10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 5
(Week 6)
Illustrating Events, and Union and
Intersection of Events
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the skills in illustrating events, union and intersection of events. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of you, learners. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into four lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Definition and Terms of Events; and
Lesson 2 – Independent and Dependent Events
Lesson 3 – Union and Intersection of Events

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define and illustrate an experiment, outcome, sample space and event;
2. find the probability of the given events;
3. define independent and dependent events;
4. find the probability of independent and dependent events;
5. illustrate union and intersection of events; and
6. perform the operations union, intersection and complement of events.

iii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instructions: Read and answer each item carefully. Choose only the letter
of the correct answer and write it on a separate answer sheet.

Instructions: Read each item carefully. Choose only the letter of the best answer
and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to two events in which the occurrence of one event does not affects
the occurrence of the other.
A. Compound Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event

2. It is a result of an experiment.
A. event C. outcome
B. experiment D. sample space

3. How do you call the combination of two or more simple outcomes?

A. Compound Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event

4. Which of the following is the sample space in tossing a coin?

A. S = { } C. S = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B. S = {T, H} D. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

5. A box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow balls. A ball is
chosen at random and then choose another ball without putting the first ball
back inside the box. Find the probability that the first ball is red and the
second is yellow. The problem is an example of _________________.
A. Complex Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event

6. A couple has three children and if it is known that their first child is a boy.
Find the sample space of their possible children.
A. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG}
B. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBG}
C. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGB, GBG, GGG}
D. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGG, GGB, GBG, GGG}

7. A die and a coin are tossed. What is the probability in getting a number less
than 7 and a tail?
A. 1 B. 0.75 C. 0.50 D. 0.25

8. An experiment is performed by tossing a coin three times. Find the

probability of getting exactly 3 tails.
1 3 1 1
A. B. C. D.
8 8 4 2
9. If A = {red, green, blue}, B = {red, yellow, orange}, and C = {red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, purple}. Find (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶).
A. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple}
B. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange}
C. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, purple}
D. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue}

1
 10. If A = {red, green, blue}, B = {red, yellow, orange}, and C = {red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, purple}. Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.
A. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange}
B. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, red, yellow, orange}
C. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple}
D. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, red, yellow, orange, purple}

For numbers 11--12, refer to the figure below.

The favorite pets of kinder II pupils of Bagumbahay Elementary School.

11. How many kinder II pupils like cats?

A. 50 B. 65 C. 35 D. 140

12. How many kinder II pupils likes cat or dog?

A. 15 B. 125 C. 140 D. 150

For numbers 13-15, refer to the figure below.

The favorite sports of male students of Lahug Night High School are shown below.

13. How many male students like volleyball?

A. 68 B. 62 C. 50 D. 42

14. How many male students like both badminton and volleyball?
A. 10 B. 13 C. 72 D. 97

15. How many male students are there in Lahug Night High School?
A. 87 B. 112 C. 135 D. 150

2
 Lesson Definition and Terms of
1 Events
Monday

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 define an experiment, outcome, sample space and event;
 illustrate an experiment, outcome, sample space and event; and
 find the probability of the given events.

What’s In
You own a carenderia near a construction site. You offer affordable combo
meals for the construction workers. A combo meal is a combination of a cup of rice,
one serving of vegetables, one serving of meat dish, and a free soup.

You prepared two vegetable dishes, three meat dishes and two kinds of soup. As part
of your marketing strategy, you give 10+1 promo. For every ten combo meals a group
of construction workers buy, one extra combo meal is free. This extra meal is given
randomly by drawing a slip of paper from a box, wherein the combo meal is written.

What are the possible combinations for this extra meal combo? How many
combinations can be formed?

What’s New
Let and be the two vegetable dishes, , , and the three meat dishes,
and and the free soups.
The following are all possible combo meals written on the slip of paper in a set.

S= { , , , , , ,

, , , , , }
There are 12 different combo meals you can offer as free meal to the construction
workers.

What Is It
Let us now describe some new terms.

The drawing of a slip of paper is called an experiment. as written on a slip

of paper is called outcome. The S on a set is called sample space of the experiment.

3
An experiment is an activity that produces results. An outcome is a result of an
experiment. A sample space of an experiment is the collection of all outcomes of the
experiment. An event is a subset of a sample space.

Illustrative Examples:
Ex. 1. Find the sample space of tossing one coin.
Solutions:
Let T stands for “tail” and H stands for “head”.
S = { H, T }
Therefore, there are 2 possible outcomes if we tossed one coin.

