Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Skylab Program: Earth Resources Experiment Package
Skylab Program: Earth Resources Experiment Package
NASA CR-
SKYLAB PROGRAM
EARTH RESOURCES
EXPERIMENT PACKAGE
JANUARY 2, 1975
CONTRACT NAS8-24000
AMENDMENT JSC-14S
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Houston, Texas
MSC-05546
January 2, 1975
Submitted by:
Gerald P. Kenn
Skylab/EREP Sensor Perfo ce
Evaluation Manager, JSC
Technical
Review By:
N. M. Hatcher
S193 Alt P ject Scientist, J TF
Approved:
,Richard A. M
6ke
Manager, Systems Analysis and
Integration Office, JSC/HC
Contract NAS8-24000
Amendment JSC-14S
Skylab Program
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
MSC-05546 Volume V
FOREWORD
V-ii
MSC-05546
CONTENTS
V-iii
MSC-05546
Page
5. FINAL RESULTS . . .
......... . . . . . . . V-53
V-iv.
MSC-05546
Page
Figures
V-v
MSC-05546
Page
V-vi
MSC-05546
Page
V-vii
MSC-05546
Page
Tables
V-viii
MSC-05546
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
V-1
MSC-05546
1.4 Abstract
V-2
MSC-05546
2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
V-3
MSC-05546
V-4
MSC-05546
3.1.1 Malfunctions
1) Radiometer ready;
2) Scatterometer ready;
3) Altimeter ready;
4) Transmitter overheat;
5) Transmitter malfunction;
6) Receiver overheat;
7) Receiver malfunction;
8) Gimbal malfunction;
9) Altimeter unlock.
V-5
MSC-05546
V-6
MSC-05546
3.1.2 Sequencing
V-7
MSC-05546
The nadir align mode was the only altimeter mode of operation
that caused movement of both the roll and pitch gimbals. The roll
gimbal was locked throughout operation of modes 1, 2, 3, and 5.
The pitch gimbal was commanded to step forward to 0.43 and back
to 0.0 degrees in mode 1 and to step through pointing angles of
0.43, 15.6, 7.56, 2.65, and 1.3 degrees and return to 0.0 degrees
in mode 2.* There was no gimbal movement associated with modes
3 and 5.
V-8
MSC-05546
The gimbal limit criterion for modes 1 and 2 was the summation
of the target nadir (OOA bias parameters), commanded angle value,
and a tolerance of ±1.2 degrees in roll and ±0.8 degrees in pitch.*
SL2, SL3, and SL4 data were assessed to determine the internal
time delay of the altimeter RF path and whether it changed during
the Skylab missions. It was determined that the internal time
delay was 100.2 ns for SL2, 99.8 ns for SL3, and varied from 96.3
to 101.7 ns during SL4.
The average relative AGC level attained for each of the three
submodes for each Skylab mission converted to output power at the
transmitter was:
V-9
MSC-05546
Data from SL2, SL3, and SL4 revealed that transmitter power
did not vary significantly from the preflight test measured value
of 61.0 ±0.4 dBm. The power actually appeared to be higher in SL3
and SL4 than in SL2 by a small amount, but this was attributed to
measurement readability using the AGC curves in the Cal Data Report*.
The AGC curves themselves were estimated to be no better than ±1
dB in absolute value.
* S193 Historical Logbook, S193 Vehicle 00.1, Vol lA; Doc. No. 72
SD4234 Rev. A, 27 October 1972, General Electric Company.
Alternate Designation: S193 Calibration Data Report, Flight
Hardware, Doc. No. 72 SD4207 Rev. D, 22 March 1973, Prime
Unit 1A Volume 1A, SSO Contract NAS9-11195, General Electric.
V-10
MSC-05546
V-11
MSC-05546
Cons truction
0 24V
MEAN VALUE (bit counts)
V-12
MSC-05546
640 1 ,--
480 - - ...
560 -
-I
-2-
.
-
L
4... .1 ..
10-
2) Receiver BW = 100
10 MHz (CDS-1) -3)
MHz (CDS-2,
3) 20Single
30 pulse
40 50 pulses sampled per second)
(010
V-13
MSC-05546
320]
240 31 tl _1
-
160
80
340 .V
Ti
300 I IT4
2601
220
"- 180-
V-14
MSC-05546
300
260
220
180-
.00
The characteristics defining the mode 3 CDS-l, -2, -3, -4, and
-5 S/H gate operation were:
V-15
MSC-05546
360C
200
V-16
MSC-05546
280 II
200.
