can use the present participle (v-ing) or the past participle form of a verb instead ofa relative clause (see Q .4 above). For more about reduced relative clause, see 1.6, Example The gangsters who have been questioned are imprisoned. This is the same as; The gangsters questioned are imprisoned. (reduced relative clause) We found the window which was broken , This is the same as: We found the window broken, ‘Thus, C is the answer, 348. The correct order of the following words is: it [want heard you. A heard it you want. C..heard you want it. B. I want it you heard. D. [want you it heard. Rule 1: You can use a that-clause after some verbs like hear, know and believe. Examples Theard a a eS I know me ts. emselves. She believes. SeUleiet eee ee Rule 2; You can also omit that from a that-clause without change of meaning. The above examples can also be expressed as: Iheard he had disappeared. I know some students misbehave themselves. She believes her husband deserves respect. The order of words in the above question is: Theard that you want it This is the same as: Theard you want it. Thus, C is the correct answer. For more information, see Q.4.and Q. 7 above, 9. bad her wot too she is a tells that salty is cook The correct word order is——— A .That tells her wot is too salty she is a bad cook B. Her wof is too salty tells that she is a bad cook. C. That her wot is too salty tells she is a bad cook. D. She is a bad cook tells that her wot is too salty. This question is about a that-clause. A that-clause (a clause introduced by that) can be used as a subject, object or complement of a statement. In the following examples, a that-clause is used as a subject. Examples That Bezawit should behave well was her husband's firm stand. That he had to resign from his job was a controversial issue. The underlined parts in the above examples are that-clauses, and they are both the subjects of the given statements. In the above question, That her wot is too salty is a that-clause, and it is used asa subject 35‘Therefore, C is the correct answer. Note: A that-clause can also be used as an object (see Q. 12 below), Related Question * The Nile River is longer. river in Africa. Athan any other C. than any B. than all D, from any other Answer: A (See 26.1] in Book 2.) lat i * Agricultural products are becoming. these days. A. expensive and more expensive B, more expensive and more expensive C. more expensive and more D. more and more expensive This question is about gradual increase. In this case, two more's are joined by and. For details, see 26.8 in Book 2. Examples The weather is getting hotter and hotter, ‘The situation is getting more and more difficult, Answer: D Related Question 2 © Alemu Redatie, one of my cousins, is more considerate A, of all my friends C. than, anybody else B. than anybody D. and mest tolerant . Answer; C Note: Else is used after everybody, anyone, anything, anybody and everything in comparative degree. For details, see 26.11 in Book 2. Examples Bereket is older than anybody else, This is more expensive than anything else, 10. a tools carpenter is the man carrying the all, The correct word order is—_ A. The man. carrying all the tools is a Carpenter, B, A carpenter is the man carrying the al] tools. GC. The man is alll the tools carrying a carpenter, D. A carpenter man is the tools Carrying the all, 36This question is about the order of words in a statement. From the question, you may understand that the man is a subject. In a statement, the subject is normally put at the beginning. Since choices B and D do not start with The man, they cannot be answers. Which one is correct then, A or C? Let us see how the present participle ( v-ing ) is used immediately after a noun . The man who is carrying all the tools is a carpenter. This is the same as: The man carrying all the tools is a carpenter. This shows that the present participle can be used instead of a relative clause (see Q.4 and 1.6 ).Therefore, A is the correct answer. 11. a little benefit is too fast to crops of rain which falls, The correct word order is—— A. Rain crops benefit too fast to little of which is a falls. B. Crops which benefit a little of rain is too fast to falls. C. A rain is to benefit crops which falls too little to fast. D. A rain which falls too fast is of little benefit to crops. Using your own common sense, you may identify a meaningful and logical sentence. Note that the article a is not used before uncountable nouns and plural nouns. For articles, see unit 29 in Intermediate Worldwide English . a books (wrong) a falls ( wrong) abook (correct) a fall (correct) This is one of the reasons why choice A is incorrect; you cannot say a falls. Note: After the infinitive to, verbs do not take-s,-ing or -ed . For some exceptions, see 8.2. Example He is too weak to carries this load. ( wrong) He is too weak to carry this load. (correct) For this reason, too fast to falls in choice B is a wrong expression. The verb in a relative clause is determined by the antecedent (see 12.2). Example The books which is useful ...