Ex. 2. Find the sample space of rolling a die.

Solutions:
A die has 6 faces with numbers 1 to 6.
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Therefore, there are 6 possible outcomes if we rolled one die.

Ex. 3. Find the sample space of tossing a coin three times.

Solutions:
Let T stands for “tail” and H stands for “head”. Since only one coin is tossed
three times, there will be an order of the outcomes.
S = { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT }
Therefore, there are 8 possible outcomes if we tossed one coin three times.

Ex. 4. A couple has three children and if it is known that their first child is a girl.
Find the sample space of their possible children.
Solutions:
Let B stands for “boy” and G stands for “girl”. There will be an order of the
outcomes.
S = { BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGG, GGB, GBG, GBB }
Since their first child is a girl, we will only get the outcomes with G as the first child.
S = { GGG, GGB, GBG, GBB }
Therefore, there are 4 possible outcomes if it is known that their first child is a girl.

Ex. 5. A die and a coin are tossed. Find the possible outcomes of the experiment.
Solutions:
Let T stands for “tail” and H stands for “head” for the coin and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 for a die.
S = { 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T }

Therefore, there are 12 possible outcomes if we tossed a die and a coin.

Remember:
A simple event is one that can only happen in one way. In other
words, it has a single outcome. If we consider our previous
examples, tossing a coin and rolling a die are example of simple
events: we get one outcome that is a head or a tail and a number
1,2,3,4,5, or 6 respectively.

A compound event is more complex than a simple event, as it

involves the probability of more than one outcome. Another way to
view compound events is as a combination of two or more simple
events.

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PROBABILITY OF EVENTS

Probability refers to the possibility or chance that an event will happen. The
probability of event A, denoted by P(A), is the probability that the outcome of the
experiment is contained in A.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Note:
The highest result in probability is 1 while the lowest is 0.

Let us try to find the probability of the given events.

Illustrative Examples:
Ex. 1. Find the probability of getting a tail in tossing one coin.
Solutions:
Let T stands for “tail” and H stands for “head”. The total number of outcomes
in tossing a coin is 2 and there is only 1 tail in the possible outcomes.
S = { H, T } total number of outcomes
S={T} number of favorable outcomes

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

1
P(A) =
2
1
Therefore, the probability in getting a tail in tossing a coin is or 0.5.
2
Remember:
In getting the decimal result, divide the number and denominator.
Example 1÷ 2 = 0.5

Ex. 2. Find the probability of getting a number less than 5 in rolling a die.
Solutions:
A die has 6 faces with numbers 1 to 6. Thus, the total number of outcomes in
rolling a die is 6. The number less than 5 are 1,2,3 and 4. Thus, the number of
favorable outcomes is 4.
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } total number of outcomes
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } number of favorable outcomes

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

4
P(A) = Divide both numerator and denominator by 2
6
2
P(A) =
3
2
Therefore, the probability of getting a number less than 5 in rolling a die is or 0.67.
3

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Ex. 3. Find the probability of getting at least 2 heads in tossing a coin three times.
Solutions:
Let T stands for “tail” and H stands for “head”. Since only one coin is tossed
three times, there will be an order of the outcomes. The total number of
outcomes in tossing a coin three times is 8 and the number of favorable
outcomes in getting-g at least 2 heads is 4.
S = { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT } total number of outcomes
S- = { HHH, HHT, HTH, THH } number of favorable outcomes

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

4
P(A) = Divide both numerator and denominator by 4
8
1
P(A) =
2
Therefore, the probability of getting at least 2 heads in tossing a coin three times is
1
or 0.5.
2

What’s More
Activity 1. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
A. Instructions: Read and identify each item carefully and write your answer on
a separate answer sheet.
__ 1. It refers to an activity that produces results.
__ 2. It is a subset of a sample space.
__ 3. It is the collection of all outcomes of the experiment.
__ __4. It is a combination of two or more simple events.
__ ______5. It is a result of an experiment.

B. Solve the following problems.

1. A bag contains six identical balls, two red balls, three blue balls and one
yellow ball. Find the probability of getting a yellow ball.
2. From a deck of an ordinary playing cards, find the probability of getting a
heart card.
3. A die is rolled once. Find the probability of getting an even number.

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learnin-g about the lesson being studied.

_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________________

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 Lesson Independent and Dependent
2
Tuesday Events
-

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 define independent and dependent events; and
o find the probability of independent and dependent events.