280
MEAN VALUE (bit counts)
------
V-17
MSC-05546
40O
320 '
fi
150-
V-18
MSC-05546
IT I '" ".
4F
o- .
160
T - -- L}+ l. f. l H ,,, . . . . . . -
00
V-19
MSC-05546
I ..I . . i
t
i0 20
ii0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 0 120 130 140
2520 (CDS-3)
for mode 5,
waveforms CDS-, CDS-2 (pulse
-3)
Secompression network not
4) Two sample positions (CDS-,
6)respectively.
Samples Again,
per mean value the
as defiinng mode
previous
(plotted 5,
point) 728 are
-there SH-2) gate
(CDS-three-3
520 (CDS-3)
of S/H outputs.
submodingle Plset
3)entire
The waveforms plotted for mode 5, CDS- and -3 showed little
variation throughout all missions. However, mode 5, CDS-2, which
is the pulse compression submode, did not function properly during
12 L3 until EREP pass 39. Mode 5, CDS-2 did function properly
or
during SL4. Figures 3.1-16 through 3.1-19 are examples of the S/H
waveforms for mode 5, CDS-, CDS-2 (pulse compression network not
operating), CDS-2 (pulse compression network operating) and CDS-3,
respectively. Again, as in the previous modes, there are three
curves representing the mean and the mean ±la values for the
entire submode set of S/H outputs.
V- 20
MSC-05546
280 i
240
200-
440-jI44
80V-21
V-21
MSC-05546
400- .360.
-7.
320 -
...
.... . . . 77
240 -....... - .--
-1 j-- *. - - -
400 ti i. I.!
'
320 1
SFigure
3.1-19 Typical Mode 5 CDS-3 ,
14I Fi IT +
., +++, - 22
+ + ;++.
++:+++++ :, + u.++-
:;++-"
MSC-05546
3.1.7 Interference
The antenna half-power beam width was nominally 1.6 degrees for
SL2 and SL3. The half-power beam width for SL4 was estimated to
have been between 2 (VV polarization) and 4 degrees (HH polarization).
The feed cup was determined to have been missing during SL4 and,
thus, the gain dropped by approximately 12 dBt, and the sidelobes
greatly increased. New patterns were measured at JSC to simulate
SL4 conditions.
V-23
MSC-05546
2 [3.1-1]
P() = exp--2 sin1 ()
-
\5.5 x 10 4
The antenna gain (GE calibration data report, page 8-155*) for SL2
and SL3 was assumed to have been approximately +41.2 dB.
V-24
MSC-05546
V-25
MSC-05546
V-26
Table 3.3-1 Typical System Error Model and Residuals
1. INSTRUMENT ERRORS
h = constant <50 m Zero set error, discriminator drift, <10 m
Systematic in
a servo unbalance, operating parameter (correcting operating for param-
total
changes eters only)
h = Ath + Ath + ''" "l cm Timing errors "1 cm (no correction suggested)
t
+ <10 cm
h h h <40 cm Dynamic lag error
dv a K = Servo acceleration constant (using waveform analysis during
a (276 per s) high dynamic conditions) C
K = Servo velocity constant O
(35 per s) L,
Random oh = Fo1 t + oh
2
q
<70 cm oh
t
= Height thermal noise -30 cm
(where features permit, more
aO
h = f (pointing angle, an- <30 m Off-nadir pointing <1 m (if trailing edge is used
2. POINTING
p tenna pattern, surface to generate off-nadir position)
scattering vs angle
tracking technique, (Based on SL data)
etc)
= Constant for given <0.75 m Electromagnetic MSL vs MSL <10 cm (if waveheight is known
3. SEA SURFACE EFFECTS h
ss waveheight to 25%)
h = Constant for given <2 m Atmospheric refraction path delay <10 cm (if temperature, pressure,
4. ATMOSPHERE
a total moisture content and humidity are known)
MSC-05546
V-28
MSC-05546
V-29
MSC-05546
V-30
MSC-05546
V-31
MSC-05546
In the CDS submodes, the S/H gates did not show the second of
the two transmitted pulses due to mispositioning of the gates.
Thus, the time between the transmitter pulses of a pulse pair dur-
ing the flight was not measurable, and preflight separation val-
ues had to be used. A summary of the mode 3 correlation investi-
gation will be in the WFC sensor technology final report ex-
pected in the spring of 1975. One investigation from which re-
sults should be available is of the interesting possibility that
the direction of the beam pointing off-nadir might be determined
from the pulse-to-pulse correlation coefficients.