( wrong ) The books which are useful ... (correct ) Similarly, crops which falls... in choice C is ungrammatical and illogical Therefore , D is the correct answer. 37Related Question © The barrel in the cat is lying is empty. A. which C. who B, that D. whom The barrel is a thing so who and whom cannot be answers because they are not used for things. Thus, Ais the correct answer, but why not choice B? Because that is not used after a preposition, In is a preposition in the above question. For details, see 1.12. ju in * Which one is correct? A. Her father, that works in this bank, will retire next week. B. Everything what he says is unbelievable. C. What she says makes him angry. D. He opened the door who was closed. Ais wrong because that is not used with a non-defining relative clause, and D is a wrong expression because who is not used for things. ‘Thus, C is the correct answer. But why not B? Because the nominal relative pronoun what cannot be put after everything. ‘To tinderstand this clearly, see 1.14B and 1.17 . 12. aggressive have getting tell you they are more don't] to that. The correct word order is——— A. I don’t have to tell you more aggressive that they are getting. B. They are getting more aggressive I don't have to tell you that. C. That they are more aggressive getting I don't have to tell you. 1D. I don't have to tell you that they are getting more aggressive. ‘This question is about how to use a that-clause as an object (see Q .9 above). Examples Tbelieve that he should be excused. ‘You must tell him that his daughter is lazy . In the above examples, the underlined parts of the sentences are thal clauses. These clauses are used as an object in each statement In the above question, that they are getting more aggressive is a that slause used as an object, and it should be put in the object positiom Therefore, D is the correct answer. 3813. Rains cause soil erosion, ____ away millions of tones of precious top soil every year. A. carrying C. carried B. have carried D. are carrying Note: Tone means feeling or attitude, and ton means a Jot. Thus, ton should have been used instead of tone in the above question. This question is about a reduced relative clause. To understand this question well, see 1.6. Examples I know the thief who steals the passengers’ bags. This is the same as: I know the thief stealing the passengers’ bags. Similarly, Rains cause soil erosion, which carries away millions of .... This is the same as: Rains cause soil erosion, carrying away millions of.... Therefore, A is the correct answer. 39Unit 2 Deduction (Concluding that something is sure) 2.1, Must and have to for deduction You can express deduction (concluding that something is sure) by using must or have to .When the speaker is sure ‘of something to happen, he/she can use must or have tv. Example Look at that git] with a white cane. She must (=has to) be blind. (Here, the speaker is sure that the girl is blind.) Related Question © She looks weak and pale. She be ill. A. will C. shall B. must D. ought to ‘The speaker is sure that she is ill because she looks weak and pale. Thus, B is the correct answer. A. Deduction in the present It is expressed by must/have to + present infinitive or must/have to + continuous infinitive. Must is the usual form to express deduction, It is common in British English. Have/has to is also used for deduction in American English though it is sometimes used in Britain Therefore, students may use have/ has to in place of must for deduction in the present , and had to instead of must + perfect infinitive (must+havetvs) for deduction in the past without change of meaning. Note that have/ had to is chiefly followed by be to express deduction. Example 1 Imagine that Sosna and Fetlework are ina bedroom. They expect Sarah to come. After some time, they hear a knock on the door. Sosna: It has to be Sarah. or :It must be Sarah. (Meaning: I'm sure it is Sarah.) 40Note: The pronoun it is used for things, Examples \Itisa thankless task. It is a very expensive guitar, | However, preparatory or introductory it can be used with who/that + clause for people to emphasize one part of a sentence. In this case, it can be used with both singular and plural nouns. Examples | The boy insulted the nun. ‘This can be expressed as: It was the boy who (=that) insulted the nun. (emphasizing the boy) ‘This can be expressed as: It is the students who (=that) have broken the window. | (emphasizing the students) Example 2 Abebe: My friend has two splendid houses in Gondar, three in Addis Ababa and two in Harar. He also has four lorries and a bus. Guta: Your friend must be very rich. or ‘Your friend has to be very rich. (Guta is sure that Abebe's friend