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you were able to learn how to identify the sample
space and the probability of the given events.

An experiment is an activity that produces results. An outcome is a result of an

experiment. A sample space of an experiment is the collection of all outcomes of the
experiment. An event is a subset of a sample space.

A simple event is one that can only happen in one way - in other words, it has
a single outcome. A compound event is more complex than a simple event, as it
involves the probability of more than one outcome. Another way to view compound
events is as a combination of two or more simple events.

PROBABILITY OF EVENTS
The probability of event A, denoted by P(A), is the probability that the outcome of the
experiment is contained in A.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

What’s New
©2020 ClipartPanda.com
Understanding Independent and Dependent Events

Situation 1: Consider a box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow
balls. A ball is drawn at random and the color is noted and then put back inside
the box. Then another ball is drawn at random. Find the probability that the first
ball is red and the second is yellow.

Situation 2: Consider a box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow
balls. Suppose that two balls are drawn one after the other without putting back
the first ball. Find the probability that the first ball is red and the second is yellow.

Compare the process of getting the probabilities in each of the situations.

7
 What Is It
Let us try to answer the previous activity.
Independent and Dependent Events

In situation 1, the probability of getting a yellow ball in the second draw is not
affected by the probability of the first draw, since the first ball is put back inside the
box. Therefore, the two events are independent of each other.

Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no
information about whether the other event will occur, and the events have no
influence on each other. If two events, A and B, are independent, then the probability
of both events occurring is the product of the probability of A and the probability of
B.
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)

In situation 2, the ball was not put back in the box, thus the drawing of two balls
would be dependent. When the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other
event, they are said to be dependent events.
If two events, A and B, are dependent, then the probability of both events occurring
is the product of the probability of A and the probability of B after A occurs.
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)
Illustrative Examples

Independent Events

Ex. 1. A box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow balls. A ball is
drawn at random and the color is noted and then put back inside the box. Then
another ball is drawn at random. Find the probability that the first ball is red and
the second is yellow.
Solutions:
10 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (red ball) =
20 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

4 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P (yellow ball) =
20 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)

10 4
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙)=
20
· 20
40
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙)= Divide both numerator
400
and denominator by 40
1
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙)=
10
1
Therefore, the probability that the first ball is red and the second ball is yellow is
10
or 0.1.

8
Ex. 2. A bag of candies contains 9 strawberry, 6 coffee, 7 orange, and 8 caramel
candies. What is the probability of randomly choosing a strawberry candy, replacing
it, randomly choosing an orange candy, replacing it, and then randomly choosing a
caramel candy?
Solutions:
9 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (strawberry candy) =
30 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
7 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (orange candy) =
30 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
8 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (caramel candy) =
30 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵) · 𝑃(𝐶)

9 7 8
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦) =
30
· ·
30 30
504
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦)= Divide both
27 000
numerator
and denominator by 72

7
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦)=
375

Therefore, the probability randomly choosing a strawberry candy, replacing it,

randomly choosing an orange candy, replacing it, and then randomly choosing a
7
caramel candy is or 0.02.
375

Ex. 3. A basket contains 2 apples, 4 bananas, 3 oranges and 6 mangoes. Ana

randomly chooses one fruit, replaced it, and chooses another fruit. What is the
probability that he chose an orange and then another orange?
Solutions:
3 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (orange) =
15 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

3 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P (orange) =
15 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)

3 3
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)=
15
· 15
9
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)= Divide both numerator
225
and denominator by 9
1
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)=
25
1
Therefore, the probability that he chose an orange and then a mango is or 0.04.
25

9
Dependent Events

Ex. 1. A box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow balls. Suppose that
two balls are drawn one after the other without putting back the first ball. Find the
probability that the first ball is red and the second is yellow.
Solutions:
10 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (red ball) =
20 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

4 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P (yellow ball) =
19 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Since the first ball was taken, the total number of second ball drawn is subtracted
by 1.
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)
10 4
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙) =
20
· 19
40
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙)= Divide both numerator
380
and denominator by 20
2
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙)=
19
2
Therefore, the probability that the first ball is red and the second ball is yellow is
19
or 0.11.
Ex. 2. A bag of candies contains 9 strawberry, 6 coffee, 7 orange, and 8 caramel
candies. What is the probability of randomly choosing a strawberry candy, eats it,
randomly choosing an orange candy, eats it, and then randomly choosing a caramel
candy?
Solutions:
9 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (strawberry candy) =
30 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
7 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (orange candy) =
29 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
8 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (caramel candy) =
28 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵)