V-32
MSC-05546
4. SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES
V-33
-- 100 ns---
V a
00 ns--
Lt
H- 100 ns ----100 ns
A. B.
C. D.
1---
00 ns ---- 1--00 ns ---- *
Figure 4.1-2 Original Photographs of SL4 Transmitter Output Waveforms for Mode 1
V-35
MSC-05546
V-36
MSC-05546
1.0-
LEGEND 10
+ Simulation 5
O Pass 6, M5, DAS 3
A Pass 9, M3, DAS 3 30 25
Numbers = wind speed in knots
for fully risen sea
0.8- Beam incidence angle - 00
2
0.7-
0.6- 30
0.5-
0.4-
0.3-
0.2-
0.1--
30 25 20 15 5,10
0
o II I I I I I I I I
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME (ns)
Figure 4.2-1 Leading Edge of 16-ns Pulse for Fully ,Risen Sea
V-37
MSC-05546
LEGEND
18 + Simulation
Number on curves = wind speed in
knots for fully risen sea
30
'160 Beam incidence angle = 0.02
20 20
Transmitted pulse = 130 ns 10
(13-element Barker coded)
140
0 120
100
10
80
60
5
40
20
190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
TIME (ns)
Figure 4.2-2 Simulation of Leading Edge of Barker Coded Pulse for Fully Risen
V-38
MSC-05546
LEGEND
+ Simulation
180 0 Pass 71
0 Pass 74
A Pass 93
Number on curves = wind speed
160 in knots for fully risen sea
Transmitted pulse = 130 ns ®9
(13-element Barker Code) 2
140
120
100
H
40
20
TIME (ns)
V-39
MSC-05546
When the same type of check for the Barker coded pulse was
attempted, the correlation between simulation and Skylab data
was not so close. Figure 4.2-3 would indicate that the wind
speed was on the order of 25 to 30 knots, but a radar cross-
section of 13 dB (Figures 4.2-5 and 4.2-6) and the weather map
(Figure 4.2-7) indicate wind speeds on the order of 10 knots.
This would suggest that the actual flight data indicated that,
as an instrument for measuring sea state, the Barker coded mode
was not performing even as well as the simulation would indicate.
1.5+01
1.0+01
0.5+00
0V-
-0.5+00 -
-1.0+01
-1.5+01
-2.0+01
-2.5+01
-3.0+01 I I I I I I I I
5.501+04 5.503+04 5.505+04 5.507+04 5.509+04 5.511
TIME (s)
V-40
MSC-05546
14.0-
13.5
13.0-
z 12.5
12.0-
S11.5
11.0
10.5-
10.0-
9.5
9.0 I I I I I II I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
V-41
MSC-05546
1.5+01
1.0+01
0.5+00
-0.5+00
-1.0+01
-1.5+01
-2.0+01
-2.5+01
-3.0+01 I I I
6.454 6.456 6.458 6.460 6.462
TIME (s)
V-42
MSC-05546
100 85
30 95 90 74 30
T 72 1018
gASE 75 (70 8/10
73 0.5/0
(72 1018
25 74 25
76 (7Wo 1018
75 13/10
(78) 0.5/0
76
7P 1018
75 3/10
79 0.5/0
201016 2
3/10
77 0.5/0
75
(80) 1014
3/10
0.5/0
DOY 6, PASS 74
15 15
100 1 85
95 90
LEGEND
Figure 4.2-7 Weather Map and Skylab Track for 1756 GMT,
January 6, 1974
V-43
MSC-05546
G.E. (w feed cup) JSC (w feed cup) JSC (w/o feed cup)
E plane H plane E plane H plane E plane H plane
V-44
MSC-05546
S10
20
z
0
30
0
P-4
40 -
50
60 I
30 CCW Division 30 CW
60 Division
10
20 -
30
40 I I I I I
-5CCW -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5C
ANGLE (0)
V-45
10--
-10
-2
-30
-40
-50-
-60
-70
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-20
4 -3 0 - - - - - - F - -
'c')
50-7
60
-70 I -
Zo
:2
ooo
3 I • I
30 30 CW
30 CCW
ANGLE (0)
60 Division
Figure 4.3-5 H-Plane Cut, JSC Comparison with Standard-Gain Horn, Feed Cup Removed
S193 #003 FEED #15C
20-
t- 7
30-
40 I I I
30 CCW + + 30 CW
ANGLE (0)
60 Division
Figure 4.3-6 E-Plane Cut, JSC Comparison with Standard Gain Horn, Feed Cup Removed
MSC-05546
were also cut at JSC with the feed cup removed. In this case,
the main beam was widened somewhat, as shown in Figure 4.3-4
compared to 4.3-3, but the major difference is again in the
higher sidelobes.