is rich.) Example 3 ‘Wako: Kemal has been working for eight hours without rest. Fasika: He must be tired. or :He has to be tired. ( Fasika is sure that Kemal is tired.) Example 4 Dawit: The traffic peliceman is stopping all cars turn by tum. Zeberga: He must be checking a license. or : He has to be checking a license, Example § Derartu: All men love my friend. Selam: She must be polite and beautiful. or :She has to be polite and beautiful. Inthe above example, Selam is sure that Derartu’s friend is polite and beautiful. For more information, see 3.4. Note : You can also use have to/must +be + V-ng. 4lExample Dubo: Hanna is very hardworking. Kiros: Hanna? You must be joking .As far as I know, she is lazy. Hanna? You have to be joking .As far as know, she isan C, Deduction in the past Note: The use of have to or had to for deduction may be new io but this expression is common in American English. In Brita 2 must is common to express deduction .The English people, hoveve, Sometimes use have to for deduction. ei Deduction in the past is expressed by must + perfect infinitive to + present infinitive. Infact, had to is less usual in this sense Example 1 Mary : Tom and John are brothers, They live together and quarre} ie day. Whenever they quarrel, they throw glasses at each oman Michael: They must have broken a lot of glasses. or ‘ ‘They had to break a lot of glasses. (Meaning: Michael was sure that the two brothers had broken alot o glasses.) Example 2 The jet fighter dropped a bomb on a factory last night. As the explosion was very loud , everybody in the village heard it. After a day, Askale and Netsanet (from the same village) met in their classroom and discussed the issue as follows: Askale: Did you hear the explosion of a bomb last night, Netsanet? Netsanet: No, I didn’t. Askale: You must have heard it! Everyone in the village heardit! or : You had to hear it! Everyone in the village heard it! In the above example, Askale was sure that Netsanet had heard the explosion because everyone in the village heard it . Example 3 Mulugeta: I wonder who took the book last week. Gidada: It had to be Henok, He was the only person who saw where the book was. Note: The above example is about deduction in the past, so must have been can also be used instead of had to without change of meaning. It must have been Henok. aRelated Ques! Q. He must have gone there. This statement means: A. He ought to have gone there, B. He had te go there. C. He might have gone there. D. There is ne evidence that he has gone there. Answer: B (See the above explanation), Ought to have +V, is used for unfulfilled cbligation (see 4.23), ‘Might have +, is used for past possibility (see 3.2), 2.2. Should for assumption Should is also used for assumption. In this sense, ought to can be used instead of should but should is more usual (see 4.2C). ‘He should be a thief. Some of his friends are thieves, (Meaning: I think he's a thief or expect he is a thief) He ought to be a thief, (less common) Note: Should is less certain than must. For more details about azxamptians . sas 4.20. For orders and instructions, see 4.2A-D. 2.3. Should + perfect infinitive (have +V,) This structure expresses unfulfilled obligation. Examples Chaltu should have returned the book, but she forgot. Solomon should not have divorced his wife. (This implies that Solomon was wrong because he divorced his wife.) For details abont unfulfilled obligation, see 4.28 and 9.6E. Note: Should + perfect infinitive is also used for assumptions about Past actions. For more information, 309.65. 2.4, Negative deduction (cannot /could not) Note: Neither must nor have to is used to express negative deduction, Must in negative statements expresses negative obligation (see 4.6A), Not negative deduction. Have to and its forms in negative statements xpress absence of obligation, not negative deduction. 43Example 1 ; You must not demoralize your students. (prohibition) (Meaning: Don't demoralize your students.) Example 2 . He didn’t have to come here. (absence of obligation) (Meaning: It was not necessary to come here, so he didn’t come,) Example 3 . She won’t have to pay the bill. (absence of obligation) (Meaning: It will not be necessary to pay the bill, but she may Pay iti she wants to.) A. Negative deduction in the present It is expressed by can’t /couldn’t + infinitive. Example 1 Child to mother: I'm thirsty, Mammy. Mother: You can’t be thirsty. You have just drunk two glasses of water, or : You couldn’t be thirsty. You have just drunk two glasses of water, (Here, the mother is sure that her child is not thirsty.) Example 2 ‘That couldn’t (=can't) be dangerous. (Meaning: I'm sure that is not dangerous.) ‘As you can see from the above examples, can’t and couldn’t are interchangeable and have the same meaning to express deduction. However, can’t is not used when the deduction is introduced by a verb in the past tense. Example She said that he cannot have solved the problem himself. (wrong) She said that he couldn’t have solved the problem himself. (correct) Inthe above example, cannot is not possible because said in the main clause is in the past tense, B. Negative deduction in the past (Can't/couldn't +perfect infinitive) Negative deduction in the past is expressed by can't/couldn’t +perfect infinitive (have+v,). Example Zeberga: I saw Almaz going with a young man, | suppose it was her brother. 