9 7 8
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦) =
30
· ·
29 28
504
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦)= Divide both
24 360
numerator
and denominator by 168
3
𝑃(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦)=
145
Therefore, the probability of randomly choosing a strawberry candy, replacing it,
randomly choosing an orange candy, replacing it, and then randomly choosing a
3
caramel candy is or 0.02.
145

10
Ex. 3. A basket contains 2 apples, 4 bananas, 3 oranges and 6 mangoes. Ana
randomly chooses one fruit, eats it, and chooses another fruit. What is the probability
that he chose an orange and then another orange?
Solutions:
3 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P (orange) =
15 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

2 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

P (orange) =
14 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)

3 2
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)=
15
· 14
6
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)= Divide both numerator
210
and denominator by 6
1
𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜)=
35
1
Therefore, the probability that he chose an orange and then a mango is or 0.03.
35

What’s More
Activity 2. NOW, IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Determine whether the events are independent or dependent. Then,
find the probability.
1. Maria has 5 black pens, 2 blue pens and 3 red pens in her bag. She randomly
picks two pens out of her bag. What is the probability that Maria chose two
black pens, if she did not put back the first pen before choosing another pen?
2. A bag contains 8 blue marbles, 2 green marbles, 6 pink marbles, and 4 red
marbles. A marble is randomly selected, returned, and a second marble is
randomly selected. Find the probability of selecting a pink marble, then a
green marble.
3. A rental car agency has 10 red cars, 11 white cars, and 9 gray cars. John
rents a car, returns it because it has damaged, and get another car. What is
the probability that John is given a red car and then a gray car?

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

11
 Lesson Union and Intersection of
3
Wednesday Events
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 illustrates union and intersection of events; and

 perform the operations union, intersection and complement of events.

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you were able to learn the difference between
independent events from dependent events.

Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no
information about whether or not the other event will occur, and the events have no
influence on each other. If two events, A and B, are independent, then the probability
of both events occurring is the product of the probability of A and the probability of
B.
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)

In situation 2, the ball was not put back in the box, thus the drawing of two balls
would be dependent. When the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other
event, they are said to be dependent events.

If two events, A and B, are dependent, then the probability of both events occurring
is the product of the probability of A and the probability of B after A occurs.

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)

What’s New
Let us try to look at the given figure below. Can you identify the image?

What Is It
The given figure in the previous activity is called venn diagram.

Venn diagram is a diagram that uses circles to represent sets, in which the relations
between the sets are indicated by the arrangement of the circles.

12
Union of Events

The union of events A and B is the set of all sample

points in the sample space that are in A or in B or
both. The union of events A and B is denoted as
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵. In other words, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the event that either
event A or event B occurs, or both events occur.

𝐴∪𝐵
Intersection of Events

The intersection of events A and B is the set of all

sample points in the sample space that are in A and
B. The intersection of events A and B is denoted as
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵. In other words, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is the event that both
events A and B occur.

𝐴∩𝐵
Complement of an Event

The complement of an event is the set of all outcomes

that are NOT in the event. For example, the
complement of an event A is the set of all outcomes
which are not in A.

P(A’)
Illustrative Examples:

Ex.1: The beverage that the people prefer to drink in the morning are shown in the
Venn diagram below.

Survey on what beverage do people

drink in the morning

a. How many people drink tea in the morning?

b. How many people drink coffee in the morning?
c. How many people drink only tea in the morning?
d. How many people drink only coffee in the morning?
e. How many people drink both coffee and tea?
f. How many people drink coffee or tea?
g. How many people do not drink coffee or tea?
h. How many people took the survey?

13
 Solutions:
a. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks tea in the
morning.
Thus, 30 + 25 = 55.
Therefore, there are 55 people
who drinks tea in the morning.
c. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks only tea
in the morning. Eliminate 25 people in
the circle of tea since they also drink
coffee in the morning.
Therefore, there are 30 people
who drinks only tea in the morning.
e. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks both
coffee and tea. This is an example of
intersection of events.
𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 ∩ 𝑇𝑒𝑎
Therefore, there are 25 people
who drinks both coffee and tea in the
morning.
14
b. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks coffee
in the morning.
Thus, 25 + 68 = 93
Therefore, there are 93 people
who drinks tea in the morning.
d. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks only
coffee in the morning. Eliminate 25
people in the circle of coffee since they
also drink tea in the morning.
Therefore, there are 68 people
who drinks only coffee in the morning.
f. The shaded region shows the
number of people who drinks coffee or
tea. This is an example of union of
events.
Thus, 30 + 25 + 68 = 123.
𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 ∪ 𝑇𝑒𝑎
Therefore, there are 123 people
who drinks coffee or tea in the morning.
g. The shaded region shows the number of people who do not drink coffee or tea. We
need to eliminate the number of people in the circle.
Therefore, there are 27 people who do not drink coffee or tea.