Table 4.3-2 Antenna Peak Gain with and without Feed Cup
G.E. (w feed cup) JSC (w/o feed cup) Gain Loss in SL4
(dB) (dB) (dB)
The 100-ns pulse was the favored pulse length for use in
determining beam incidence angle. Because the amplitude of the
short and long transmitted pulse was the same, the long (100-ns)
pulse contained more energy. This resulted in a higher received
pulse amplitude for the long pulse and better discrimination
against noise because the AGC reduced the gain and suppressed
noise for larger pulse-input amplitudes. Also, the pulse shape
of the longer pulses was much less affected by sea state than
the short pulses, as discussed in Section 4.2.
V-50
MSC-05546
V-51
MSC-05546
1.04 4 -" - - I
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
o 0.4
0.3
0.2
TIME (ns)
V-52
MSC-05546
5. FINAL RESULTS
V-53
MSC-05546
V-54
MSC-05546
Table 5-1 Performance Specifications
Reference paragraph
Parameter Value Note of MSC-05528, Vol V
TRANSMITTER
Frequency 13.9 GHz 1 ---
Peak power (tube output) 1.26 kW 1,2,3 3.4.4
Pulse widths 16 - 18 ns 2,5 8.2
(dependent on submode) 100 ns 2,4,5 8.2
130 ns 2,5 8.1
Pulse repetition rate 250 pps 1 ---
Pulse decorrelation time 111 us 2,6 11.1.5
ANTENNA
Type Parabolic dish, mechanically --- 4.0
scanned
Half-power beamwidth 1.50 E plane for SL2,3 1 ---
2.0' H plane for SL2,3 1 ---
2.70 E plane for SL4 7 ---
2.00 H plane for SL4 7 ---
Gain - 41.2 dBi for SL2,3 1
-27 dBi for SL4 7 ---
RECEIVER
IF frequency 350.3 MHz 1 7.1
IF bandwidth 12.5 MHz 1 7.1
(dependent on submode) 115.1 MHz 1 7.1
Signal-to-noise ratio (typical) 20 - 30 dB over sea targets 2 11.2.5
for SL2,3, with 100-MHz
100-ns conditions
AGC calibration Readable to ±1.0 dB 1,8
PULSE COMPRESSION
Type Binary phase code --- 8.1
Code 13-bit Barker --- 8.1
Uncompressed pulsewidth - 130 ns 2 8.1
Compressed pulsewidth - 20 ns 2,5 8.1
ALTITUDE PROCESSOR
Type Digital using split gate --- 11.1.2.2
tracker
Loop bandwidth 2 Hz 1 11.1.2.2
Acquisition time <6 s 1 ---
Quantization 5.0 ns internal 1 11.1.3
2.5 ns on readout 1
Average quantization error 0.72 ns 2 6.5.3
Tracker jitter <22 ns 2 6.5.3
Altitude data precision <1 m 2,6 6.4
Altitude absolute accuracy <±38 m 2,9 6.3
Altitude relative accuracy <±1.3 m 2,9 6.0
NADIR ALIGNMENT
S193 seeker <±0.75* 2 10.1
Skylab attitude (variable pass to pass) <±1.0* 2.11 10.5
OGWAL PAGE V5
OF POR QUALV ,
-~ V-55
MSC-05546
NOTES:
V-56
MSC-05546
6. CONCLUSIONS
V-57
MSC-05546
V-58
MSC-05546
V-59
MSC-05546
V-60
MSC-05546
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
V-61
off-normal beam incidence angles. Also, pseudo-oscillations in
altitude were observed that show up in the sea profiles as a result
of spacecraft attitude variations.
V-62
MSC-05546
The S193 AGC output has produced very usable backscatter values
for the terrain measured. However, it is recommended that the
precision scatterometer operation be planned in future altimeters.
Investigations have shown that both pulse shape and backscatter
values correlate with sea-state data.
Complete error analyses for the S193 altimeter have not been
accomplished. It is recommended that future programs complete an
error analysis investigation after acceptance testing and before
launch. Verification of it can then be realized in the postflight
analysis. While there were many useful computer models before the
Skylab missions, several had to be generated during and after the
mission to simulate the total S193 system. A high confidence level
in the computer model simulations was established by users and
evaluators. However, a complete computer modeling that incorporates
the necessary subsystem and component parameters should be developed
in parallel with the acceptance and system testing of the sensor
hardware so that all parameters can be evaluated against the flight
hardware during simulation model development.