44Dawit: It couldn't have been her brother. Almaz doesn't have any brothers. or : It can't have been her brother. Almaz doesn't have any brothers. (Meaning: Dawit is sure that the young man was not her brother.) Note: Must not is not used to express negative deduction. It is used for prohibition (see 4.6A). May, might and could are used to express possibility (see 3.4),but can is not commonly used to express possibility. ‘Note: Could is not used in a negative sentence to express possibility. In a negative sentence, could expresses negative deduction, not possibility. Related Question 1 What is the difference among the following sentences? That may not be the reason. That cannot be the reason. That could not be the reason. To answar the above question, see 3.3. Relate ion 2 In my opinion, he has_ come in contact with her. Listen ! He could not have raped her. A, just C. never B. ever D. barely He could not have raped her. This means I'm sure he didn’t rape her, This implies that he has never come in contact with her. Answer: C 45Unit 3 Possibility 3.1 Present or future possibility A present or future possibility is expressed by may/might/could +present infinitive. Example Fatuma: When will you go to Mekele? Dawit: I haven't decided yet. I may go the day after tomorrow. (Meaning:Perhaps | will-go to Mekele the day after tomorrow.or It is possible that I will go to Mekele the day after tomorrow) Note that might or could can replace may in the above example to express a less definite possibility. Example | He may know Misrak’s address. or He might know Misrak’s address. or He could know Misrak’s address. (Meaning: Perhaps he knows Misrak's address.) Example 2 Ahmed: Whose book is it ? Kiros: I'm not sure. It may be Hailu's. or : I'm not sure. It might be Hailu's. or : I’m not sure. It could be Hailu's. (Meaning: Perhaps it is Hailu's book.) For the clear differences among may, might and could, see 3.3 and 3.4. Related Question Daughter: Where is my ruler, mother? Mother: I don't know. Your brother. ‘ A. has taken it B .will take it C. had better take it D. might have takenit -EGSECE Question Dis the correct answer. Why? Because Might /may +perfect infinitive (have + past participle) is used to express past possibility. It is used t° say Perhaps something has happened. 46Example Megersa: Why is Aster absent? Melaku: She might have missed the bus. (Meaning: Perhaps she has missed the bus.) 3.2.Past possibility Itis expressed by may/might / could +perfect infinitive (have +v;). This is used to express doubt (uncertainty) in the past, Example | Frewoini might have bought his book. In this example, you can use may or could instead of might. This sentence means “Perhaps Frewoini has bought his book”. Example 2 Addamu: One of our goats is missing. Balcha: It could have been stolen. or : It might have been stolen. or : Itamay have been stolen. (Meaning: Perhaps it has been stolen.) Example 3 W/ro Almaz : 1 wonder how his hut caught fire. Meskerem: Oh, the owner himself might have dropped a lighted cigarette, or the children might have ignited it. (inthis example, may or could can be used instead of might.) Example 4 Abebe : How did she go to Addis? Megersa: She may /might/could have gone by plane. (Meaning : It is possible that she has gone by plane. or : Perhaps she has gone by plane.) (This implies that, she had other possibilities like bus and train.) Example 5 He must have gone by plane. (This implies that he had no choice except the plane.) Note that could expresses a less definite possibility, perhaps less than a 80% chance (see 3.4 ). For more about deduction, see 2.1 A&B, 473.3. Can/could and may/might in negative sentences Neither can nor could can be used instead of Tay or might in negative sentences to express possibility. Gan and could in negative sentences indicate negative deduction, not possibility. Example | That couldn't (=can’t) be the reason. (Meaning: I'm sure thatis not the Teason.) That may (=might) not be the reason. (Meaning: Perhaps that is not the reason.) Example 2 It may (=might) not be useful. (Meaning: Perhaps it is not useful.) It cannot (= could not) be useful. (Meaning: I am sure it is not useful.) For further information, see 8.6. Might, may and could are used similarly to express possibility in affirmative sentences although might and could express aless definite possibility. Examples Helen: What are you going to do tomerrow? Tsigie: I'mnot sure. | may go to Sodere. (perhaps a 50% chance) +P m not sure. Il might go to Sodere. (perhaps a 30% chance) : I'm not sure. [ could go to Sodere. (perhaps less than a 30% chance) : Tm not sure. I can go to Sodere. (unusual) Note : In the above examples, can is not used to express possibility However, it is used with never, hardly , only to express possibility. It canalso be used in questions. Example Chala: Someone is knocking at the door Who can it be? Kiros: It cam only be the small boy. Note: Can and could are also used for permission (see 11.1C and 11.3). Related Question ® John is over two hours late already. He the bus. This is the first time he became late. We all know him for his punctuality. A. will have missed C. could have missed 8B. should have missed D, must have missed ‘This question is about past deduction, or certainty. And past deduction is expressed by must + have +V5. 48Example Guta: | expected the driver to arrive at 4 o'clock, but he arrived at 2. Seble: He must have driven very fast. (Here, seble was sure that the driver drove very fast.) In the above question, the speaker is sure that John missed the bus. Therefore, D is the correct answer (see 2.1C). 3.4. Must and could/may/might What is the difference among must, could, may and might in affirmative statements? Must expresses deduction (certainty).On the other hand, may, might and could are used for possibility. Example Imagine that Meseret has four similar keys in her pocket, and she knows that one of them can open the lock of her box. By picking up one of the keys, Meseret will say: 1.This could be the key. (Perhaps less than a 30% chance) if the first key does not open the lock, she will pick up the second one and say: 2.This might be the key. (perhaps a 30% chance) If the second key does not open the lock, she will pick up the third one and say: 3.This may be the key. (perhaps a 50% chance) If the third key does not open the lock, she will pick up the fourth one and say: 4, This must be the key. (Here, Meseret is about 95 % sure that the fourth key can open the lock.) 5. This is the key. (100% sure) 3.5. May and might A, Might (but not may) is used after verbs in the past, in unlikely and impossible conditions to express possibility. Example Ifhe loved Selamawit, he might marry her, (unlikely condition) He said that he might understand us. (As said is in the past, may cannot be used instead of might.) If the policeman had known the thief, he might have put him ina jail. 49B. May and might are not usually used in interrogatives (questions) express possibility. The following expressions are used instead 9) may and might . What do you think...? Do you think...? Be likely...? These questions like Do you think...? are more usual than questions With may/might . Examples What do you think about the importance of this pilot census? Where is he likely to go? Do you think he will stand first in your class? However, might and could are sometimes used in questions, Example Could/Might she be waiting for me at the airport? ‘The above example means “Do you think that she is waiting for me at the airport?” For the difference among could, might and may, see 3.4 above. Related Question I'msure he is not a doctor. This is almost the same as__ A. He may not be a doctor. B. He might not be a doctor. C. He couldn't be a doctor. D. He must not be a doctor. Answer: C (See 3.3.) 503.6 University Entrance Examination Questions (Deduction and Possibility) 1 We are not sure but there be another rise in the price of petrol. A. could C. wil B. should D. would Could, may and might can be used to express possibility (see unit 3).Youcan use these modals when you are not sure of something. Examples T'mnot sure but he could go to the theatre. (Meaning: Perhaps he will go to the theatre.) He could be Solomon's brother. (Meaning: Perhaps he is Solomon's brother.) In the above question,...! be ise i ice of there could be another rise in the price of petrol means Perhaps there will be another rise in the price of petrol. Therefore, Ais the correct answer. What is the difference among must, could, may and might? To answer this, see 3.4 in this book. 2.Hetreatsher___— she was hisownwile. A.asthough C. in spite of B. so that D. because of As though means as if. They are often followed by the past tense to express doubt, or unreality, in the present (see 27.3 in Book 2). Examples Abebe talks as though he was rich, (but he is not rich) Senait acts as though she was a spinster, (but she is not a spinster) In the same way, He treats her as though she was his own wife means He treats her like his wife although she is not his wife. Therefore, A is the correct answer. Further explanation ‘You can use were instead of was with a singular subject in formal styles to express unreality, The above examples can also be written as: 51