h. To get the number of people who took the survey. We need to add all number
found inside the universal set.
Thus, 27 + 30 + 25 + 68 = 150
Therefore, there are 150 people who took the survey.

Remember:
A Universal Set is the set of
all elements under
consideration, denoted by
capital U. All other sets are
subsets of the universal set.

Ex.2: The extracurricular activities in which the Junior Class at Sihug National High
School participated are shown in the Venn diagram below.

Extra-curricular activities participated by junior students

a. How many students are in the junior class?

b. How many students participate in athletics?
c. How many students participate in drama only?
d. How many students participate in both drama and band?
e. How many students participate in athletics or band?
f. How many students did not participate in any extra-curricular activities?
g. How many students participate in all three activities?

15
Solutions:
a. To get the number of students that
are in the junior class add all the
numbers found inside the universal
set. Thus, 68 + 136 + 4 + 8 + 10 + 30 +
51 + 38 = 345
Therefore, there are 345 students in the
junior class of Sihug National High
School.
c. The shaded region shows the
number of students who participate in
drama only.
Therefore, there are 38 students
participate in drama only.
e. The shaded region shows the
number of students who participate in
athletics or band.
Thus, 136 + 4 + 10 + 8 + 30 + 51 = 239.
Therefore, there are 239 students
participate in athletics or band.
16
b. The shaded region shows the
number of students who participate in
athletics.
Thus, 136 + 4 + 10 + 8 = 158.
Therefore, there are 158 students
participate in athletics.
d. The shaded region shows the
number of students who participate in
both drama and band.
Thus, 30 + 10 = 40.
Therefore, there are 40 students
participate in both drama and band.
f. The shaded region shows the
number of students who did not
participate in any extra-curricular
activities.
Therefore, there are 68 students who
did not participate in any extra-
curricular activities.
g. The shaded region shows the number of students who participate in all three
activities.

Therefore, there are 10 students participate in all three activities.

Ex.3: If A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e, f} and C = {b, d, f, g};

Find:
a. A ∩ B
b. A ∩ C
c. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
d. A ∩ (B ∪ C)

Solutions:
a. A ∩ B
The intersection of events A and B is the set of all sample points in the
sample space that are in A and B.
A ∩ B = { c, d }

b. A ∩ C
The intersection of events A and C is the set of all sample points in the
sample space that are in A and C.
A ∩ C = { b, d }

c. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
The union of events A and B is the set of all sample points in the sample
space that are in A or in B or both.
Let A ∩ B be event A and A ∩ C be event B. Since A ∩ B = { c, d } and
A ∩ C = { b, d },
therefore;
(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) = {b, c, d }

d. A ∩ (B ∪ C)
Solve first B ∪ C.
The union of events B and C is the set of all sample points in the sample
space that are in B or in C or both.
B ∪ C = { b, c, d, e, f, g }
Find A ∩ (B ∪ C).
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = { b, c, d }

17
 What’s More
Activity 3. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Read each item carefully and answer the following questions.

The favorite subjects of Grade 10 students at Sihug National High School are shown
in the Venn diagram below.

Favorite subjects of Grade 10 Students

a. How many Grade 10 students are there in Sihug National High School?
b. How many students like Math?
c. How many students like both Math and English?
d. How many students like Science only?
e. How many students like Math or Science?
f. How many students like Science?
g. How many students like all three subjects?
h. How many students did not like any of the subjects given?

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

18
 Thursday Union, Intersection and
Complement of Events

What I Can Do
Activity 4 Coloring Activity

Directions: Analyze and shade/color the area that shows the union, intersection or
complement of the given events.