V-63
MSC-05546
8. NOTES
8.1 Acknowledgements
8.2 Abbreviations
V-64
MSC-05546
V-65
MSC-05546
V-66
MSC-05546
APPENDIX A
TECHNIQUES ADDENDUM
V-67
MSC-05546
A. Concept
V-68
MSC-05546
ADAS
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
(TWT) (TWT)
FILTER FILTER
VARIABLE V H VARIABLE
TO B SCOPE
"
t DECODER I G(ALTERNATE)
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
(TWT) (TWT)
p FREQUENCY
COUNTER
DETECTOR PatternB Pulse Shap DETECTOR
POWER POWER
METER C METER GMI
SET
TIME CODE
RECORDER IGENERATOR
V-69
Figure A.I-1 STAPE Test Set Configuration for S193 Altimeter Antenn
Pattern, Pulse Shape and PRF, and Frequency Tests
V-69
MSC-05546
TERMINATION
ADAS
SW CH COUPLER HYBRID R
POWER
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER DETECTOR CONTROL
(TWT) (TWT) LOGIC
DECODER
FILTERTENUATOR TURNAROUND
(FIXED)
ATTENUATOR
ATTENUATOR FILTER SCOPE CAMERA
(FIXED) -
HYBRIDDELAY DETECTOR
LINE
V-70
MSC-05546
TERMINATION
ADAS
CIRCULATOR
MODULATOR
I
RF 4 RECORDER
POWER
AMPLIFIER
AMPLIFIER DETECTOR CONTROL
(TWT(TWT) LOGIC
1PULSED TT DECODER
TRANSMITTED----
RF PULSE
FILTER SWITCH
CW
AMPLIFIER
(TWT)
Figure A.I-3 STAPE Test Set Configuration for S193 Altimeter AGC Tesl
and Pulse Shape Test
V-71
MSC-05546
was sampled for each pulse to set the attenuation for the
succeeding pulse. The attenuator setting plus a digital readout
of the power-meter measurement for each pulse peak power was
recorded on magnetic tape. A parallel tape channel recorded an
IRIG time code. Thus, both the shape and absolute peak amplitude
for each pulse are recorded versus time. Power versus time can
be converted to antenna pattern beamwidth by considering Skylab
velocity.
The received pulse from S193 was also used for retransmitting
to the S193 from the STAPE system. To accomplish this, two setups
were used. The first used the received pulse to trigger the
transmission of a long fixed-power output pulse, timed for receipt
in the S193 AGC gates. The second used an amplifier, delay line,
and RF switch to retransmit an amplified encoded pulse received
from S193. The encoded pulse retransmitted to S193 was timed to
be received in the tracker gates of S193 and provide a calibration
pulse to the data acquisition submode using the pulse-compression
network. The amplitude of this transmitted pulse thus depended
on the received signal amplitude from S193 for received signal
levels below the saturation level of the STAPE receiver.
The system was calibrated both before and after data takes
and by recorded oscilloscope time ticks. Separate antenna pattern
measurements were made before system installation to calibrate the
60-foot dish with the feed specifically designed for use with
STAPE.
STAPE was used to record pulse shapes and determine that the
S193 altimeter transmitter was operating. Orbit changes and
failure of the PCN network to operate during SL2 and SL3 caused
deletion of many preflight objectives. A pointing problem
identified after the first data take was partially avoided by
V-72
MSC-05546
B. Goals
C. Partial Justifications
Justifications included:
V-73
MSC-05546
D. Successes
V-74
MSC-05546
E. Problems
1) Changes from the SL2 orbit put the SL3 and SL4 ground
tracks off to the side of the STAPE site. The SL2 orbit had
directly overflown the WFC site selected. Although designed to
be movable to underflight locations, STAPE was not moved because
APEX was being moved to underflight locations and there was a
high confidence in the success of APEX;
6) The poinging system used with the STAPE receiver was not
precise enough to make power-level measurements. Errors generated
by the variable calculation and transmission time for parallax-
correction pointing commands became significant for the narrow
antenna beam used (approximately 0.08-degree half-power beamwidth).
The last data takes used auto-tracking on the Skylab S-band
transmitter rather than tracking slaved to a radar, which resulted
in considerable improvement;
V-75
MSC-05546
V-76
MSC-05546
IF
100-MHz
INPUT BW SQUARE- VIDEO S/H OUTPUT
LAW
- LAMP CIRCUIT
\ IF DETECTOR
10-MHz
BW
i. Program Description
2. Program Input
V-77
MSC-05546
16 ns L
lO0ins 500 ns
10 ns
130 ns
3. Program Outputs
V-78
0.9
0.8 LEGEND
- Video output
0.6
E-4
0.5
0.4.
0.3.
0.2.
0.1
0 .0 - - - - - --
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-3 Simulated Rectangular Pulse through Receiver (100-ns Pulse,10-MHz BW)
1.3
1.2 LEGEND
- Video output
1.1 a oo S/H output
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
o 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-4 Simulated Rectangular Pulse through Receiver(100-ns Pulse 100-MHz BW)
1.2
1.1 , LEGEND
- Video output
i.0
000 S/H output
0.9
-- 0.8
0.7-
0.6.
0.50
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
TIME (ns)
0.8
LEGEND
- Video output
0.7 000 S/H output
0.6
0.5
0.4 o
01
0.3 a
0.2
0.1
0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 2 0 220 230 240 250
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-6 Simulated PCM Pulse through Receiver (130-ns Pulse ,100-MHz BW)
1.0
0.9
a a LEGEND
-a- Video output
0.8 o000oo S/H output
a
a
0.7
S0.6
a
S0.5
?
0. 0.4 Ln
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-7 Simulated Sawtooth Pulse through Receiver(600-ns Pulse, 100-MHz BW)
1.0
an
0.9, a a
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3.
0.2"
0.1.
0.0
TIME (ns)
Figures A.II-9 through A.II-11 show the S/H output samples for
three cases compared to KSC test results. The squares again
indicate the program S/H output and the integers 1 and 2 indicate
the test results. Test results were multiplied by a constant for
amplitude normalization and delayed in time to correspond to the
program outputs.
4) Spacecraft altitude.
V-85
I I I I I I I I
1.2
1.1 a
LEGEND
1.0- 0 Simulation
0.9m * * 1 KSC test #1
S2 KSC test #2
0.8"
P 0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2-
0.1
0.0 a a
.a aa I ls a a
-o.i
0 25 50 75. 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
TIME (ns)
1.2
1.1
1.0
i LEGEND
0.9- o Simulation
1 KSC test
0.8-
0.7
0 a
6
0.4
0110
0.4-- Cn
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0- * a* ag I m m m
-0.1 I I I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
TIME (ns)
0.8
LEGEND
o Simulation
0.7- 1 KSC test
I
0.6
0.5
S0.4
o
00.3. a
0.00
0.02
0.i I I I I I I I I I
-0.11
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-11 PCM Pulse through Receiver 130-ns Pulse 100 MHz BW
S/H Output, Simulation Compared to KSC Tests
MSC-05546
1. Program Description
V-89
MSC-05546
+Z +Y
ALF /
ALT THA DX
/ AZ
L R
EL
E Ft
D\ -- J*D
/B/
DY
I*DY
S--7
-Y
V-90
15-
10
U.) 4-J-
00
0 r I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bo
XI
0
15
10 XI
20
40 2
45
50
10 15 20 25 30
144
0 0
00
Ln
010
12
14
16
Figure A.II-15 Radar Cross-Section versus Average Slope Beam Incidence Angle = 0.00
MSC-05546
N
S2 (t) = akh(t - tk) [A.II.1]
k=l
where
ak = strength of k-th sample of the transmitted waveform
V-94
MSC-05546
2. Program Results
* Outputs from the improved rate gyro drift modeling are not
available but are expected.
V-95
MSC-05546
V-95a
100-ns pulse 100 MHz BW 25-ns sampling
+ +4*
900 + +-44
+ +44
+ +44
+ +44
800- + +4-
+ ++4
+ 4+44
+ + 4
700 + + 4-+
+ +-4-4
+ +4+4
+ + +4#*
S 600- + +4-44
+ ++.
4- + 4-44# -
400 4- 4. +-I--+4 4 -
400+ + +44*
++ + 4+ +4 4+
*6
300 + +- 4W4
+4- +44W
4+.4
200 + 444-
100. 4
4+
0 iI I I II
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
PCM (counts)
Figure A.II-16 S/H Waveforms for Various Beam Incidence Angles (8)
CORRECTION (dB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.0 I
AO = 0.0
Al = +1.654665615 E-1
0.2
A2 = +1.328377524 E+1
A3 = -6.435823226 E+1
A4 = +1.668985054 E+2
A5 = -1.796613206 E+2
c 0.4- A6 = +8.230715485 E+1
A7 = -1.285168246 E+1
0
u 0.6K
z
1-0 0~
H
0.8
1.0
1.2
3. Program Outputs
V-98
ALTITUDE CORRECTION (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.0
0.2
AO = +6.308708812 E-2
' 0.4 Al = -2.895746711 E+0
A2 = +8.982005981 E-1
A3 = +6.106607792 E+1
A4 = -5.848051756 E+l
0.6 A5 = +2.646982061 E+1
S0.8
1 .0
1.2
1.4
5.00+00
4.50+00
4.00+00
3.50+00
NOTE
1.00+00
TIME (ns)
V-100
MSC-05546
4
1.00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
5.00-01
4.00-01
VOLTAGE
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
TIME (ns)
V-101
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
NB
8.00-01
WB
7.00-01
6.00-01
S5.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
1. 00-01
0.