1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 2. 𝐴∩𝐵 3. 𝐴′

4. 𝐵′ 5. 𝑈 6. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶

7. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 8. 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶 9. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶

19
Activity 5

20
 Friday Assessment
Assessment (Post Test)
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Choose only the letter of the best answer
and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is an activity that produces result.
A. event C. outcome
B. experiment D. sample space
2. How do you call the combination of two or more simple outcomes?
A. Compound Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event
3. It refers to two events in which the occurrence of one event affects the
occurrence of the other.
A. Compound Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event
4. Which of the following is the sample space in rolling a die?
A. S = { } C. S = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B. S = {T, H} D. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
5. A box that contains 10 red balls, 6 blue balls and 4 yellow balls. A ball is
chosen at random and then returned inside the box. Then, another ball is
chosen at random. Find the probability that the first ball is red and the
second is yellow. This problem is an example of _________________.
A. Complex Event C. Independent Event
B. Dependent Event D. Simple Event
6. A couple has three children and if it is known that their first child is a boy.
Find the sample space of their possible children.
A. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG}
B. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBG}
C. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGB, GBG, GGG}
D. S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGG, GGB, GBG, GGG}
7. A die and a coin are tossed. What is the probability in getting an even
number and a head?
A. 1 B. 0.75 C. 0.50 D. 0.25
8. An experiment is performed by tossing a coin three times. Find the
probability of getting 2 tails exactly.
1 3 1 1
A. B. C. D.
8 8 4 2

9. If A = {red, green, blue}, B = {red, yellow, orange}, and C = {red, orange,

yellow, green, blue, purple}. Find (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶).
A. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple}
B. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange}
C. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue, purple}
D. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {red, green, blue}

21
 10. If A = {red, green, blue}, B = {red, yellow, orange}, and C = {red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, purple}. Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.
A. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange}
B. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, red, yellow, orange}
C. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple}
D. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {red, green, blue, red, yellow, orange, purple}

For numbers 11--12, refer to the figure below.

The favorite pets of kinder II pupils of Bagumbahay Elementary School.

11. How many kinder II pupils like dogs only?

A. 150 B. 140 C. 90 D. 75

12. How many kinder II pupils likes both cat and dog?
A. 15 B. 125 C. 140 D. 150

For numbers 13-15, refer to the figure below.

The favorite sports of male students of Lahug Night High School are shown below.

13. How many male students like basketball?

A. 68 B. 50 C. 22 D. 15

14. How many male students like both basketball and volleyball?
A. 10 B. 13 C. 72 D. 97

15. How many male students are there in Lahug Night High School?
A. 87 B. 112 C. 135 D. 150

22
 23
Activity 1.A. Activity 2
1. Experiment
2. Event 1. Dependent Event
3. Sample Space 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)
5 4 20 10
4. Compound Events 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) =
10
· 9 = 90 ÷ 10
5. Outcomes
Activity 1.B.
2
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = or 0.22
1 9
1. 𝑃(𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = or 0.17
6
1 2. Independent Event
2. 𝑃(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡) = or 0.25
4 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵)
1 6 2 12 4
3. 𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = or 0.5 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) =
20
· 20 = 400 ÷ 4
2
3
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = or 0.03
Activity 3. Activity 5. 100
Across
a. 195 2. Probability
students 3. Dependent Event
6. Experiment 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) · 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)
b. 32 students 7. Sample Space
c. 7 students 10 9 90 10
8. Event 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) =
d. 25 students 20
· 19 = 380 ÷ 10
9. Dependent
e. 64 students Down 9
f. 38 students 1. Compound 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = or 0.24
g. 2 students 38
3. Intersection
h.101 students 4. Outcome
5. Independent
7. Simple
Activity 4.
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 3. 𝐴′ 4. 𝐵′ 5. 𝑈
6. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 7. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 8. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 9. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
References
Books
Bernabe, Julieta G., Maricel C. Corpuz, Ricardo M. Crisostomo, Soledad J. Dilao,
Michael Lee, Alicia L. Padua, and Rommel S. Quiming. 2014. Our World of
Math 10. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.
Callanta, Melvin M., Allan M. Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D. Cruz, Mirla
S. Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando B. Orines,
Rowena S. Perez, and Concepcion S. Ternida. 2015. Mathematics –
Grade 10 Learners' Module. Pasig: REX Book Store.
Chu, Tom N. 2015. Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner. Makati City. Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.
Images
Math Symbol Clipart
Retrieved March 29, 2021 from
http://www.clipartpanda.com/categories/math-clip-art-black-and-
white
Avatars
The avatars used in this module are created using Bitmoji application.

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you and return them at the end of the school year
or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

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