0 1.00+02 2.0(H02 3.00+02 4.00+02 5.00
TIME (ns)
Figure A.II-21 Waveforms to Input of Tracker for Wide and Narrow Filters
V-102
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
H 5.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
TIME (ns)
V-103
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
5.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
0.
0. 1.00+02 2.00+02 3.00+02 4.00+02 5.00
TIME (ns)
V-104
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
-45.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
0.
0. 1.00+02 2.00+02 3.00+02 4.0(H0+02 5.00
TIME (ns)
V-105
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
5.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
0.
V-106
V-106
MSC-05546
1. 00+00
9.00-01
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
5.00-01
4.00-01
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
0.
0. 1.00+02 2.00+02 3.00+02 4.00+(02 5.00
TIME (ns)
V-107
MSC-05546
1.00+00
9.00-01
T-T
8.00-01
7.00-01
6.00-01
5.00-01
4.00-01 T
3.00-01
2.00-01
1.00-01
TIME (ns)
V-10-
V-108
MSC-05546
1.00+00
8.00-01
6.00-01
4.00-01
2.00-01
-2.00-01
-4.00-01
-6.00-01
-8.00-01
-1.00+00
0. 1.00+02 2.00+02 3.00+02 4.0(H0+02 5.00
DELAY (ns)
V-109
MSC-05546
1.00+00
8.00-01
6.00-01
4.00-01
2.00-01
0.
-2.00-01
-4.00-01
-6.00-01
-8.00-01
-1.00+00
0. 1.00+02 2.00+02 3.00+02 4.00+02 5.00
DELAY (ns)
V-110
MSC-05546
V-1ll
MSC-05546
The test setup was one configuration of the STAPE setup (see
MSC-05528, Volume V, paragraph 8.2.1, and Section I of this
appendix.) A block diagram is shown in Figure A.I-2. Though
simple in concept, the timing and system power-level constraints
posed a problem, and bandwidth and component matching could not
be ignored. The ground system used a 60-foot steerable dish
antenna to receive the encoded pulse from the S193 and retransmit
the same pulse, amplified, back to the S193 receiver. To maintain
isolation of the STAPE system receive and transmit paths, RF
switches and a delay line were used. To record the received and
retransmitted pulses, both were detected and the video pulse
displayed on an oscilloscope for recording by a high-speed
"framing" camera.
Because the AGC gate width during tracking was 600-ns wide, this
imposed tight constraints on the STAPE setup for it to capture the
tracker gate. Another aspect of this attempt to capture the tracker
gate and override the ground return at the PCA time of capture was
a requirement to provide enough return pulse amplitude to control
the AGC during the capture process. Once the tracker gate was
captured at PCA, the range-related timing constraints indicated the
ability of the S193 to hold the gate for up to approximately 15 seconds.
Then the S193 was expected to lose lock on the STAPE pulse, attempt
V-112
MSC-05546
V-113
MSC-05546
V-114
LEGEND
Altimeter data (5-pt avg)
CAMBRIDGE
POPLAR ISLANDS
TILGHMAN ISLAND
50' ENONI PT 0
+
+
0+
-50 I I I I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME (s)
Figure A.IV-1 Altitude Contour Plot of Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean Area
LEGEND
Altimeter data (5-pt avg)
-H++ Contour map data
INCOTEAGUE BAY C
o
50
-50 4 4
TIME (s)
100
50 0
I-ATLANTIC OCEAN
0.
-J5
-50 ; I I 1 I I I
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
TIME (s)
100'
4-J
I . I
H 50 o
ATLANTIC OCEAN
-50 I I •
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
TIME (s)
100
E-4
ATLANTIC OCEAN
-50 - : : I . I I . I I
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
TIME (s)
V-120
35- 3
30. 2
25
0 + + +ND
O
5z ,-3
H Ocean surface (altimeter data)
-10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
TIME (s)
Figure A.IV-2 Altitude Comparison of Atlantic Ocean Surface and Sea-Floor Contours
35 3
30 2
25 1
20 - q +
440c
S-1 0o
15
0 Sn
1 -2
z
5 -3
0-4
LEGEND
+'' Ocean surface (altimeter data) -
-5'
-- Ocean floor (map data)
-10 I +I I -6
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
TIME (s)
35 3
21
+
oS20 "o
++ Ol
3(-3
0 U'
5 -3
-6
-10
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
TIME (s)
Figure A. I (continued)
I I I I I I I I 4
35 3
301 + + 4+ 2
25 1
o 20 0
z z
15 -1 . 0
05 -3
LEGEND
0 I I I I I I I -6
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
TIME (s)
altitude
Figure A.IV-3 is another example of the use of
contour plots over water to evaluate the relationship of the
sea surface to the sea floor. The Columbia Seamount area was
geographical
again chosen for the test because of its significant
features. S193 altimeter elevation was plotted directly from
the residual altitude obtained from the JSC TR524 production
data products* (S072-7). The plots were made in meters versus
time in seconds once every 1.04 seconds using the symbol X.
Each point is the mean of an eight-point data frame. The actual
contour of the sea floor and the surface contour calculated using
the least-squar curve-fit technique with SKYBET altitude data
and S193 altimeter data were also plotted again for reference.
In comparing these plots, it is obvious that there is a problem
with the residual altitude from the TR524 data product.
Investigation showed that the problem is in the residual altitude
data and not in the S193 altimeter altitude data. Further study
of the TR524 SKYBET processing techniques in deriving the
residual altitude will be required to determine the source of the
used
problem. However, when the same SKYBET orbital data were
and smoothed as done for comparison in both Figures A.IV-1 and
A.IV-2, the correlation with surface expectations was very good.
V-125
SI I I I I I I 4
35 3
304 2
X X X 4
25 X
+ x
ErK 20 0X
o n
10 -2 a
z 0
o 5-3
-10.. 4 - 4 - I-6
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
TIME (s)
A. Program Inputs
c) Range in meters;
e) Latitude in degrees;
f) Longitude in degrees;
g) Mode number;
h) Submode number;
V-127
MSC-05546
k) Frame number.
2) User inputs
B. Program Description
V-128
MSC-05546
Due to the point where the telemetry measures the AGC, 33.0
dB must be subtracted because of the existence of 33.0-dB gain
between the antenna terminals and the measurement point.
where
V-129
MSC-05546
which gives
C. Program Output
V-130
Table A.V-1 Sample o' Tabulation
DAS 1 DAS 2
2.00+01
1.50+01
1.00+01
LAKE HURON
0 - -- -
-5.00+00
H -5.00+00 - - --------
-1.00+01 -
-1.50+01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01
6.492+04 6.494+04 6.496+04 6.498+04 6.500+04 6.50
TIME (s)
V-132
MSC-05546
2.00+01
1.50+01-
1.00+01
5.00+00
0.
-5.00+00 -
-1.00+01
-1.50+01--
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01I I
6.502+04 6.504+04 6.506+04 6.508+04 6.510+04 6.51
TIME (s)
V-133
MSC-05546
MODE 5
DAS-1 DAS-2
2.00+01
1.50+01
GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE
ANTICOSTI
ISLAND
5.00+01
0.
-5.00+00
-1.00+01
-1.50 +01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01
6.512+04 6.514+04 6.516+04 6.518+04 6.520+04 6.52
TIME (s)
V-134
MSC-05546
DAS-2 DAS-3
2.00+01
1.50+01 -,
0.
-5.00+00
-1. 00+01
-1.5(0+01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01
6.524+04 6.526+04 6.528+04 6.530+04 6.53
6.522+04
TIME (s)
V-135
MSC-05546
MODE 5
2.00+01
DAS-1 4DAS-2
1.50+01
1.00+01
5.00+00 h
0.
-5.00+00
-1.00+01
-1.50+01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01
6.532+04 6.534+04 6.536+04 6.538+04 6.540+04 6.54
TIME (s)
V-136
MSC-05546
DAS-2 DAS-3
2.00+0
1.50+01
1.00+01
0.
-5.00+0-
-1.00+01
-1.50+01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01-
6.542+04 6.544+04 6.546+04 6.548+04 6.550+04 6.55
TIME (s)
V-137
MSC-05546
2.00+0
1.50+01
1.00+01
5.00+00 - M
0.
i -5.00+00
-1.00+01
-1.50+01
-2.00+01
-2.50+01
-3.00+01
6.552+04 6.554+04 6.556+04 6.558+04 6.560+04 6.56
TIME (s)
V-138
-A"U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-671-200/ 1909